51
|
Robino E, Poirier AC, Amraoui H, Le Bissonnais S, Perret A, Lopez‐Joven C, Auguet J, Rubio TP, Cazevieille C, Rolland J, Héchard Y, Destoumieux‐Garzón D, Charrière GM. Resistance of the oyster pathogen
Vibrio tasmaniensis
LGP32 against grazing by
Vannella
sp. marine amoeba involves Vsm and CopA virulence factors. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:4183-4197. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Robino
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Aurore C. Poirier
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Hajar Amraoui
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Sandra Le Bissonnais
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Angélique Perret
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Carmen Lopez‐Joven
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | | | - Tristan P. Rubio
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | | | - Jean‐Luc Rolland
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Yann Héchard
- EBI UMR CNRS 7267, University of Poitiers Poitiers France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux‐Garzón
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan Via Domitia Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Petton B, de Lorgeril J, Mitta G, Daigle G, Pernet F, Alunno-Bruscia M. Fine-scale temporal dynamics of herpes virus and vibrios in seawater during a polymicrobial infection in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:97-106. [PMID: 31342911 DOI: 10.3354/dao03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is currently being impacted by a polymicrobial disease that involves early viral infection by ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) followed by a secondary bacterial infection leading to death. A widely used method of inducing infection consists of placing specific pathogen-free oysters ('recipients') in cohabitation in the laboratory with diseased oysters that were naturally infected in the field ('donors'). With this method, we evaluated the temporal dynamics of pathogen release in seawater and the cohabitation time necessary for disease transmission and expression. We showed that OsHV-1 and Vibrio spp. in the seawater peaked concomitantly during the first 48 h and decreased thereafter. We found that 1.5 h of cohabitation with donors was enough time to transmit pathogens to recipients and to induce mortality later, reflecting the highly contagious nature of the disease. Finally, mortality of recipients was associated with increasing cohabitation time with donors until reaching a plateau at 20%. This reflects the cumulative effect of exposure to pathogens. The optimal cohabitation time was 5-6 d, the mortality of recipients occurring 1-2 d earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 (Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer), 11 presqu'île du Vivier, 29840 Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Damjanovic K, van Oppen MJH, Menéndez P, Blackall LL. Experimental Inoculation of Coral Recruits With Marine Bacteria Indicates Scope for Microbiome Manipulation in Acropora tenuis and Platygyra daedalea. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1702. [PMID: 31396197 PMCID: PMC6668565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral-associated microorganisms are essential for maintaining the health of the coral holobiont by participating in nutrient cycling and protecting the coral host from pathogens. Under stressful conditions, disruption of the coral prokaryotic microbiome is linked to increased susceptibility to diseases and mortality. Inoculation of corals with beneficial microbes could confer enhanced stress tolerance to the host and may be a powerful tool to help corals thrive under challenging environmental conditions. Here, we explored the feasibility of coral early life stage microbiome manipulation by repeatedly inoculating coral recruits with a bacterial cocktail generated in the laboratory. Co-culturing the two species Acropora tenuis and Platygyra daedalea allowed us to simultaneously investigate the effect of host factors on the coral microbiome. Inoculation cocktails were regularly prepared from freshly grown pure bacterial cultures, which were hence assumed viable, and characterized via the optical density measurement of each individual strain put in suspension. Coral early recruits were inoculated seven times over 3 weeks and sampled once 36 h following the last inoculation event. At this time point, the cumulative inoculations with the bacterial cocktails had a strong effect on the bacterial community composition in recruits of both coral species. While the location of bacterial cells within the coral hosts was not assessed, metabarcoding using the 16S rRNA gene revealed that two and six of the seven bacterial strains administered through the cocktails were significantly enriched in inoculated recruits of A. tenuis and P. daedalea, respectively, compared to control recruits. Despite being reared in the same environment, A. tenuis and P. daedalea established significantly different bacterial communities, both in terms of taxonomic composition and diversity measurements. These findings indicate that coral host factors as well as the environmental bacterial pool play a role in shaping coral-associated bacterial community composition. Host factors may include microbe transmission mode (horizontal versus maternal) and host specificity. While the long-term stability of taxa included in the bacterial inocula as members of the host-associated microbiome remains to be evaluated, our results provide support for the feasibility of coral microbiome manipulation, at least in a laboratory setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Damjanovic
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia Menéndez
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Linda L Blackall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Xaxiri NA, Nikouli E, Berillis P, Kormas KA. Bacterial biofilm development during experimental degradation of Melicertus kerathurus exoskeleton in seawater. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 4:397-412. [PMID: 31294223 PMCID: PMC6604942 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinolytic bacteria are widespread in marine and terrestrial environment, and this is rather a reflection of their principle growth substrate's ubiquity, chitin, in our planet. In this paper, we investigated the development of naturally occurring bacterial biofilms on the exoskeleton of the shrimp Melicertus kerathurus during its degradation in sea water. During a 12-day experiment with exoskeleton fragments in batch cultures containing only sea water as the growth medium at 18 °C in darkness, we analysed the formation and succession of biofilms by scanning electron microscopy and 16S rRNA gene diversity by next generation sequencing. Bacteria belonging to the γ- and α-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes showed marked (less or more than 10%) changes in their relative abundance from the beginning of the experiment. These bacterial taxa related to known chitinolytic bacteria were the Pseudolateromonas porphyrae, Halomonasaquamarina, Reinekea aestuarii, Colwellia asteriadis and Vibrio crassostreae. These bacteria could be considered as appropriate candidates for the degradation of chitinous crustacean waste from the seafood industry as they dominated in the biofilms developed on the shrimp's exoskeleton in natural sea water with no added substrates and the degradation of the shrimp exoskeleton was also evidenced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina-Alexandra Xaxiri
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Eleni Nikouli
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Berillis
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ar Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Species-specific mechanisms of cytotoxicity toward immune cells determine the successful outcome of Vibrio infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14238-14247. [PMID: 31221761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905747116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio species cause infectious diseases in humans and animals, but they can also live as commensals within their host tissues. How Vibrio subverts the host defenses to mount a successful infection remains poorly understood, and this knowledge is critical for predicting and managing disease. Here, we have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning infection and colonization of 2 virulent Vibrio species in an ecologically relevant host model, oyster, to study interactions with marine Vibrio species. All Vibrio strains were recognized by the immune system, but only nonvirulent strains were controlled. We showed that virulent strains were cytotoxic to hemocytes, oyster immune cells. By analyzing host and bacterial transcriptional responses to infection, together with Vibrio gene knock-outs, we discovered that Vibrio crassostreae and Vibrio tasmaniensis use distinct mechanisms to cause hemocyte lysis. Whereas V. crassostreae cytotoxicity is dependent on a direct contact with hemocytes and requires an ancestral gene encoding a protein of unknown function, r5.7, V. tasmaniensis cytotoxicity is dependent on phagocytosis and requires intracellular secretion of T6SS effectors. We conclude that proliferation of commensal vibrios is controlled by the host immune system, preventing systemic infections in oysters, whereas the successful infection of virulent strains relies on Vibrio species-specific molecular determinants that converge to compromise host immune cell function, allowing evasion of the host immune system.
Collapse
|
56
|
Emergence of plasmid stability under non-selective conditions maintains antibiotic resistance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2595. [PMID: 31197163 PMCID: PMC6565834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmid acquisition is an important mechanism of rapid adaptation and niche expansion in prokaryotes. Positive selection for plasmid-coded functions is a major driver of plasmid evolution, while plasmids that do not confer a selective advantage are considered costly and expected to go extinct. Yet, plasmids are ubiquitous in nature, and their persistence remains an evolutionary paradox. Here, we demonstrate that non-mobile plasmids persist over evolutionary timescales without selection for the plasmid function. Evolving a minimal plasmid encoding for antibiotics resistance in Escherichia coli, we discover that plasmid stability emerges in the absence of antibiotics and that plasmid loss is determined by transcription-replication conflicts. We further find that environmental conditions modulate these conflicts and plasmid persistence. Silencing the transcription of the resistance gene results in stable plasmids that become fixed in the population. Evolution of plasmid stability under non-selective conditions provides an evolutionary explanation for the ubiquity of plasmids in nature. It is expected that plasmids are costly and therefore that selection is required to maintain them within bacterial populations. Here, Wein et al. show that plasmid stability can emerge even in the absence of positive selection and that loss may be determined by transcription-replication conflict.
Collapse
|
57
|
Falaise C, Cormier P, Tremblay R, Audet C, Deschênes JS, Turcotte F, François C, Seger A, Hallegraeff G, Lindquist N, Sirjacobs D, Gobert S, Lejeune P, Demoulin V, Mouget JL. Harmful or harmless: Biological effects of marennine on marine organisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 209:13-25. [PMID: 30684731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marennine is a water-soluble blue-green pigment produced by the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia. The diatom and its pigment are well known from oyster farming areas as the source of the greening of oyster gills, a natural process increasing their market value in Western France. Blooms of blue Haslea are also present outside oyster ponds and hence marine organisms can be exposed, periodically and locally, to significant amounts of marennine in natural environments. Due to its demonstrated antibacterial activities against marine pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Vibrio) and possible prophylactic effects toward bivalve larvae, marennine is of special interest for the aquaculture industry, especially bivalve hatcheries. The present study aimed to provide new insights into the effects of marennine on a large spectrum of marine organisms belonging to different phyla, including species of aquaculture interest and organisms frequently employed in standardised ecotoxicological assays. Different active solutions containing marennine were tested: partially purified Extracellular Marennine (EMn), and concentrated solutions of marennine present in H. ostrearia culture supernatant; the Blue Water (BW) and a new process called Concentrated Supernatant (CS). Biological effects were meanwhile demonstrated in invertebrate species for the three marennine-based solutions at the highest concentrations tested (e.g., decrease of fertilization success, delay of embryonic developmental stages or larval mortality). Exposure to low concentrations did not impact larval survival or development and even tended to enhance larval physiological state. Furthermore, no effects of marennine were observed on the fish gill cell line tested. Marennine could be viewed as a Jekyll and Hyde molecule, which possibly affects the earliest stages of development of some organisms but with no direct impacts on adults. Our results emphasize the need to determine dosages that optimize beneficial effects and critical concentrations not to be exceeded before considering the use of marennine in bivalve or fish hatcheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Falaise
- Laboratoire Mer Molécule Santé (EA 2160, FR CNRS 3473 IUML), Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France
| | - Patrick Cormier
- Sorbonne Universités (UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227) Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | | | - François Turcotte
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Cyrille François
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Station La Tremblade, Avenue Mus Loup, F-17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Andreas Seger
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Niels Lindquist
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Damien Sirjacobs
- INBIOS - PHYTOSYSTEMS, Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Gobert
- Station de Recherche Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), 20260, Calvi, France; Université de Liège, MARE, Focus, Océanologie Biologique, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lejeune
- Station de Recherche Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), 20260, Calvi, France
| | - Vincent Demoulin
- INBIOS - PHYTOSYSTEMS, Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Mouget
- Laboratoire Mer Molécule Santé (EA 2160, FR CNRS 3473 IUML), Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Complex Relationships between the Blue Pigment Marennine and Marine Bacteria of the Genus Vibrio. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030160. [PMID: 30857186 PMCID: PMC6471480 DOI: 10.3390/md17030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marennine, the water-soluble blue pigment produced by the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia, is known to display antibacterial activities. Previous studies have demonstrated a prophylactic effect of marennine on bivalve larvae challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio splendidus, suggesting that the blue Haslea is a good candidate for applications in aquaculture as a source of a natural antimicrobial agent. Indeed, the genus Vibrio is ubiquitous in aquaculture ecosystems, and regular events of pathogenic invasion cause some of the biggest losses worldwide. To better characterize the effects of marennine on Vibrios, a panel of 30 Vibrio strains belonging to 10 different species was tested, including bivalve pathogenic species (e.g., Vibrio crassostreae and Vibrio harveyi). Vibrio strains were first exposed to 10 and 25 µg mL-1 of Blue Water (BW), a concentrated culture supernatant of H. ostrearia containing marennine. This screening evidenced a great diversity in responses, from growth stimulation to a total inhibition, at both the interspecific or intraspecific level. In a second series of experiments, 10 Vibrio strains were exposed to BW at concentrations ranging from 5 to 80 µg mL-1. The highest concentrations of BW did not systematically result in the highest growth inhibition as hormetic responses-opposite effects regarding the concentration-were occasionally evidenced. The relationships between marennine and Vibrio strains appear more complex than expected and justify further study-in particular, on the mechanisms of action-before considering applications as a natural prophylactic or antibiotic agent in aquaculture.
Collapse
|
59
|
King WL, Jenkins C, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Oyster disease in a changing environment: Decrypting the link between pathogen, microbiome and environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:124-140. [PMID: 30482397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shifting environmental conditions are known to be important triggers of oyster diseases. The mechanism(s) behind these synergistic effects (interplay between host, environment and pathogen/s) are often not clear, although there is evidence that shifts in environmental conditions can affect oyster immunity, and pathogen growth and virulence. However, the impact of shifting environmental parameters on the oyster microbiome and how this affects oyster health and susceptibility to infectious pathogens remains understudied. In this review, we summarise the major diseases afflicting oysters with a focus on the role of environmental factors that can catalyse or amplify disease outbreaks. We also consider the potential role of the oyster microbiome in buffering or augmenting oyster disease outbreaks and suggest that a deeper understanding of the oyster microbiome, its links to the environment and its effect on oyster health and disease susceptibility, is required to develop new frameworks for the prevention and management of oyster diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Da-Silva E, Baudart J, Barthelmebs L. Biosensing platforms for Vibrio bacteria detection based on whole cell and nucleic acid analysis: A review. Talanta 2018; 190:410-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
61
|
Lopez-Joven C, Rolland JL, Haffner P, Caro A, Roques C, Carré C, Travers MA, Abadie E, Laabir M, Bonnet D, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Oyster Farming, Temperature, and Plankton Influence the Dynamics of Pathogenic Vibrios in the Thau Lagoon. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2530. [PMID: 30405583 PMCID: PMC6207591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio species have been associated with recurrent mass mortalities of juvenile oysters Crassostrea gigas threatening oyster farming worldwide. However, knowledge of the ecology of pathogens in affected oyster farming areas remains scarce. Specifically, there are no data regarding (i) the environmental reservoirs of Vibrio populations pathogenic to oysters, (ii) the environmental factors favoring their transmission, and (iii) the influence of oyster farming on the persistence of those pathogens. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to predict and mitigate disease occurrence. To address these issues, we monitored Vibrio species potentially pathogenic to C. gigas in 2013 and 2014 in the Thau Lagoon, a major oyster farming region in the coastal French Mediterranean. Sampling stations were chosen inside and outside oyster farms. Abundance and composition of phyto-, microzoo-, and mesozooplankton communities were measured monthly. The spatial and temporal dynamics of plankton and Vibrio species were compared, and positive correlations between plankton species and vibrios were verified by qPCR on isolated specimens of plankton. Vibrio crassostreae was present in the water column over both years, whereas Vibrio tasmaniensis was mostly found in 2013 and Vibrio aestuarianus was never detected. Moreover, V. tasmaniensis and V. crassostreae were found both as free-living or plankton-attached vibrios 1 month after spring mortalities of the oyster juveniles. Overall, V. crassostreae was associated with temperature and plankton composition, whereas V. tasmaniensis correlated with plankton composition only. The abundance of Vibrio species in the water column was similar inside and outside oyster farms, suggesting important spatial dispersion of pathogens in surrounding areas. Remarkably, a major increase in V. tasmaniensis and V. crassostreae was measured in the sediment of oyster farms during cold months. Thus, a winter reservoir of pathogenic vibrios could contribute to their ecology in this Mediterranean shellfish farming ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Joven
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Rolland
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Caro
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Roques
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Carré
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, LGPMM-SG2M, La Tremblade, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
de Lorgeril J, Lucasson A, Petton B, Toulza E, Montagnani C, Clerissi C, Vidal-Dupiol J, Chaparro C, Galinier R, Escoubas JM, Haffner P, Dégremont L, Charrière GM, Lafont M, Delort A, Vergnes A, Chiarello M, Faury N, Rubio T, Leroy MA, Pérignon A, Régler D, Morga B, Alunno-Bruscia M, Boudry P, Le Roux F, Destoumieux-Garzόn D, Gueguen Y, Mitta G. Immune-suppression by OsHV-1 viral infection causes fatal bacteraemia in Pacific oysters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4215. [PMID: 30310074 PMCID: PMC6182001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are mostly explored using reductionist approaches despite repeated evidence showing them to be strongly influenced by numerous interacting host and environmental factors. Many diseases with a complex aetiology therefore remain misunderstood. By developing a holistic approach to tackle the complexity of interactions, we decipher the complex intra-host interactions underlying Pacific oyster mortality syndrome affecting juveniles of Crassostrea gigas, the main oyster species exploited worldwide. Using experimental infections reproducing the natural route of infection and combining thorough molecular analyses of oyster families with contrasted susceptibilities, we demonstrate that the disease is caused by multiple infection with an initial and necessary step of infection of oyster haemocytes by the Ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 µVar. Viral replication leads to the host entering an immune-compromised state, evolving towards subsequent bacteraemia by opportunistic bacteria. We propose the application of our integrative approach to decipher other multifactorial diseases that affect non-model species worldwide. Pacific oyster mortality syndrome is a poorly understood cause of mortality in commercially important oyster species. Here, the authors use multiple infection experiments to show that the syndrome is caused by sequential infection by herpesvirus and opportunistic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Aude Lucasson
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, 11 presqu'île du vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Clerissi
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Lafont
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Abigaïl Delort
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marlène Chiarello
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Rubio
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc A Leroy
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Pérignon
- CRCM, Comité de la Conchyliculture de Méditerranée, Quai Baptiste Guitard, 34140, Mèze, France
| | - Denis Régler
- CRCM, Comité de la Conchyliculture de Méditerranée, Quai Baptiste Guitard, 34140, Mèze, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, Avenue du Mus de Loup, 17930, La Tremblade, France
| | - Marianne Alunno-Bruscia
- LEMAR UMR 6539, UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, 11 presqu'île du vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Pierre Boudry
- LEMAR UMR6539, CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, ZI pointe du diable, CS 10070, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, LBI2M, Ifremer, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzόn
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ancestral gene acquisition as the key to virulence potential in environmental Vibrio populations. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2954-2966. [PMID: 30072747 PMCID: PMC6246604 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of marine animals caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrio are on the rise worldwide. Understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of these infectious agents is important for predicting and managing these diseases. Yet, compared to Vibrio infecting humans, knowledge of their role as animal pathogens is scarce. Here we ask how widespread is virulence among ecologically differentiated Vibrio populations, and what is the nature and frequency of virulence genes within these populations? We use a combination of population genomics and molecular genetics to assay hundreds of Vibrio strains for their virulence in the oyster Crassostrea gigas, a unique animal model that allows high-throughput infection assays. We show that within the diverse Splendidus clade, virulence represents an ancestral trait but has been lost from several populations. Two loci are necessary for virulence, the first being widely distributed across the Splendidus clade and consisting of an exported conserved protein (R5.7). The second is a MARTX toxin cluster, which only occurs within V. splendidus and is for the first time associated with virulence in marine invertebrates. Varying frequencies of both loci among populations indicate different selective pressures and alternative ecological roles, based on which we suggest strategies for epidemiological surveys.
Collapse
|
64
|
Parizadeh L, Tourbiez D, Garcia C, Haffner P, Dégremont L, Le Roux F, Travers M. Ecologically realistic model of infection for exploring the host damage caused byVibrio aestuarianus. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4343-4355. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Parizadeh
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS‐Ifremer‐UM‐UPVDUniversité de Montpellier Place Eugène Bataillon ‐ CC80, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- IfremerUnité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff CS 90074, F‐29688 Roscoff Cedex France
| | - Marie‐Agnès Travers
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lydon KA, Robertson MJ, Lipp EK. Patterns of triclosan resistance in Vibrionaceae. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5170. [PMID: 30013840 PMCID: PMC6046194 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial additive triclosan has been used in personal care products widely across the globe for decades. Triclosan resistance has been noted among Vibrio spp., but reports have been anecdotal and the extent of phenotypic triclosan resistance across the Vibrionaceae family has not been established. Here, triclosan resistance was determined for Vibrionaceae strains across nine distinct clades. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for 70 isolates from clinical (n = 6) and environmental sources (n = 64); only two were susceptible to triclosan. The mean MIC for all resistant Vibrionaceae was 53 µg mL-1 (range 3.1-550 µg mL-1), but was significantly different between clades (p < 0.001). The highest mean triclosan MIC was observed in the Splendidus clade (200 µg mL-1; n = 3). Triclosan mean MICs were 68.8 µg mL-1 in the Damselae clade and 45.3 µg mL-1 in the Harveyi clade. The lowest mean MIC was observed in the Cholerae clade with 14.4 µg mL-1, which was primarily represented by clinical strains. There were no significant differences in triclosan MIC among individual species or among environmental strains isolated from different locations. Overall, phenotypic triclosan resistance appears to be widespread across multiple clades of Vibrionaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri A. Lydon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Megan J. Robertson
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Erin K. Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of ubiquitous heterotrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Although they are a small percentage of the bacteria in these environments, vibrios can predominate during blooms. Vibrios also play important roles in the degradation of polymeric substances, such as chitin, and in other biogeochemical processes. Vibrios can be found as free-living bacteria, attached to particles, or associated with other organisms in a mutualistic, commensal, or pathogenic relationship. This review focuses on vibrio ecology and genome plasticity, which confers an ability to adapt to new niches and is driven, at least in part, by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The extent of HGT and its role in pathogen emergence are discussed based on genomic studies of environmental and pathogenic vibrios, mobile genetically encoded virulence factors, and mechanistic studies on the different modes of HGT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Le Roux
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, F-29280 Plouzané, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS UMR 8227, UPMC Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-29688 Roscoff CEDEX, France;
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
de Lorgeril J, Escoubas JM, Loubiere V, Pernet F, Le Gall P, Vergnes A, Aujoulat F, Jeannot JL, Jumas-Bilak E, Got P, Gueguen Y, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Bachère E. Inefficient immune response is associated with microbial permissiveness in juvenile oysters affected by mass mortalities on field. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:156-163. [PMID: 29567138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 2008, juvenile Crassostrea gigas oysters have suffered from massive mortalities in European farming areas. This disease of complex etiology is still incompletely understood. Triggered by an elevated seawater temperature, it has been associated to infections by a herpes virus named OsHV-1 as well as pathogenic vibrios of the Splendidus clade. Ruling out the complexity of the disease, most of our current knowledge has been acquired in controlled experiments. Among the many unsolved questions, it is still ignored what role immunity plays in the capacity oysters have to survive an infectious episode. Here we show that juvenile oysters susceptible to the disease mount an inefficient immune response associated with microbial permissiveness and death. We found that, in contrast to resistant adult oysters having survived an earlier episode of mortality, susceptible juvenile oysters never exposed to infectious episodes died by more than 90% in a field experiment. Susceptible oysters were heavily colonized by OsHV-1 herpes virus as well as bacteria including vibrios potentially pathogenic for oysters, which proliferated in oyster flesh and body fluids during the mortality event. Nonetheless, susceptible oysters were found to sense microbes as indicated by an overexpression of immune receptors and immune signaling pathways. However, they did not express important immune effectors involved in antimicrobial immunity and apoptosis and showed repressed expression of genes involved in ROS and metal homeostasis. This contrasted with resistant oysters, which expressed those important effectors, controlled bacterial and viral colonization and showed 100% survival to the mortality event. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the immune response mounted by susceptible oysters lacks some important immune functions and fails in controlling microbial proliferation. This study opens the way to more holistic studies on the "mass mortality syndrome", which are now required to decipher the sequence of events leading to oyster mortalities and determine the relative weight of pathogens, oyster genetics and oyster-associated microbiota in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Vincent Loubiere
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR6539, CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Patrik Le Gall
- MARBEC UMR 9190 (CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM), F34203, Sète, France
| | - Agnès Vergnes
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | - Fabien Aujoulat
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jeannot
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Got
- MARBEC UMR 9190 (CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM), F34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| | | | - Evelyne Bachère
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, France
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Huang J, Zeng B, Liu D, Wu R, Zhang J, Liao B, He H, Bian F. Classification and structural insight into vibriolysin-like proteases of Vibrio pathogenicity. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:335-340. [PMID: 29510206 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibriolysin-like proteases (VLPs) are important virulence agents in the arsenal of Vibrio causing instant cytotoxic effects during infection. Most of Vibrio secreted VLPs show serious pathogenicity, while some species of Vibrio with VLPs are non-pathogenic, like Vibrio tasmaniensis and Vibrio pacinii. To investigate the relation between VLPs and Vibrio pathogenicity, one phylogenetic tree of VLPs was constructed and compared consensus sequences at the N-terminus of VLPs. Based on these results, VLPs were defined into nine phylogenetic clades. Pathogenicity analysis of Vibrio showed that Vibrio species with VLPs III, VI, VII or VIII are serious pathogenic bacteria, while species with VLPs I, II, IV or IX are opportunistic pathogens. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the N-terminal 5-16 nucleotides of each clade are highly conservative. Topological analysis of VLPs exhibited the structural differences in N-terminal regions of each VLP clade. These results suggest that structure of N-terminus might play a key role in the pathogenicity of VLPs. Our findings give new insights into the classification of VLPs and the relationship between VLPs and Vibrio pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JiaFeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - BingQi Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - RiBang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - BinQiang Liao
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - HaiLun He
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Fei Bian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Karimi E, Ramos M, Gonçalves JMS, Xavier JR, Reis MP, Costa R. Comparative Metagenomics Reveals the Distinctive Adaptive Features of the Spongia officinalis Endosymbiotic Consortium. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2499. [PMID: 29312205 PMCID: PMC5735121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of sponge microbiome functioning derives mostly from comparative analyses with bacterioplankton communities. We employed a metagenomics-centered approach to unveil the distinct features of the Spongia officinalis endosymbiotic consortium in the context of its two primary environmental vicinities. Microbial metagenomic DNA samples (n = 10) from sponges, seawater, and sediments were subjected to Hiseq Illumina sequencing (c. 15 million 100 bp reads per sample). Totals of 10,272 InterPro (IPR) predicted protein entries and 784 rRNA gene operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% cut-off) were uncovered from all metagenomes. Despite the large divergence in microbial community assembly between the surveyed biotopes, the S. officinalis symbiotic community shared slightly greater similarity (p < 0.05), in terms of both taxonomy and function, to sediment than to seawater communities. The vast majority of the dominant S. officinalis symbionts (i.e., OTUs), representing several, so-far uncultivable lineages in diverse bacterial phyla, displayed higher residual abundances in sediments than in seawater. CRISPR-Cas proteins and restriction endonucleases presented much higher frequencies (accompanied by lower viral abundances) in sponges than in the environment. However, several genomic features sharply enriched in the sponge specimens, including eukaryotic-like repeat motifs (ankyrins, tetratricopeptides, WD-40, and leucine-rich repeats), and genes encoding for plasmids, sulfatases, polyketide synthases, type IV secretion proteins, and terpene/terpenoid synthases presented, to varying degrees, higher frequencies in sediments than in seawater. In contrast, much higher abundances of motility and chemotaxis genes were found in sediments and seawater than in sponges. Higher cell and surface densities, sponge cell shedding and particle uptake, and putative chemical signaling processes favoring symbiont persistence in particulate matrices all may act as mechanisms underlying the observed degrees of taxonomic connectivity and functional convergence between sponges and sediments. The reduced frequency of motility and chemotaxis genes in the sponge microbiome reinforces the notion of a prevalent mutualistic mode of living inside the host. This study highlights the S. officinalis “endosymbiome” as a distinct consortium of uncultured prokaryotes displaying a likely “sit-and-wait” strategy to nutrient foraging coupled to sophisticated anti-viral defenses, unique natural product biosynthesis, nutrient utilization and detoxification capacities, and both microbe–microbe and host–microbe gene transfer amenability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimi
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ramos
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jorge M S Gonçalves
- Fisheries, Biodiversity and Conservation Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana R Xavier
- Department of Biology and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Margarida P Reis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Savory EA, Fuller SL, Weisberg AJ, Thomas WJ, Gordon MI, Stevens DM, Creason AL, Belcher MS, Serdani M, Wiseman MS, Grünwald NJ, Putnam ML, Chang JH. Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic Rhodococcus challenge disease management. eLife 2017; 6:30925. [PMID: 29231813 PMCID: PMC5726852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how bacteria affect plant health is crucial for developing sustainable crop production systems. We coupled ecological sampling and genome sequencing to characterize the population genetic history of Rhodococcus and the distribution patterns of virulence plasmids in isolates from nurseries. Analysis of chromosome sequences shows that plants host multiple lineages of Rhodococcus, and suggested that these bacteria are transmitted due to independent introductions, reservoir populations, and point source outbreaks. We demonstrate that isolates lacking virulence genes promote beneficial plant growth, and that the acquisition of a virulence plasmid is sufficient to transition beneficial symbionts to phytopathogens. This evolutionary transition, along with the distribution patterns of plasmids, reveals the impact of horizontal gene transfer in rapidly generating new pathogenic lineages and provides an alternative explanation for pathogen transmission patterns. Results also uncovered a misdiagnosed epidemic that implicated beneficial Rhodococcus bacteria as pathogens of pistachio. The misdiagnosis perpetuated the unnecessary removal of trees and exacerbated economic losses. All organisms live in a world teeming with bacteria. Some bacteria are beneficial and, for example, provide their hosts with nutrients. Others cause harm, for example, by stealing nutrients and causing disease. Many bacteria can also gain DNA from other bacteria, and the genes encoded within the new DNA can help them to live with other organisms. This can start the bacteria on an evolutionary path to becoming beneficial or harmful. Rhodococcus are bacteria that live in association with many species of plants, including trees. Most are harmless but some cause disease. Plants infected with harmful Rhodococcus can show deformed growth, which causes major losses to the nursery industry. Savory, Fuller, Weisberg et al. set out to understand how disease-causing Rhodococcus are introduced into nurseries, if they are transferred between nurseries, whether they persist in nurseries, and how to limit their spread. It turns out that harmless Rhodococcus are beneficial to plants. However, if these harmless bacteria gain a certain DNA molecule – called a virulence plasmid – they can convert into harmful bacteria. Further analysis showed that some nurseries repeatedly acquired the harmful bacteria. The pattern of affected nurseries suggested that some might have purchased diseased plants from a common provider. In other cases, the sources remained a mystery. Savory et al. also report that, contrary to previous findings, there is no evidence to support the diagnosis that Rhodococcus without a virulence plasmid are responsible for an unusual growth problem that has plagued the pistachio industry. In recent years, this incorrect diagnosis led to trees being unnecessarily destroyed, worsening the economic losses. These findings suggest that genes moving between bacteria can dramatically change how those bacteria interact with the organisms in which they live. It needs to be shown whether this is an exceptional process, unique to only certain groups of bacteria, or if it is more widespread in nature. These findings could inform future disease management strategies to better protect agricultural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Savory
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Skylar L Fuller
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - William J Thomas
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Michael I Gordon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Allison L Creason
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Michael S Belcher
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Maryna Serdani
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Michele S Wiseman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, United States
| | - Melodie L Putnam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.,Center for Genome Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ben Cheikh Y, Travers MA, Le Foll F. Infection dynamics of a V. splendidus strain pathogenic to Mytilus edulis: In vivo and in vitro interactions with hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:515-523. [PMID: 28935598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic strain V. splendidus 10/068 1T1 has previously been reported for its virulence to the blue mussel and for its capacity to alter immune responses. In this study, we expanded the knowledge on hemocyte-pathogen interactions by using in vitro and in vivo assays. V. splendidus 10/068 1T1 severely inhibited cell adhesion and acidic vacuole formation unlike the innocuous phylogenetically related V. splendidus 12/056 M24T1 which had no effect on these cell functions. Furthermore, the virulent bacteria decreased hemocyte viability (59% of viability after 24 h). Infection dynamics were explored by using a model based on water tank cohabitation with septic mussels infected by GFP-tagged V. splendidus 10/068 1T1. Experimental infections were successfully produced (16.6% and 45% mortalities in 3 days and 6 days). The amount of GFP Vibrio in seawater decreased during the experiment suggesting its horizontal transfer from diseased animals to healthy ones. At the same time periods, bacteria were detected in hemocytes and in various organs and caused necrosis especially in gills. Total hemocyte count and viability were affected. Taken together, our results indicate that the pathogen V. splendidus 10/068 1T1 colonizes its host both by bypassing external defense barriers and impairing hemocyte defense activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Ben Cheikh
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Aquatic Biomonitoring, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Aquatic Biomonitoring, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Pootakham W, Mhuantong W, Yoocha T, Putchim L, Sonthirod C, Naktang C, Thongtham N, Tangphatsornruang S. High resolution profiling of coral-associated bacterial communities using full-length 16S rRNA sequence data from PacBio SMRT sequencing system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2774. [PMID: 28584301 PMCID: PMC5459821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are a complex ecosystem consisting of coral animals and a vast array of associated symbionts including the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium, fungi, viruses and bacteria. Several studies have highlighted the importance of coral-associated bacteria and their fundamental roles in fitness and survival of the host animal. The scleractinian coral Porites lutea is one of the dominant reef-builders in the Indo-West Pacific. Currently, very little is known about the composition and structure of bacterial communities across P. lutea reefs. The purpose of this study is twofold: to demonstrate the advantages of using PacBio circular consensus sequencing technology in microbial community studies and to investigate the diversity and structure of P. lutea-associated microbiome in the Indo-Pacific. This is the first metagenomic study of marine environmental samples that utilises the PacBio sequencing system to capture full-length 16S rRNA sequences. We observed geographically distinct coral-associated microbial profiles between samples from the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea. Despite the geographical and environmental impacts on the coral-host interactions, we identified a conserved community of bacteria that were present consistently across diverse reef habitats. Finally, we demonstrated the superior performance of full-length 16S rRNA sequences in resolving taxonomic uncertainty of coral associates at the species level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wirulda Pootakham
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thippawan Yoocha
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Lalita Putchim
- Phuket Marine Biological Center, Phuket, 83000, Thailand
| | - Chutima Sonthirod
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Naktang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Liu Y, Gao Y, Liu X, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xiao J. Transposon insertion sequencing reveals T4SS as the major genetic trait for conjugation transfer of multi-drug resistance pEIB202 from Edwardsiella. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:112. [PMID: 28499353 PMCID: PMC5427535 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conjugation is a major type of horizontal transmission of genes that involves transfer of a plasmid into a recipient using specific conjugation machinery, which results in an extended spectrum of bacterial antibiotics resistance. However, there is inadequate knowledge about the regulator and mechanisms that control the conjugation processes, especially in an aquaculture environment where a cocktail of antibiotics may be present. Here, we investigated these with pEIB202, a typical multi-drug resistant IncP plasmid encoding tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamide and chloramphenicol resistance in fish pathogen Edwardsiella piscicida strain EIB202. Results We used transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) to identify genes that are responsible for conjugation transfer of pEIB202. All ten of the plasmid-borne type IV secretion system (T4SS) genes and a putative lipoprotein p007 were identified to play an important role in pEIB202 horizontal transfer. Antibiotics appear to modulate conjugation frequencies by repressing T4SS gene expression. In addition, we identified topA gene, which encodes topoisomerase I, as an inhibitor of pEIB202 transfer. Furthermore, the RNA-seq analysis of the response regulator EsrB encoded on the chromosome also revealed its essential role in facilitating the conjugation by upregulating the T4SS genes. Conclusions Collectively, our screens unraveled the genetic basis of the conjugation transfer of pEIB202 and the influence of horizontally acquired EsrB on this process. Our results will improve the understanding of the mechanism of plasmid conjugation processes that facilitate dissemination of antibiotic resistance especially in aquaculture industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jingfan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Dubert J, Barja JL, Romalde JL. New Insights into Pathogenic Vibrios Affecting Bivalves in Hatcheries: Present and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:762. [PMID: 28515714 PMCID: PMC5413579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hatcheries constitute nowadays the only viable solution to support the husbandry of bivalve molluscs due to the depletion and/or overexploitation of their natural beds. Hatchery activities include the broodstock conditioning and spawning, rearing larvae and spat, and the production of microalgae to feed all stages of the production cycle. However, outbreaks of disease continue to be the main bottleneck for successful larval and spat production, most of them caused by different representatives of the genus Vibrio. Therefore, attention must be paid on preventive and management measures that allow the control of such undesirable bacterial populations. The present review provides an updated picture of the recently characterized Vibrio species associated with disease of bivalve molluscs during early stages of development, including the controversial taxonomic affiliation of some of them and relevant advances in the knowledge of their virulence determinants. The problematic use of antibiotics, as well as its eco-friendly alternatives are also critically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Dubert
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Le Roux F. Environmental vibrios: «a walk on the wild side». ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:27-29. [PMID: 27897382 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Le Roux
- UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, CS 90074, Roscoff Cedex, F-29688, France
- Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, Ifremer, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, Plouzané, F-29280, France
| |
Collapse
|