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Chen L, Chen YM, Wang LJ, Wei J, Tan YZ, Zhou JY, Yang Y, Chen YM, Ling WH, Zhu HL. Higher homocysteine and lower betaine increase the risk of microangiopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus carrying the GG genotype of PEMT G774C. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29:607-17. [PMID: 23794489 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes represents one of the greatest medical and socioeconomic threats worldwide. The pathogenesis involved is complicated. The effect of methyl donors and genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes on the risk of microangiopathy in patients with diabetes is not well understood. This study investigates the association of homocysteine, choline and betaine levels and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) G774C (rs12325817) genotypes with the risk of diabetes and its related microangiopathic complications. METHODS Between January 2009 and June 2010, 184 diabetic patients and 188 non-diabetic control subjects were enrolled in the hospital-based case-control study. Serum concentrations of betaine and choline were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometry. Serum concentrations of homocysteine were assayed using HPLC. PEMT gene mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, serum total homocysteine had a significant dose-dependent positive association, and serum choline had an inverse association with the risks of diabetes and its microangiopathic complications (both p < 0.001). Although serum betaine was not associated with the risk of diabetes, it had a significant inverse association with diabetic microangiopathy. Compared with GG genotype, the CC genotype of PEMT G774C was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes (OR 0.559, 95% CI 0.338, 0.926) and its microangiopathy (OR 0.452, 95% CI 0.218, 0.937). CONCLUSION The GG genotype of the PEMT G774C polymorphism, higher levels of serum homocysteine and lower levels of serum betaine are associated with an increased risk of microangiopathy in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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52
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Vitamin E attenuates homocysteine and cholesterol induced damage in rat aorta. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 22:465-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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53
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Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on homocysteine metabolism through regulating the gene expressions involved in methionine metabolism. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:931626. [PMID: 23766724 PMCID: PMC3676954 DOI: 10.1155/2013/931626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the regulatory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on mRNA expression of key genes involved in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Eighty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups. The oils were orally administered daily for 8 weeks. Plasma Hcy, phospholipids fatty acids, and mRNA expression were determined. Compared with the control group, plasma Hcy was significantly decreased in the 22:6n-3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) groups; mRNA expression of Mthfr was significantly upregulated in the 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, and 18:3n-3 groups and downregulated in the 18:2n-6 and stearolic acid (SO) groups. Mat1a was upregulated in the 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, 18:3n-3, and CLA groups. In addition, Cbs was upregulated in the 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, 18:3n-3 and CLA groups while downregulated in 18:2n-6 and SO groups. Dietary 22:6n-3 and CLA decrease the plasma concentration of Hcy. mRNA expression of Mthfr, Mat1a, Cbs and Pemt, Gnmt, Mtrr, and Bad is upregulated by n-3 PUFA and downregulated by n-6 PUFA. CLA upregulates mRNA expression of Mat1a and Cbs.
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Mirbahai L, Southam AD, Sommer U, Williams TD, Bignell JP, Lyons BP, Viant MR, Chipman JK. Disruption of DNA Methylation via S-Adenosylhomocysteine Is a Key Process in High Incidence Liver Carcinogenesis in Fish. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2895-904. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400195u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leda Mirbahai
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Southam
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Ulf Sommer
- NERC Biomolecular
Analysis Facility
− Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Williams
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - John P. Bignell
- Cefas, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Brett P. Lyons
- Cefas, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Viant
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
- NERC Biomolecular
Analysis Facility
− Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - James K. Chipman
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
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Transsulfuration Is a Significant Source of Sulfur for Glutathione Production in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:637897. [PMID: 24634789 PMCID: PMC3949734 DOI: 10.1155/2013/637897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway, through which homocysteine from the methionine cycle provides sulfur for cystathionine formation, which may subsequently be used for glutathione synthesis, has not heretofore been identified as active in mammary cells. Primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC's) were labeled with S35-methionine for 24 hours following pretreatment with a vehicle control, the cysteine biosynthesis inhibitor propargylglycine or the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine. Cell lysates were prepared and reacted with glutathione-S-transferase and the fluorescent labeling compound monochlorobimane to form a fluorescent glutathione-bimane conjugate. Comparison of fluorographic and autoradiographic images indicated that glutathione had incorporated S35-methionine demonstrating that functional transsulfuration occurs in mammary cells. Pathway inhibitors reduced incorporation by roughly 80%. Measurement of glutathione production in HMEC's treated with and without hydrogen peroxide and/or pathway inhibitors indicates that the transsulfuration pathway plays a significant role in providing cysteine for glutathione production both normally and under conditions of oxidant stress.
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56
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Dynamics of the enzymatic antioxidants during experimental caprine coccidiosis. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1437-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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57
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Role of homocysteine in end-stage renal disease. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1286-94. [PMID: 22683753 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Joseph J, Joseph L. Hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease: new mechanisms beyond atherosclerosis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 1:97-104. [PMID: 18370631 DOI: 10.1089/154041903322294425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhe) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been explored in detail over the last four decades since initial reports in the 1960s. Although several epidemiological studies have shown an association, convincing mechanistic studies are still lacking. However, recent prospective studies demonstrate a strong association of Hhe with coronary disease. Several pathogenic mechanisms have been studied in Hhe and indicate alterations in the various components of vascular disease, namely endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, platelets, and the coagulation/fibrinolytic systems. Increased oxidative stress, hypomethylation, and protein homocysteinylation have been proposed as potential molecular mechanisms in Hhe-induced CVD. In addition, recent studies indicate a novel link between Hhe and CVD, that is, direct effects on coronary arteriolar and myocardial remodeling resulting in cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Joseph
- The Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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59
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Ikeda S, Koyama H, Sugimoto M, Kume S. Roles of one-carbon metabolism in preimplantation period--effects on short-term development and long-term programming--. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:38-43. [PMID: 22450283 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2011-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism (OCM) can be seen as integrated metabolic pathways centered on the metabolism of two nutritional substances, folate and methionine. Mammalian oocytes and preimplantation embryos express almost all enzymes that participate in OCM, suggesting that they can independently metabolize OCM nutrients. A deficiency or excess of OCM nutrients and their metabolites during in vitro culture affects preimplantation development of mammalian embryos. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that specific OCM dietary interventions during the periconceptional (mainly oocyte growth and preimplantation) period can cause epigenetic alterations in DNA of offspring and program the long-term consequences in their health in adulthood. The epigenetic processes are likely to be implicated in the effects of OCM nutrients; however, understanding their effects at the level of specific genes and their implications in assisted reproductive technology will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Ikeda
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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60
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Jemaa R, Kallel A, Sediri Y, Abdessalem S, Mourali MS, Feki M, Mechmeche R, Kaabachi N. Association between endothelial nitric oxide gene intron 4a4b VNTR polymorphism and plasma homocysteine concentrations in Tunisian male patients with myocardial infarction. Nutr Res 2012; 32:342-6. [PMID: 22652373 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia may be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, not all prospective studies support an association between elevated plasma homocysteine levels and coronary artery disease. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a relevant role in various events during atherogenesis, and in vitro data suggest that NO may modulate total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations, whereas polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide (NOS3) gene have been reported to be related to an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and hyperhomocysteinemia, but the results have been controversial. We hypothesized that the NOS3 synthase 4a4b VNTR polymorphism is a determinant of tHcy concentrations and tested this in 310 patients with MI and 250 controls. The NOS3 gene intron 4a4b VNTR polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. There was no significant difference in the homocysteine levels between patients with MI and controls. The frequencies of the NOS34b4b, 4b4a, and 4a4a genotypes in the MI group were significantly different from those in the control group. In patients with MI, plasma tHcy concentrations were significantly different among the NOS3 genotypes (13.5±4.5, 18.5±3.9, and 20.4±2.1 μmol/L for 4b4b, 4a4b, and 4a4a genotypes, respectively; P<.001). However, no significant difference was observed for tHcy concentrations in the control group. In conclusion, the NOS34a4b gene polymorphism (presence of 4a allele) is associated with MI and influences plasma tHcy concentrations in patients with MI in the Tunisian male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Jemaa
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Laboratory, Rabta University Hospital & Elmanar University, 1007 Jabbari, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Wang X, Cui L, Joseph J, Jiang B, Pimental D, Handy DE, Liao R, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine induces cardiomyocyte dysfunction and apoptosis through p38 MAPK-mediated increase in oxidant stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:753-60. [PMID: 22227328 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While Hcy has been shown to promote endothelial dysfunction by decreasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide and increasing oxidative stress in the vasculature, the effects of Hcy on cardiomyocytes remain less understood. In this study we explored the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on myocardial function ex vivo and examined the direct effects of Hcy on cardiomyocyte function and survival in vitro. Studies with isolated hearts from wild type and HHcy mice (heterozygous cystathionine-beta synthase deficient mice) demonstrated that HHcy mouse hearts had more severely impaired cardiac relaxation and contractile function and increased cell death following ischemia reperfusion (I/R). In isolated cultured adult rat ventricular myocytes, exposure to Hcy for 24 h impaired cardiomyocyte contractility in a concentration-dependent manner, and promoted apoptosis as revealed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling and cleaved caspase-3 immunoblotting. These effects were associated with activation of p38 MAPK, decreased expression of thioredoxin (TRX) protein, and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of p38 MAPK by the selective inhibitor SB203580 (5 μM) prevented all of these Hcy-induced changes. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TRX in cardiomyocytes significantly attenuated Hcy-induced ROS generation, apoptosis, and impairment of myocyte contractility. Thus, Hcy may increase the risk for CVD not only by causing endothelial dysfunction, but also by directly exerting detrimental effects on cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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62
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Gomez J, Sanchez-Roman I, Gomez A, Sanchez C, Suarez H, Lopez-Torres M, Barja G. Methionine and homocysteine modulate the rate of ROS generation of isolated mitochondria in vitro. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:377-86. [PMID: 21748404 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction and supplementation in mammals have beneficial (antiaging) and detrimental effects respectively, which have been related to chronic modifications in the rate of mitochondrial ROS generation. However it is not known if methionine or its metabolites can have, in addition, direct effects on the rate of mitochondrial ROS production. This is studied here for the methionine cycle metabolites S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), homocysteine and methionine itself in isolated rat liver, kidney, heart, and brain mitochondria. The results show that methionine increases ROS production in liver and kidney mitochondria, homocysteine increases it in kidney and decreases it in the other three organs, and SAM and SAH have no effects. The variations in ROS production are localized at complexes I or III. These changes add to previously described chronic effects of methionine restriction and supplementation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gomez
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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63
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Kim TH, Moon SW. Serum homocysteine and folate levels in korean schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Investig 2011; 8:134-40. [PMID: 21852990 PMCID: PMC3149108 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to confirm the results of the authors' previous research on schizophrenia manifesting high serum homocysteine and low folate levels. This study is anchored on a theory that a high serum homocysteine concentration affects schizophrenia by virtue of a neurotoxic mechanism, and on a report that some schizophrenia patients with high homocysteine levels benefited from high folate ingestion. METHODS The serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B(12) levels of 236 normal-control-group subjects and 234 schizophrenia subjects who met the diagnostic criteria based on DSM-IV-TR were compared. The homocysteine levels were measured via fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and the folate and vitamin B(12) levels were determined via radioimmunoassay. RESULTS The homocysteine levels of the patient group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group. The homocysteine level was more negatively correlated with the folate level in the schizophrenia group than in the control group. The percentages of female and male schizophrenia subjects manifesting high homocysteine levels were 33.8 and 51.5%, respectively. The percentage of schizophrenia subjects with low folate levels was 66.2%. In the low- and normal-folate-level groups, the patient group showed significantly higher homocysteine levels than the normal control group. The low-folate-level patient group particularly showed significantly higher homocysteine levels than the low-folate-level normal control group. CONCLUSION Some schizophrenia patients with high serum homocysteine levels may have the genetic defect of having low folate serum levels. In such cases, folate ingestion may be a good management modality for clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
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64
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Influence of diabetes on homocysteine-lowering therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1234-9. [PMID: 21439275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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65
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Namazi MR, Feily A. Homocysteine may accelerate skin aging: A new chapter in the biology of skin senescence? J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:1175-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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66
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Pirchl M, Ullrich C, Humpel C. Differential effects of short- and long-term hyperhomocysteinaemia on cholinergic neurons, spatial memory and microbleedings in vivo in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1516-27. [PMID: 21044172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) has been identified as a cardiovascular risk factor for neurodegenerative brain diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of short (5 months) or long (15 months) HHcy in Sprague–Dawley rats in vivo. Short- and long-term HHcy differentially affected spatial memory as tested in a partially baited eight-arm radial maze. HHcy significantly reduced the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert and ChAT-positive axons in the cortex only after short-term but not long-term treatment, while acetylcholine levels in the cortex were decreased at both time points. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was significantly enhanced in the cortex only after 15 months of HHcy. HHcy did not affect cortical levels of amyloid precursor protein, beta-amyloid(1-42), tau and phospho-tau181 and several inflammatory markers, as well as vascular RECA-1 and laminin density. However, HHcy induced cortical microbleedings, as illustrated by intensive anti-rat IgG-positive spots in the cortex. In order to study the regulation of the key enzyme ChAT, organotypic rat brain slices were incubated with homocysteine, which induced a decline of ChAT that was counteracted by NGF treatment. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that chronic short- and long-term HHcy differentially caused memory impairment, cholinergic dysfunction, NGF expression and vascular microbleedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pirchl
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innsbruck Medical, University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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67
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Vannucchi H, Melo SS. [Hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiometabolic risk]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 53:540-9. [PMID: 19768245 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, when considered as a causal factor of vascular diseases, has been subject of much discussion. Case-control, retrospective and prospective studies have identified a relationship between high plasma concentrations of homocysteine and vascular disease. The aim of the present review was to better understand the interrelation between plasma concentrations of homocysteine and vascular diseases, as well as the involvement of classical risk factors for the disease: genetic factors, such as mutations in the genes that codify the enzymes involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, and nutritional factors, such as complex B vitamin deficiency. The publications of the main databases in health were consulted for the period 1962 to 2009. The mechanism by which hyperhomocysteinemia acts as a risk factor for vascular diseases still has not been fully clarified, but involvement of endothelial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation is suggested. The treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia is based on food supplements and medication, with folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Vannucchi
- Divisão de Nutrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Av. Bandeirantes, 3.900 14049-900 - Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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68
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Kim JH, Lee JO, Lee SK, Moon JW, You GY, Kim SJ, Park SH, Park JM, Lim SY, Suh PG, Uhm KO, Song MS, Kim HS. The glutamate agonist homocysteine sulfinic acid stimulates glucose uptake through the calcium-dependent AMPK-p38 MAPK-protein kinase C zeta pathway in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7567-76. [PMID: 21193401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine sulfinic acid (HCSA) is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine and a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist. However, the metabolic role of HCSA is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that HCSA and glutamate stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 mouse myoblast cells and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that C2C12 expresses mGluR5. HCSA transiently increased the intracellular calcium concentration. Although α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, a metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, blocked the action of HCSA in intracellular calcium response and AMPK phosphorylation, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, an AMPA antagonist, did not exhibit such effects. Knockdown of mGluR5 with siRNA blocked HCSA-induced AMPK phosphorylation. Pretreatment of cells with STO-609, a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor, blocked HCSA-induced AMPK phosphorylation, and knockdown of CaMKK blocked HCSA-induced AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, HCSA activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Expression of dominant-negative AMPK suppressed HCSA-mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and inhibition of AMPK and p38 MAPK blocked HCSA-induced glucose uptake. Phosphorylation of protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) was also increased by HCSA. Pharmacologic inhibition or knockdown of p38 MAPK blocked HCSA-induced PKCζ phosphorylation, and knockdown of PKCζ suppressed the HCSA-induced increase of cell surface GLUT4. The stimulatory effect of HCSA on cell surface GLUT4 was impaired in FITC-conjugated PKCζ siRNA-transfected cells. Together, the above results suggest that HCSA may have a beneficial role in glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells via stimulation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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69
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Vayá A, Plumé G, Bonet E, Carrasco P, Morales-Suárez-Varela MM. Hyperhomocysteinemia and the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation in splanchnic vein thrombosis. Eur J Haematol 2010; 86:167-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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70
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Yan J, Liao JK, Wang D. Elevated homocysteine and C-reactive protein levels independently predict worsening prognosis after stroke in Chinese patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:643-7. [PMID: 21063849 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the predictive value of tHcy in combination with hsCRP in patients with stroke is not known. To determine the relationship between tHcy and hsCRP, we enrolled 291 patients with first-onset stroke (196 ischemic and 95 hemorrhagic). Plasma tHcy and hsCRP levels were measured and subsequent vascular events and deaths were determined over a 5-year period. Using the arbitrary cutoff for tHcy (<18 μmol/L and ≥18 μmol/L) and hsCRP (<1 mg/L, 1-3 mg/L and >3 mg/L), the patients were divided into 6 groups. Survival analysis showed that the probability of death or new vascular events during a 5-year follow-up increased according to tHcy and hsCRP levels (P<0.01). The relative risk (RR) of death or new vascular events was 4.67 (95% CI, 1.96 to 11.14, P=0.001) in patients with high tHcy (≥18 μmol/L) and hsCRP (>3 mg/L) compared with those with low tHcy (<18 μmol/L) and hsCRP (<1 mg/L). The increased tHcy level (≥18 μmol/L) combined with increased hsCRP level (>3 mg/L) was still significantly associated with the risk of death or new vascular events (RR, 4.10, 95% CI, 1.61 to 10.45, P=0.003) even when adjusted for other risk factors at inclusion. The combination of increased tHcy and hsCRP levels had a stronger predictive value than increased hsCRP alone or increased tHcy level alone. Further studies are required to evaluate the potential decrease in risks associated with lowering both Hcy and hsCRP levels in patients that present with both increased tHcy and hsCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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71
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Pooya S, Jalali MD, Jazayery AD, Saedisomeolia A, Eshraghian MR, Toorang F. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:326-331. [PMID: 19540739 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality among diabetic patients. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and homocysteine is believed to play a role in cardiovascular diseases. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could be effective in some diabetes complications and in the control of the glycemic index. However, it may increase lipid peroxidation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the concentration of homocysteine and MDA in diabetic patients. METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 81 patients with type 2 diabetes. The patients were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control groups. Each subject received three capsules of omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo every day for a period of 2months. The two groups were similar in terms of body mass index and food intake. At the beginning of the study and after 2months of supplementation their levels of HbA(1)c, homocysteine, MDA, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were determined. Due to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, homocysteine was changed significantly in both treatment and control groups up to -3.10mumol/L and 0.10mumol/L respectively, and HbA(1)c decreased by 0.75% in the treatment group and increased by 0.26% in the control group. However, the changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS), malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were not significant. CONCLUSION The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (3g/day) for 2months decreases the levels of homocysteine in diabetic patients with no change in FBS, MDA and CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Pooya
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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72
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Bertoglio K, Jill James S, Deprey L, Brule N, Hendren RL. Pilot Study of the Effect of Methyl B12 Treatment on Behavioral and Biomarker Measures in Children with Autism. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16:555-60. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiah Bertoglio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - S. Jill James
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Autism Metabolic Genomics Laboratory, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lesley Deprey
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Norman Brule
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Robert L. Hendren
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCSF Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA
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73
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Asymptomatic Mongolian middle-aged women with high homocysteine blood level and atherosclerotic disease. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:7-13. [PMID: 20091392 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-009-1156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing numbers of studies have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent, modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been found to be negatively associated with the vitamin B group, especially folate and cobalamin. Because of the relative scarcity of fruits and vegetables in Mongolian foods, and the high cardiovascular diseases rate in Mongolia, we examined homocysteine level and its relation with atherosclerotic change in middle-aged Mongolian women. This cross-sectional study included 79 female asymptomatic residents of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Besides analysis of homocysteine and chemistry tests, participants were interviewed and underwent physical and Doppler ultrasound examination of extracranial vessels. The mean homocysteine level was 9.87 +/- 3.6 micromol/l, and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were 2.2 micromol/l and 19.9 micromol/l. Participants with abnormal Doppler ultrasound finding had significantly higher homocysteine levels (12.8 +/- 4.5 micromol/l vs 8.7 +/- 2.3 micomol/l, P < 0.001) and homocysteine was significantly associated with having atherosclerotic change (odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.42-3.49, P < 0.001) after adjustment for age, low-density lipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index. Hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be significantly associated with atherosclerotic change in female Mongolian adults. Further studies are necessary to determine factors associated with homocysteine elevation among the Mongolian population.
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74
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Venâncio LDS, Burini RC, Yoshida WB. Tratamento dietético da hiper-homocisteinemia na doença arterial periférica. J Vasc Bras 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-54492010000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A homocisteína está envolvida na gênese da aterosclerose e, assim, é considerada um importante e prevalente fator de risco na doença arterial periférica. O estado nutricional vitamínico deficiente, em especial do folato, é a principal causa de hiper-homocisteinemia nesses casos. Embora ainda não haja consenso sobre a dose exata e a forma de utilização do folato em suplementos e sobre adequação alimentar ou fortificação de cereais para o tratamento da hiper-homocisteinemia, diversos estudos realizados em pacientes com doença vascular periférica mostraram que o folato, isoladamente, pode reduzir as concentrações de homocisteína, bem como a concentração de alguns marcadores biológicos do processo de aterosclerose. No entanto, estudos recentes não comprovaram esse benefício sobre o processo inflamatório associado à hiper-homocisteinemia. Desta forma, embora a utilização isolada do folato seja uma terapêutica custo-efetiva no controle da hiper-homocisteinemia, seu impacto na evolução das doenças arteriais ainda persiste inconclusivo. Esta revisão abordará os efeitos obtidos com as diversas formas de utilização do folato no tratamento da hiper-homocisteinemia.
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75
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Kartal Durmazlar SP, Akgul A, Eskioglu F. Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with stasis dermatitis and ulcer: A novel finding with important therapeutic implications. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 20:336-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09546630902775069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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76
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Butt MS, Sultan MT, Butt MS, Iqbal J. Garlic: nature's protection against physiological threats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:538-51. [PMID: 19484634 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802145344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently reliance on natural products is gaining popularity to combat various physiological threats including oxidative stress, cardiovascular complexities, cancer insurgence, and immune dysfunction. The use of traditional remedies may encounter more frequently due to an array of scientific evidence in their favor. Garlic (Allium sativum) holds a unique position in history and was recognized for its therapeutic potential. Recent advancements in the field of immunonutrition, physiology, and pharmacology further explored its importance as a functional food against various pathologies. Extensive research work has been carried out on the health promoting properties of garlic, often referred to its sulfur containing metabolites i.e. allicin and its derivatives. Garlic in its preparations are effective against health risks and even used as dietary supplements such as age garlic extract (AGE) and garlic oil etc. Its components/formulations can scavenge free radicals and protect membranes from damage and maintains cell integrity. It also provides cardiovascular protection mediated by lowering of cholesterol, blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation thus providing protection against atherosclerosis and associated disorders. Besides this, it possesses antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties that are interesting in chemopreventive interventions. Several mechanisms have been reviewed in this context like activation of detoxification phase-I and II enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and reducing DNA damage etc. Garlic could be useful in preventing the suppression of immune response associated with increased risk of malignancy as it stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes, macrophage phagocytosis, stimulates the release of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and enhances natural killer cells. In this paper much emphasis has been placed on garlic's ability to ameliorate oxidative stress, core role in cardiovascular cure, chemopreventive strategies, and indeed its prospective as immune booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sadiq Butt
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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77
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Yilmaz FM, Yilmaz G, Duranay M, Parpucu H, Senes M, Tekeli N, Yücel D. Cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 65:739-45. [PMID: 16509055 DOI: 10.1080/00365510500375271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular risk factors and their correlation with CVD in groups of HD and CAPD patients. METHODS Thirty HD patients, 30 CAPD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Apolipoprotein A-l (apo A-l), apolipoprotein B (apo B), apolipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were measured with a Beckman Coulter nephelometer, and homocysteine (Hcy) was determined with an Agilent HPLC analyzer. Lipid profile was determined with a Synchron LX 20 Pro analyzer. RESULTS Hcy levels were 41.9+/-19.4, 41.8+/-38.5 and 9.3+/-3.5 micromol/L; Lp(a) levels were 325+/-315, 431+/-367 and 130+/-97 mg/L; hs-CRP levels were 3.78+/-3.21, 4.34+/-3.39 and 2.07+/-1.67 mg/L; apo A1/apo B ratios were 1.46+/-0.6, 1.36+/-0.5 and 1.80+/-0.59; total cholesterol levels were 3.56+/-0.7, 4.84+/-1.1 and 4.39+/-0.5 mmol/L; triglycerides were 1.44+/-0.5, 1.60+/-0.8 and 0.85+/-0.5 mmol/L in the HD, CAPD and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION HD and CAPD patients had higher Hcy, hs-CRP and Lp(a) levels and lower apo A/B ratios than controls. There was no significant difference between the HD and CAPD groups. Hypertension, age and hs-CRP showed a positive correlation with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Yilmaz
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
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78
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Homocysteine may involve in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease by inducing inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2008:407972. [PMID: 19197380 PMCID: PMC2633607 DOI: 10.1155/2008/407972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the significance of homocysteine (Hcy) in Behcet's disease (BD) and the association of elevated Hcy levels associated with the indices of inflammation in BD. METHODS Untreated 70 patients with BD and 33 healthy individuals were included into the study. Hcy, tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were evaluated with respect to activity and specific individual clinical manifestations of the disease. RESULTS Hcy levels were found significantly elevated in active BD when compared to inactive BD and healthy controls. Hcy levels were found to have high correlation with the number of active clinical manifestations increased. A significant positive correlation was found between serum Hcy and TNF-alpha levels, CRP, and ESR. Hcy was found to be the best predictor of TNF-alpha among other parameters. CONCLUSION Hcy may involve in the pathogenesis of BD by inducing inflammation.
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79
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López-Torres M, Barja G. Lowered methionine ingestion as responsible for the decrease in rodent mitochondrial oxidative stress in protein and dietary restriction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1337-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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80
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Cheng CH, Huang YC, Chen FP, Chou MC, Tsai TP. B-vitamins, homocysteine and gene polymorphism in adults with fasting or post-methionine loading hyperhomocysteinemia. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:491-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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81
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Abilés J, Abúd RP, Moratalla G, Castaño J, Elvira MR, Pérez de la Cruz A, Moreno-Torres Herrera R, Planells del Pozo EM. High prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in critically ill patients: Vascular damage and adequate vitamin intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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82
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Trabetti E. Homocysteine,MTHFR gene polymorphisms, and cardio-cerebrovascular risk. J Appl Genet 2008; 49:267-82. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03195624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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83
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Kumar M, Tyagi N, Moshal KS, Sen U, Kundu S, Mishra PK, Givvimani S, Tyagi SC. Homocysteine decreases blood flow to the brain due to vascular resistance in carotid artery. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:214-9. [PMID: 18725259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An elevated level of Homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for vascular dementia and stroke. Cysthathionine beta Synthase (CBS) gene is involved in the clearance of Hcy. Homozygous individuals for (CBS-/-) die early, but heterozygous for (CBS-/+) survive with high levels of Hcy. The gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) presents in the central nervous system (CNS) and functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Hcy competes with GABA at the GABA(A) receptor and affects the CNS function. We hypothesize that Hcy causes a decrease in blood flow to the brain due to increase in vascular resistance (VR) because of arterial remodeling in the carotid artery (CA). Blood pressure and blood flow in CA of wild type (WT), CBS-/+, CBS-/+ GABA(A)-/- double knockout, and GABA(A)-/- were measured. CA was stained with trichrome, and the brain permeability was measured. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-3, TIMP-4), elastin, and collagen-III expression were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed an increase in VR in CBS-/+/GABA(A)-/-double knockout>CBS-/+/>GABA(A)-/- compared to WT mice. Increased MMP-2, MMP-9, collagen-III and TIMP-3 mRNA levels were found in GABA(A)-/-, CBS-/+, CBS-/+/GABA(A) double knockout compared to WT. The levels of TIMP-4 and elastin were decreased, whereas the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-3 increased, which indirectly reflected the arterial resistance. These results suggested that Hcy caused arterial remodeling in part, by increase in collagen/elastin ratio thereby increasing VR leading to the decrease in CA blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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84
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Vesentini N, Kusmic C, Battaglia D, Taddei MC, Barsanti L, Parodi O, Palombo C, Paolicchi A, Barsacchi R. Modulation of erythrocyte sensitivity to oxidative stress by transient hyperhomocysteinemia in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:402-407. [PMID: 18029159 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathobiological mechanisms by which Hcy can promote atherothrombosis are not completely understood. Many observations suggest that oxidative consequences of hyperhomocysteinemia have a distinct role in the development of occlusive vascular disease. The aim of this work was to investigate whether sensitivity of erythrocytes to chemically induced oxidative stress in both healthy subjects and patients with clinically ascertained atherosclerosis was modified during the transient increase in homocysteine driven by methionine load. METHODS Erythrocyte sensitivity to oxidative stress during transient hyperhomocysteinemia was assessed by cumene hydroperoxide-induced alpha-tocopherol consumption before and after methionine load in 31 healthy subjects and 23 patients with coronary artery disease. RESULTS Decreased sensitivity to oxidative challenge ("Type-1" response) after methionine load was more frequent in healthy subjects (35% vs 13% in patients), while increased sensitivity ("Type-2" response) was more frequent in patients (22% vs 6% in healthy subjects). No variation in sensitivity to oxidative challenge throughout the loading test ("Non-variant" response) was detected in either group (58% in healthy subjects and 65% in patients). The distribution of these responses was significantly different between healthy subjects and patients and independent of basal and post-load increase in homocysteine. Plasma lipoperoxides, erythrocyte alpha-tocopherol and glutathione content before methionine load were significantly different between patients and healthy subjects; however only the redox potential of the GSSG/GSH couple was significantly different in the different groups of response. CONCLUSIONS The higher frequency of "Type-2" response in patients with respect to healthy subjects suggests that methionine load reveals individual factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Vesentini
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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85
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Forty percent and eighty percent methionine restriction decrease mitochondrial ROS generation and oxidative stress in rat liver. Biogerontology 2008; 9:183-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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86
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Bachmann CG, Guth N, Helmschmied K, Armstrong VW, Paulus W, Happe S. Homocysteine in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2008; 9:388-92. [PMID: 17900981 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) may be a risk factor for vascular diseases and is associated with renal failure or deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate. Recently, elevated tHcy concentrations were observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly those under levodopa treatment. Our objective was to determine whether changes in tHcy are also found in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) in relation to levodopa treatment and whether folate and vitamins B6 and B12 play a role in RLS. METHODS In a total of 228 subjects, tHcy and B vitamin status (vitamins B6 and B12, folate) were studied: 97 patients with idiopathic RLS (40 under levodopa therapy), 39 with PD (25 under levodopa therapy), and 92 healthy controls adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in tHcy levels between RLS patients and controls or between the RLS groups without treatment or with levodopa or dopamine agonist treatment. Mean tHcy was significantly higher in PD patients (13.8 micromol/l) than in either RLS patients (11.7 micromol/l) or controls (11.0 micromol/l; p<0.001). There was an inverse association between tHcy and vitamin B12 in each group. CONCLUSIONS RLS and, in particular, levodopa treatment in RLS are not associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Elevated tHcy could, however, be confirmed in PD patients.
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87
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Ifergan I, Assaraf YG. Chapter 4 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Folate Deficiency. FOLIC ACID AND FOLATES 2008; 79:99-143. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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88
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Canola oil decreases cholesterol and improves endothelial function in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease – a pilot study☆. Artery Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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89
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Yilmaz FM, Akay H, Duranay M, Yilmaz G, Öztekin PS, Koşar U, Tekeli N, Altay M, Parpucu H, Yücel D. Carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:1361-6. [PMID: 17936258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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90
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Censori B, Partziguian T, Manara O, Poloni M. Plasma homocysteine and severe white matter disease. Neurol Sci 2007; 28:259-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-007-0832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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91
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Pamplona R, Barja G. Highly resistant macromolecular components and low rate of generation of endogenous damage: two key traits of longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6:189-210. [PMID: 17702671 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Key characteristics relating oxidative damage to aging and longevity are reviewed. Available information indicates that the specific composition of tissue macromolecules (proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA) in long-lived animal species gives them an intrinsically high resistance to modification that likely contributes to the superior longevity of these species. This is obtained in the case of lipids by decreasing fatty acid unsaturation, and in the proteins by lowering their methionine content. Long-lived animals also show low rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative damage at their mitochondria. On the other hand, dietary restriction decreases mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins. These changes are due to the decreased intake of dietary proteins (not of lipids or carbohydrates) of the dietary restricted animals. In turn, these effects of protein restriction seem to be specifically due to the lowered methionine intake of the protein and dietary restricted animals. It is emphasized that both a low rate of generation of endogenous damage and an intrinsically high resistance to modification of tissue macromolecules are key traits of animal longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida 25008, Spain
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92
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Eldibany MM, Caprini JA. Hyperhomocysteinemia and thrombosis: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:872-84. [PMID: 17550314 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-872-hatao] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, absent in natural diets, is a metabolic intermediary in transmethylation and transsulfuration reactions. Such reactions are essential to normal cellular growth, differentiation, and function. Excess homocysteine is associated with vascular disease and related disorders. OBJECTIVE To review homocysteine metabolism, the pathogenesis and classification of hyperhomocysteinemia, and the published literature investigating the association of homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase defects with arterial and venous thromboembolism and related disorders. The role of vitamin supplementation in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia is addressed. DATA SOURCES Published medical and scientific literature. Articles addressing the objectives were selected and reviewed. Pertinent studies and conclusions were summarized, grouped, and contrasted. CONCLUSIONS The association of hyperhomocysteinemia and arterial and venous thrombosis is controversial. Severe hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with atherosclerosis. The effect of mild hyperhomocysteinemia is less certain. Coinheritance of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase defects and factor V Leiden is likely to increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. The association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase defects combined with no additional thrombophilic risk factors with venous thrombosis is less clear. High doses of folic acid to lower homocysteine levels might not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Eldibany
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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93
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Herrmann M, Taban-Shoma O, Hübner U, Pexa A, Kilter H, Umanskaya N, Straub RH, Böhm M, Herrmann W. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Myocardial Expression of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Rats. Clin Chem 2007; 53:773-80. [PMID: 17303690 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.077859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been linked to impaired left ventricular function and clinical class in patients with chronic heart failure. We hypothesized that HHcy stimulates myocardial brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression and induces adverse left ventricular remodeling.
Methods: We randomized 50 rats into 5 groups. Groups Co1 and Co2 (controls) received a typical diet. Groups Meth, Hcy1, and Hcy2 were fed the same diet supplemented with 2.4% methionine, 1% homocystine, and 2% homocystine, respectively. After 12 weeks, we measured total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and BNP in plasma and tissue, and we performed histomorphometric analyses.
Results: All animals had comparable baseline body weight [mean (SD) 234 (26) g] and total circulating Hcy [4.7 (1.7) μmol/L]. After 12 weeks of treatment, total circulating Hcy increased in Meth, Hcy1, and Hcy2 [27.3 (8.8), 40.6 (7.0), and 54.0 (46.0) μmol/L, respectively] and remained unchanged in Co1 and Co2. Serum BNP significantly increased in 1 of 10 animals in Meth, 3 of 10 animals in Hcy1, and 3 of 10 animals in Hcy2. Median (25th–75th percentile) BNP tissue concentrations in Hcy1 and Hcy2 were 55% higher than in the corresponding controls [Co1 vs Hcy1, 225 (186–263) vs 338 (262–410) pg/mg protein, P = 0.05; Co2 vs Hcy2, 179 (107–261) vs 308 (192–429) pg/mg protein, P = 0.12]. In the Meth group, BNP expression was comparable to that of controls [200 (159–235) vs 225 (186–263) pg/mg protein, P = 0.32]. The percentage of perivascular and interstitial collagen and mast cell infiltration were comparable in all groups, indicating no adverse cardiac remodeling.
Conclusion: Three months of intermediate HHcy stimulated increased cardiac BNP expression that was not accompanied by adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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94
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. PB, . APS, . SSG, . MS. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular Disorders: Is There a Correlation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2007.160.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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95
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Atanassova PA, Angelova E, Tzvetanov P, Semerdjieva M, Dimitrov BD. Modelling of increased homocysteine in ischaemic stroke: post-hoc cross-sectional matched case-control analysis in young patients. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2007; 65:24-31. [PMID: 17420822 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2007000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been postulated to participate in pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke (IS). However, especially in young adults, there is possibility of significantly increased IS risk due to increased ‘normal’ homocysteinaemia, i.e., ‘hidden’ (‘pathologically dormant’) prevalence within a healthy, normally-defined range. We performed a post-hoc modelling investigation on plasma total homocysteinaemia (THCY) in gender- and age-matched young patients in the acute IS phase. We evaluated relationships between THCY and prevalence of other potential risk factors in 41 patients vs. 41 healthy controls. METHOD: We used clinical methods, instrumental and neuroimmaging procedures, risk factors examination, total plasma homocysteine measurements and other laboratory and statistical modelling techniques. RESULTS: IS patients and healthy controls were similar not only for matching variables, but also for smoking, main vitamin status, serum creatinine and lipid profile. Patients with IS, however, had lower vitamin B6 levels and higher THCY, fibrinogen and triglycerides (TGL). At multivariate stepwise logistic regression only increased THCY and TGL were significantly and independently associated with the risk for stroke (72% model accuracy, p model=0.001). An increase of THCY with 1.0 µmol/L was associated with 22% higher risk of ischaemic stroke [adjusted OR=1.22 (95%CI 1.03?1.44)]. In this way, novel lower cut-off value for HCY of 11.58 µmol/L in younger patients has been revealed (ROC AUC= 0.67, 95CI% 0.55-0.78, p=0.009). CONCLUSION: The new THCY cut-off clearly discriminated between absence and presence of IS (sensitivity>63%, specificity>68%) irrespectively of age and gender and may be applied to better evaluate and more precisely define, as earlier as possible, the young patients at increased IS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penka A Atanassova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University 15A, V Aprilov Boulevard, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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96
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Endo N, Nishiyama K, Okabe M, Matsumoto M, Kanouchi H, Oka T. Vitamin B6 suppresses apoptosis of NM-1 bovine endothelial cells induced by homocysteine and copper. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1770:571-7. [PMID: 17208380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis. We previously reported that formation of early atherosclerosis in the rat aorta was associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and reduction of antioxidant activity caused by low concentration of vitamin B(6)in vivo. In the present study, we examined effects of vitamin B(6) on apoptosis of bovine endothelial cells (NM-1 cells) treated with homocysteine and copper. Homocysteine and copper induced extracellular hydrogen peroxide, intracellular ROS and cellular lipid peroxide levels. Cell viability was reduced to 30% compared to that of control cells. On the other hand, pyridoxal treatment as well as EDTA treatment increased viability of NM-1 cells treated with homocysteine and copper to about 60%, and significantly decreased extracellular hydrogen peroxide, intracellular ROS and cellular lipid peroxide levels. The treatment of catalase recovered cell viability and reduced the level of extracellular hydrogen peroxide and intracellular ROS. Cell death by homocysteine and copper was confirmed to be due to apoptosis by evaluation of DNA fragmentation and by TUNEL assay. However, apoptosis of NM-1 cells induced by homocysteine and copper was due to a caspase-independent pathway as it was not inhibited by the caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. Apoptosis of NM-1 cells induced by homocysteine and copper accompanied with mitochondrial permeability but not cytochrome c release. These results suggest that pyridoxal treatment suppresses apoptosis of NM-1 cells induced by homocysteine and copper, most likely through antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Endo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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97
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Zinellu A, Zinellu E, Sotgia S, Formato M, Cherchi GM, Deiana L, Carru C. Factors Affecting S-Homocysteinylation of LDL Apoprotein B. Clin Chem 2006; 52:2054-9. [PMID: 16990421 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an important risk factor for vascular disease and atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms by which homocysteine exerts its deleterious effects are not known. Because oxidation and/or homocysteinylation may increase atherogenicity of LDL, we investigated S-homocysteinylation of LDL as a possible contributor to atherosclerosis pathogenesis.Methods: We used capillary electrophoresis to measure LDL-bound thiols [homocysteine, cysteine (Cys), cysteinylglycine, glutathione, and glutamylcysteine] in 104 healthy study participants We also assessed total plasma thiol concentrations and lipid profiles.Results: Our data suggest that apoprotein B (apoB)-cysteinylglycine (CysGly), apoB-Hcy, and apoB-Cys concentrations are markedly higher in men than in women. The percentage of CysGly and glutathione on apoB was higher than that of the same thiols in plasma, whereas the other thiols were markedly less prevalent in lipoprotein than in plasma. Pearson correlation showed that among all thiols, only total plasma Hcy is related to apoB-Hcy concentrations. Multiple correlation analysis confirmed that total Hcy was the most important determinant of apoB-Hcy. Age and LDL cholesterol also showed positive associations, but Cys and, mainly, CysGly were negatively associated with apoB-Hcy concentrations.Conclusions: apoB-Hcy derivative formation is mainly dependent on total homocysteine concentration. Increased cholesterol concentrations are related to increased apoB-Hcy. CysGly seems to compete with Hcy for binding to LDL apoprotein, suggesting that CysGly may protect against atherosclerosis by decreasing the concentrations of Hcy transferred by LDL from plasma to endothelial and subendothelial spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Cattedra di Biochimica Clinica, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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98
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Mielke MM, Zandi PP. Hematologic risk factors of vascular disease and their relation to dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 21:335-52. [PMID: 16508297 DOI: 10.1159/000091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have implicated vascular-related conditions as risk factors for dementia. Clarification of these factors in dementia is important because most are modifiable, and may serve as the basis for preventive strategies. Several hematologic factors are associated with vascular diseases, but their relation to dementia is unclear. This review examines biological and epidemiological evidence concerning the role of these hematologic factors in dementia, and dementia subtypes. Reviewed factors include homocysteine, cholesterol, fatty acids, antioxidants, and C-reactive protein. The vast majority of studies reviewed are cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies with serial hematologic measures are needed to clarify the relationship between these factors and dementia over the lifespan. A necessary step is to examine multiple hematologic factors simultaneously, rather than in isolation, to determine how these factors are interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mielke
- Center on Aging and Health and the Alzheimer Disease Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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99
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Papandreou D, Mavromichalis I, Makedou A, Rousso I, Arvanitidou M. Total serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in a Greek school age population. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:797-802. [PMID: 16690175 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) even among children. The purpose of this study is to investigate for the first time the distribution and determinants of total serum homocysteine (tHcy) levels in healthy Greek children. METHODS tHcy, folate, B12 were measured in 524 children (275 boys and 249 girls) aged 6-15 years old from different socioeconomic status in Northern Greece. RESULTS The geometric mean tHcy level for boys and girls was 7.8 (3.4-24.2) and 7.5 (3.9-29.0) micromol/L, respectively. Eighty one (15.4%) children had homocysteine levels above the upper reference limits (>10 micromol/L). The geometric mean serum tHcy level was significantly (P<0.001) increasing with age; 6.4 (3.4-11.2) micromol/L was found in the age group of 6-9 yr (group1), 7.2(4.1-22.1) micromol/L in the one of 10-12 yr (group 2) and 8.5 (3.9-29.0) micromol/L in the one of 13-15 yr (group 3). Serum folate levels were found to be statistically significant (P<0.001) between age group 1 and age group 3 [11.8 (4.66-20.00) vs. 7.5 (0.99-20.00)ng/mL) and between age group 2 and 3 [10.0 (1.82-20.0) vs. 7.5 (0.99-20.00)ng/mL]. Vitamin B12 levels were significantly (P<0.001) different in the three age groups [1048 (117-2000), 805 (296-2000), 700 (214-2000)pg/mL] respectively. Age, BMI, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively correlated with tHcy, whereas serum folate and vitamin B12 were negatively correlated. No association was found between tHcy levels and parental education status. In multiple linear regression analysis only age (Beta: 0.248, 95%, CI: (0.159-0.361), P<0.05) and folate (Beta: 0.347, 95%, CI: [(-0.206)-(-0.118)], P<0.05) were found significantly and independently associated with tHcy. CONCLUSIONS tHcy levels were increasing with age and boys were found to have slightly higher levels than girls. Age and folate levels were the most significantly and independently determinants associated with tHcy. Children with tHcy levels above the upper reference limits (>10 micromol/L) were found to be correlated with BMI, WC, SBP, serum folate and vitamin B12 levels. These children should be encouraged to include high folate food items in their diet and where necessary folate supplements should be recommended. In addition, more prospective studies are necessary in order to evaluate the relationship of tHcy and CVD risk factors in children of our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papandreou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Ahepa General Hospital, Greece
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100
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Pfanzagl B. LDL oxidized with iron in the presence of homocysteine/cystine at acidic pH has low cytotoxicity despite high lipid peroxidation. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:292-300. [PMID: 16256999 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fe(III) can have a strong oxidizing effect in the presence of reductants at acidic pH, which may occur under anaerobic conditions or in regions of inflammation. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation with Fe(III) and homocysteine/cystine at acidic pH provoked mainly formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the absence of significant protein modification. Even when oxidized to a high TBARS content, LDL oxidized at acidic pH was not cytotoxic when added to THP-1 monocytes in a concentration causing cell death when LDL was oxidized to a similar TBARS content at plasma pH with Fe(III) or Cu(II) in the presence or absence of homocysteine/cystine. Inducible nitric oxide production by RAW264.7 mouse macrophages was only weakly inhibited by LDL oxidized at acidic pH, even if acetylated before oxidation to increase uptake, as compared to LDL oxidized with Cu(II) at plasma pH to a similar TBARS content or anodic electrophoretic mobility. LDL oxidized at acidic pH may mainly induce protective mechanisms against oxidative stress while causing little acute damage of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Pfanzagl
- Institute of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Wien, Austria.
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