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Lin J, Frank M, Reid D. No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100104. [PMID: 33367261 PMCID: PMC7747975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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52
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Khan SU, Khan MHU, Ahmar S, Fan C. Comprehensive study and multipurpose role of the CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes family in plant growth and development. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2298-2317. [PMID: 32864739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region-related (CLE) is one of the most important signaling peptides families in plants. These peptides signaling are common in the cell to cell communication and control various physiological and developmental processes, that is cell differentiation and proliferation, self-incompatibility, and the defense response. The CLE signaling systems are conserved across the plant kingdom but have a diverse mode of action in various developmental processes in different species. In this review, we concise various methods of peptides identification, structure, and molecular identity of the CLE family, the developmental role of CLE genes/peptides in plants, environmental stimuli, and CLE family and some other novel progress in CLE genes/peptides in various crops, and so forth. According to previous literature, about 1,628 CLE genes were identified in land plants, which deeply explained the tale of plant development. Nevertheless, some important queries need to be addressed to get clear insights into the CLE gene family in other organisms and their role in various physiological and developmental processes. Furthermore, we summarized the power of the CLE family around the environment as well as bifunctional activity and the crystal structure recognition mechanism of CLE peptides by their receptors and CLE clusters functions. We strongly believed that the discovery of the CLE family in other organisms would provide a significant breakthrough for future revolutionary and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Liu J, Yu X, Qin Q, Dinkins RD, Zhu H. The Impacts of Domestication and Breeding on Nitrogen Fixation Symbiosis in Legumes. Front Genet 2020; 11:00973. [PMID: 33014021 PMCID: PMC7461779 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes are the second most important family of crop plants. One defining feature of legumes is their unique ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. Since domestication from their wild relatives, crop legumes have been under intensive breeding to improve yield and other agronomic traits but with little attention paid to the belowground symbiosis traits. Theoretical models predict that domestication and breeding processes, coupled with high−input agricultural practices, might have reduced the capacity of crop legumes to achieve their full potential of nitrogen fixation symbiosis. Testing this prediction requires characterizing symbiosis traits in wild and breeding populations under both natural and cultivated environments using genetic, genomic, and ecological approaches. However, very few experimental studies have been dedicated to this area of research. Here, we review how legumes regulate their interactions with soil rhizobia and how domestication, breeding and agricultural practices might have affected nodulation capacity, nitrogen fixation efficiency, and the composition and function of rhizobial community. We also provide a perspective on how to improve legume-rhizobial symbiosis in sustainable agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Xiaocheng Yu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qiulin Qin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Randy D Dinkins
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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54
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Karlo M, Boschiero C, Landerslev KG, Blanco GS, Wen J, Mysore KS, Dai X, Zhao PX, de Bang TC. The CLE53-SUNN genetic pathway negatively regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza root colonization in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4972-4984. [PMID: 32309861 PMCID: PMC7410177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) engage in mutually beneficial symbioses based on a reciprocal exchange of nutrients. The beneficial character of the symbiosis is maintained through a mechanism called autoregulation of mycorrhization (AOM). AOM includes root-to-shoot-to-root signaling; however, the molecular details of AOM are poorly understood. AOM shares many features of autoregulation of nodulation (AON) where several genes are known, including the receptor-like kinase SUPER NUMERIC NODULES (SUNN), root-to-shoot mobile CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) peptides, and the hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 (RDN1) required for post-translational peptide modification. In this work, CLE53 was identified to negatively regulate AMF symbiosis in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner. CLE53 expression was repressed at low phosphorus, while it was induced by AMF colonization and high phosphorus. CLE53 overexpression reduced AMF colonization in a SUNN- and RDN1 dependent manner, while cle53, rdn1, and sunn mutants were more colonized than the wild type. RNA-sequencing identified 700 genes with SUNN-dependent regulation in AMF-colonized plants, providing a resource for future identification of additional AOM genes. Disruption of AOM genes in crops potentially constitutes a novel route for improving AMF-derived phosphorus uptake in agricultural systems with high phosphorus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Karlo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Gram Landerslev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gonzalo Sancho Blanco
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | - Xinbin Dai
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | - Thomas C de Bang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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55
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodríguez EA, Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra M, Arroyo-Canales J, Ferrer-Orgaz S, Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa M, Cardenas L, Covarrubias AA, Valdés-López O. Inhibition of legume nodulation by Pi deficiency is dependent on the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1125-1139. [PMID: 32344464 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of nodule development is one of the main adverse effects of phosphate (Pi) deficiency in legumes. Despite all of the efforts made over the last decades to understand how root nodules cope with Pi deficiency, the molecular mechanisms leading to the reduction in nodule number under Pi deficiency remain elusive. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence indicating that Pi deficiency activates the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway, leading to a reduction in nodule numbers in both common bean and soybean. A transcriptional profile analysis revealed that the expression of the AON-related genes PvNIN, PvRIC1, PvRIC2, and PvTML is upregulated under Pi deficiency conditions. The downregulation of the MYB transcription factor PvPHR1 in common bean roots significantly reduced the expression of these four AON-related genes. Physiological analyses indicated that Pi deficiency does not affect the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis in the supernodulation mutant lines Pvnark and Gmnark. Reciprocal grafting and split-roots analyses determined that the activation of the AON pathway was required for the inhibitory effect of Pi deficiency. Altogether, these data improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Eithan A Pozas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Jazmin Arroyo-Canales
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Susana Ferrer-Orgaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Luis Cardenas
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra A Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
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56
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Song F, Bai F, Wang J, Wu L, Jiang Y, Pan Z. Influence of Citrus Scion/Rootstock Genotypes on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Community Composition under Controlled Environment Condition. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070901. [PMID: 32708770 PMCID: PMC7412222 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is vegetatively propagated by grafting for commercial production, and most rootstock cultivars of citrus have scarce root hairs, thus heavily relying on mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for mineral nutrient uptake. However, the AMF community composition, and its differences under different citrus scion/rootstock genotypes, were largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the citrus root-associated AMF diversity and richness, and assessed the influence of citrus scion/rootstock genotypes on the AMF community composition in a controlled condition, in order to exclude interferences from environmental factors and agricultural practices. As a result, a total of 613,408 Glomeromycota tags were detected in the citrus roots, and 46 AMF species were annotated against the MAARJAM database. Of these, 39 species belonged to Glomus, indicating a dominant role of the Glomus AMF in the symbiosis with citrus. PCoA analysis indicated that the AMF community’s composition was significantly impacted by both citrus scion and rootstock genotypes, but total samples were clustered according to rootstock genotype rather than scion genotype. In addition, AMF α diversity was significantly affected merely by rootstock genotype. Thus, rootstock genotype might exert a greater impact on the AMF community than scion genotype. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the AMF community in juvenile citrus plants, and reveals the important effects of citrus genotype on AMF community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Song
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Fuxi Bai
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Institute National Agro-Technical Extension and Service Center (NATESC), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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57
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Liu J, Bisseling T. Evolution of NIN and NIN-like Genes in Relation to Nodule Symbiosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E777. [PMID: 32664480 PMCID: PMC7397163 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes and actinorhizal plants are capable of forming root nodules symbiosis with rhizobia and Frankia bacteria. All these nodulating species belong to the nitrogen fixation clade. Most likely, nodulation evolved once in the last common ancestor of this clade. NIN (NODULE INCEPTION) is a transcription factor that is essential for nodulation in all studied species. Therefore, it seems probable that it was recruited at the start when nodulation evolved. NIN is the founding member of the NIN-like protein (NLP) family. It arose by duplication, and this occurred before nodulation evolved. Therefore, several plant species outside the nitrogen fixation clade have NLP(s), which is orthologous to NIN. In this review, we discuss how NIN has diverged from the ancestral NLP, what minimal changes would have been essential for it to become a key transcription controlling nodulation, and which adaptations might have evolved later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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58
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Xiao A, Yu H, Fan Y, Kang H, Ren Y, Huang X, Gao X, Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhu H, Cao Y. Transcriptional regulation of NIN expression by IPN2 is required for root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:513-528. [PMID: 32187696 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Nodule Inception (NIN) is essential for initiation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis. An existing model regarding the regulation of NIN expression involves two GRAS transcription factors - NSP1 (Nodulation Signaling Pathway 1) and NSP2. NSP2 forms a complex with NSP1 to directly bind to NIN promoter. However, rhizobial treatment-induced NIN expression could still be detected in the nsp1 mutant plants, suggesting that other proteins must be involved in the regulation of NIN expression. A combination of molecular, biochemical and genetic analyses was used to investigate the molecular basis of IPN2 in regulating root development and NIN expression in Lotus japonicus. In this study, we identified that IPN2 is a close homolog of Arabidopsis APL (ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT) with essential function in root development. However, Lotus IPN2 has a different expression pattern compared with the Arabidopsis APL gene. IPN2 binds to the IPN2-responsive cis element (IPN2-RE) of NIN promoter and activates NIN expression. IPN2, NSP1 and NSP2 form a protein complex to directly target NIN promoter and activate NIN expression in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis. Our data refine the regulatory model of NIN expression that NSP2 works together with NSP1 and IPN2 to activate the NIN gene allowing nodulation in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuqian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Heng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yaping Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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59
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Laffont C, Ivanovici A, Gautrat P, Brault M, Djordjevic MA, Frugier F. The NIN transcription factor coordinates CEP and CLE signaling peptides that regulate nodulation antagonistically. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3167. [PMID: 32576831 PMCID: PMC7311451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes tightly regulate nodule number to balance the cost of supporting symbiotic rhizobia with the benefits of nitrogen fixation. C-terminally Encoded Peptides (CEPs) and CLAVATA3-like (CLE) peptides positively and negatively regulate nodulation, respectively, through independent systemic pathways, but how these regulations are coordinated remains unknown. Here, we show that rhizobia, Nod Factors, and cytokinins induce a symbiosis-specific CEP gene, MtCEP7, which positively regulates rhizobial infection. Via grafting and split root studies, we reveal that MtCEP7 increases nodule number systemically through the MtCRA2 receptor. MtCEP7 and MtCLE13 expression in rhizobia-inoculated roots rely on the MtCRE1 cytokinin receptor and on the MtNIN transcription factor. MtNIN binds and transactivates MtCEP7 and MtCLE13, and a NIN Binding Site (NBS) identified within the proximal MtCEP7 promoter is required for its symbiotic activation. Overall, these results demonstrate that a cytokinin-MtCRE1-MtNIN regulatory module coordinates the expression of two antagonistic, symbiosis-related, peptide hormones from different families to fine-tune nodule number. CLE and CEP peptides regulate rhizobial symbiosis in legumes to balance the benefits of nitrogen fixation with the metabolic costs of nodule production. Here Laffont et al. show that cytokinin and bacterial Nod factors induce Medicago CEP7 which acts antagonistically to CLE13 to fine-tune nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ariel Ivanovici
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Pierre Gautrat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Anthony Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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60
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Whitewoods CD. Evolution of CLE peptide signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:12-19. [PMID: 32444290 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CLEs are small non-cell autonomous signalling peptides that regulate cell division rate and orientation in a variety of developmental contexts. Recent years have generated a huge amount of research on CLE function across land plants, characterising their role across the whole plant; they control stem cell division in the shoot, root and cambial meristems, balance developmental investment into symbiosis, regulate leaf development, pattern stomata and control axillary branching. They have even been co-opted by parasitic nematodes to mediate infection. This review synthesises these recent findings and embeds them in an evolutionary context, outlining the likely evolution of the CLE signalling pathway. I use this framework to infer common mechanistic themes and pose key future questions for the field.
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61
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Wang Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Li X. The NMN Module Conducts Nodule Number Orchestra. iScience 2020; 23:100825. [PMID: 31978752 PMCID: PMC6976932 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes control nodule number through nodulation and autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathways. Nodule Inception (NIN) is essential for rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis in legumes. The GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 (NMN) module, which consists of two positive regulators, GmNINa and miR172c, and a suppressor, NNC1, integrates both pathways. GmNINa activates miR172c to downregulate NNC1, leading to nodulation, while NNC1 inhibits miR172c expression, forming a negative feedback loop. GmNINa and NNC1 interact with each other and antagonistically fine-tune GmRIC1/RIC2 expression, turning AON on and off. Conversely, activation of AON inhibits GmNINa and miR172c expression, thereby reducing their inhibitory effects on NNC1 to attenuate both nodulation signaling and AON. The NMN module functions not only as an “accelerator” of the nodulation signal to promote nodulation but also as a “brake” on the signal by activating AON to orchestrate nodule number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
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62
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Yoro E, Suzaki T, Kawaguchi M. CLE-HAR1 Systemic Signaling and NIN-Mediated Local Signaling Suppress the Increased Rhizobial Infection in the daphne Mutant of Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:320-327. [PMID: 31880983 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0223-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes survive in nitrogen-limited soil by forming a symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria. During root nodule symbiosis, legumes strictly control the development of their symbiotic organs, the nodules, in a process known as autoregulation of nodulation (AON). The study of hypernodulation mutants has elucidated the molecular basis of AON. Some hypernodulation mutants show an increase in rhizobial infection in addition to developmental alteration. However, the relationship between the AON and the regulation of rhizobial infection has not been clarified. We previously isolated daphne, a nodule inception (nin) allelic mutant, in Lotus japonicus. This mutant displayed dramatically increased rhizobial infection, suggesting the existence of NIN-mediated negative regulation of rhizobial infection. Here, we investigated whether the previously isolated components of AON, especially CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and their putative receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1), were able to suppress increased infection in the daphne mutant. The constitutive expression of LjCLE-RS1/2 strongly reduced the infection in the daphne mutant in a HAR1-dependent manner. Moreover, reciprocal grafting analysis showed that strong reduction of infection in daphne rootstock constitutively expressing LjCLE-RS1 was canceled by a scion of the har1 or klavier mutant, the genes responsible for encoding putative LjCLE-RS1 receptors. These data indicate that rhizobial infection is also systemically regulated by CLE-HAR1 signaling, a component of AON. In addition, the constitutive expression of NIN in daphne har1 double-mutant roots only partially reduced the rhizobial infection. Our findings indicate that the previously identified NIN-mediated negative regulation of infection involves unknown local signaling, as well as CLE-HAR1 long-distance signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) modulates various defense and developmental responses of plants, and is implied in the integration of multiple environmental signals. Given its centrality in regulating plant physiology according to external stimuli, JA influences the establishment of interactions between plant roots and beneficial bacteria or fungi. In many cases, moderate JA signaling promotes the onset of mutualism, while massive JA signaling inhibits it. The output also depends on the compatibility between microbe and host plant and on nutritional or environmental cues. Also, JA biosynthesis and perception participate in the systemic regulation of mutualistic interactions and in microbe-induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we review our current knowledge of the role of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and responses during mutualistic root-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Basso
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Champenoux, France
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Champenoux, France.
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Wang L, Sun Z, Su C, Wang Y, Yan Q, Chen J, Ott T, Li X. A GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 Regulatory Network Coordinates the Nodulation and Autoregulation of Nodulation Pathways in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1211-1226. [PMID: 31201867 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic root nodules are root lateral organs of plants in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. The formation and number of nodules in legumes are precisely controlled by a rhizobia-induced signal cascade and host-controlled autoregulation of nodulation (AON). However, how these pathways are integrated and their underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that microRNA172c (miR172c) activates soybean (Glycine max) Rhizobia-Induced CLE1 (GmRIC1) and GmRIC2 by removing the transcriptional repression of these genes by Nodule Number Control 1 (NNC1), leading to the activation of the AON pathway. NNC1 interacts with GmNINa, the soybean ortholog of Lotus NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), and hampers its transcriptional activation of GmRIC1 and GmRIC2. Importantly, GmNINa acts as a transcriptional activator of miR172c. Intriguingly, NNC1 can transcriptionally repress miR172c expression, adding a negative feedback loop into the NNC1 regulatory network. Moreover, GmNINa interacts with NNC1 and can relieve the NNC1-mediated repression of miR172c transcription. Thus, the GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 network is a master switch that coordinately regulates and optimizes NF and AON signaling, supporting the balance between nodulation and AON in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Panzhihua University, No. 10 Airport Road, Eastern District, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
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65
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Goh CH, Nicotra AB, Mathesius U. Genes controlling legume nodule numbers affect phenotypic plasticity responses to nitrogen in the presence and absence of rhizobia. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1747-1757. [PMID: 30512188 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of three autoregulation of nodulation (AON) genes in regulating of root and shoot phenotypes when responding to changing nitrogen availability in the model legume, Medicago truncatula. These genes, RDN1-1 (ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1-1), SUNN (SUPER NUMERIC NODULES), and LSS (LIKE SUNN SUPERNODULAOR), act in a systemic signalling pathway that limits nodule numbers. This pathway is also influenced by nitrogen availability, but it is not well known if AON genes control root and shoot phenotypes other than nodule numbers in response to nitrogen. We conducted a controlled glasshouse experiment to compare root and shoot phenotypes of mutants and wild type plants treated with four nitrate concentrations. All AON mutants showed altered rhizobia-independent phenotypes, including biomass allocation, lateral root length, lateral root density, and root length ratio. In response to nitrogen, uninoculated AON mutants were less plastic than the wild type in controlling root mass ratio, root length ratio, and lateral root length. This suggests that AON genes control nodulation-independent root architecture phenotypes in response to nitrogen. The phenotypic differences between wild type and AON mutants were exacerbated by the presence of nodules, pointing to resource competition as an additional mechanism affecting root and shoot responses to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi-Hua Goh
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne B Nicotra
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Miri M, Janakirama P, Huebert T, Ross L, McDowell T, Orosz K, Markmann K, Szczyglowski K. Inside out: root cortex-localized LHK1 cytokinin receptor limits epidermal infection of Lotus japonicus roots by Mesorhizobium loti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1523-1537. [PMID: 30636324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium loti symbiosis, the LOTUS HISTIDINE KINASE1 (LHK1) cytokinin receptor regulates both the initiation of nodule formation and the scope of root infection. However, the exact spatiotemporal mechanism by which this receptor exerts its symbiotic functions has remained elusive. In this study, we performed cell type-specific complementation experiments in the hyperinfected lhk1-1 mutant background, targeting LHK1 to either the root epidermis or the root cortex. We also utilized various genetic backgrounds to characterize expression of several genes regulating symbiotic infection. We show here that expression of LHK1 in the root cortex is required and sufficient to regulate both nodule formation and epidermal infections. The LHK1-dependent signalling that restricts subsequent infection events is triggered before initial cell divisions for nodule primordium formation. We also demonstrate that AHK4, the Arabidopsis orthologue of LHK1, is able to regulate M. loti infection in L. japonicus, suggesting that an endogenous cytokinin receptor could be sufficient for engineering nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in nonlegumes. Our data provide experimental evidence for the existence of an LHK1-dependent root cortex-to-epidermis feedback mechanism regulating rhizobial infection. This root-localized regulatory module functionally links with the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to maintain the homeostasis of symbiotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Miri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
| | - Preetam Janakirama
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Terry Huebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kathleen Orosz
- Fanshawe College, 1001 Fanshawe College Boulevard, London, ON, N5Y 5R6, Canada
| | - Katharina Markmann
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
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67
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Lei Y, Su S, He L, Hu X, Luo D. A member of the ALOG gene family has a novel role in regulating nodulation in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:463-477. [PMID: 30129698 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can control the number of symbiotic nodules that form on their roots, thus balancing nitrogen assimilation and energy consumption. Two major pathways participate in nodulation: the Nod factor (NF) signaling pathway which involves recognition of rhizobial bacteria by root cells and promotion of nodulation, and the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway which involves long-distance negative feedback between roots and shoots. Although a handful of genes have a clear role in the maintenance of nodule number, additional unknown factors may also be involved in this process. Here, we identify a novel function for a Lotus japonicus ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) family member, LjALOG1, involved in positively regulating nodulation. LjALOG1 expression increased substantially after inoculation with rhizobia, with high levels of expression in whole nodule primordia and in the base of developing nodules. The ljalog1 mutants, which have an insertion of the LORE1 retroelement in LjALOG1, had significantly fewer nodules compared with wild type, along with increased expression of LjCLE-RS1 (L. japonicus CLE Root Signal 1), which encodes a nodulation suppressor in the AON pathway. In summary, our findings identified a novel factor that participates in controlling nodulation, possibly by suppressing the AON pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Da Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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68
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Roy Choudhury S, Johns SM, Pandey S. A convenient, soil-free method for the production of root nodules in soybean to study the effects of exogenous additives. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00135. [PMID: 31245773 PMCID: PMC6589526 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Legumes develop root nodules that harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, rhizobia. These rhizobia convert nitrogen to ammonia by biological nitrogen fixation. A thorough understanding of the biological nitrogen fixation in legumes and its regulation is key to develop sustainable agriculture. It is well known that plant hormones affect nodule formation; however, most studies are limited to model legumes due to their suitability for in vitro, plate-based assays. Specifically, it is almost impossible to measure the effects of exogenous hormones or other additives during nodule development in crop legumes such as soybean as they have huge root system in soil. To circumvent this issue, the present research develops suitable media and growth conditions for efficient nodule development under in vitro, soil-free conditions in an important legume crop, soybean. Moreover, we also evaluate the effects of all major phytohormones on soybean nodule development under identical growing conditions. Phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) had an overall inhibitory effect and those such as gibberellic acid (GA) or brassinosteroids (BRs) had an overall positive effect on nodule formation. This versatile, inexpensive, scalable, and simple protocol provides several advantages over previously established methods. It is extremely time- and resource-efficient, does not require special training or equipment, and produces highly reproducible results. The approach is expandable to other large legumes as well as for other exogenous additives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouri
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Gautrat P, Mortier V, Laffont C, De Keyser A, Fromentin J, Frugier F, Goormachtig S. Unraveling new molecular players involved in the autoregulation of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1407-1417. [PMID: 30753553 PMCID: PMC6382332 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of legume root nodules resulting from a symbiosis with rhizobia is tightly controlled by the plant. Certain members of the CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region (CLE) peptide family, specifically MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 in Medicago truncatula, act in the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway that negatively regulates the number of nodules. Little is known about the molecular pathways that operate downstream of the AON-related CLE peptides. Here, by means of a transcriptome analysis, we show that roots ectopically expressing MtCLE13 deregulate only a limited number of genes, including three down-regulated genes encoding lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), among which are the nodulation factor (NF) receptor NF Perception gene (NFP) and two up-regulated genes, MtTML1 and MtTML2, encoding Too Much Love (TML)-related Kelch-repeat containing F-box proteins. The observed deregulation was specific for the ectopic expression of nodulation-related MtCLE genes and depended on the Super Numeric Nodules (SUNN) AON RLK. Moreover, overexpression and silencing of these two MtTML genes demonstrated that they play a role in the negative regulation of nodule numbers. Hence, the identified MtTML genes are the functional counterpart of the Lotus japonicus TML gene shown to be central in the AON pathway. Additionally, we propose that the down-regulation of a subset of LysM-RLK-encoding genes, among which is NFP, might contribute to the restriction of further nodulation once the first nodules have been formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gautrat
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: or
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Quezada EH, García GX, Arthikala MK, Melappa G, Lara M, Nanjareddy K. Cysteine-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase Gene Family Identification in the Phaseolus Genome and Comparative Analysis of Their Expression Profiles Specific to Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial Symbiosis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010059. [PMID: 30658517 PMCID: PMC6356535 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved upstream signaling molecules that regulate several biological processes, including plant development and stress adaptation. Cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are an important class of RLK that play vital roles in disease resistance and cell death in plants. Genome-wide analyses of CRK genes have been carried out in Arabidopsis and rice, while functional characterization of some CRKs has been carried out in wheat and tomato in addition to Arabidopsis. A comprehensive analysis of the CRK gene family in leguminous crops has not yet been conducted, and our understanding of their roles in symbiosis is rather limited. Here, we report the comprehensive analysis of the PhaseolusCRK gene family, including identification, sequence similarity, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, gene structures, transcript expression profiles, and in silico promoter analysis. Forty-six CRK homologs were identified and phylogenetically clustered into five groups. Expression analysis suggests that PvCRK genes are differentially expressed in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Further, transcriptomic analysis revealed that shared and unique CRK genes were upregulated during arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis. Overall, the systematic analysis of the PvCRK gene family provides valuable information for further studies on the biological roles of CRKs in various Phaseolus tissues during diverse biological processes, including Phaseolus-mycorrhiza/rhizobia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa-Herminia Quezada
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
| | - Gabriel-Xicoténcatl García
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
| | - Govindappa Melappa
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru 560 078, India.
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 62271 Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
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71
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Yoro E, Nishida H, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Yoshida C, Suzaki T, Matsubayashi Y, Kawaguchi M. PLENTY, a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase, negatively regulates root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:507-517. [PMID: 30351431 PMCID: PMC6322572 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can survive in nitrogen-deficient environments by forming root-nodule symbioses with rhizobial bacteria; however, forming nodules consumes energy, and nodule numbers must thus be strictly controlled. Previous studies identified major negative regulators of nodulation in Lotus japonicus, including the small peptides CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and CLE-RS3, and their putative major receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1). CLE-RS2 is known to be expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots, and is predicted to be post-translationally arabinosylated, a modification essential for its activity. Moreover, all three CLE-RSs suppress nodulation in a HAR1-dependent manner. Here, we identified PLENTY as a gene responsible for the previously isolated hypernodulation mutant plenty. PLENTY encoded a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase orthologous to ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 in Medicago truncatula. PLENTY was localized to the Golgi, and an in vitro analysis of the recombinant protein demonstrated its arabinosylation activity, indicating that CLE-RS1/2/3 may be substrates for PLENTY. The constitutive expression experiments showed that CLE-RS3 was the major candidate substrate for PLENTY, suggesting the substrate preference of PLENTY for individual CLE-RS peptides. Furthermore, a genetic analysis of the plenty har1 double mutant indicated the existence of another PLENTY-dependent and HAR1-independent pathway negatively regulating nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Yoshida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Ferguson BJ, Mens C, Hastwell AH, Zhang M, Su H, Jones CH, Chu X, Gresshoff PM. Legume nodulation: The host controls the party. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:41-51. [PMID: 29808564 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand to increase food production and simultaneously reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture are underpinning the need to intensify the use of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legume plants establish with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria is central to their advantage. This plant-microbe interaction results in newly developed root organs, called nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen the plant can use. However, the process of developing and maintaining nodules is resource intensive; hence, the plant tightly controls the number of nodules forming. A variety of molecular mechanisms are used to regulate nodule numbers under both favourable and stressful growing conditions, enabling the plant to conserve resources and optimize development in response to a range of circumstances. Using genetic and genomic approaches, many components acting in the regulation of nodulation have now been identified. Discovering and functionally characterizing these components can provide genetic targets and polymorphic markers that aid in the selection of superior legume cultivars and rhizobia strains that benefit agricultural sustainability and food security. This review addresses recent findings in nodulation control, presents detailed models of the molecular mechanisms driving these processes, and identifies gaps in these processes that are not yet fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Céline Mens
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengbai Zhang
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Candice H Jones
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xitong Chu
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Hastwell AH, Corcilius L, Williams JT, Gresshoff PM, Payne RJ, Ferguson BJ. Triarabinosylation is required for nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides to systemically inhibit nodulation in Pisum sativum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:188-197. [PMID: 29722016 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form root nodules to house beneficial nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. However, nodulation is resource demanding; hence, legumes evolved a systemic signalling mechanism called autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to control nodule numbers. AON begins with the production of CLE peptides in the root, which are predicted to be glycosylated, transported to the shoot, and perceived. We synthesized variants of nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides to test their activity using petiole feeding to introduce CLE peptides into the shoot. Hydroxylated, monoarabinosylated, and triarabinosylated variants of soybean GmRIC1a and GmRIC2a were chemically synthesized and fed into recipient Pisum sativum (pea) plants, which were used due to the availability of key AON pathway mutants unavailable in soybean. Triarabinosylated GmRIC1a and GmRIC2a suppressed nodulation of wild-type pea, whereas no other peptide variant tested had this ability. Suppression also occurred in the supernodulating hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase mutant, Psnod3, but not in the supernodulating receptor mutants, Pssym29, and to some extent, Pssym28. During our study, bioinformatic resources for pea became available and our analyses identified 40 CLE peptide-encoding genes, including orthologues of nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides. Collectively, we demonstrated that soybean nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides can function interspecifically in the AON pathway of pea and require arabinosylation for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - James T Williams
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Sánchez-Correa MDS, Pingault L, Sen S, Joshi T, Girard L, Castro-Guerrero NA, Mendoza-Cozatl DG, Libault M, Valdés-López O. Phosphate Deficiency Negatively Affects Early Steps of the Symbiosis between Common Bean and Rhizobia. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E498. [PMID: 30326664 PMCID: PMC6210973 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency reduces nodule formation and development in different legume species including common bean. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the genetic responses underlying the adaptation of nodules to Pi deficiency, it is still unclear whether this nutritional deficiency interferes with the molecular dialogue between legumes and rhizobia. If so, what part of the molecular dialogue is impaired? In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that Pi deficiency negatively affects critical early molecular and physiological responses that are required for a successful symbiosis between common bean and rhizobia. We demonstrated that the infection thread formation and the expression of PvNSP2, PvNIN, and PvFLOT2, which are genes controlling the nodulation process were significantly reduced in Pi-deficient common bean seedlings. In addition, whole-genome transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression of hormones-related genes is compromised in Pi-deficient seedlings inoculated with rhizobia. Moreover, we showed that regardless of the presence or absence of rhizobia, the expression of PvRIC1 and PvRIC2, two genes participating in the autoregulation of nodule numbers, was higher in Pi-deficient seedlings compared to control seedlings. The data presented in this study provides a mechanistic model to better understand how Pi deficiency impacts the early steps of the symbiosis between common bean and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - María Del Rocio Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Maria Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Sidharth Sen
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Lourdes Girard
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas y Biología Sintética, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Norma A Castro-Guerrero
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - David G Mendoza-Cozatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
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75
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Tsikou D, Ramirez EE, Psarrakou IS, Wong JE, Jensen DB, Isono E, Radutoiu S, Papadopoulou KK. A Lotus japonicus E3 ligase interacts with the Nod Factor Receptor 5 and positively regulates nodulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 30285618 PMCID: PMC6171183 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification of receptor proteins is involved in activation and de-activation of signalling systems in plants. Both ubiquitination and deubiquitination have been implicated in plant interactions with pathogens and symbionts. RESULTS Here we present LjPUB13, a PUB-ARMADILLO repeat E3 ligase that specifically ubiquitinates the kinase domain of the Nod Factor receptor NFR5 and has a direct role in nodule organogenesis events in Lotus japonicus. Phenotypic analyses of three LORE1 retroelement insertion plant lines revealed that pub13 plants display delayed and reduced nodulation capacity and retarded growth. LjPUB13 expression is spatially regulated during symbiosis with Mesorhizobium loti, with increased levels in young developing nodules. CONCLUSION LjPUB13 is an E3 ligase with a positive regulatory role during the initial stages of nodulation in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larisa, Greece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Estrella E Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ioanna S Psarrakou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larisa, Greece
| | - Jaslyn E Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe B Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strabe 4, Freising, Germany
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larisa, Greece.
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76
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Liu H, Sandal N, Andersen KR, James EK, Stougaard J, Kelly S, Kawaharada Y. A genetic screen for plant mutants with altered nodulation phenotypes in response to rhizobial glycan mutants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:526-538. [PMID: 29959893 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nodule primordia induced by rhizobial glycan mutants often remain uninfected. To identify processes involved in infection and organogenesis we used forward genetics to identify plant genes involved in perception and responses to bacterial glycans. To dissect the mechanisms underlying the negative plant responses to the Mesorhizobium loti R7AexoU and ML001cep mutants, a screen for genetic suppressors of the nodulation phenotypes was performed on a chemically mutagenized Lotus population. Two mutant lines formed infected nitrogen-fixing pink nodules, while five mutant lines developed uninfected large white nodules, presumably altered in processes controlling organogenesis. Genetic mapping identified a mutation in the cytokinin receptor Lhk1 resulting in an alanine to valine substitution adjacent to a coiled-coil motif in the juxta-membrane region of LHK1. This results in a spontaneous nodulation phenotype and increased ethylene production. The allele was renamed snf5, and segregation studies of snf5 together with complementation studies suggest that snf5 is a gain-of-function allele. This forward genetic approach to investigate the role of glycans in the pathway synchronizing infection and organogenesis shows that a combination of plant and bacterial genetics opens new possibilities to study glycan responses in plants as well as identification of mutant alleles affecting nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8-Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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77
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Nishida H, Suzaki T. Two Negative Regulatory Systems of Root Nodule Symbiosis: How Are Symbiotic Benefits and Costs Balanced? PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1733-1738. [PMID: 29860446 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis is one of the best characterized mutualistic relationships of plant-microbe symbiosis, where mainly leguminous species can obtain nitrogen sources fixed by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia through the formation of symbiotic organ root nodules. In order to drive this symbiotic process, plants need to provide carbon sources that should be used for their growth. Therefore, a balance between the benefits of obtaining nitrogen sources and the costs of losing carbon sources needs to be maintained during root nodule symbiosis. Plants have developed at least two negative regulatory systems of root nodule symbiosis. One strategy involves the regulation of nodule number in response to rhizobial infection. For this regulation, a systemic long-range signaling between roots and shoots called autoregulation of nodulation has a pivotal role. Another strategy involves the regulation of root nodule symbiosis in response to nitrate, the most abundant form of nitrogen nutrients in the soil. Recent studies indicate that long-distance signaling is shared between the two strategies, where NIN and NRSYM1, two paralogous RWP-RK transcription factors, can activate the production of nodulation-related CLE peptides in response to different inputs. Here, we provide an overview of such progress in our understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to the control of the symbiotic balance, including their biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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78
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Tsikou D, Yan Z, Holt DB, Abel NB, Reid DE, Madsen LH, Bhasin H, Sexauer M, Stougaard J, Markmann K. Systemic control of legume susceptibility to rhizobial infection by a mobile microRNA. Science 2018; 362:233-236. [PMID: 30166437 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legumes result from two developmental processes, bacterial infection and nodule organogenesis. To balance symbiosis and plant growth, legume hosts restrict nodule numbers through an inducible autoregulatory process. Here, we present a mechanism where repression of a negative regulator ensures symbiotic susceptibility of uninfected roots of the host Lotus japonicus We show that microRNA miR2111 undergoes shoot-to-root translocation to control rhizobial infection through posttranscriptional regulation of the symbiosis suppressor TOO MUCH LOVE in roots. miR2111 maintains a susceptible default status in uninfected hosts and functions as an activator of symbiosis downstream of LOTUS HISTIDINE KINASE1-mediated cytokinin perception in roots and HYPERNODULATION ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1, a shoot factor in autoregulation. The miR2111-TML node ensures activation of feedback regulation to balance infection and nodulation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhe Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dennis B Holt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj B Abel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald E Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene H Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hemal Bhasin
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Sexauer
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katharina Markmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
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79
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Ye H, Roorkiwal M, Valliyodan B, Zhou L, Chen P, Varshney RK, Nguyen HT. Genetic diversity of root system architecture in response to drought stress in grain legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3267-3277. [PMID: 29522207 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has increased the occurrence of extreme weather patterns globally, causing significant reductions in crop production, and hence threatening food security. In order to meet the food demand of the growing world population, a faster rate of genetic gains leading to productivity enhancement for major crops is required. Grain legumes are an essential commodity in optimal human diets and animal feed because of their unique nutritional composition. Currently, limited water is a major constraint in grain legume production. Root system architecture (RSA) is an important developmental and agronomic trait, which plays vital roles in plant adaptation and productivity under water-limited environments. A deep and proliferative root system helps extract sufficient water and nutrients under these stress conditions. The integrated genetics and genomics approach to dissect molecular processes from genome to phenome is key to achieve increased water capture and use efficiency through developing better root systems. Success in crop improvement under drought depends on discovery and utilization of genetic variations existing in the germplasm. In this review, we summarize current progress in the genetic diversity in major legume crops, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with RSA, and the importance and applications of recent discoveries associated with the beneficial root traits towards better RSA for enhanced drought tolerance and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ye
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Manish Roorkiwal
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Fisher Delta Research Center, Portageville, MO, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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80
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Yan Q, Wang L, Li X. GmBEHL1, a BES1/BZR1 family protein, negatively regulates soybean nodulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7614. [PMID: 29769571 PMCID: PMC5955893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play an essential role in plant growth, and BRI1-EMS suppressor 1 (BES1)/brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZR1) family transcription factors integrate a variety of plant signaling pathways. Despite the fact that BRs inhibit nodulation in leguminous plants, how BRs modulate rhizobia-host interactions and nodule morphogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that GmBEHL1, a soybean homolog of Arabidopsis BES1/BZR1 homolog 1 (BEH1), is an interacting partner of Nodule Number Control 1, a transcriptional repressor that mediates soybean nodulation. GmBEHL1 was highly expressed at the basal parts of emerging nodules, and its expression gradually expanded during nodule maturation. The overexpression and downregulation of GmBEHL1 inhibited and enhanced the number of nodules, respectively, in soybean. Intriguingly, alterations in GmBEHL1 expression repressed the expression of genes in the BR biosynthesis pathway, including homologs of Arabidopsis Constitutive Photomorphogenesis and Dwarf and Dwarf 4. We also detected an interaction between GmBEHL1 and GmBIN2, a putative BR-insensitive 2 (BIN2) homolog, in soybean. Moreover, BR treatment reduced the number, but increased the size, of soybean nodules. Our results reveal GmBEHL1 to be a potent gene that integrates BR signaling with nodulation signaling pathways to regulate symbiotic nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China.
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81
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Wang YY, Cheng YH, Chen KE, Tsay YF. Nitrate Transport, Signaling, and Use Efficiency. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:85-122. [PMID: 29570365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen accounts for approximately 60% of the fertilizer consumed each year; thus, it represents one of the major input costs for most nonlegume crops. Nitrate is one of the two major forms of nitrogen that plants acquire from the soil. Mechanistic insights into nitrate transport and signaling have enabled new strategies for enhancing nitrogen utilization efficiency, for lowering input costs for farming, and, more importantly, for alleviating environmental impacts (e.g., eutrophication and production of the greenhouse gas N2O). Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding how nitrate is acquired from the surroundings, how it is efficiently distributed into different plant tissues in response to environmental changes, how nitrate signaling is perceived and transmitted, and how shoot and root nitrogen status is communicated. Several key components of these processes have proven to be novel tools for enhancing nitrate- and nitrogen-use efficiency. In this review, we focus on the roles of NRT1 and NRT2 in nitrate uptake and nitrate allocation among different tissues; we describe the functions of the transceptor NRT1.1, transcription factors, and small signaling peptides in nitrate signaling and tissue communication; and we compile the new strategies for improving nitrogen-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-En Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
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82
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McAdam EL, Reid JB, Foo E. Gibberellins promote nodule organogenesis but inhibit the infection stages of nodulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2117-2130. [PMID: 29432555 PMCID: PMC6018947 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plant roots can form a symbiosis with soil-dwelling nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, leading to the formation of a new root organ, the nodule. Successful nodulation requires co-ordination of spatially separated events in the root, including infection in the root epidermis and nodule organogenesis deep in the root cortex. We show that the hormone gibberellin plays distinct roles in these epidermal and cortical programmes. We employed a unique set of genetic material in pea that includes severely gibberellin-deficient lines and della-deficient lines that enabled us to characterize all stages of infection and nodule development. We confirmed that gibberellin suppresses infection thread formation and show that it also promotes nodule organogenesis into nitrogen-fixing organs. In both cases, this is achieved through the action of DELLA proteins. This study therefore provides a mechanism to explain how both low and high gibberellin signalling can result in reduced nodule number and reveals a clear role for gibberellin in the maturation of nodules into nitrogen-fixing organs. We also demonstrate that gibberellin acts independently of ethylene in promoting nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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83
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Azarakhsh M, Lebedeva MA, Lutova LA. Identification and Expression Analysis of Medicago truncatula Isopentenyl Transferase Genes ( IPTs) Involved in Local and Systemic Control of Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:304. [PMID: 29593763 PMCID: PMC5855100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are essential for legume plants to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Recently, the expression level of cytokinin biosynthesis IPTs (ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASES) genes was shown to be increased in response to rhizobial inoculation in Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum. In addition to its well-established positive role in nodule primordium initiation in root cortex, cytokinin negatively regulates infection processes in the epidermis. Moreover, it was reported that shoot-derived cytokinin inhibits the subsequent nodule formation through AON (autoregulation of nodulation) pathway. In L. japonicus, LjIPT3 gene was shown to be activated in the shoot phloem via the components of AON system, negatively affecting nodulation. However, in M. truncatula, the detailed analysis of MtIPTs expression, both in roots and shoots, in response to nodulation has not been performed yet, and the link between IPTs and AON has not been studied so far. In this study, we performed an extensive analysis of MtIPTs expression levels in different organs, focusing on the possible role of MtIPTs in nodule development. MtIPTs expression dynamics in inoculated roots suggest that besides its early established role in the nodule primordia development, cytokinin may be also important for later stages of nodulation. According to expression analysis, MtIPT3, MtIPT4, and MtIPT5 are activated in the shoots in response to inoculation. Among these genes, MtIPT3 is the only one the induction of which was not observed in leaves of the sunn-3 mutant defective in CLV1-like kinase, the key component of AON, suggesting that MtIPT3 is activated in the shoots in an AON-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that MtIPTs are involved in the nodule development at different stages, both locally in inoculated roots and systemically in shoots, where their expression can be activated in an AON-dependent manner.
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84
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Nishida H, Tanaka S, Handa Y, Ito M, Sakamoto Y, Matsunaga S, Betsuyaku S, Miura K, Soyano T, Kawaguchi M, Suzaki T. A NIN-LIKE PROTEIN mediates nitrate-induced control of root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29403008 PMCID: PMC5799372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes and rhizobia establish symbiosis in root nodules. To balance the gains and costs associated with the symbiosis, plants have developed two strategies for adapting to nitrogen availability in the soil: plants can regulate nodule number and/or stop the development or function of nodules. Although the former is accounted for by autoregulation of nodulation, a form of systemic long-range signaling, the latter strategy remains largely enigmatic. Here, we show that the Lotus japonicus NITRATE UNRESPONSIVE SYMBIOSIS 1 (NRSYM1) gene encoding a NIN-LIKE PROTEIN transcription factor acts as a key regulator in the nitrate-induced pleiotropic control of root nodule symbiosis. NRSYM1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to nitrate and directly regulates the production of CLE-RS2, a root-derived mobile peptide that acts as a negative regulator of nodule number. Our data provide the genetic basis for how plants respond to the nitrogen environment and control symbiosis to achieve proper plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Momoyo Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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85
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Laffont C, De Cuyper C, Fromentin J, Mortier V, De Keyser A, Verplancke C, Holsters M, Goormachtig S, Frugier F. MtNRLK1, a CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase upregulated during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2046. [PMID: 29391543 PMCID: PMC5794917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are signaling molecules regulating various aspects of plant development, including the balance between cell division and differentiation in different meristems. Among those, CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-related (CLE-ESR) peptide activity depends on leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like-kinases (LRR-RLK) belonging to the subclass XI. In legume plants, such as the Medicago truncatula model, specific CLE peptides were shown to regulate root symbiotic nodulation depending on the LRR-RLK SUNN (Super Numeric Nodules). Amongst the ten M. truncatula LRR-RLK most closely related to SUNN, only one showed a nodule-induced expression, and was so-called MtNRLK1 (Nodule-induced Receptor-Like Kinase 1). MtNRLK1 expression is associated to root and nodule vasculature as well as to the proximal meristem and rhizobial infection zone in the nodule apex. Except for the root vasculature, the MtNRLK1 symbiotic expression pattern is different than the one of MtSUNN. Functional analyses either based on RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and overexpression of MtNRLK1 however failed to identify a significant nodulation phenotype, either regarding the number, size, organization or nitrogen fixation capacity of the symbiotic organs formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, U Paris-Sud, U Paris-Diderot, U d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Virginie Mortier
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christa Verplancke
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcelle Holsters
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, U Paris-Sud, U Paris-Diderot, U d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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86
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Liu A, Contador CA, Fan K, Lam HM. Interaction and Regulation of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Metabolisms in Root Nodules of Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1860. [PMID: 30619423 PMCID: PMC6305480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Members of the plant family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) are unique in that they have evolved a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia (a group of soil bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen). Rhizobia infect and form root nodules on their specific host plants before differentiating into bacteroids, the symbiotic form of rhizobia. This complex relationship involves the supply of C4-dicarboxylate and phosphate by the host plants to the microsymbionts that utilize them in the energy-intensive process of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which is in turn made available to the host plants as a source of nitrogen, a macronutrient for growth. Although nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are no longer growing, they are metabolically active. The symbiotic process is complex and tightly regulated by both the host plants and the bacteroids. The metabolic pathways of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate are heavily regulated in the host plants, as they need to strike a fine balance between satisfying their own needs as well as those of the microsymbionts. A network of transporters for the various metabolites are responsible for the trafficking of these essential molecules between the two partners through the symbiosome membrane (plant-derived membrane surrounding the bacteroid), and these are in turn regulated by various transcription factors that control their expressions under different environmental conditions. Understanding this complex process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation is vital in promoting sustainable agriculture and enhancing soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Liu
- Centre for Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Carolina A. Contador
- Centre for Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kejing Fan
- Centre for Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- *Correspondence: Hon-Ming Lam,
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87
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Yang C, Bueckert R, Schoenau J, Diederichsen A, Zakeri H, Warkentin T. Symbiosis of selected Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains with diverse pea genotypes: effects on biological nitrogen fixation. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:909-919. [PMID: 28922610 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can be improved by optimizing the interaction between the rhizobial inoculant and pea (Pisum sativum L.), leading to increased productivity and reduced nitrogen (N) fertilizer use. Eight Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains were used to inoculate the super-nodulating pea mutant Rondo-nod3 (fix+), the hyper-nodulating pea mutant Frisson P88 Sym29, CDC Meadow commercial control, and the non-nodulating mutant Frisson P56 (nod-) to evaluate BNF in a greenhouse assay. Significant differences in strain × cultivar interactions were detected for shoot and root dry masses, which ranged from 1.8 to 4.7 g and from 0.27 to 0.73 g per plant, respectively; for nodule number on lateral roots, which ranged from 25 to 430 per plant; for amount of fixed N2, which ranged from 15 to 67 mg and from 4 to 15 mg per plant for shoot and root tissues, respectively; and for percentage of N derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa), which ranged from 37% to 61% and from 35% to 65% for shoot and root tissue, respectively. Strain × cultivar interactions in this study could contribute to identification of superior strains and pea breeding lines with genetic superiority in BNF. Nodule production in pea plants was not necessarily correlated with the amount of fixed N2, suggesting nodule activity is more important to BNF than is nodule number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- a Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rosalind Bueckert
- a Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jeff Schoenau
- b Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Axel Diederichsen
- c Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Hossein Zakeri
- d College of Agriculture, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0310, USA
| | - Tom Warkentin
- a Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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88
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de Bang TC, Lay KS, Scheible WR, Takahashi H. Small peptide signaling pathways modulating macronutrient utilization in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:31-39. [PMID: 28582679 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) and physiological functions define macronutrient uptake efficiency. Small signaling peptides (SSPs), that act in manners similar to hormones, and their cognate receptors transmit signals both locally and systemically. Several SSPs controlling morphological and physiological traits of roots have been identified to be associated with macronutrient uptake. Recent development in plant genome research has provided an avenue toward systems-based identification and prediction of additional SSPs. This review highlights recent studies on SSP pathways important for optimization of macronutrient uptake and provides new insights into the diversity of SSPs regulated in response to changes in macronutrient availabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C de Bang
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Katerina S Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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89
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Mirzaei S, Batley J, El-Mellouki T, Liu S, Meksem K, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Neodiversification of homeologous CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase genes in soybean leads to distinct developmental outcomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8878. [PMID: 28827708 PMCID: PMC5566472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The CLAVATA pathway that regulates stem cell numbers of the shoot apical meristem has exclusively been studied in Arabidopsis; as such insight into other species is warranted. In this study, a GmCLV1A mutant (F-S562L) with altered lateral organ development, and two mutants of GmNARK, isolated from a Forrest M2 population (EMS-mutated soybean) were studied. GmCLV1A and GmNARK encode for LRR receptor kinases, and share 92% of protein sequence. While GmNARK is critical for systemic regulation of nodulation (new organ made on the root through symbiosis), we show that GmCLV1A functions locally and has no apparent function in nodulation or root development. However, a recessive, loss-of-function mutation (S562L) in a putative S-glycosylation site of GmCLV1A causes stem nodal identity alterations as well as flower and pod abnormalities (deformed flower and pod). The mutant also exhibits a homeotic phenotype, displaying abnormal leaf development/number, vein-derived leaf emergence, and a thick, faciated stem. The mutant phenotype is also temperature-sensitive. Interestingly, a novel truncated version of GmCLV1A was identified upstream of GmCLV1A that is absent from GmNARK, but is present upstream of the GmNARK orthologues, MtSUNN and PvNARK. Taken together, our findings indicate that GmCLV1A acts on shoot architecture, whereas GmNARK, functions in controlling nodule numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Mirzaei
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tarik El-Mellouki
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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90
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Tsutsui H, Notaguchi M. The Use of Grafting to Study Systemic Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1291-1301. [PMID: 28961994 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has long been an important technique in agriculture. Nowadays, grafting is a widely used technique also to study systemic long-distance signaling in plants. Plants respond to their surrounding environment, and at that time many aspects of their physiology are regulated systemically; these start from local input signals and are followed by the transmission of information to the rest of the plant. For example, soil nutrient conditions, light/photoperiod, and biotic and abiotic stresses affect plants heterogeneously, and plants perceive such information in specific plant tissues or organs. Such environmental cues are crucial determinants of plant growth and development, and plants drastically change their morphology and physiology to adapt to various events in their life. Hitherto, intensive studies have been conducted to understand systemic signaling in plants, and grafting techniques have permitted advances in this field. The breakthrough technique of micrografting in Arabidopsis thaliana was established in 2002 and led to the development of molecular genetic tools in this field. Thereafter, various phenomena of systemic signaling have been identified at the molecular level, including nutrient fixation, flowering, circadian clock and defense against pathogens. The significance of grafting is that it can clarify the transmission of the stimulus and molecules. At present, many micro- and macromolecules have been identified as mobile signals, which are transported through plant vascular tissues to co-ordinate their physiology and development. In this review, we introduce the various grafting techniques that have been developed, we report on the recent advances in the field of plant systemic signaling where grafting techniques have been applied and provide insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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91
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Use of CRISPR/Cas9 for Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Research in Legumes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 149:187-213. [PMID: 28712497 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia have established a symbiotic relationship with the legume family through more than 60 million years of evolution. Hundreds of legume host genes are involved in the SNF (symbiotic nitrogen fixation) process, such as recognition of the bacterial partners, nodulation signaling and nodule development, maintenance of highly efficient nitrogen fixation within nodules, regulation of nodule numbers, and nodule senescence. However, investigations of SNF-related gene functions and dissecting molecular mechanisms of the complicated signaling crosstalk on a genomic scale were significantly restricted by insufficient mutant resources of several representative model legumes. Targeted genome-editing technologies, including ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR-Cas systems, have been developed in recent years and rapidly revolutionized biological research in many fields. These technologies were also applied to legume plants, and significant progress has been made in the last several years. Here, we summarize the applications of these genome-editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, toward the study of SNF in legumes, which should greatly advance our understanding of the basic mechanisms underpinning the legume-rhizobia interactions and guide the engineering of the SNF pathway into nonlegume crops to reduce the dependence on the use of nitrogen fertilizers for sustainable development of modern agriculture.
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92
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Murray JD, Liu CW, Chen Y, Miller AJ. Nitrogen sensing in legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1919-1926. [PMID: 27927992 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) in a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. For this reason, although legume crops can be low yielding and less profitable when compared with cereals, they are frequently included in crop rotations. Grain legumes form only a minor part of most human diets, and legume crops are greatly underutilized. Food security and soil fertility could be significantly improved by greater grain legume usage and increased improvement of a range of grain legumes. One limitation for the use of legumes as a source of N input into agricultural systems is the fact that the formation of N-fixing nodules is suppressed when soils are replete with n. In this review, we report what is known about this process and how soil N supply might be sensed and feed back to regulate nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Murray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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93
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Patel JS, Kharwar RN, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS, Sarma BK. Trichoderma asperellum (T42) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (OKC)-Enhances Resistance of Pea against Erysiphe pisi through Enhanced ROS Generation and Lignifications. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:306. [PMID: 28303123 PMCID: PMC5332396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant signaling mechanisms are not completely understood in plant–fungal biotrophic pathogen interactions. Further how such interactions are influenced by compatible rhizosphere microbes are also not well-studied. Therefore, we explored the pea-Erysiphe pisi (obligate biotroph) system to understand the interaction and applied compatible rhizospheric bio-agents Trichoderma asperellum (T42) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (OKC) singly or in combination to assess their influence on the host while under the pathogen challenge. Transcript accumulation pattern of some vital genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in pea under E. pisi challenge indicated enhanced activation of the pathway. Interestingly, transcript accumulations were even higher in the bio-agent treated plants compared to untreated plants after pathogen inoculation particularly in co-inoculated treatments. Further, down regulation of the lignifications-associated ABC transporter gene in the pathogen challenged plants possibly is an indication of passive diffusion of monolignols across the membrane from symplast. Additionally, up regulation of NADPH oxidase gene revealed ROS generation in the challenged plants which was confirmed through spectrophotometric estimation of H2O2. Up regulation of laccase and peroxidase along with higher H2O2 generation points out their involvement in lignifications which was further confirmed through cross section analysis of pea stems that showed increased lignifications in pathogen challenged plants co-inoculated with the bioagents. Interestingly, pathogen responsive MAPK homologs MAPK3/MAPK6 and the enzyme serine threonine kinase that activates MAPKs were down regulated and the results possibly indicate non-participation of the MAPK cascade in this interaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that the microbial treatments enhanced pea resistance to E. pisi by generation of ROS and lignifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai S Patel
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | | | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Birinchi K Sarma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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94
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Kamfwa K, Zhao D, Kelly JD, Cichy KA. Transcriptome analysis of two recombinant inbred lines of common bean contrasting for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172141. [PMID: 28192540 PMCID: PMC5305244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fixes atmospheric nitrogen (N2) through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) at levels lower than other grain legume crops. An understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms underlying SNF will enable more effective strategies for the genetic improvement of SNF traits in common bean. In this study, transcriptome profiling was used to identify genes and molecular mechanisms underlying SNF differences between two common bean recombinant inbred lines that differed in their N-fixing abilities. Differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses were performed on leaves, nodules and roots of the two lines when grown under N-fixing and non-fixing conditions. Receptor kinases, transmembrane transporters, and transcription factors were among the differentially expressed genes identified under N-fixing conditions, but not under non-fixing conditions. Genes up-regulated in the stronger nitrogen fixer, SA36, included those involved in molecular functions such as purine nucleoside binding, oxidoreductase and transmembrane receptor activities in nodules, and transport activity in roots. Transcription factors identified in this study are candidates for future work aimed at understanding the functional role of these genes in SNF. Information generated in this study will support the development of gene-based markers to accelerate genetic improvement of SNF in common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kamfwa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Dongyan Zhao
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James D. Kelly
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Cichy
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, Sugarbeet and Bean Research Unit, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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95
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Okamoto S, Tabata R, Matsubayashi Y. Long-distance peptide signaling essential for nutrient homeostasis in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:35-40. [PMID: 27552346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organ-to-organ communication is indispensable for higher organisms to maintain homeostasis over their entire life. Recent findings have uncovered that plants, like animals, mediate organ-to-organ communication by long-distance signaling through the vascular system. In particular, xylem-mobile secreted peptides have attracted much attention as root-to-shoot long-distance signaling molecules in response to fluctuating environmental nutrient status. Several leguminous CLE peptides induced by rhizobial inoculation act as 'satiety' signals in long-distance negative feedback of nodule formation. By contrast, Arabidopsis CEP family peptides induced by local nitrogen (N)-starvation behave as systemic 'hunger' signals to promote compensatory N acquisition in other parts of the roots. Xylem sap peptidomics also implies the presence of still uncharacterized long-distance signaling peptides. This review highlights the current understanding of and new insights into the mechanisms and functions of root-to-shoot long-distance peptide signaling during environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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96
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Root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus drives the establishment of distinctive rhizosphere, root, and nodule bacterial communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7996-E8005. [PMID: 27864511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616564113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lotus japonicus has been used for decades as a model legume to study the establishment of binary symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that trigger root nodule organogenesis for bacterial accommodation. Using community profiling of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we reveal that in Lotus, distinctive nodule- and root-inhabiting communities are established by parallel, rather than consecutive, selection of bacteria from the rhizosphere and root compartments. Comparative analyses of wild-type (WT) and symbiotic mutants in Nod factor receptor5 (nfr5), Nodule inception (nin) and Lotus histidine kinase1 (lhk1) genes identified a previously unsuspected role of the nodulation pathway in the establishment of different bacterial assemblages in the root and rhizosphere. We found that the loss of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis dramatically alters community structure in the latter two compartments, affecting at least 14 bacterial orders. The differential plant growth phenotypes seen between WT and the symbiotic mutants in nonsupplemented soil were retained under nitrogen-supplemented conditions that blocked the formation of functional nodules in WT, whereas the symbiosis-impaired mutants maintain an altered community structure in the nitrogen-supplemented soil. This finding provides strong evidence that the root-associated community shift in the symbiotic mutants is a direct consequence of the disabled symbiosis pathway rather than an indirect effect resulting from abolished symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Our findings imply a role of the legume host in selecting a broad taxonomic range of root-associated bacteria that, in addition to rhizobia, likely contribute to plant growth and ecological performance.
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97
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Crook AD, Schnabel EL, Frugoli JA. The systemic nodule number regulation kinase SUNN in Medicago truncatula interacts with MtCLV2 and MtCRN. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:108-119. [PMID: 27296908 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Autoregulation of nodulation (AON), a systemic signaling pathway in legumes, limits the number of nodules formed by the legume in its symbiosis with rhizobia. Recent research suggests a model for the systemic regulation in Medicago truncatula in which root signaling peptides are translocated to the shoot where they bind to a shoot receptor complex containing the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase SUNN, triggering signal transduction which terminates nodule formation in roots. Here we show that a tagged SUNN protein capable of rescuing the sunn-4 phenotype is localized to the plasma membrane and is associated with the plasmodesmata. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis we show that, like its sequence ortholog Arabidopsis CLV1, SUNN interacts with homologous CLV1-interacting proteins MtCLAVATA2 and MtCORYNE. All three proteins were also able to form homomers and MtCRN and MtCLV2 also interact with each other. A crn Tnt1 insertion mutant of M. truncatula displayed a shoot controlled increased nodulation phenotype, similar to the clv2 mutants of pea and Lotus japonicus. Together these data suggest that legume AON signaling could occur through a multi-protein complex and that both MtCRN and MtCLV2 may play roles in AON together with SUNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Crook
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29630-0318, USA
| | - Elise L Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29630-0318, USA
| | - Julia A Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29630-0318, USA.
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98
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Nishida H, Handa Y, Tanaka S, Suzaki T, Kawaguchi M. Expression of the CLE-RS3 gene suppresses root nodulation in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:909-919. [PMID: 27294965 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication, principally mediated by short- or long-range mobile signals, is involved in many plant developmental processes. In root nodule symbiosis, a mutual relationship between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, the mechanism for the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) plays a key role in preventing the production of an excess number of nodules. AON is based on long-distance cell-to-cell communication between roots and shoots. In Lotus japonicus, two CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides, encoded by CLE-ROOT SIGNAL 1 (CLE-RS1) and -RS2, act as putative root-derived signals that transmit signals inhibiting further nodule development through interaction with a shoot-acting receptor-like kinase HYPERNODULATION ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION 1 (HAR1). Here, an in silico search and subsequent expression analyses enabled us to identify two new L. japonicus CLE genes that are potentially involved in nodulation, designated as CLE-RS3 and LjCLE40. Time-course expression patterns showed that CLE-RS1/2/3 and LjCLE40 expression is induced during nodulation with different activation patterns. Furthermore, constitutive expression of CLE-RS3 significantly suppressed nodule formation in a HAR1-dependent manner. TOO MUCH LOVE, a root-acting regulator of AON, is also required for the CLE-RS3 action. These results suggest that CLE-RS3 is a new component of AON in L. japonicus that may act as a potential root-derived signal through interaction with HAR1. Because CLE-RS2, CLE-RS3 and LjCLE40 are located in tandem in the genome and their expression is induced not only by rhizobial infection but also by nitrate, these genes may have duplicated from a common gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Handa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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99
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Araya T, von Wirén N, Takahashi H. CLE peptide signaling and nitrogen interactions in plant root development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:607-615. [PMID: 26994997 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA signaling pathway is essential for the regulation of meristem activities in plants. This signaling pathway consists of small signaling peptides of the CLE family interacting with CLAVATA1 and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). The peptide-receptor relationships determine the specificities of CLE-dependent signals controlling stem cell fate and differentiation that are critical for the establishment and maintenance of shoot and root apical meristems. Plants root systems are highly organized into three-dimensional structures for successful anchoring and uptake of water and mineral nutrients from the soil environment. Recent studies have provided evidence that CLE peptides and CLAVATA signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the regulation of lateral root development and systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) integrated with nitrogen (N) signaling mechanisms. Integrations of CLE and N signaling pathways through shoot-root vascular connections suggest that N demand modulates morphological control mechanisms and optimize N uptake as well as symbiotic N fixation in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Araya
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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100
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Osuki KI, Hashimoto S, Suzuki A, Araragi M, Takahara A, Kurosawa M, Kucho KI, Higashi S, Abe M, Uchiumi T. Gene expression and localization of a β-1,3-glucanase of Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:749-758. [PMID: 26951113 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits root nodule formation of leguminous plants. LjGlu1, a β-1,3-glucanase gene of Lotus japonicus, has been identified as an ABA responsive gene. RNA interference of LjGlu1 increased nodule number. This suggests that LjGlu1 is involved in the regulation of nodule formation. Host legumes control nodule number by autoregulation of nodulation (AON), in which the presence of existing root nodules inhibits further nodulation. For further characterization of LjGlu1, we focused on the expression of LjGlu1 in relation to AON. In a split-root system, LjGlu1 expression peaked when AON was fully induced. Hairy roots transformed with LjCLE-RS1, a gene that induces AON, were generated. Expression of LjGlu1 was greater in the transgenic roots than in untransformed roots. LjGlu1 was not induced in a hypernodulating mutant inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti. These results suggest that the expression of LjGlu1 is involved in the system of AON. However, neither hypernodulation nor enlarged nodulation zone was observed on the transgenic hairy roots carrying LjGlu1-RNAi, suggesting that LjGlu1 is not a key player of AON. Recombinant LjGlu1 showed endo-β-1,3-glucanase activity. LjGlu1-mOrange fusion protein suggested that LjGlu1 associated with M. loti on the root hairs. Exogenous β-1,3-glucanase inhibited infection thread formation by both the wild type and the mutant, and nodule numbers were reduced. These results suggest that LjGlu1 is expressed in response to M. loti infection and functions outside root tissues, resulting in the inhibition of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Osuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shun Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Araragi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Akihito Takahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Makiko Kurosawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kucho
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shiro Higashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mikiko Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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