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Vizcaíno-Castillo A, Osorio-Méndez JF, Ambrosio JR, Hernández R, Cevallos AM. The complexity and diversity of the actin cytoskeleton of trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 237:111278. [PMID: 32353561 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a monophyletic group of parasitic flagellated protists belonging to the order Kinetoplastida. Their cytoskeleton is primarily made up of microtubules in which no actin microfilaments have been detected. Although all these parasites contain actin, it is widely thought that their actin cytoskeleton is reduced when compared to most eukaryotic organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that it is more complex than previously thought. As in other eukaryotic organisms, trypanosomatids encode for a conventional actin that is expected to form microfilament-like structures, and for members of three conserved actin-related proteins probably involved in microfilament nucleation (ARP2, ARP3) and in gene expression regulation (ARP6). In addition to these canonical proteins, also encode for an expanded set of actins and actin-like proteins that seem to be restricted to kinetoplastids. Analysis of their amino acid sequences demonstrated that, although very diverse in primary sequence when compared to actins of model organisms, modelling of their tertiary structure predicted the presence of the actin fold in all of them. Experimental characterization has been done for only a few of the trypanosomatid actins and actin-binding proteins. The most studied is the conventional actin of Leishmania donovani (LdAct), which unusually requires both ATP and Mg2+ for polymerization, unlike other conventional actins that do not require ATP. Additionally, polymerized LdAct tends to assemble in bundles rather than in single filaments. Regulation of actin polymerization depends on their interaction with actin-binding proteins. In trypanosomatids, there is a reduced but sufficient core of actin-binding proteins to promote microfilament nucleation, turnover and stabilization. There are also genes encoding for members of two families of myosin motor proteins, including one lineage-specific. Homologues to all identified actin-family proteins and actin-binding proteins of trypanosomatids are also present in Paratrypanosoma confusum (an early branching trypanosomatid) and in Bodo saltans (a closely related free-living organism belonging to the trypanosomatid sister order of Bodonida) suggesting they were all present in their common ancestor. Secondary losses of these genes may have occurred during speciation within the trypanosomatids, with salivarian trypanosomes having lost many of them and stercorarian trypanosomes retaining most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vizcaíno-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Felipe Osorio-Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular, Programa de Medicina, Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Javier R Ambrosio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal, 4510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Roberto Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana María Cevallos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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52
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Zhang N, Jiang N, Zhang K, Zheng L, Zhang D, Sang X, Feng Y, Chen R, Yang N, Wang X, Cheng Z, Suo X, Lun Z, Chen Q. Landscapes of Protein Posttranslational Modifications of African Trypanosoma Parasites. iScience 2020; 23:101074. [PMID: 32403088 PMCID: PMC7218301 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of all living cells undergo a myriad of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are critical to multifarious life processes. In this study, we describe the first comprehensive multiple PTM-omics atlas in parallel with quantitative proteome analyses of two representative species of African trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. Ten PTM types with approximately 40,000 modified sites and 150 histone marks with a fine map on each protein of the two African trypanosomes were accomplished. The two biologically different trypanosomal species displayed distinct PTM-omic features, regulation pathways, and networks. Modifications in the proteins involved in the redox system were mainly upregulated in T. brucei, whereas proteins associated with motility were predominantly modified in T. evansi. The establishment of a database of multiple PTMs in the two parasites provides us with a deep insight into the biological mechanisms that underpin life processes in trypanosomes with different life cycles. The first multi-proteomic profiles of T. brucei and T. evansi were generated Histones are modified heavily and are highly conserved in trypanosomes The two biologically different trypanosomes displayed distinct PTM-omic features Crosstalk between different PTMs involved in critical biological processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- College of Basic Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM Biolab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China.
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53
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Bertiaux E, Bastin P. Dealing with several flagella in the same cell. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13162. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur Paris France
- École Doctorale Complexité du Vivant Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur Paris France
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Abstract
Motility analysis of microswimmers has long been limited to a few model cell types and broadly restricted by technical challenges of high-resolution in vivo microscopy. Recently, interdisciplinary interest in detailed analysis of the motile behavior of various species has gained momentum. Here we describe a basic protocol for motility analysis of an important, highly diverse group of eukaryotic flagellate microswimmers, using high spatiotemporal resolution videomicroscopy. Further, we provide a special, time-dependent tomographic approach for the proof of rotational locomotion of periodically oscillating microswimmers, using the same data. Taken together, the methods describe part of an integrative approach to generate decisive information on three-dimensional in vivo motility from standard two-dimensional videomicroscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Krüger
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.
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55
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Rare Human Diseases: Model Organisms in Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121614. [PMID: 31835861 PMCID: PMC6952885 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a recessive heterogeneous disorder of motile cilia, affecting one per 15,000-30,000 individuals; however, the frequency of this disorder is likely underestimated. Even though more than 40 genes are currently associated with PCD, in the case of approximately 30% of patients, the genetic cause of the manifested PCD symptoms remains unknown. Because motile cilia are highly evolutionarily conserved organelles at both the proteomic and ultrastructural levels, analyses in the unicellular and multicellular model organisms can help not only to identify new proteins essential for cilia motility (and thus identify new putative PCD-causative genes), but also to elucidate the function of the proteins encoded by known PCD-causative genes. Consequently, studies involving model organisms can help us to understand the molecular mechanism(s) behind the phenotypic changes observed in the motile cilia of PCD affected patients. Here, we summarize the current state of the art in the genetics and biology of PCD and emphasize the impact of the studies conducted using model organisms on existing knowledge.
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56
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Hammarton TC. Who Needs a Contractile Actomyosin Ring? The Plethora of Alternative Ways to Divide a Protozoan Parasite. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:397. [PMID: 31824870 PMCID: PMC6881465 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm, following the end of mitosis or meiosis, is accomplished in animal cells, fungi, and amoebae, by the constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring, comprising filamentous actin, myosin II, and associated proteins. However, despite this being the best-studied mode of cytokinesis, it is restricted to the Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa, since members of other evolutionary supergroups lack myosin II and must, therefore, employ different mechanisms. In particular, parasitic protozoa, many of which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals as well as considerable economic losses, employ a wide diversity of mechanisms to divide, few, if any, of which involve myosin II. In some cases, cell division is not only myosin II-independent, but actin-independent too. Mechanisms employed range from primitive mechanical cell rupture (cytofission), to motility- and/or microtubule remodeling-dependent mechanisms, to budding involving the constriction of divergent contractile rings, to hijacking host cell division machinery, with some species able to utilize multiple mechanisms. Here, I review current knowledge of cytokinesis mechanisms and their molecular control in mammalian-infective parasitic protozoa from the Excavata, Alveolata, and Amoebozoa supergroups, highlighting their often-underappreciated diversity and complexity. Billions of people and animals across the world are at risk from these pathogens, for which vaccines and/or optimal treatments are often not available. Exploiting the divergent cell division machinery in these parasites may provide new avenues for the treatment of protozoal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansy C Hammarton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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57
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Imhof S, Zhang J, Wang H, Bui KH, Nguyen H, Atanasov I, Hui WH, Yang SK, Zhou ZH, Hill KL. Cryo electron tomography with volta phase plate reveals novel structural foundations of the 96-nm axonemal repeat in the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. eLife 2019; 8:e52058. [PMID: 31710293 PMCID: PMC6974359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 96-nm axonemal repeat includes dynein motors and accessory structures as the foundation for motility of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. However, high-resolution 3D axoneme structures are unavailable for organisms among the Excavates, which include pathogens of medical and economic importance. Here we report cryo electron tomography structures of the 96-nm repeat from Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite in the Excavate lineage that causes African trypanosomiasis. We examined bloodstream and procyclic life cycle stages, and a knockdown lacking DRC11/CMF22 of the nexin dynein regulatory complex (NDRC). Sub-tomogram averaging yields a resolution of 21.8 Å for the 96-nm repeat. We discovered several lineage-specific structures, including novel inter-doublet linkages and microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We establish that DRC11/CMF22 is required for the NDRC proximal lobe that binds the adjacent doublet microtubule. We propose that lineage-specific elaboration of axoneme structure in T. brucei reflects adaptations to support unique motility needs in diverse host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Imhof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Hoangkim Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ivo Atanasov
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Wong H Hui
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealUnited States
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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58
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Lin J, Le TV, Augspurger K, Tritschler D, Bower R, Fu G, Perrone C, O’Toole ET, Mills KV, Dymek E, Smith E, Nicastro D, Porter ME. FAP57/WDR65 targets assembly of a subset of inner arm dyneins and connects to regulatory hubs in cilia. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2659-2680. [PMID: 31483737 PMCID: PMC6761771 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary motility depends on both the precise spatial organization of multiple dynein motors within the 96 nm axonemal repeat and the highly coordinated interactions between different dyneins and regulatory complexes located at the base of the radial spokes. Mutations in genes encoding cytoplasmic assembly factors, intraflagellar transport factors, docking proteins, dynein subunits, and associated regulatory proteins can all lead to defects in dynein assembly and ciliary motility. Significant progress has been made in the identification of dynein subunits and extrinsic factors required for preassembly of dynein complexes in the cytoplasm, but less is known about the docking factors that specify the unique binding sites for the different dynein isoforms on the surface of the doublet microtubules. We have used insertional mutagenesis to identify a new locus, IDA8/BOP2, required for targeting the assembly of a subset of inner dynein arms (IDAs) to a specific location in the 96 nm repeat. IDA8 encodes flagellar-associated polypeptide (FAP)57/WDR65, a highly conserved WD repeat, coiled coil domain protein. Using high resolution proteomic and structural approaches, we find that FAP57 forms a discrete complex. Cryo-electron tomography coupled with epitope tagging and gold labeling reveal that FAP57 forms an extended structure that interconnects multiple IDAs and regulatory complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Lin
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Thuc Vy Le
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Katherine Augspurger
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Douglas Tritschler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Gang Fu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Catherine Perrone
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Eileen T. O’Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Kristyn VanderWaal Mills
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Erin Dymek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Mary E. Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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59
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Zhang X, Hu H, Lun ZR, Li Z. Functional analyses of an axonemal inner-arm dynein complex in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei uncover its essential role in cytokinesis initiation. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1718-1730. [PMID: 31515877 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The flagellated eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei alternates between the insect vector and the mammalian host and proliferates through an unusual mode of cell division. Cell division requires flagellum motility-generated forces, but flagellum motility exerts distinct effects between different life cycle forms. Motility is required for the final cell abscission of the procyclic form in the insect vector, but is necessary for the initiation of cell division of the bloodstream form in the mammalian host. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we carried out functional analyses of a flagellar axonemal inner-arm dynein complex in the bloodstream form and investigated its mechanistic role in cytokinesis initiation. We showed that the axonemal inner-arm dynein heavy chain TbIAD5-1 and TbCentrin3 form a complex, localize to the flagellum, and are required for viability in the bloodstream form. We further demonstrated the interdependence between TbIAD5-1 and TbCentrin3 for maintenance of protein stability. Finally, we showed that depletion of TbIAD5-1 and TbCentrin3 arrested cytokinesis initiation and disrupted the localization of multiple cytokinesis initiation regulators. These findings identified the essential role of an axonemal inner-arm dynein complex in cell division, and provided molecular insights into the flagellum motility-mediated cytokinesis initiation in the bloodstream form of T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huiqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ziyin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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60
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Dóró É, Jacobs SH, Hammond FR, Schipper H, Pieters RP, Carrington M, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Visualizing trypanosomes in a vertebrate host reveals novel swimming behaviours, adaptations and attachment mechanisms. eLife 2019; 8:48388. [PMID: 31547905 PMCID: PMC6759355 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are important disease agents of humans, livestock and cold-blooded species, including fish. The cellular morphology of trypanosomes is central to their motility, adaptation to the host’s environments and pathogenesis. However, visualizing the behaviour of trypanosomes resident in a live vertebrate host has remained unexplored. In this study, we describe an infection model of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with Trypanosoma carassii. By combining high spatio-temporal resolution microscopy with the transparency of live zebrafish, we describe in detail the swimming behaviour of trypanosomes in blood and tissues of a vertebrate host. Besides the conventional tumbling and directional swimming, T. carassii can change direction through a ‘whip-like’ motion or by swimming backward. Further, the posterior end can act as an anchoring site in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a vertebrate infection model that allows detailed imaging of trypanosome swimming behaviour in vivo in a natural host environment. Trypanosomes are one-celled parasites that cause the disease trypanosomiasis, which is also known as sleeping sickness. Trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans and animals by a type of fly, known as tse-tse, which is commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa. A bite from the tse-tse fly transfers the trypanosome cells into the host’s bloodstream, where they spread from the blood to the internal organs and brain. This leads to a long-term illness, which can sometimes result in a coma and eventually death. Once in the blood trypanosomes move around using a structure similar to an underwater propeller called the flagellum. How the trypanosomes move and behave in the blood determines how the infection will progress. Until now it has only been possible to observe trypanosomes in plastic dishes or in blood drawn from infected patients. However, neither of these settings mimic the conditions of the bloodstream, and it is currently impossible to look inside human hosts to watch how trypanosomes move. To overcome this hurdle, Doro et al. infected zebrafish with Trypanosoma carassii, a close relative of the sub-Saharan trypanosomes that specifically infects fish. Zebrafish are transparent when young, making it possible to observe the parasite in the blood and tissues of live fish using a microscope. Doro et al. noticed that Trypanosoma carassii cells adapt to different environments in the host by using different swimming techniques. For example, in small capillaries trypanosomes were dragged along with the blood flow, whilst in larger vessels, when blood flow was slow or there were fewer red blood cells, trypanosomes actively swam against the current. The parasites were also able to change direction by using their flagella in a ‘whip-like’ motion. Lastly, it was discovered that Trypanosoma carassii could rapidly attach to blood vessel walls using one end of its cell body, even when blood flow was strong. This behaviour may help the parasites escape from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissues, making the infection more dangerous. Studying how trypanosomes infect zebrafish at this high level of detail provides new insights into how these parasites move and behave inside a host. An important question that remains to be answered, is how exactly the trypanosomes leave the bloodstream. A better understanding of the whole infection process may hint at new ways of fighting these deadly infections in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Dóró
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sem H Jacobs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ffion R Hammond
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schipper
- Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Remco Pm Pieters
- Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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61
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Abstract
Trypanosomes have complex life cycles within which there are both proliferative and differentiation cell divisions. The coordination of the cell cycle to achieve these different divisions is critical for the parasite to infect both host and vector. From studying the regulation of the proliferative cell cycle of the Trypanosoma brucei procyclic life cycle stage, three subcycles emerge that control the duplication and segregation of ( a) the nucleus, ( b) the kinetoplast, and ( c) a set of cytoskeletal structures. We discuss how the clear dependency relationships within these subcycles, and the potential for cross talk between them, are likely required for overall cell cycle coordination. Finally, we look at the implications this interdependence has for proliferative and differentiation divisions through the T. brucei life cycle and in related parasitic trypanosomatid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Wheeler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gull
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jack D. Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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62
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Walker BJ, Wheeler RJ. High-speed multifocal plane fluorescence microscopy for three-dimensional visualisation of beating flagella. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs231795. [PMID: 31371486 PMCID: PMC6737910 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of flagellum and cilium beating in three dimensions (3D) is important for understanding cell motility, and using fluorescence microscopy to do so would be extremely powerful. Here, high-speed multifocal plane fluorescence microscopy, where the light path is split to visualise multiple focal planes simultaneously, was used to reconstruct Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania mexicana movement in 3D. These species are uniflagellate unicellular parasites for which motility is vital. It was possible to use either a fluorescent stain or a genetically-encoded fluorescent protein to visualise flagellum and cell movement at 200 Hz frame rates. This addressed two open questions regarding Trypanosoma and Leishmania flagellum beating, which contributes to their swimming behaviours: 1) how planar is the L. mexicana flagellum beat, and 2) what is the nature of flagellum beating during T. brucei 'tumbling'? We showed that L. mexicana has notable deviations from a planar flagellum beat, and that during tumbling the T. brucei flagellum bends the cell and beats only in the distal portion to achieve cell reorientation. This demonstrates high-speed multifocal plane fluorescence microscopy as a powerful tool for the analysis of beating flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Walker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Richard J Wheeler
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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63
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Beneke T, Demay F, Hookway E, Ashman N, Jeffery H, Smith J, Valli J, Becvar T, Myskova J, Lestinova T, Shafiq S, Sadlova J, Volf P, Wheeler RJ, Gluenz E. Genetic dissection of a Leishmania flagellar proteome demonstrates requirement for directional motility in sand fly infections. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007828. [PMID: 31242261 PMCID: PMC6615630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses a single flagellum, which is remodelled during the parasite’s life cycle from a long motile flagellum in promastigote forms in the sand fly to a short immotile flagellum in amastigotes residing in mammalian phagocytes. This study examined the protein composition and in vivo function of the promastigote flagellum. Protein mass spectrometry and label free protein enrichment testing of isolated flagella and deflagellated cell bodies defined a flagellar proteome for L. mexicana promastigote forms (available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011057). This information was used to generate a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library of 100 mutants to screen for flagellar defects. This first large-scale knockout screen in a Leishmania sp. identified 56 mutants with altered swimming speed (52 reduced and 4 increased) and defined distinct mutant categories (faster swimmers, slower swimmers, slow uncoordinated swimmers and paralysed cells, including aflagellate promastigotes and cells with curled flagella and disruptions of the paraflagellar rod). Each mutant was tagged with a unique 17-nt barcode, providing a simple barcode sequencing (bar-seq) method for measuring the relative fitness of L. mexicana mutants in vivo. In mixed infections of the permissive sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, paralysed promastigotes and uncoordinated swimmers were severely diminished in the fly after defecation of the bloodmeal. Subsequent examination of flies infected with a single paralysed mutant lacking the central pair protein PF16 or an uncoordinated swimmer lacking the axonemal protein MBO2 showed that these promastigotes did not reach anterior regions of the fly alimentary tract. These data show that L. mexicana need directional motility for successful colonisation of sand flies. Leishmania are protozoan parasites, transmitted between mammals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Promastigote forms in the sand fly have a long flagellum, which is motile and used for anchoring the parasites to prevent clearance with the digested blood meal remnants. To dissect flagellar functions and their importance in life cycle progression, we generated here a comprehensive list of >300 flagellar proteins and produced a CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockout library of 100 mutant Leishmania. We studied their behaviour in vitro before examining their fate in the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Measuring mutant swimming speeds showed that about half behaved differently compared to the wild type: a few swam faster, many slower and some were completely paralysed. We also found a group of uncoordinated swimmers. To test whether flagellar motility is required for parasite migration from the fly midgut to the foregut from where they reach the next host, we infected sand flies with a mixed mutant population. Each mutant carried a unique tag and tracking these tags up to nine days after infection showed that paralysed and uncoordinated Leishmania were rapidly lost from flies. These data indicate that directional swimming is important for successful colonisation of sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Beneke
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - François Demay
- University of Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Edward Hookway
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Ashman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Jeffery
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Smith
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Valli
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Myskova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shahaan Shafiq
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard John Wheeler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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64
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Indirubin Analogues Inhibit Trypanosoma brucei Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Short and T. brucei Growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02065-18. [PMID: 30910902 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02065-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The disease is fatal if it remains untreated, whereas most drug treatments are inadequate due to high toxicity, difficulties in administration, and low central nervous system penetration. T. brucei glycogen synthase kinase 3 short (TbGSK3s) is essential for parasite survival and thus represents a potential drug target that could be exploited for HAT treatment. Indirubins, effective leishmanicidals, provide a versatile scaffold for the development of potent GSK3 inhibitors. Herein, we report on the screening of 69 indirubin analogues against T. brucei bloodstream forms. Of these, 32 compounds had potent antitrypanosomal activity (half-maximal effective concentration = 0.050 to 3.2 μM) and good selectivity for the analogues over human HepG2 cells (range, 7.4- to over 641-fold). The majority of analogues were potent inhibitors of TbGSK3s, and correlation studies for an indirubin subset, namely, the 6-bromosubstituted 3'-oxime bearing an extra bulky substituent on the 3' oxime [(6-BIO-3'-bulky)-substituted indirubins], revealed a positive correlation between kinase inhibition and antitrypanosomal activity. Insights into this indirubin-TbGSK3s interaction were provided by structure-activity relationship studies. Comparison between 6-BIO-3'-bulky-substituted indirubin-treated parasites and parasites silenced for TbGSK3s by RNA interference suggested that the above-described compounds may target TbGSK3s in vivo To further understand the molecular basis of the growth arrest brought about by the inhibition or ablation of TbGSK3s, we investigated the intracellular localization of TbGSK3s. TbGSK3s was present in cytoskeletal structures, including the flagellum and basal body area. Overall, these results give insights into the mode of action of 6-BIO-3'-bulky-substituted indirubins that are promising hits for antitrypanosomal drug discovery.
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65
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Cayla M, Rojas F, Silvester E, Venter F, Matthews KR. African trypanosomes. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:190. [PMID: 31036044 PMCID: PMC6489224 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes cause human African trypanosomiasis and animal African trypanosomiasis. They are transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa. Although most famous for their mechanisms of immune evasion by antigenic variation, there have been recent important studies that illuminate important aspects of the biology of these parasites both in their mammalian host and during passage through their tsetse fly vector. This Primer overviews current research themes focused on these parasites and discusses how these biological insights and the development of new technologies to interrogate gene function are being used in the search for new approaches to control the parasite. The new insights into the biology of trypanosomes in their host and vector highlight that we are in a ‘golden age’ of discovery for these fascinating parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cayla
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Federico Rojas
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor Silvester
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frank Venter
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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66
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Huet D, Blisnick T, Perrot S, Bastin P. IFT25 is required for the construction of the trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228296. [PMID: 30709917 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT), the movement of protein complexes responsible for the assembly of cilia and flagella, is remarkably conserved from protists to humans. However, two IFT components (IFT25 and IFT27) are missing from multiple unrelated eukaryotic species. In mouse, IFT25 (also known as HSPB11) and IFT27 are not required for assembly of several cilia with the noticeable exception of the flagellum of spermatozoa. Here, we show that the Trypanosoma brucei IFT25 protein is a proper component of the IFT-B complex and displays typical IFT trafficking. By performing bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we reveal that IFT25 and IFT27 interact within the flagellum in live cells during the IFT process. IFT25-depleted cells construct tiny disorganised flagella that accumulate IFT-B proteins (with the exception of IFT27, the binding partner of IFT25) but not IFT-A proteins. This phenotype is comparable to the one following depletion of IFT27 and shows that IFT25 and IFT27 constitute a specific module that is necessary for proper IFT and flagellum construction in trypanosomes. Possible reasons why IFT25 and IFT27 would be required for only some types of cilia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Huet
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sylvie Perrot
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Sorbonne université, École doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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67
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Geladaki A, Kočevar Britovšek N, Breckels LM, Smith TS, Vennard OL, Mulvey CM, Crook OM, Gatto L, Lilley KS. Combining LOPIT with differential ultracentrifugation for high-resolution spatial proteomics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:331. [PMID: 30659192 PMCID: PMC6338729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08191-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of protein localisation has greatly benefited from high-throughput methods utilising cellular fractionation and proteomic profiling. Hyperplexed Localisation of Organelle Proteins by Isotope Tagging (hyperLOPIT) is a well-established method in this area. It achieves high-resolution separation of organelles and subcellular compartments but is relatively time- and resource-intensive. As a simpler alternative, we here develop Localisation of Organelle Proteins by Isotope Tagging after Differential ultraCentrifugation (LOPIT-DC) and compare this method to the density gradient-based hyperLOPIT approach. We confirm that high-resolution maps can be obtained using differential centrifugation down to the suborganellar and protein complex level. HyperLOPIT and LOPIT-DC yield highly similar results, facilitating the identification of isoform-specific localisations and high-confidence localisation assignment for proteins in suborganellar structures, protein complexes and signalling pathways. By combining both approaches, we present a comprehensive high-resolution dataset of human protein localisations and deliver a flexible set of protocols for subcellular proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Geladaki
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, 20 Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nina Kočevar Britovšek
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lisa M Breckels
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Tom S Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Owen L Vennard
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Claire M Mulvey
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Oliver M Crook
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute for Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- de Duve Institute, UC Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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68
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Bentley SJ, Jamabo M, Boshoff A. The Hsp70/J-protein machinery of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:125-148. [PMID: 30506377 PMCID: PMC6363631 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent of the neglected tropical disease African trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, possesses an expanded and diverse repertoire of heat shock proteins, which have been implicated in cytoprotection, differentiation, as well as progression and transmission of the disease. Hsp70 plays a crucial role in proteostasis, and inhibition of its interactions with co-chaperones is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for numerous diseases. In light of genome annotations and the release of the genome sequence of the human infective subspecies, an updated and current in silico overview of the Hsp70/J-protein machinery in both T. brucei brucei and T. brucei gambiense was conducted. Functional, structural, and evolutionary analyses of the T. brucei Hsp70 and J-protein families were performed. The Hsp70 and J-proteins from humans and selected kinetoplastid parasites were used to assist in identifying proteins from T. brucei, as well as the prediction of potential Hsp70-J-protein partnerships. The Hsp70 and J-proteins were mined from numerous genome-wide proteomics studies, which included different lifecycle stages and subcellular localisations. In this study, 12 putative Hsp70 proteins and 67 putative J-proteins were identified to be encoded on the genomes of both T. brucei subspecies. Interestingly there are 6 type III J-proteins that possess tetratricopeptide repeat-containing (TPR) motifs. Overall, it is envisioned that the results of this study will provide a future context for studying the biology of the African trypanosome and evaluating Hsp70 and J-protein interactions as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miebaka Jamabo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
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69
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Mudogo CN, Werner SF, Mogk S, Betzel C, Duszenko M. The conserved hypothetical protein Tb427.10.13790 is required for cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. Acta Trop 2018; 188:34-40. [PMID: 30153427 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a flagellated protozoan causing the deadly tropical disease Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), affects people in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT therapy relies upon drugs which use is limited by toxicity and rigorous treatment regimes, while development of vaccines remains elusive, due to the effectiveness of the parasite´s antigenic variation. Here, we evaluate a hypothetical protein Tb427.10.13790, as a potential drug target. This protein is conserved among all kinetoplastids, but lacks homologs in all other pro- and eukaryotes. Knockdown of Tb427.10.13790 resulted in appearance of monster cells containing multiple nuclei and multiple flagella, a considerable enlargement of the flagellar pocket and eventually a lethal phenotype. Furthermore, analysis of kinetoplast and nucleus division in the knockdown cell line revealed a partial cell cycle arrest and failure to initiate cytokinesis. Likewise, overexpression of the respective protein fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein was also lethal for T. brucei. In these cells, the labelled protein appeared as a single dot near kinetoplast and flagellar pocket. Our results reveal that Tb427.10.13790 is essential for the parasite´s viability and may be a suitable new anti-trypanosomatid drug target candidate. Furthermore, we suggest that it might be worthwhile to investigate also other of the many so far just annotated trypanosome genes as a considerable number of them to lack human homologs but may be of critical importance for the kinetoplastid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestin Nzanzu Mudogo
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | | | - Stefan Mogk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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70
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Krüger T, Schuster S, Engstler M. Beyond Blood: African Trypanosomes on the Move. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:1056-1067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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71
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Bonnefoy S, Watson CM, Kernohan KD, Lemos M, Hutchinson S, Poulter JA, Crinnion LA, Berry I, Simmonds J, Vasudevan P, O'Callaghan C, Hirst RA, Rutman A, Huang L, Hartley T, Grynspan D, Moya E, Li C, Carr IM, Bonthron DT, Leroux M, Boycott KM, Bastin P, Sheridan EG. Biallelic Mutations in LRRC56, Encoding a Protein Associated with Intraflagellar Transport, Cause Mucociliary Clearance and Laterality Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:727-739. [PMID: 30388400 PMCID: PMC6218757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary defects in motile cilia result in dysfunction of the apparatus responsible for generating fluid flows. Defects in these mechanisms underlie disorders characterized by poor mucus clearance, resulting in susceptibility to chronic recurrent respiratory infections, often associated with infertility; laterality defects occur in about 50% of such individuals. Here we report biallelic variants in LRRC56 (known as oda8 in Chlamydomonas) identified in three unrelated families. The phenotype comprises laterality defects and chronic pulmonary infections. High-speed video microscopy of cultured epithelial cells from an affected individual showed severely dyskinetic cilia but no obvious ultra-structural abnormalities on routine transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further investigation revealed that LRRC56 interacts with the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein IFT88. The link with IFT was interrogated in Trypanosoma brucei. In this protist, LRRC56 is recruited to the cilium during axoneme construction, where it co-localizes with IFT trains and is required for the addition of dynein arms to the distal end of the flagellum. In T. brucei carrying LRRC56-null mutations, or a variant resulting in the p.Leu259Pro substitution corresponding to the p.Leu140Pro variant seen in one of the affected families, we observed abnormal ciliary beat patterns and an absence of outer dynein arms restricted to the distal portion of the axoneme. Together, our findings confirm that deleterious variants in LRRC56 result in a human disease and suggest that this protein has a likely role in dynein transport during cilia assembly that is evolutionarily important for cilia motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kristin D Kernohan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Moara Lemos
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Hutchinson
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - James A Poulter
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Laura A Crinnion
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ian Berry
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jennifer Simmonds
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Chris O'Callaghan
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Respiratory, Critical Care & Anaesthesia, Institute of Child Health, University College London & Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Andrew Rutman
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Lijia Huang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David Grynspan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Eduardo Moya
- Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6R, UK
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michel Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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72
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Bertiaux E, Mallet A, Fort C, Blisnick T, Bonnefoy S, Jung J, Lemos M, Marco S, Vaughan S, Trépout S, Tinevez JY, Bastin P. Bidirectional intraflagellar transport is restricted to two sets of microtubule doublets in the trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4284-4297. [PMID: 30275108 PMCID: PMC6279389 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the movement of large protein complexes responsible for the construction of cilia and flagella. Using a combination of three-dimensional electron microscopy and high-resolution live imaging, Bertiaux et al. show that IFT takes place on only four microtubule doublets out of the nine available in the trypanosome flagellum. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the rapid bidirectional movement of large protein complexes driven by kinesin and dynein motors along microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. In this study, we used a combination of high-resolution electron and light microscopy to investigate how and where these IFT trains move within the flagellum of the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis of trypanosomes showed that trains are found almost exclusively along two sets of doublets (3–4 and 7–8) and distribute in two categories according to their length. High-resolution live imaging of cells expressing mNeonGreen::IFT81 or GFP::IFT52 revealed for the first time IFT trafficking on two parallel lines within the flagellum. Anterograde and retrograde IFT occurs on each of these lines. At the distal end, a large individual anterograde IFT train is converted in several smaller retrograde trains in the space of 3–4 s while remaining on the same side of the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,UtechS Ultrastructural Bioimaging (Ultrapole), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fort
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jamin Jung
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Moara Lemos
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Marco
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, INSERM U1196, Orsay, France
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9187, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, INSERM U1196, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- UtechS Photonic Bioimaging (Imagopole), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Image Analysis Hub, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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73
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Schneider A, Ochsenreiter T. Failure is not an option - mitochondrial genome segregation in trypanosomes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/18/jcs221820. [PMID: 30224426 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike most other model eukaryotes, Trypanosoma brucei and its relatives have a single mitochondrion with a single-unit mitochondrial genome that is termed kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Replication of the kDNA is coordinated with the cell cycle. During binary mitochondrial fission and prior to cytokinesis, the replicated kDNA has to be faithfully segregated to the daughter organelles. This process depends on the tripartite attachment complex (TAC) that physically links the kDNA across the two mitochondrial membranes with the basal body of the flagellum. Thus, the TAC couples segregation of the replicated kDNA with segregation of the basal bodies of the old and the new flagellum. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of the TAC in kDNA inheritance in T. brucei We focus on recent advances regarding the molecular composition of the TAC, and discuss how the TAC is assembled and how its subunits are targeted to their respective TAC subdomains. Finally, we will contrast the segregation of the single-unit kDNA in trypanosomes to mitochondrial genome inheritance in yeast and mammals, both of which have numerous mitochondria that each contain multiple genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestr. 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Ochsenreiter
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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74
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Duek P, Gateau A, Bairoch A, Lane L. Exploring the Uncharacterized Human Proteome Using neXtProt. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:4211-4226. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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75
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A Homozygous Ancestral SVA-Insertion-Mediated Deletion in WDR66 Induces Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Sperm Flagellum and Male Infertility. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:400-412. [PMID: 30122540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagellum (MMAF) is a severe form of male infertility defined by the presence of a mosaic of anomalies, including short, bent, curled, thick, or absent flagella, resulting from a severe disorganization of the axoneme and of the peri-axonemal structures. Mutations in DNAH1, CFAP43, and CFAP44, three genes encoding axoneme-related proteins, have been described to account for approximately 30% of the MMAF cases reported so far. Here, we searched for pathological copy-number variants in whole-exome sequencing data from a cohort of 78 MMAF-affected subjects to identify additional genes associated with MMAF. In 7 of 78 affected individuals, we identified a homozygous deletion that removes the two penultimate exons of WDR66 (also named CFAP251), a gene coding for an axonemal protein preferentially localized in the testis and described to localize to the calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex at the base of radial spoke 3. Sequence analysis of the breakpoint region revealed in all deleted subjects the presence of a single chimeric SVA (SINE-VNTR-Alu) at the breakpoint site, suggesting that the initial deletion event was potentially mediated by an SVA insertion-recombination mechanism. Study of Trypanosoma WDR66's ortholog (TbWDR66) highlighted high sequence and structural analogy with the human protein and confirmed axonemal localization of the protein. Reproduction of the human deletion in TbWDR66 impaired flagellar movement, thus confirming WDR66 as a gene associated with the MMAF phenotype and highlighting the importance of the WDR66 C-terminal region.
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76
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Zhang Y, Huang Y, Srivathsan A, Lim TK, Lin Q, He CY. The unusual flagellar-targeting mechanism and functions of the trypanosome ortholog of the ciliary GTPase Arl13b. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.219071. [PMID: 30097558 PMCID: PMC6140319 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Arl13b is one of the most conserved and ancient ciliary proteins. In human and animals, Arl13b is primarily associated with the ciliary membrane, where it acts as a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) for Arl3 and is implicated in a variety of ciliary and cellular functions. We have identified and characterized Trypanosoma brucei (Tb)Arl13, the sole Arl13b homolog in this evolutionarily divergent, protozoan parasite. TbArl13 has conserved flagellar functions and exhibits catalytic activity towards two different TbArl3 homologs. However, TbArl13 is distinctly associated with the axoneme through a dimerization/docking (D/D) domain. Replacing the D/D domain with a sequence encoding a flagellar membrane protein created a viable alternative to the wild-type TbArl13 in our RNA interference (RNAi)-based rescue assay. Therefore, flagellar enrichment is crucial for TbArl13, but mechanisms to achieve this could be flexible. Our findings thus extend the understanding of the roles of Arl13b and Arl13b–Arl3 pathway in a divergent flagellate of medical importance. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: All roads lead to cilia – how the essential flagellar enrichment of Arl13 is achieved in trypanosome cells using a fundamentally different strategy compared with that of animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Yameng Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Amrita Srivathsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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77
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The complexity of the cilium: spatiotemporal diversity of an ancient organelle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:139-149. [PMID: 30138887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based appendages present on almost all vertebrate cell types where they mediate a myriad of cellular processes critical for development and homeostasis. In humans, impaired ciliary function is associated with an ever-expanding repertoire of phenotypically-overlapping yet highly variable genetic disorders, the ciliopathies. Extensive work to elucidate the structure, function, and composition of the cilium is offering hints that the `static' representation of the cilium is a gross oversimplification of a highly dynamic organelle whose functions are choreographed dynamically across cell types, developmental, and homeostatic contexts. Understanding this diversity will require discerning ciliary versus non-ciliary roles for classically-defined `ciliary' proteins; defining ciliary protein-protein interaction networks within and beyond the cilium; and resolving the spatiotemporal diversity of ciliary structure and function. Here, focusing on one evolutionarily conserved ciliary module, the intraflagellar transport system, we explore these ideas and propose potential future studies that will improve our knowledge gaps of the oversimplified cilium and, by extension, inform the reasons that underscore the striking range of clinical pathologies associated with ciliary dysfunction.
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78
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Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: genome organization, expression, metabolism, taxonomy and evolution. Parasitology 2018; 146:1-27. [PMID: 29898792 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Dixenous species are aetiological agents of a number of diseases in humans, domestic animals and plants. Their monoxenous relatives are restricted to insects. Because of the high biological diversity, adaptability to dramatically different environmental conditions, and omnipresence, these protists have major impact on all biotic communities that still needs to be fully elucidated. In addition, as these organisms represent a highly divergent evolutionary lineage, they are strikingly different from the common 'model system' eukaryotes, such as some mammals, plants or fungi. A number of excellent reviews, published over the past decade, were dedicated to specialized topics from the areas of trypanosomatid molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, host-parasite relationships or other aspects of these fascinating organisms. However, there is a need for a more comprehensive review that summarizing recent advances in the studies of trypanosomatids in the last 30 years, a task, which we tried to accomplish with the current paper.
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79
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Parasite motility is critical for virulence of African trypanosomes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9122. [PMID: 29904094 PMCID: PMC6002391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei spp., are lethal pathogens that cause substantial human suffering and limit economic development in some of the world's most impoverished regions. The name Trypanosoma ("auger cell") derives from the parasite's distinctive motility, which is driven by a single flagellum. However, despite decades of study, a requirement for trypanosome motility in mammalian host infection has not been established. LC1 is a conserved dynein subunit required for flagellar motility. Prior studies with a conditional RNAi-based LC1 mutant, RNAi-K/R, revealed that parasites with defective motility could infect mice. However, RNAi-K/R retained residual expression of wild-type LC1 and residual motility, thus precluding definitive interpretation. To overcome these limitations, here we generate constitutive mutants in which both LC1 alleles are replaced with mutant versions. These double knock-in mutants show reduced motility compared to RNAi-K/R and are viable in culture, but are unable to maintain bloodstream infection in mice. The virulence defect is independent of infection route but dependent on an intact host immune system. By comparing different mutants, we also reveal a critical dependence on the LC1 N-terminus for motility and virulence. Our findings demonstrate that trypanosome motility is critical for establishment and maintenance of bloodstream infection, implicating dynein-dependent flagellar motility as a potential drug target.
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80
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Adenylate Cyclases of Trypanosoma brucei, Environmental Sensors and Controllers of Host Innate Immune Response. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020048. [PMID: 29693583 PMCID: PMC6027212 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, etiological agent of Sleeping Sickness in Africa, is the prototype of African trypanosomes, protozoan extracellular flagellate parasites transmitted by saliva (Salivaria). In these parasites the molecular controls of the cell cycle and environmental sensing are elaborate and concentrated at the flagellum. Genomic analyses suggest that these parasites appear to differ considerably from the host in signaling mechanisms, with the exception of receptor-type adenylate cyclases (AC) that are topologically similar to receptor-type guanylate cyclase (GC) of higher eukaryotes but control a new class of cAMP targets of unknown function, the cAMP response proteins (CARPs), rather than the classical protein kinase A cAMP effector (PKA). T. brucei possesses a large polymorphic family of ACs, mainly associated with the flagellar membrane, and these are involved in inhibition of the innate immune response of the host prior to the massive release of immunomodulatory factors at the first peak of parasitemia. Recent evidence suggests that in T. brucei several insect-specific AC isoforms are involved in social motility, whereas only a few AC isoforms are involved in cytokinesis control of bloodstream forms, attesting that a complex signaling pathway is required for environmental sensing. In this review, after a general update on cAMP signaling pathway and the multiple roles of cAMP, I summarize the existing knowledge of the mechanisms by which pathogenic microorganisms modulate cAMP levels to escape immune defense.
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81
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Mutations in CFAP43 and CFAP44 cause male infertility and flagellum defects in Trypanosoma and human. Nat Commun 2018; 9:686. [PMID: 29449551 PMCID: PMC5814398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis defects concern millions of men worldwide, yet the vast majority remains undiagnosed. Here we report men with primary infertility due to multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella with severe disorganization of the sperm axoneme, a microtubule-based structure highly conserved throughout evolution. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on 78 patients allowing the identification of 22 men with bi-allelic mutations in DNAH1 (n = 6), CFAP43 (n = 10), and CFAP44 (n = 6). CRISPR/Cas9 created homozygous CFAP43/44 male mice that were infertile and presented severe flagellar defects confirming the human genetic results. Immunoelectron and stimulated-emission-depletion microscopy performed on CFAP43 and CFAP44 orthologs in Trypanosoma brucei evidenced that both proteins are located between the doublet microtubules 5 and 6 and the paraflagellar rod. Overall, we demonstrate that CFAP43 and CFAP44 have a similar structure with a unique axonemal localization and are necessary to produce functional flagella in species ranging from Trypanosoma to human. Asthenozoospermia is a major cause of male infertility, and multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) is a particularly severe form. Here, using whole-exome sequencing of 78 MMAF patients, the authors identify mutations in two WDR proteins, CFAP43 and CFAP44, and confirm that these proteins are required for flagellogenesis in mouse and Trypanosoma brucei.
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82
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Zabeo D, Heumann JM, Schwartz CL, Suzuki-Shinjo A, Morgan G, Widlund PO, Höög JL. A lumenal interrupted helix in human sperm tail microtubules. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2727. [PMID: 29426884 PMCID: PMC5807425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic flagella are complex cellular extensions involved in many human diseases gathered under the term ciliopathies. Currently, detailed insights on flagellar structure come mostly from studies on protists. Here, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) was performed on intact human spermatozoon tails and showed a variable number of microtubules in the singlet region (inside the end-piece). Inside the microtubule plus end, a novel left-handed interrupted helix which extends several micrometers was discovered. This structure was named Tail Axoneme Intra-Lumenal Spiral (TAILS) and binds directly to 11 protofilaments on the internal microtubule wall, in a coaxial fashion with the surrounding microtubule lattice. It leaves a gap over the microtubule seam, which was directly visualized in both singlet and doublet microtubules. We speculate that TAILS may stabilize microtubules, enable rapid swimming or play a role in controlling the swimming direction of spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zabeo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41390, Sweden
| | - John M Heumann
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Cindi L Schwartz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Azusa Suzuki-Shinjo
- Krefting Research Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41390, Sweden
| | - Garry Morgan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Per O Widlund
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41390, Sweden
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41390, Sweden.
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83
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Sigg MA, Menchen T, Lee C, Johnson J, Jungnickel MK, Choksi SP, Garcia G, Busengdal H, Dougherty GW, Pennekamp P, Werner C, Rentzsch F, Florman HM, Krogan N, Wallingford JB, Omran H, Reiter JF. Evolutionary Proteomics Uncovers Ancient Associations of Cilia with Signaling Pathways. Dev Cell 2018; 43:744-762.e11. [PMID: 29257953 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are organelles specialized for movement and signaling. To infer when during evolution signaling pathways became associated with cilia, we characterized the proteomes of cilia from sea urchins, sea anemones, and choanoflagellates. We identified 437 high-confidence ciliary candidate proteins conserved in mammals and discovered that Hedgehog and G-protein-coupled receptor pathways were linked to cilia before the origin of bilateria and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels before the origin of animals. We demonstrated that candidates not previously implicated in ciliary biology localized to cilia and further investigated ENKUR, a TRP channel-interacting protein identified in the cilia of all three organisms. ENKUR localizes to motile cilia and is required for patterning the left-right axis in vertebrates. Moreover, mutation of ENKUR causes situs inversus in humans. Thus, proteomic profiling of cilia from diverse eukaryotes defines a conserved ciliary proteome, reveals ancient connections to signaling, and uncovers a ciliary protein that underlies development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffery Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melissa K Jungnickel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Semil P Choksi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henriette Busengdal
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Fabian Rentzsch
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Harvey M Florman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nevan Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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84
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Vincensini L, Blisnick T, Bertiaux E, Hutchinson S, Georgikou C, Ooi CP, Bastin P. Flagellar incorporation of proteins follows at least two different routes in trypanosomes. Biol Cell 2017; 110:33-47. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Vincensini
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Sebastian Hutchinson
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Christina Georgikou
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
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85
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El Shamieh S, Méjécase C, Bertelli M, Terray A, Michiels C, Condroyer C, Fouquet S, Sadoun M, Clérin E, Liu B, Léveillard T, Goureau O, Sahel JA, Audo I, Zeitz C. Further Insights into the Ciliary Gene and Protein KIZ and Its Murine Ortholog PLK1S1 Mutated in Rod-Cone Dystrophy. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100277. [PMID: 29057815 PMCID: PMC5664127 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified herein additional patients with rod-cone dystrophy (RCD) displaying mutations in KIZ, encoding the ciliary centrosomal protein kizuna and performed functional characterization of the respective protein in human fibroblasts and of its mouse ortholog PLK1S1 in the retina. Mutation screening was done by targeted next generation sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing validation. KIZ mRNA levels were assessed on blood and serum-deprived human fibroblasts from a control individual and a patient, compound heterozygous for the c.52G>T (p.Glu18*) and c.119_122del (p.Lys40Ilefs*14) mutations in KIZ. KIZ localization, documentation of cilium length and immunoblotting were performed in these two fibroblast cell lines. In addition, PLK1S1 immunolocalization was conducted in mouse retinal cryosections and isolated rod photoreceptors. Analyses of additional RCD patients enabled the identification of two homozygous mutations in KIZ, the known c.226C>T (p.Arg76*) mutation and a novel variant, the c.3G>A (p.Met1?) mutation. Albeit the expression levels of KIZ were three-times lower in the patient than controls in whole blood cells, further analyses in control- and mutant KIZ patient-derived fibroblasts unexpectedly revealed no significant difference between the two genotypes. Furthermore, the averaged monocilia length in the two fibroblast cell lines was similar, consistent with the preserved immunolocalization of KIZ at the basal body of the primary cilia. Analyses in mouse retina and isolated rod photoreceptors showed PLK1S1 localization at the base of the photoreceptor connecting cilium. In conclusion, two additional patients with mutations in KIZ were identified, further supporting that defects in KIZ/PLK1S1, detected at the basal body of the primary cilia in fibroblasts, and the photoreceptor connecting cilium in mouse, respectively, are involved in RCD. However, albeit the mutations were predicted to lead to nonsense mediated mRNA decay, we could not detect changes upon expression levels, protein localization or cilia length in KIZ-mutated fibroblast cells. Together, our findings unveil the limitations of fibroblasts as a cellular model for RCD and call for other models such as induced pluripotent stem cells to shed light on retinal pathogenic mechanisms of KIZ mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Shamieh
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, 115020 Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Cécile Méjécase
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | | | - Angélique Terray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Christelle Michiels
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Maxime Sadoun
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Clérin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Binqian Liu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France.
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France.
- Académie des Sciences-Institut de France, 75006 Paris, France.
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France.
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86
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Ishimoto K. Guidance of microswimmers by wall and flow: Thigmotaxis and rheotaxis of unsteady squirmers in two and three dimensions. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:043103. [PMID: 29347500 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.043103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The motions of an unsteady circular-disk squirmer and a spherical squirmer have been investigated in the presence of a no-slip infinite wall and a background shear flow in order to clarify the similarities and differences between two- and three-dimensional motions. Despite the similar bifurcation structure of the dynamical system, the stability of the fixed points differs due to the Hamiltonian structure of the disk squirmer. Once the unsteady oscillating surface velocity profile is considered, the disk squirmer can behave in a chaotic manner and cease to be confined in a near-wall region. In contrast, in an unsteady spherical squirmer, the dynamics is well attracted by a stable fixed point. Additional wall contact interactions lead to stable fixed points for the disk squirmer, and, in turn, the surface entrapment of the disk squirmer can be stabilized, regardless of the existence of the background flow. Finally, we consider spherical motion under a background flow. The separated time scales of the surface entrapment (thigmotaxis) and the turning toward the flow direction (rheotaxis) enable us to reduce the dynamics to two-dimensional phase space, and simple weather-vane mechanics can predict squirmer rheotaxis. The analogous structure of the phase plane with the wall contact in two and three dimensions implies that the two-dimensional disk swimmer successfully captures the nonlinear interactions, and thus two-dimensional approximation could be useful in designing microfluidic devices for the guidance of microswimmers and for clarifying the locomotions in a complex geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Ishimoto
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom; The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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87
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Brosson S, Bottu G, Pays E, Bousbata S, Salmon D. Identification and preliminary characterization of a putative C-type lectin receptor-like protein in the T. cruzi tomato lectin endocytic-enriched proteome. Microbiol Res 2017; 205:73-79. [PMID: 28942847 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the Chagas' disease in Latin America undergoes a complex life cycle involving two hosts, a mammalian host and a reduviid insect vector (triatomine). In the insect midgut the parasite multiplies as epimastigote forms, which rely on endocytosis for their energy requirement. We recently showed that posttranslational modification of endocytic N-glycoproteins by tomato lectin (TL) binding-N-glycans is crucial for receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) in epimastigote forms. In an attempt to characterize the endocytic proteome we used a TL affinity chromatography, which significantly enriched glycoproteins of the trypanosomal endocytic pathway. In addition to various lysosomal hydrolases, we found an endosomal C-type lectin-like protein, which displays some structural and topological characteristics of the mammalian lectin receptor superfamily. This lectin encoding a large transmembrane protein of around 375kDa contained three putative extracellular N-terminal C-type lectin domains (CTLD) and located inside the flagellar pocket (FP)/cytostome and endosomal compartments of the insect stage of the parasite and on the surface of the plasma membrane of intracellular amastigote parasites. Noteworthy, this endogenous lectin displayed similar sugar-binding specificity to that of TL and therefore could be important in either the N-glycan mediated endocytosis or parasite adhesion to host cells. We postulated that during the evolution of trypanosomatids, genes encoding lectin harboring 3 CTDLs represent an old acquisition present in free-living, monoxenic and heteroxenic trypanosomatids, which would have been secondarily lost in extracellular parasites from the T. brucei clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Brosson
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Guy Bottu
- VIB BioInformatics Training and Services (BITS), Rijvisschestraat 126 3/R, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Didier Salmon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências e da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil.
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88
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Tanifuji G, Cenci U, Moog D, Dean S, Nakayama T, David V, Fiala I, Curtis BA, Sibbald SJ, Onodera NT, Colp M, Flegontov P, Johnson-MacKinnon J, McPhee M, Inagaki Y, Hashimoto T, Kelly S, Gull K, Lukeš J, Archibald JM. Genome sequencing reveals metabolic and cellular interdependence in an amoeba-kinetoplastid symbiosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11688. [PMID: 28916813 PMCID: PMC5601477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic relationships between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are common in nature. Endosymbioses between two eukaryotes are also known; cyanobacterium-derived plastids have spread horizontally when one eukaryote assimilated another. A unique instance of a non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic endosymbiont involves members of the genus Paramoeba, amoebozoans that infect marine animals such as farmed fish and sea urchins. Paramoeba species harbor endosymbionts belonging to the Kinetoplastea, a diverse group of flagellate protists including some that cause devastating diseases. To elucidate the nature of this eukaryote-eukaryote association, we sequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of Paramoeba pemaquidensis and its endosymbiont Perkinsela sp. The endosymbiont nuclear genome is ~9.5 Mbp in size, the smallest of a kinetoplastid thus far discovered. Genomic analyses show that Perkinsela sp. has lost the ability to make a flagellum but retains hallmark features of kinetoplastid biology, including polycistronic transcription, trans-splicing, and a glycosome-like organelle. Mosaic biochemical pathways suggest extensive ‘cross-talk’ between the two organisms, and electron microscopy shows that the endosymbiont ingests amoeba cytoplasm, a novel form of endosymbiont-host communication. Our data reveal the cell biological and biochemical basis of the obligate relationship between Perkinsela sp. and its amoeba host, and provide a foundation for understanding pathogenicity determinants in economically important Paramoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Tanifuji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel Moog
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Dean
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Takuro Nakayama
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
| | - Vojtěch David
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bruce A Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shannon J Sibbald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Naoko T Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Morgan Colp
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica Johnson-MacKinnon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Michael McPhee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gull
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, Canada
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, Canada.
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89
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Prevo B, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery. FEBS J 2017; 284:2905-2931. [PMID: 28342295 PMCID: PMC5603355 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a form of motor-dependent cargo transport that is essential for the assembly, maintenance, and length control of cilia, which play critical roles in motility, sensory reception, and signal transduction in virtually all eukaryotic cells. During IFT, anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde IFT dynein motors drive the bidirectional transport of IFT trains that deliver cargo, for example, axoneme precursors such as tubulins as well as molecules of the signal transduction machinery, to their site of assembly within the cilium. Following its discovery in Chlamydomonas, IFT has emerged as a powerful model system for studying general principles of motor-dependent cargo transport and we now appreciate the diversity that exists in the mechanism of IFT within cilia of different cell types. The absence of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 function, for example, causes a complete loss of both IFT and cilia in Chlamydomonas, but following its loss in Caenorhabditis elegans, where its primary function is loading the IFT machinery into cilia, homodimeric kinesin-2-driven IFT persists and assembles a full-length cilium. Generally, heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and IFT dynein motors are thought to play widespread roles as core IFT motors, whereas homodimeric kinesin-2 motors are accessory motors that mediate different functions in a broad range of cilia, in some cases contributing to axoneme assembly or the delivery of signaling molecules but in many other cases their ciliary functions, if any, remain unknown. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of motor action, motor cooperation, and motor-dependent cargo delivery during IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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90
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Harmer J, Qi X, Toniolo G, Patel A, Shaw H, Benson FE, Ginger ML, McKean PG. Variation in Basal Body Localisation and Targeting of Trypanosome RP2 and FOR20 Proteins. Protist 2017; 168:452-466. [PMID: 28822909 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TOF-LisH-PLL motifs define FOP family proteins; some members are involved in flagellum assembly. The critical role of FOP family protein FOR20 is poorly understood. Here, we report relative localisations of the four FOP family proteins in parasitic Trypanosoma brucei: TbRP2, TbOFD1 and TbFOP/FOP1-like are mature basal body proteins whereas TbFOR20 is present on pro- and mature basal bodies - on the latter it localises distal to TbRP2. We discuss how the data, together with published work for another protist Giardia intestinalis, informs on likely FOR20 function. Moreover, our localisation study provides convincing evidence that the antigen recognised by monoclonal antibody YL1/2 at trypanosome mature basal bodies is FOP family protein TbRP2, not tyrosinated α-tubulin as widely stated in the literature. Curiously, FOR20 proteins from T. brucei and closely related African trypanosomes possess short, negatively-charged N-terminal extensions absent from FOR20 in other trypanosomatids and other eukaryotes. The extension is necessary for protein targeting, but insufficient to re-direct TbRP2 to probasal bodies. Yet, FOR20 from the American trypanosome T. cruzi, which lacks any extension, localises to pro- and mature basal bodies when expressed in T. brucei. This identifies unexpected variation in FOR20 architecture that is presently unique to one clade of trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Harmer
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Xin Qi
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Gabriella Toniolo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Aysha Patel
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hannah Shaw
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Fiona E Benson
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Michael L Ginger
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Paul G McKean
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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91
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Goos C, Dejung M, Janzen CJ, Butter F, Kramer S. The nuclear proteome of Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181884. [PMID: 28727848 PMCID: PMC5519215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan flagellate that is transmitted by tsetse flies into the mammalian bloodstream. The parasite has a huge impact on human health both directly by causing African sleeping sickness and indirectly, by infecting domestic cattle. The biology of trypanosomes involves some highly unusual, nuclear-localised processes. These include polycistronic transcription without classical promoters initiated from regions defined by histone variants, trans-splicing of all transcripts to the exon of a spliced leader RNA, transcription of some very abundant proteins by RNA polymerase I and antigenic variation, a switch in expression of the cell surface protein variants that allows the parasite to resist the immune system of its mammalian host. Here, we provide the nuclear proteome of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei, the stage that resides within the tsetse fly midgut. We have performed quantitative label-free mass spectrometry to score 764 significantly nuclear enriched proteins in comparison to whole cell lysates. A comparison with proteomes of several experimentally characterised nuclear and non-nuclear structures and pathways confirmed the high quality of the dataset: the proteome contains about 80% of all nuclear proteins and less than 2% false positives. Using motif enrichment, we found the amino acid sequence KRxR present in a large number of nuclear proteins. KRxR is a sub-motif of a classical eukaryotic monopartite nuclear localisation signal and could be responsible for nuclear localization of proteins in Kinetoplastida species. As a proof of principle, we have confirmed the nuclear localisation of six proteins with previously unknown localisation by expressing eYFP fusion proteins. While proteome data of several T. brucei organelles have been published, our nuclear proteome closes an important gap in knowledge to study trypanosome biology, in particular nuclear-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Goos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian J. Janzen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (FB)
| | - Susanne Kramer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (FB)
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92
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Characterization of ciliobrevin A mediated dynein ATPase inhibition on flagellar motility of Leishmania donovani. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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93
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Li FJ, Xu ZS, Aye HM, Brasseur A, Lun ZR, Tan KSW, He CY. An efficient cumate-inducible system for procyclic and bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:101-104. [PMID: 28438458 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In Trypanosoma brucei, the tetracycline-inducible system enables tightly-regulated, highly-efficient expression of recombinant proteins or double-stranded RNA in both procyclic and bloodstream form cells, providing useful molecular genetic tools to study gene functions. An alternative, vanillic acid-inducible system is recently described for procyclic T. brucei, providing ∼18-fold increase in GFP reporter expression upon induction (Sunter JD. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2016, 207:45-48). Here we describe a cumate-inducible system that allows efficient, tunable gene expression showing >300-fold increase in GFP expression upon induction. The cumate-inducible system can be used alone or together with the tetracycline-inducible system, in both procyclic and bloodstream form T. brucei. Efficient cumate-inducible expression is also achieved in T. brucei-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
| | - Zhi-Shen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Htay Mon Aye
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Anaïs Brasseur
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kevin S W Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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94
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Di Giacomo R, Krödel S, Maresca B, Benzoni P, Rusconi R, Stocker R, Daraio C. Deployable micro-traps to sequester motile bacteria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45897. [PMID: 28378786 PMCID: PMC5381207 DOI: 10.1038/srep45897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies to reduce the load of unwanted bacteria is a fundamental challenge in industrial processing, environmental sciences and medical applications. Here, we report a new method to sequester motile bacteria from a liquid, based on passive, deployable micro-traps that confine bacteria using micro-funnels that open into trapping chambers. Even in low concentrations, micro-traps afford a 70% reduction in the amount of bacteria in a liquid sample, with a potential to reach >90% as shown by modelling improved geometries. This work introduces a new approach to contain the growth of bacteria without chemical means, an advantage of particular importance given the alarming growth of pan-drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Di Giacomo
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Krödel
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Maresca
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rusconi
- Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roman Stocker
- Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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95
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Moreira BP, Fonseca CK, Hammarton TC, Baqui MMA. Giant FAZ10 is required for flagellum attachment zone stabilization and furrow positioning in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1179-1193. [PMID: 28193733 PMCID: PMC5358337 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The flagellum and flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) are important cytoskeletal structures in trypanosomatids, being required for motility, cell division and cell morphogenesis. Trypanosomatid cytoskeletons contain abundant high molecular mass proteins (HMMPs), but many of their biological functions are still unclear. Here, we report the characterization of the giant FAZ protein, FAZ10, in Trypanosoma brucei, which, using immunoelectron microscopy, we show localizes to the intermembrane staples in the FAZ intracellular domain. Our data show that FAZ10 is a giant cytoskeletal protein essential for normal growth and morphology in both procyclic and bloodstream parasite life cycle stages, with its depletion leading to defects in cell morphogenesis, flagellum attachment, and kinetoplast and nucleus positioning. We show that the flagellum attachment defects are probably brought about by reduced tethering of the proximal domain of the paraflagellar rod to the FAZ filament. Further, FAZ10 depletion also reduces abundance of FAZ flagellum domain protein, ClpGM6. Moreover, ablation of FAZ10 impaired the timing and placement of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, resulting in premature or asymmetrical cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo P Moreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carol K Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tansy C Hammarton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Munira M A Baqui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
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96
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Loreng TD, Smith EF. The Central Apparatus of Cilia and Eukaryotic Flagella. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028118. [PMID: 27770014 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The motile cilium is a complex organelle that is typically comprised of a 9+2 microtubule skeleton; nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubules. Like the doublet microtubules, the central microtubules form a scaffold for the assembly of protein complexes forming an intricate network of interconnected projections. The central microtubules and associated structures are collectively referred to as the central apparatus (CA). Studies using a variety of experimental approaches and model organisms have led to the discovery of a number of highly conserved protein complexes, unprecedented high-resolution views of projection structure, and new insights into regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding. Here, we review recent progress in defining mechanisms for the assembly and function of the CA and include possible implications for the importance of the CA in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Loreng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Elizabeth F Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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97
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Wheeler RJ. Use of chiral cell shape to ensure highly directional swimming in trypanosomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005353. [PMID: 28141804 PMCID: PMC5308837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming cells typically move along a helical path or undergo longitudinal rotation as they swim, arising from chiral asymmetry in hydrodynamic drag or propulsion bending the swimming path into a helix. Helical paths are beneficial for some forms of chemotaxis, but why asymmetric shape is so prevalent when a symmetric shape would also allow highly directional swimming is unclear. Here, I analyse the swimming of the insect life cycle stages of two human parasites; Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania mexicana. This showed quantitatively how chirality in T. brucei cell shape confers highly directional swimming. High speed videomicrographs showed that T. brucei, L. mexicana and a T. brucei RNAi morphology mutant have a range of shape asymmetries, from wild-type T. brucei (highly chiral) to L. mexicana (near-axial symmetry). The chiral cells underwent longitudinal rotation while swimming, with more rapid longitudinal rotation correlating with swimming path directionality. Simulation indicated hydrodynamic drag on the chiral cell shape caused rotation, and the predicted geometry of the resulting swimming path matched the directionality of the observed swimming paths. This simulation of swimming path geometry showed that highly chiral cell shape is a robust mechanism through which microscale swimmers can achieve highly directional swimming at low Reynolds number. It is insensitive to random variation in shape or propulsion (biological noise). Highly symmetric cell shape can give highly directional swimming but is at risk of giving futile circular swimming paths in the presence of biological noise. This suggests the chiral T. brucei cell shape (associated with the lateral attachment of the flagellum) may be an adaptation associated with the bloodstream-inhabiting lifestyle of this parasite for robust highly directional swimming. It also provides a plausible general explanation for why swimming cells tend to have strong asymmetries in cell shape or propulsion. Swimming cells often follow a helical swimming path, however the advantage of helical paths over a simple straight line path is not clear. To analyse this phenomenon, I analysed the swimming of the human parasites Trypanosoma brucei (which causes sleeping sickness/trypanosomiasis) and Leishmania mexicana (which causes leishmaniasis). Using new computational methods to determine the three dimensional shape of swimming cells I showed that T. brucei have a helical shape which causes rotation as the cell swims, and the geometry of the resulting swimming path makes the cell movement highly directional. In contrast, L. mexicana are symmetrical, do not rotate, and their swimming paths are curved and have low directionality. Using a T. brucei mutant I showed that the cell structure responsible for the helical shape while swimming is the flagellum attachment zone. This explains a key function of this structure. Finally, simulations showed the phenomenon of rotation while swimming is a way cells can ensure highly directional swimming along a controlled helical path, overcoming random variation in cell shape or propulsion. This provides a general explanation for why swimming cells are often asymmetric and tend to follow helical paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard John Wheeler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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98
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New cell motility model observed in parasitic cnidarian Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) blood stages in fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39093. [PMID: 27982057 PMCID: PMC5159882 DOI: 10.1038/srep39093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular motility is essential for microscopic parasites, it is used to reach the host, migrate through tissues, or evade host immune reactions. Many cells employ an evolutionary conserved motor protein– actin, to crawl or glide along a substrate. We describe the peculiar movement of Sphaerospora molnari, a myxozoan parasite with proliferating blood stages in its host, common carp. Myxozoa are highly adapted parasitic cnidarians alternately infecting vertebrates and invertebrates. S. molnari blood stages (SMBS) have developed a unique “dancing” behaviour, using the external membrane as a motility effector to rotate and move the cell. SMBS movement is exceptionally fast compared to other myxozoans, non-directional and constant. The movement is based on two cytoplasmic actins that are highly divergent from those of other metazoans. We produced a specific polyclonal actin antibody for the staining and immunolabelling of S. molnari’s microfilaments since we found that neither commercial antibodies nor phalloidin recognised the protein or microfilaments. We show the in situ localization of this actin in the parasite and discuss the importance of this motility for evasion from the cellular host immune response in vitro. This new type of motility holds key insights into the evolution of cellular motility and associated proteins.
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99
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Cheung JLY, Wand NV, Ooi CP, Ridewood S, Wheeler RJ, Rudenko G. Blocking Synthesis of the Variant Surface Glycoprotein Coat in Trypanosoma brucei Leads to an Increase in Macrophage Phagocytosis Due to Reduced Clearance of Surface Coat Antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006023. [PMID: 27893860 PMCID: PMC5125712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular bloodstream form parasite Trypanosoma brucei is supremely adapted to escape the host innate and adaptive immune system. Evasion is mediated through an antigenically variable Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat, which is recycled at extraordinarily high rates. Blocking VSG synthesis triggers a precytokinesis arrest where stalled cells persist for days in vitro with superficially intact VSG coats, but are rapidly cleared within hours in mice. We therefore investigated the role of VSG synthesis in trypanosome phagocytosis by activated mouse macrophages. T. brucei normally effectively evades macrophages, and induction of VSG RNAi resulted in little change in phagocytosis of the arrested cells. Halting VSG synthesis resulted in stalled cells which swam directionally rather than tumbling, with a significant increase in swim velocity. This is possibly a consequence of increased rigidity of the cells due to a restricted surface coat in the absence of VSG synthesis. However if VSG RNAi was induced in the presence of anti-VSG221 antibodies, phagocytosis increased significantly. Blocking VSG synthesis resulted in reduced clearance of anti-VSG antibodies from the trypanosome surface, possibly as a consequence of the changed motility. This was particularly marked in cells in the G2/ M cell cycle stage, where the half-life of anti-VSG antibody increased from 39.3 ± 4.2 seconds to 99.2 ± 15.9 seconds after induction of VSG RNAi. The rates of internalisation of bulk surface VSG, or endocytic markers like transferrin, tomato lectin or dextran were not significantly affected by the VSG synthesis block. Efficient elimination of anti-VSG-antibody complexes from the trypanosome cell surface is therefore essential for trypanosome evasion of macrophages. These experiments highlight the essentiality of high rates of VSG recycling for the rapid removal of host opsonins from the parasite surface, and identify this process as a key parasite virulence factor during a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie L. Y. Cheung
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadina V. Wand
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Ridewood
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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100
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Reactivation of flagellar motility in demembranated Leishmania reveals role of cAMP in flagellar wave reversal to ciliary waveform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37308. [PMID: 27849021 PMCID: PMC5110981 DOI: 10.1038/srep37308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellum of parasitic trypanosomes is a multifunctional appendage essential for its viability and infectivity. However, the biological mechanisms that make the flagellum so dynamic remains unexplored. No method is available to access and induce axonemal motility at will to decipher motility regulation in trypanosomes. For the first time we report the development of a detergent-extracted/demembranated ATP-reactivated model for studying flagellar motility in Leishmania. Flagellar beat parameters of reactivated parasites were similar to live ones. Using this model we discovered that cAMP (both exogenous and endogenous) induced flagellar wave reversal to a ciliary waveform in reactivated parasites via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. The effect was reversible and highly specific. Such an effect of cAMP on the flagellar waveform has never been observed before in any organism. Flagellar wave reversal allows parasites to change direction of swimming. Our findings suggest a possible cAMP-dependent mechanism by which Leishmania responds to its surrounding microenvironment, necessary for its survival. Our demembranated-reactivated model not only serves as an important tool for functional studies of flagellated eukaryotic parasites but has the potential to understand ciliary motility regulation with possible implication on human ciliopathies.
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