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Tarasewicz E, Oakes RS, Aviles MO, Straehla J, Chilton KM, Decker JT, Wu J, Shea LD, Jeruss JS. Embryonic stem cell secreted factors decrease invasiveness of triple-negative breast cancer cells through regulome modulation. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:271-281. [PMID: 29053396 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1385681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell microenvironments decrease the invasiveness of cancer cells, and elucidating the mechanisms associated with disease regression could further the development of targeted therapies for aggressive cancer subtypes. To this end, we applied an emerging technology, TRanscriptional Activity CEll aRray (TRACER), to investigate the reprogramming of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in conditions that promoted a less aggressive phenotype. The repressive environment was established through exposure to mouse embryonic stem cell conditioned media (mESC CM). Assessment of carcinogenic phenotypes indicated that mESC CM exposure decreased proliferation, invasion, migration, and stemness in TNBC cells. Protein expression analysis revealed that mESC CM exposure increased expression of the epithelial protein E-cadherin and decreased the mesenchymal protein MMP9. Gene expression analysis showed that mESC CM decreased epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers fibronectin, vimentin, and Snail. Over a period of 6 d, TRACER quantified changes in activity of 11 transcription factors (TFs) associated with oncogenic progression. The EMT profile was decreased in association with the activity of 7 TFs (Smad3, NF-κΒ, MEF2, GATA, Hif1, Sp1, and RXR). Further examination of Smad3 and GATA expression and phosphorylation revealed that mESC CM exposure decreased noncanonical Smad3 phosphorylation and Smad3-mediated gene expression, increased GATA3 expression and phosphorylation, and resulted in a synergistic decrease in migration of GATA3 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, the application of TRACER to examine TF activity associated with the transition of cancer cells to a less aggressive phenotype, as directed by mESC CM, identified novel mechanistic events linking the embryonic microenvironment to both favorable changes and cellular plasticity in TNBC cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tarasewicz
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert S Oakes
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Misael O Aviles
- c Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Joelle Straehla
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Kathryn M Chilton
- a Department of Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Joseph T Decker
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jia Wu
- c Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,d Department of Surgery , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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52
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Heiderscheit EA, Eguchi A, Spurgat MC, Ansari AZ. Reprogramming cell fate with artificial transcription factors. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:888-900. [PMID: 29389011 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) reprogram cell states by exerting control over gene regulatory networks and the epigenetic landscape of a cell. Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) are designer regulatory proteins comprised of modular units that can be customized to overcome challenges faced by natural TFs in establishing and maintaining desired cell states. Decades of research on DNA-binding proteins and synthetic molecules has provided a molecular toolkit for ATF design and the construction of genome-scale libraries of ATFs capable of phenotypic manipulation and reprogramming of cell states. Here, we compare the unique strengths and limitations of different ATF platforms, highlight the advantages of cooperative assembly, and present the potential of ATF libraries in revealing gene regulatory networks that govern cell fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Heiderscheit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA.,The Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA
| | - Asuka Eguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA.,The Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mackenzie C Spurgat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA.,The Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aseem Z Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA.,The Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, USA
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53
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Kumar S, Blangero J, Curran JE. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Disease Modeling and Gene Identification. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1706:17-38. [PMID: 29423791 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7471-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental modeling of human inherited disorders provides insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, and the underlying genetic component influencing, the disease phenotype. The breakthrough development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology represents a quantum leap in experimental modeling of human diseases, providing investigators with a self-renewing and, thus, unlimited source of pluripotent cells for targeted differentiation. In principle, the entire range of cell types found in the human body can be interrogated using an iPSC approach. Therefore, iPSC technology, and the increasingly refined abilities to differentiate iPSCs into disease-relevant target cells, has far-reaching implications for understanding disease pathophysiology, identifying disease-causing genes, and developing more precise therapeutics, including advances in regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we discuss the technological perspectives and recent developments in the application of patient-derived iPSC lines for human disease modeling and disease gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA.
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
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54
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Chen JH, Goh KJ, Rocha N, Groeneveld MP, Minic M, Barrett TG, Savage D, Semple RK. Evaluation of human dermal fibroblasts directly reprogrammed to adipocyte-like cells as a metabolic disease model. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1411-1420. [PMID: 28982679 PMCID: PMC5769609 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary tissue affected in most single gene forms of severe insulin resistance, and growing evidence has implicated it as a site at which many risk alleles for insulin resistance identified in population-wide studies might exert their effect. There is thus increasing need for human adipocyte models in which to interrogate the function of known and emerging genetic risk variants. However, primary adipocyte cultures, existing immortalised cell lines and stem-cell based models all have significant biological or practical limitations. In an attempt to widen the repertoire of human cell models in which to study adipocyte-autonomous effects of relevant human genetic variants, we have undertaken direct reprogramming of skin fibroblasts to adipocyte-like cells by employing an inducible recombinant lentivirus overexpressing the master adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ2. Doxycycline-driven expression of PPARγ2 and adipogenic culture conditions converted dermal fibroblasts into triglyceride-laden cells within days. The resulting cells recapitulated most of the crucial aspects of adipocyte biology in vivo, including the expression of mature adipocyte markers, secreted high levels of the adipokine adiponectin, and underwent lipolysis when treated with isoproterenol/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). They did not, however, exhibit insulin-inducible glucose uptake, and withdrawal of doxycycline produced rapid delipidation and loss of adipogenic markers. This protocol was applied successfully to a panel of skin cells from individuals with monogenic severe insulin resistance; however, surprisingly, even cell lines harbouring mutations causing severe, generalised lipodystrophy accumulated large lipid droplets and induced adipocyte-specific genes. The direct reprogramming protocol of human dermal fibroblasts to adipocyte-like cells we established is simple, fast and efficient, and has the potential to generate cells which can serve as a tool to address some, though not all, aspects of adipocyte function in the presence of endogenous disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Chen
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kim Jee Goh
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nuno Rocha
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthijs P Groeneveld
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marina Minic
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Timothy G Barrett
- The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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56
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Kim H, Yoo J, Shin J, Chang Y, Jung J, Jo DG, Kim J, Jang W, Lengner CJ, Kim BS, Kim J. Modelling APOE ɛ3/4 allele-associated sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in an induced neuron. Brain 2017; 140:2193-2209. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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57
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Wu W, Jin YQ, Gao Z. Directly reprogramming fibroblasts into adipogenic, neurogenic and hepatogenic differentiation lineages by defined factors. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2685-2690. [PMID: 28587331 PMCID: PMC5450766 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of adult cells into pluripotent cells or directly into alternative adult cell types represents a great potential technology for regenerative medicine. In the present study, the potential of key developmental adipogenic, neurogenic and hepatogenic regulators to reprogram human fibroblasts into adipocytes, neurocytes and hepatocytes was investigated. The results demonstrated that direct reprogramming of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β activated C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression, inducing the conversion of fibroblasts into adipocytes. Similarly, direct reprogramming of the transcription factors sex determining region-box 2, trans-acting T-cell specific transcription factor (GATA-3) and neurogenic differentiation 1 in fibroblasts may induce neurogenic differentiation through hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) transfection. Moreover, hepatogenic differentiation was induced by combining the direct reprogramming of Oct4, GATA-3, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox α and forkhead box protein A2 in fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that specific transcription factors and reprogramming factors are able to directly reprogram fibroblasts into adipogenic, neurogenic and hepatogenic differentiation lineages by HVJ-E transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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58
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Talkhabi M, Zonooz ER, Baharvand H. Boosters and barriers for direct cardiac reprogramming. Life Sci 2017; 178:70-86. [PMID: 28427897 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is currently the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which accounts for approximately 33% of all deaths. Recently, a promising and alchemy-like strategy has been developed called direct cardiac reprogramming, which directly converts somatic cells such as fibroblasts to cardiac lineage cells such as cardiomyocytes (CMs), termed induced CMs or iCMs. The first in vitro cardiac reprogramming study, mediated by cardiac transcription factors (TFs)-Gata4, Tbx5 and Mef2C-, was not enough efficient to produce an adequate number of fully reprogrammed, functional iCMs. As a result, numerous combinations of cardiac TFs exist for direct cardiac reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts. However, the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming remains low. Recently, a number of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified to increase the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming and the quality of iCMs. For example, microgrooved substrate, cardiogenic growth factors [VEGF, FGF, BMP4 and Activin A], and an appropriate stoichiometry of TFs boost the direct cardiac reprogramming. On the other hand, serum, TGFβ signaling, activators of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and some epigenetic factors (Bmi1 and Ezh2) are barriers for direct cardiac reprogramming. Manipulating these mechanisms by the application of boosters and removing barriers can increase the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming and possibly make iCMs reliable for cell-based therapy or other potential applications. In this review, we summarize the latest trends in cardiac TF- or miRNA-based direct cardiac reprogramming and comprehensively discuses all molecular and cellular boosters and barriers affecting direct cardiac reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elmira Rezaei Zonooz
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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59
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Partial Reprogramming of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes into Neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44840. [PMID: 28327614 PMCID: PMC5361100 DOI: 10.1038/srep44840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of somatic cells has been demonstrated, however, it is unknown whether electrophysiologically-active somatic cells derived from separate germ layers can be interconverted. We demonstrate that partial direct reprogramming of mesoderm-derived cardiomyocytes into neurons is feasible, generating cells exhibiting structural and electrophysiological properties of both cardiomyocytes and neurons. Human and mouse pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (PSC-CMs) were transduced with the neurogenic transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, Myt1l and NeuroD. We found that CMs adopted neuronal morphologies as early as day 3 post-transduction while still retaining a CM gene expression profile. At week 1 post-transduction, we found that reprogrammed CMs expressed neuronal markers such as Tuj1, Map2, and NCAM. At week 3 post-transduction, mature neuronal markers such as vGlut and synapsin were observed. With single-cell qPCR, we temporally examined CM gene expression and observed increased expression of neuronal markers Dcx, Map2, and Tubb3. Patch-clamp analysis confirmed the neuron-like electrophysiological profile of reprogrammed CMs. This study demonstrates that PSC-CMs are amenable to partial neuronal conversion, yielding a population of cells exhibiting features of both neurons and CMs.
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60
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Luginbühl J, Sivaraman DM, Shin JW. The essentiality of non-coding RNAs in cell reprogramming. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:74-82. [PMID: 30159423 PMCID: PMC6096403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, short (mi-) and long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are immensely abundant and they are proving to be more functional than ever before. Particularly in cell reprogramming, non-coding RNAs are essential to establish the pluripotent network and are indispensable to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency. Through systematic screening and mechanistic studies, diverse functional features of both miRNA and lncRNAs have emerged as either scaffolds, inhibitors, or co-activators, necessary to orchestrate the intricacy of gene regulation. Furthermore, the collective characterizations of both miRNA and lncRNA reveal their interdependency (e.g. sequestering the function of the other) to modulate cell reprogramming. This review broadly explores the regulatory processes of cell reprogramming - with key functional examples in neuronal and cardiac differentiations - in the context of both short and long non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay W. Shin
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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61
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Stepwise reprogramming of liver cells to a pancreas progenitor state by the transcriptional regulator Tgif2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14127. [PMID: 28193997 PMCID: PMC5316826 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a successful lineage reprogramming strategy of liver to pancreas holds promises for the treatment and potential cure of diabetes. The liver is an ideal tissue source for generating pancreatic cells, because of its close developmental origin with the pancreas and its regenerative ability. Yet, the molecular bases of hepatic and pancreatic cellular plasticity are still poorly understood. Here, we report that the TALE homeoprotein TGIF2 acts as a developmental regulator of the pancreas versus liver fate decision and is sufficient to elicit liver-to-pancreas fate conversion both ex vivo and in vivo. Hepatocytes expressing Tgif2 undergo extensive transcriptional remodelling, which represses the original hepatic identity and, over time, induces a pancreatic progenitor-like phenotype. Consistently, in vivo forced expression of Tgif2 activates pancreatic progenitor genes in adult mouse hepatocytes. This study uncovers the reprogramming activity of TGIF2 and suggests a stepwise reprogramming paradigm, whereby a 'lineage-restricted' dedifferentiation step precedes the identity switch.
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62
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Cavelti-Weder C, Zumsteg A, Li W, Zhou Q. Reprogramming of Pancreatic Acinar Cells to Functional Beta Cells by In Vivo Transduction of a Polycistronic Construct Containing Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 40:4A.10.1-4A.10.12. [PMID: 28152182 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To generate new beta cells after birth is a key focus of regenerative medicine, which could greatly aid the major health burden of diabetes. Beta-cell regeneration has been described using four different approaches: (1) the development of beta cells from putative precursor cells of the adult pancreas, which is termed neogenesis, (2) replication of existing beta cells, (3) differentiation from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, and (4) reprogramming of non-beta cells to beta cells. Studies from the authors' laboratory have shown that beta-cell reprogramming can be achieved by transduction of adult pancreatic tissues with viral constructs containing the three developmentally important transcription factors Pdx1, Ngn3, and MafA. This protocol outlines the generation of a polycistronic construct containing the three transcription factors, the expansion and purification of the polycistronic virus, and in vivo transduction for acinar to beta-cell reprogramming in adult mice. The ultimate goal is to generate beta-like cells that resemble as closely as possible endogenous beta cells in phenotype and function for potential translational applications. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston.,University Hospital of Basel, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge.,Covagen AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - W Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge.,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai
| | - Q Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge
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63
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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts toward Leydig-like Cells by Defined Factors. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 8:39-53. [PMID: 28017657 PMCID: PMC5233410 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leydig cells (LCs) play crucial roles in producing testosterone, and their dysfunction leads to male hypogonadism. LC transplantation is a promising alternative therapy for male hypogonadism. However, the source of LCs limits this strategy for clinical applications. Here, we report our success in reprogramming mice fibroblasts into LCs by expressing three transcriptional factors, Dmrt1, Gata4, and Nr5a1. The induced Leydig-like cells (iLCs) expressed steroidogenic genes, had a global gene expression profile similar to that of adult LCs, and acquired androgen synthesis capabilities. When iLCs were transplanted into rats or mice testes that were selectively depleted of endogenous LCs, the transplanted cells could survive and function in the interstitium of testis, resulting in the restoration of normal levels of serum testosterone. These findings demonstrate that the fibroblasts were able to be directly converted into iLCs by few defined factors, which may facilitate future applications in regenerative medicine. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into Leydig cell fate by defined factors Induced Leydig-like cells (iLCs) exhibit adult Leydig cell characterizations Conversion process toward iLCs did not pass through a mitotic cell state Transplantation of iLCs could survive and function in the interstitium of testis
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64
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Capellera-Garcia S, Flygare J. Direct lineage reprogramming: a useful addition to the blood cell research toolbox. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 10:107-109. [PMID: 27967256 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1272409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Capellera-Garcia
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy , Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Johan Flygare
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy , Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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65
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Gao R, Xiu W, Zhang L, Zang R, Yang L, Wang C, Wang M, Wang M, Yi L, Tang Y, Gao Y, Wang H, Xi J, Liu W, Wang Y, Wen X, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Chen J, Gao S. Direct induction of neural progenitor cells transiently passes through a partially reprogrammed state. Biomaterials 2016; 119:53-67. [PMID: 28006658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The generation of functional neural progenitor cells (NPCs) holds great promise for both research and clinical applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Traditionally, NPCs are derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or NPCs can be directly converted from somatic cells by sets of transcription factors or by a combination of chemical cocktails and/or hypoxia. However, the ethical issues of ESCs, the risk of tumorigenesis from iPSCs and transgenic integration from exogenous genes as well as complicated manipulation and time-consuming of chemical induced NPCs (ciNPCs) limit the applications of these strategies. Here, we describe a novel method for generating growth factor-induced neural progenitor cells (giNPCs) from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblasts by using inductive and/or permissive signaling culture conditions. These giNPCs closely resemble brain-derived NPCs in terms of transcription networks and neural lineage differentiation potentials. Moreover, this somatic cell to NPC induction is a gradual process that includes initiation, intermediate, maturation and stabilization stages. Importantly, gene expression and histone modification analyses further indicate a partially reprogrammed state during the generation process of induced NPCs, in which lineage specific genes and pluripotency associated genes are transiently activated. Our study therefore describes the potential safety problems that also exist in the transgene-free direct induction strategy and highlights the importance of excluding the possibility of residual partially reprogrammed and/or teratoma-like cells from the generated NPCs for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenchao Xiu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ruge Zang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Yi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiajie Xi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuejun Wen
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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66
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Kim E, Tae G. Direct reprogramming and biomaterials for controlling cell fate. Biomater Res 2016; 20:39. [PMID: 27980804 PMCID: PMC5142385 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming which changes the fate of matured cell is a very useful technique with a great interest recently. This approach can eliminate the drawbacks of direct usage of stem cells and allow the patient specific treatment in regenerative medicine. Overexpression of diverse factors such as general reprogramming factors or lineage specific transcription factors can change the fate of already differentiated cells. On the other hand, biomaterials can provide physical and topographical cues or biochemical cues on cells, which can dictate or significantly affect the differentiation of stem cells. The role of biomaterials on direct reprogramming has not been elucidated much, but will be potentially significant to improve the efficiency or specificity of direct reprogramming. In this review, the strategies for general direct reprogramming and biomaterials-guided stem cell differentiation are summarized with the addition of the up-to-date progress on biomaterials for direct reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
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67
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Pulecio J, Alejo-Valle O, Capellera-Garcia S, Vitaloni M, Rio P, Mejía-Ramírez E, Caserta I, Bueren J, Flygare J, Raya A. Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts to Megakaryocyte Progenitors. Cell Rep 2016; 17:671-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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68
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Shen J, Yokota S, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Diethylnitrosamine-induced expression of germline-specific genes and pluripotency factors, including vasa and oct4, in medaka somatic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:858-63. [PMID: 27514449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various methods have been developed to reprogram mammalian somatic cells into pluripotent cells as well as to directly reprogram somatic cells into other cell lineages. We are interested in applying these methods to fish, and here, we examined whether mRNA expression of germline-specific genes (vasa, nanos2, -3) and pluripotency factors (oct4, sox2, c-myc, nanog) is inducible in somatic cells of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). We found that the expression of vasa is induced in the gut and regenerating fin by exposure to a carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Induction of vasa in the gut started on the 5th day of treatment with >50 ppm DEN. In addition, nanos2, -3, oct4, sox2, klf4, c-myc, and nanog were also expressed simultaneously in some vasa-positive gut and regenerating fin samples. Vasa-positive cells were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the muscle surrounding the gut and in the wound epidermis, blastema, and fibroblast-like cells in regenerating fin. In vasa:GFP transgenic medaka, green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence appeared in the wound epidermis and fibroblast-like cells in the regenerating fin following DEN exposure, in agreement with the IHC data. Our data show that mRNA expression of genes relevant to germ cell specification and pluripotency can be induced in fish somatic cells by exposure to DEN, suggesting the possibility of efficient and rapid cell reprogramming of fish somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Shen
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yokota
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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69
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De Groef S, Staels W, Van Gassen N, Lemper M, Yuchi Y, Sojoodi M, Bussche L, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, De Leu N, Van de Casteele M, Baeyens L, Heimberg H. Sources of beta cells inside the pancreas. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1834-7. [PMID: 27053238 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of beta(-like) cells to compensate for their absolute or relative shortage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is an obvious therapeutic strategy. Patients first received grafts of donor islet cells over 25 years ago, but this procedure has not become routine in clinical practice because of a donor cell shortage and (auto)immune problems. Transplantation of differentiated embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells may overcome some but not all the current limitations. Reprogramming exocrine cells towards functional beta(-like) cells would offer an alternative abundant and autologous source of beta(-like) cells. This review focuses on work by our research group towards achieving such a source of cells. It summarises a presentation given at the 'Can we make a better beta cell?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Amin Ardestani and Kathrin Maedler, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3892-9 , and by Heiko Lickert and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3949-9 ) and a commentary by the Session Chair, Shanta Persaud (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3870-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Bussche
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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70
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Jin Y, Seo J, Lee JS, Shin S, Park HJ, Min S, Cheong E, Lee T, Cho SW. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Accelerates Highly Efficient Nonviral Direct Conversion and In Vivo Reprogramming of Fibroblasts to Functional Neuronal Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7365-7374. [PMID: 27302900 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can be an effective cell reprogramming platform for producing functional neuronal cells for therapeutic applications. Triboelectric stimulation accelerates nonviral direct conversion of functional induced neuronal cells from fibroblasts, increases the conversion efficiency, and induces highly matured neuronal phenotypes with improved electrophysiological functionalities. TENG devices may also be used for biomedical in vivo reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmok Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Shin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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71
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Black JB, Adler AF, Wang HG, D'Ippolito AM, Hutchinson HA, Reddy TE, Pitt GS, Leong KW, Gersbach CA. Targeted Epigenetic Remodeling of Endogenous Loci by CRISPR/Cas9-Based Transcriptional Activators Directly Converts Fibroblasts to Neuronal Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:406-14. [PMID: 27524438 PMCID: PMC5010447 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of exogenous fate-specifying transcription factors can directly reprogram differentiated somatic cells to target cell types. Here, we show that similar reprogramming can also be achieved through the direct activation of endogenous genes using engineered CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptional activators. We use this approach to induce activation of the endogenous Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l genes (BAM factors) to convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced neuronal cells. This direct activation of endogenous genes rapidly remodeled the epigenetic state of the target loci and induced sustained endogenous gene expression during reprogramming. Thus, transcriptional activation and epigenetic remodeling of endogenous master transcription factors are sufficient for conversion between cell types. The rapid and sustained activation of endogenous genes in their native chromatin context by this approach may facilitate reprogramming with transient methods that avoid genomic integration and provides a new strategy for overcoming epigenetic barriers to cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Ion Channel Research Unit, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anthony M D'Ippolito
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hunter A Hutchinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Timothy E Reddy
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Pitt
- Ion Channel Research Unit, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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72
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Kwan KY. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Developing and Regenerating Spiral Ganglion Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:211-220. [PMID: 28758056 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the cochlea are essential for our ability to hear. SGN loss after exposure to ototoxic drugs or loud noise results in hearing loss. Pluripotent stem cell-derived and endogenous progenitor cell types have the potential to become SGNs and are cellular foundations for replacement therapies. Repurposing transcriptional regulatory networks to promote SGN differentiation from progenitor cells is a strategy for regeneration. Advances in the Fludigm C1 workflow or Drop-seq allow sequencing of single cell transcriptomes to reveal variability between cells. During differentiation, the individual transcriptomes obtained from single-cell RNA-seq can be exploited to identify different cellular states. Pseudotemporal ordering of transcriptomes describes the differentiation trajectory, allows monitoring of transcriptional changes and determines molecular barriers that prevent the progression of progenitors into SGNs. Analysis of single cell transcriptomes will help develop novel strategies for guiding efficient SGN regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Y Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Stem Cell Research Center and Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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73
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Chen P, Yan Q, Wang S, Wang C, Zhao P. Transfer of three transcription factors via a lentiviral vector ameliorates spatial learning and memory impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2016; 587:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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74
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Morris SA. Direct lineage reprogramming via pioneer factors; a detour through developmental gene regulatory networks. Development 2016; 143:2696-705. [PMID: 27486230 PMCID: PMC5004913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although many approaches have been employed to generate defined fate in vitro, the resultant cells often appear developmentally immature or incompletely specified, limiting their utility. Growing evidence suggests that current methods of direct lineage conversion may rely on the transition through a developmental intermediate. Here, I hypothesize that complete conversion between cell fates is more probable and feasible via reversion to a developmentally immature state. I posit that this is due to the role of pioneer transcription factors in engaging silent, unmarked chromatin and activating hierarchical gene regulatory networks responsible for embryonic patterning. Understanding these developmental contexts will be essential for the precise engineering of cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Morris
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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75
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Iacovides D, Rizki G, Lapathitis G, Strati K. Direct conversion of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into functional keratinocytes through transient expression of pluripotency-related genes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:98. [PMID: 27473056 PMCID: PMC4966867 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The insufficient ability of specialized cells such as neurons, cardiac myocytes, and epidermal cells to regenerate after tissue damage poses a great challenge to treat devastating injuries and ailments. Recent studies demonstrated that a diverse array of cell types can be directly derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or somatic cells by combinations of specific factors. The use of iPSCs and direct somatic cell fate conversion, or transdifferentiation, holds great promise for regenerative medicine as these techniques may circumvent obstacles related to immunological rejection and ethical considerations. However, producing iPSC-derived keratinocytes requires a lengthy two-step process of initially generating iPSCs and subsequently differentiating into skin cells, thereby elevating the risk of cellular damage accumulation and tumor formation. In this study, we describe the reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into functional keratinocytes via the transient expression of pluripotency factors coupled with directed differentiation. The isolation of an iPSC intermediate is dispensable when using this method. Cells derived with this approach, termed induced keratinocytes (iKCs), morphologically resemble primary keratinocytes. Furthermore they express keratinocyte-specific markers, downregulate mesenchymal markers as well as the pluripotency factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, and they show important functional characteristics of primary keratinocytes. iKCs can be further differentiated by high calcium administration in vitro and are capable of regenerating a fully stratified epidermis in vivo. Efficient conversion of somatic cells into keratinocytes could have important implications for studying genetic skin diseases and designing regenerative therapies to ameliorate devastating skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris Iacovides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gizem Rizki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Current address: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgios Lapathitis
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Katerina Strati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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76
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In Situ Pluripotency Factor Expression Promotes Functional Recovery From Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1538-49. [PMID: 27455881 PMCID: PMC5113101 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from ischemic tissue injury can be promoted by cell proliferation and neovascularization. Transient expression of four pluripotency factors (Pou5f1, Sox2, Myc, and Klf4) has been used to convert cell types but never been tested as a means to promote functional recovery from ischemic injury. Here we aimed to determine whether transient in situ pluripotency factor expression can improve neurobehavioral function. Cerebral ischemia was induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, after which the four pluripotency factors were expressed through either doxycycline administration into the lateral ventricle in transgenic mice in which the four factors are expressed in a doxycycline-inducible manner. Histologic evaluation showed that this transient expression induced the proliferative generation of astrocytes and/or neural progenitors, but not neurons or glial scar, and increased neovascularization with upregulation of angiogenic factors. Furthermore, in vivo pluripotency factor expression caused neuroprotective effects such as increased numbers of mature neurons and levels of synaptic markers in the striatum. Dysplasia or tumor development was not observed. Importantly, neurobehavioral evaluations such as rotarod and ladder walking tests showed that the expression of the four factors dramatically promoted functional restoration from ischemic injury. These results provide a basis for novel therapeutic modality development for cerebral ischemia.
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77
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Editing the epigenome: technologies for programmable transcription and epigenetic modulation. Nat Methods 2016; 13:127-37. [PMID: 26820547 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation is a complex and tightly controlled process that defines cell identity, health and disease, and response to pharmacologic and environmental signals. Recently developed DNA-targeting platforms, including zinc finger proteins, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, have enabled the recruitment of transcriptional modulators and epigenome-modifying factors to any genomic site, leading to new insights into the function of epigenetic marks in gene expression. Additionally, custom transcriptional and epigenetic regulation is facilitating refined control over cell function and decision making. The unique properties of the CRISPR-Cas9 system have created new opportunities for high-throughput genetic screens and multiplexing targets to manipulate complex gene expression patterns. This Review summarizes recent technological developments in this area and their application to biomedical challenges. We also discuss remaining limitations and necessary future directions for this field.
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78
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Smith DK, Wang L, Zhang CL. Physiological, pathological, and engineered cell identity reprogramming in the central nervous system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:499-517. [PMID: 27258392 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent neural stem cells persist in restricted regions of the adult mammalian central nervous system. These proliferative cells differentiate into diverse neuron subtypes to maintain neural homeostasis. This endogenous process can be reprogrammed as a compensatory response to physiological cues, traumatic injury, and neurodegeneration. In addition to innate neurogenesis, recent research has demonstrated that new neurons can be engineered via cell identity reprogramming in non-neurogenic regions of the adult central nervous system. A comprehensive understanding of these reprogramming mechanisms will be essential to the development of therapeutic neural regeneration strategies that aim to improve functional recovery after injury and neurodegeneration. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:499-517. doi: 10.1002/wdev.234 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,
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79
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Defining the Minimal Factors Required for Erythropoiesis through Direct Lineage Conversion. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2550-62. [PMID: 27264182 PMCID: PMC4914771 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of well characterized genes. However, the minimal set of factors necessary for instructing red blood cell (RBC) development remains undefined. We employed a screen for transcription factors allowing direct lineage reprograming from fibroblasts to induced erythroid progenitors/precursors (iEPs). We show that Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc (GTLM) can rapidly convert murine and human fibroblasts directly to iEPs. The transcriptional signature of murine iEPs resembled mainly that of primitive erythroid progenitors in the yolk sac, whereas addition of Klf1 or Myb to the GTLM cocktail resulted in iEPs with a more adult-type globin expression pattern. Our results demonstrate that direct lineage conversion is a suitable platform for defining and studying the core factors inducing the different waves of erythroid development. Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc reprogram fibroblasts to erythroid progenitors (iEPs) iEP gene expression is more similar to that of primitive than definitive erythroblasts Klf1 or Myb overexpression induces adult hemoglobin expression in iEPs
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80
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Evaluating cell reprogramming, differentiation and conversion technologies in neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:424-37. [PMID: 27194476 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of live human brain cells for experimental access has for a long time limited our ability to study complex human neurological disorders and elucidate basic neuroscientific mechanisms. A decade ago, the development of methods to reprogramme somatic human cells into induced pluripotent stem cells enabled the in vitro generation of a wide range of neural cells from virtually any human individual. The growth of methods to generate more robust and defined neural cell types through reprogramming and direct conversion into induced neurons has led to the establishment of various human reprogramming-based neural disease models.
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81
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Zakikhan K, Pournasr B, Nassiri-Asl M, Baharvand H. Enhanced direct conversion of fibroblasts into hepatocyte-like cells by Kdm2b. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:97-103. [PMID: 27103435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate conversion of terminally differentiated cells by defined transcription factors between different lineages is a new approach to produce new cells that have the capability to repair or replace diseased and damaged tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that this inefficient process can be facilitated by the inclusion of additional factors. Here we report that Kdm2b, a histone demethylase, has the capability to promote conversion of fibroblasts to functional induced hepatocyte-like (iHep) cells in combination with previously reported hepatic lineage transcription factors, Hnf4α and Foxa3. This approach led to increased numbers of epithelial-like colonies, hepatic markers and functionality which included periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive colonies, CYP450 activity, low-density lipoprotein and indocyanine green (ICG) uptake, as well as Albumin secretion. Additionally, the transplanted iHep cells were engraftable, expressed Albumin, and contributed to the recovery of a carbon tetrachloride-injured mouse model. These results have not only identified an important epigenetic factor for iHep generation, but also brought new insight into the molecular nature of hepatogenesis and future biomedical applications for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Zakikhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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82
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Muotri AR. The Human Model: Changing Focus on Autism Research. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:642-9. [PMID: 25861701 PMCID: PMC4573784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of live human brain cells for research has slowed progress toward understanding the mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders. A human model using reprogrammed patient somatic cells offers an attractive alternative, as it captures a patient's genome in relevant cell types. Despite the current limitations, the disease-in-a-dish approach allows for progressive time course analyses of target cells, offering a unique opportunity to investigate the cellular and molecular alterations before symptomatic onset. Understanding the current drawbacks of this model is essential for the correct data interpretation and extrapolation of conclusions applicable to the human brain. Innovative strategies for collecting biological material and clinical information from large patient cohorts are important for increasing the statistical power that will allow for the extraction of information from the noise resulting from the variability introduced by reprogramming and differentiation methods. Working with large patient cohorts is also important for understanding how brain cells derived from diverse human genetic backgrounds respond to specific drugs, creating the possibility of personalized medicine for autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Renato Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California..
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83
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Cardiac mesenchymal progenitors differentiate into adipocytes via Klf4 and c-Myc. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2190. [PMID: 27077806 PMCID: PMC4855651 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of differentiated cells to pluripotent stem cells has great potential to improve our understanding of developmental biology and disorders such as cancers, and has implications for regenerative medicine. In general, the effects of transcription factors (TFs) that are transduced into cells can be influenced by pre-existing transcriptional networks and epigenetic modifications. However, previous work has identified four key TFs, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, which can reprogram various differentiated cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that in the heart, the transduction of cardiac mesenchymal progenitors (CMPs) with Klf4 and c-Myc (KM) was sufficient to drive the differentiation of these cells into adipocytes without the use of adipogenic stimulation cocktail, that is, insulin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and dexamethasone. KM-transduced CMPs exhibited a gradually increased expression of adipogenic-related genes, such as C/Ebpα, Pparγ and Fabp4, activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, inactivation of the cell cycle-related pathway and formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets within 10 days. In contrast, NIH3T3 fibroblasts, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transduced with KM did not differentiate into adipocytes. Both in vitro and in vivo cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury models demonstrated that the expression of KM genes sharply increased following a reperfusion insult. These results suggest that ectopic adipose tissue formation in the heart following myocardial infarction results from CMPs that express KM following a stress response.
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84
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Mlody B, Lorenz C, Inak G, Prigione A. Energy metabolism in neuronal/glial induction and in iPSC models of brain disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- From the Gene Expression Laboratory, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (M.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, Murcia, Spain (M.L.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Gene Expression Laboratory, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (M.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, Murcia, Spain (M.L.)
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86
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Daniel MG, Lemischka IR, Moore K. Converting cell fates: generating hematopoietic stem cells de novo via transcription factor reprogramming. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:24-35. [PMID: 26748878 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Even though all paradigms of stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine emerged from the study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the inability to generate these cells de novo or expand them in vitro persists. Initial efforts to obtain these cells began with the use of embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies, but these strategies have yet to yield fully functional cells. Subsequently, more recent approaches involve transcription factor (TF) overexpression to reprogram PSCs and various somatic cells. The induction of pluripotency with just four TFs by Yamanaka informs our ability to convert cell fates and demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing terminally differentiated cells to generate cells with multilineage potential. In this review, we discuss the recent efforts undertaken using TF-based reprogramming strategies to convert several cell types into HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Daniel
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ihor R Lemischka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kateri Moore
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York
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87
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Jo J, Hwang S, Kim HJ, Hong S, Lee JE, Lee SG, Baek A, Han H, Lee JI, Lee I, Lee DR. An integrated systems biology approach identifies positive cofactor 4 as a factor that increases reprogramming efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:1203-15. [PMID: 26740582 PMCID: PMC4756831 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can spontaneously dedifferentiate into embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells, which are designated as multipotent SSCs (mSSCs), without ectopic expression of reprogramming factors. Interestingly, SSCs express key pluripotency genes such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc. Therefore, molecular dissection of mSSC reprogramming may provide clues about novel endogenous reprogramming or pluripotency regulatory factors. Our comparative transcriptome analysis of mSSCs and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) suggests that they have similar pluripotency states but are reprogrammed via different transcriptional pathways. We identified 53 genes as putative pluripotency regulatory factors using an integrated systems biology approach. We demonstrated a selected candidate, Positive cofactor 4 (Pc4), can enhance the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming by promoting and maintaining transcriptional activity of the key reprograming factors. These results suggest that Pc4 has an important role in inducing spontaneous somatic cell reprogramming via up-regulation of key pluripotency genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohyun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Soomin Hong
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Geum Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahmi Baek
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heonjong Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Il Lee
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insuk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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88
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Abstract
The direct lineage reprogramming of one specialized cell type into another using defined factors has fundamentally re-shaped traditional concepts regarding the epigenetic stability of differentiated cells. With the rapid increase in cell types generated through direct conversion in recent years, this strategy has become a promising approach for producing functional cells. Here, we review recent advances in lineage reprogramming, including the identification of novel reprogramming factors, underlying molecular mechanisms, strategies for generating functionally mature cells, and assays for characterizing induced cells. We also discuss progress toward the application of lineage reprogramming and the major future challenges for this strategy.
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89
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Krause MN, Sancho-Martinez I, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:693-7. [PMID: 26655812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the profound and rapid advancements in reprogramming technologies since the generation of the first induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006[1], the molecular basics of the process and its implications are still not fully understood. Recent work has suggested that a subset of TFs, so called "Pioneer TFs", play an important role during the stochastic phase of iPSC reprogramming [2-6]. Pioneer TFs activities differ from conventional transcription factors in their mechanism of action. They bind directly to condensed chromatin and elicit a series of chromatin remodeling events that lead to opening of the chromatin. Chromatin decondensation by pioneer factors progressively occurs during cell division and in turn exposes specific gene promoters in the DNA to which TFs can now directly bind to promoters that are readily accessible[2, 6]. Here, we will summarize recent advancements on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying reprogramming to iPSC as well as the implications that pioneer Transcription Factor activities might play during different lineage conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N Krause
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla 92037, CA, USA; University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Pediatrics, 2 Josef-Schneiderstrasse, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla 92037, CA, USA; Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla 92037, CA, USA.
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90
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Li F, Hu J. Direct lineage conversion with pluripotency factors: A risky detour through transient pluripotency? Genes Dis 2015; 2:286-287. [PMID: 27213176 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- The Editorial Office of Genes & Diseases, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Jim Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
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91
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Daniel MG, Pereira CF, Lemischka IR, Moore KA. Making a Hematopoietic Stem Cell. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:202-214. [PMID: 26526106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous attempts to either generate or expand hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro have involved either ex vivo expansion of pre-existing patient or donor HSCs or de novo generation from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), comprising both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs alleviated ESC ethical issues but attempts to generate functional mature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been largely unsuccessful. New efforts focus on directly reprogramming somatic cells into definitive HSCs and HSPCs. To meet clinical needs and to advance drug discovery and stem cell therapy, alternative approaches are necessary. In this review, we synthesize the strategies used and the key findings made in recent years by those trying to make an HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Daniel
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ihor R Lemischka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kateri A Moore
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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92
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Transcription factor-mediated reprograming of fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:603-10. [PMID: 26561000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion by overexpression of defined transcription factors (TFs) is a promising new method that can generate desired cell types from abundant, accessible cells. While previous studies have reported hepatic generation from fibroblasts, tremendous interest exists in the understanding of hepatic reprograming and its applicability in regenerative medicine. Here, we show that overexpression of Yamanaka factors can induce reprograming of mouse fibroblasts into cells that closely resemble hepatocytes in vitro in the presence of an optimized hepatic growth medium. By screening the effects of 20 candidate transcription factors, we identified a combination of three TFs (Hnf4a, Cebpa, and Nr1i2) that can convert fibroblasts into a hepatic fate. These factors in conjunction with Yamanaka factors increase the efficiency of hepatic reprograming. The induced hepatocyte-like (iHep) cells have multiple hepatocyte-specific characteristics; express hepatocyte-specific markers, glycogen storage, albumin secretion, urea production, as well as low-density lipoprotein and indocyanin green uptake. Production of iHep cells by these novel approaches may bring new insights into the molecular nature of hepatocyte differentiation and future cell-based therapeutics for liver diseases.
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93
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Chen C, Chan A, Wen H, Chung SH, Deng W, Jiang P. Stem and Progenitor Cell-Derived Astroglia Therapies for Neurological Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:715-729. [PMID: 26443123 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astroglia are a major cellular constituent of the central nervous system (CNS) and play crucial roles in brain development, function, and integrity. Increasing evidence demonstrates that astroglia dysfunction occurs in a variety of neurological disorders ranging from CNS injuries to genetic diseases and chronic degenerative conditions. These new insights herald the concept that transplantation of astroglia could be of therapeutic value in treating the injured or diseased CNS. Recent technological advances in the generation of human astroglia from stem and progenitor cells have been prominent. We propose that a better understanding of the suitability of astroglial cells in transplantation as well as of their therapeutic effects in animal models may lead to the establishment of astroglia-based therapies to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
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94
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Pulecio J, Nivet E, Sancho-Martinez I, Vitaloni M, Guenechea G, Xia Y, Kurian L, Dubova I, Bueren J, Laricchia-Robbio L, Belmonte JCI. Conversion of human fibroblasts into monocyte-like progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2923-2938. [PMID: 25175072 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming technologies have emerged as a promising approach for future regenerative medicine. Here, we report on the establishment of a novel methodology allowing for the conversion of human fibroblasts into hematopoietic progenitor-like cells with macrophage differentiation potential. SOX2 overexpression in human fibroblasts, a gene found to be upregulated during hematopoietic reconstitution in mice, induced the rapid appearance of CD34+ cells with a concomitant upregulation of mesoderm-related markers. Profiling of cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cell populations identified miR-125b as a factor facilitating commitment of SOX2-generated CD34+ cells to immature hematopoietic-like progenitor cells with grafting potential. Further differentiation toward the monocytic lineage resulted in the appearance of CD14+ cells with functional phagocytic capacity. In vivo transplantation of SOX2/miR-125b-generated CD34+ cells facilitated the maturation of the engrafted cells toward CD45+ cells and ultimately the monocytic/macrophage lineage. Altogether, our results indicate that strategies combining lineage conversion and further lineage specification by in vivo or in vitro approaches could help to circumvent long-standing obstacles for the reprogramming of human cells into hematopoietic cells with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Pulecio
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Marianna Vitaloni
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Guillermo Guenechea
- Hematopoiesis and Gene Therapy Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER). Madrid, Spain
| | - Yun Xia
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Leo Kurian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ilir Dubova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Juan Bueren
- Hematopoiesis and Gene Therapy Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER). Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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95
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C/EBPα Activates Pre-existing and De Novo Macrophage Enhancers during Induced Pre-B Cell Transdifferentiation and Myelopoiesis. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:232-47. [PMID: 26235892 PMCID: PMC4618662 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription-factor-induced somatic cell conversions are highly relevant for both basic and clinical research yet their mechanism is not fully understood and it is unclear whether they reflect normal differentiation processes. Here we show that during pre-B-cell-to-macrophage transdifferentiation, C/EBPα binds to two types of myeloid enhancers in B cells: pre-existing enhancers that are bound by PU.1, providing a platform for incoming C/EBPα; and de novo enhancers that are targeted by C/EBPα, acting as a pioneer factor for subsequent binding by PU.1. The order of factor binding dictates the upregulation kinetics of nearby genes. Pre-existing enhancers are broadly active throughout the hematopoietic lineage tree, including B cells. In contrast, de novo enhancers are silent in most cell types except in myeloid cells where they become activated by C/EBP factors. Our data suggest that C/EBPα recapitulates physiological developmental processes by short-circuiting two macrophage enhancer pathways in pre-B cells. C/EBPα activates two classes of prospective myeloid enhancers in B cells Pre-existing enhancers are bound by PU.1 and become hyper-activated by C/EBPα C/EBPα acts as a pioneer factor with delayed kinetics on de novo enhancers The two types of enhancers direct myeloid cell fate in B cells and hematopoiesis
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96
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Torper O, Ottosson DR, Pereira M, Lau S, Cardoso T, Grealish S, Parmar M. In Vivo Reprogramming of Striatal NG2 Glia into Functional Neurons that Integrate into Local Host Circuitry. Cell Rep 2015; 12:474-81. [PMID: 26166567 PMCID: PMC4521079 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of directly converting non-neuronal cells into neurons in situ in the brain would open therapeutic avenues aimed at repairing the brain after injury or degenerative disease. We have developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based reporter system that allows selective GFP labeling of reprogrammed neurons. In this system, GFP is turned on only in reprogrammed neurons where it is stable and maintained for long time periods, allowing for histological and functional characterization of mature neurons. When combined with a modified rabies virus-based trans-synaptic tracing methodology, the system allows mapping of 3D circuitry integration into local and distal brain regions and shows that the newly reprogrammed neurons are integrated into host brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Torper
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Pereira
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shong Lau
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tiago Cardoso
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shane Grealish
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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97
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Maza I, Caspi I, Zviran A, Chomsky E, Rais Y, Viukov S, Geula S, Buenrostro JD, Weinberger L, Krupalnik V, Hanna S, Zerbib M, Dutton JR, Greenleaf WJ, Massarwa R, Novershtern N, Hanna JH. Transient acquisition of pluripotency during somatic cell transdifferentiation with iPSC reprogramming factors. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:769-74. [PMID: 26098448 PMCID: PMC4500825 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be transdifferentiated to other cell types without passing through a pluripotent state by ectopic expression of appropriate transcription factors1,2. Recent reports have proposed an alternative transdifferentiation method in which fibroblasts are directly converted to various mature somatic cell types by brief expression of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (OSKM) followed by cell expansion in media that promote lineage differentiation3–6. Here we test this method using genetic lineage tracing for expression of endogenous Nanog and Oct4 and for X chromosome reactivation, as these events mark acquisition of pluripotency. We show that the vast majority of reprogrammed cardiomyocytes or neural stem cells obtained from mouse fibroblasts by OSKM-induced transdifferentiation pass through a transient pluripotent state, and that their derivation is molecularly coupled to iPSC formation mechanisms. Our findings underscore the importance of defining trajectories during cell reprogramming by different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Maza
- 1] The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2] The Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus &Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbal Caspi
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Zviran
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elad Chomsky
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoach Rais
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Viukov
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shay Geula
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leehee Weinberger
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladislav Krupalnik
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Suhair Hanna
- 1] The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2] The Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Immunology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus &Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mirie Zerbib
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rada Massarwa
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Novershtern
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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98
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Toyokuni S. Chemical conversion of human fibroblasts into neuronal cells: dawn of future clinical trials. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 56:165. [PMID: 26060344 PMCID: PMC4454077 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.56-3-editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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99
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Heinrich C, Spagnoli FM, Berninger B. In vivo reprogramming for tissue repair. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:204-11. [PMID: 25720960 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vital organs such as the pancreas and the brain lack the capacity for effective regeneration. To overcome this limitation, an emerging strategy consists of converting resident tissue-specific cells into the cell types that are lost due to disease by a process called in vivo lineage reprogramming. Here we discuss recent breakthroughs in regenerating pancreatic β-cells and neurons from various cell types, and highlight fundamental challenges that need to be overcome for the translation of in vivo lineage reprogramming into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Heinrich
- INSERM U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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100
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Heinrich C, Rouaux C. [Inducing brain regeneration from within: in vivo reprogramming of endogenous somatic cells into neurons]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:35-42. [PMID: 25658729 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to overcome the quasi-total inability of the mammalian central nervous system to regenerate in response to injuries, and in parallel to the studies dedicated to prevent neuronal loss under these circumstances, alternative approaches based on the programming of pluripotent cells or the reprogramming of somatic cells into neurons have recently emerged. These uniquely combine growing knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie neurogenesis and neuronal specification during development to the most recent findings of the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms that govern the acquisition and maintenance of cellular identity. Here, we discuss the possibility to instruct the regeneration of the central nervous system from within for therapeutic purposes, in light of the recent works reporting on the generation of neurons by direct conversion of various cerebral cell types in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Heinrich
- Inserm U836, institut des neurosciences de Grenoble, centre de recherche Inserm U836-UJF-CHU, université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Caroline Rouaux
- Inserm U1118, fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg, université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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