51
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Leung C, Murad KBA, Tan ALT, Yada S, Sagiraju S, Bode PK, Barker N. Lgr5 Marks Adult Progenitor Cells Contributing to Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Sarcoma Formation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108535. [PMID: 33357435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of adult skeletal muscle is driven largely by resident satellite cells, a stem cell population increasingly considered to display a high degree of molecular heterogeneity. In this study, we find that Lgr5, a receptor for Rspo and a potent mediator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, marks a subset of activated satellite cells that contribute to muscle regeneration. Lgr5 is found to be rapidly upregulated in purified myogenic progenitors following acute cardiotoxin-induced injury. In vivo lineage tracing using our Lgr5-2ACreERT2R26tdTomatoLSL reporter mouse model shows that Lgr5+ cells can reconstitute damaged muscle fibers following muscle injury, as well as replenish the quiescent satellite cell pool. Moreover, conditional mutation in Lgr52ACreERT2;KrasG12D;Trp53flox/flox mice drives undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma formation in adult mice, thereby substantiating Lgr5+ cells as a cell of origin of sarcomas. Our findings provide the groundwork for developing Rspo/Wnt-signaling-based therapeutics to potentially enhance regenerative outcomes of skeletal muscles in degenerative muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Leung
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Katzrin Bte Ahmad Murad
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Adelyn Liang Thing Tan
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Swathi Yada
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sowmya Sagiraju
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Peter Karl Bode
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nick Barker
- A(∗)STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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52
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Zhu M, Iwano T, Takeda S. Fallopian Tube Basal Stem Cells Reproducing the Epithelial Sheets In Vitro-Stem Cell of Fallopian Epithelium. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091270. [PMID: 32899226 PMCID: PMC7565394 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fallopian tube (FT) is an important reproductive organ in females. The luminal epithelium of the FT is composed of highly polarized secretory and ciliated cells. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence have suggested that the origin of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTECs). Due to the lack of a high-fidelity model for FTECs in vitro, homeostasis, differentiation, as well as the transformation of FTECs are still enigmatic. In this study, we optimized the culture condition for the stable expansion of basal stem cells, as well as inducing differentiation of basal cells into polarized secretory and ciliated cells in the air-liquid interface (ALI) condition suitable for long-term culture. This storable culture method of FTECs provides a versatile platform for studying differentiation mechanisms, intercellular communication, and transformation to HGSC, as well as the physiological function of the FT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomohiko Iwano
- Correspondence: (T.I.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-55-273-9471 (T.I.); +81-55-273-6726 (S.T.); Fax: +81-55-273-9473 (T.I. & S.T.)
| | - Sen Takeda
- Correspondence: (T.I.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-55-273-9471 (T.I.); +81-55-273-6726 (S.T.); Fax: +81-55-273-9473 (T.I. & S.T.)
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53
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Lv X, He C, Huang C, Hua G, Chen X, Timm BK, Maclin VM, Haggerty AA, Aust SK, Golden DM, Dave BJ, Tseng YA, Chen L, Wang H, Chen P, Klinkebiel DL, Karpf AR, Dong J, Drapkin RI, Rueda BR, Davis JS, Wang C. Reprogramming of Ovarian Granulosa Cells by YAP1 Leads to Development of High-Grade Cancer with Mesenchymal Lineage and Serous Features. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1281-1296. [PMID: 34888112 PMCID: PMC8654108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cell-of-origin of ovarian high grade serous cancer (HGSC) is the prerequisite for efficient prevention and early diagnosis of this most lethal gynecological cancer. Recently, a mesenchymal type of ovarian HGSC with the poorest prognosis among ovarian cancers was identified by both TCGA and AOCS studies. The cell-of-origin of this subtype of ovarian cancer is unknown. While pursuing studies to understand the role of the Hippo pathway in ovarian granulosa cell physiology and pathology, we unexpectedly found that the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), the major effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, induced dedifferentiation and reprogramming of the ovarian granulosa cells, a unique type of ovarian follicular cells with mesenchymal lineage and high plasticity, leading to the development of high grade ovarian cancer with serous features. Our research results unveil a potential cell-of-origin for a subtype of HGSC with mesenchymal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Lv
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chunbo He
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 47000, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guohua Hua
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 47000, China
| | - Xingcheng Chen
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Barbara K. Timm
- Heartland Center for Reproductive Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Abigail A Haggerty
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shelly K Aust
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Denae M Golden
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bhavana J Dave
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yun-An Tseng
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peichao Chen
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - David L Klinkebiel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jixin Dong
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ronny I Drapkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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54
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Two distinct pathways of pregranulosa cell differentiation support follicle formation in the mouse ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20015-20026. [PMID: 32759216 PMCID: PMC7443898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005570117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper improves knowledge of the somatic and germ cells of the developing mouse ovary that assemble into ovarian follicles, by determining cellular gene expression, and tracing lineage relationships. The study covers the last week of fetal development through the first five days of postnatal development. During this time, many critically important processes take place, including sex determination, follicle assembly, and the initial events of meiosis. We report expression differences between pregranulosa cells of wave 1 follicles that function at puberty and wave 2 follicles that sustain fertility. These studies illuminate ovarian somatic cells and provide a resource to study the development, physiology, and evolutionary conservation of mammalian ovarian follicle formation. We sequenced more than 52,500 single cells from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) postembryonic day 5 (P5) gonads and performed lineage tracing to analyze primordial follicles and wave 1 medullar follicles during mouse fetal and perinatal oogenesis. Germ cells clustered into six meiotic substages, as well as dying/nurse cells. Wnt-expressing bipotential precursors already present at E11.5 are followed at each developmental stage by two groups of ovarian pregranulosa (PG) cells. One PG group, bipotential pregranulosa (BPG) cells, derives directly from bipotential precursors, expresses Foxl2 early, and associates with cysts throughout the ovary by E12.5. A second PG group, epithelial pregranulosa (EPG) cells, arises in the ovarian surface epithelium, ingresses cortically by E12.5 or earlier, expresses Lgr5, but delays robust Foxl2 expression until after birth. By E19.5, EPG cells predominate in the cortex and differentiate into granulosa cells of quiescent primordial follicles. In contrast, medullar BPG cells differentiate along a distinct pathway to become wave 1 granulosa cells. Reflecting their separate somatic cellular lineages, second wave follicles were ablated by diptheria toxin treatment of Lgr5-DTR-EGFP mice at E16.5 while first wave follicles developed normally and supported fertility. These studies provide insights into ovarian somatic cells and a resource to study the development, physiology, and evolutionary conservation of mammalian ovarian follicles.
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55
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Modelling Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Mice: Classical and Emerging Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134806. [PMID: 32645943 PMCID: PMC7370285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the most aggressive subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. The identification of germline and somatic mutations along with genomic information unveiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other studies has laid the foundation for establishing preclinical models with high fidelity to the molecular features of HGSC. Notwithstanding such progress, the field of HGSC research still lacks a model that is both robust and widely accessible. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements and utility of HGSC genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to date. Further analysis and critique on alternative approaches to modelling HGSC considers technological advancements in somatic gene editing and modelling prototypic organs, capable of tumorigenesis, on a chip.
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56
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Hill CJ, Fakhreldin M, Maclean A, Dobson L, Nancarrow L, Bradfield A, Choi F, Daley D, Tempest N, Hapangama DK. Endometriosis and the Fallopian Tubes: Theories of Origin and Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1905. [PMID: 32570847 PMCID: PMC7355596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common, oestrogen driven chronic condition, where endometrium-like epithelial and stromal cells exist in ectopic sites. At present, no curative treatments are available and the existing evidence for disease progression is conflicting. The pathogenesis is still unknown and evidently complex, as mechanisms of initiation may depend on the anatomical distribution of endometriotic lesions. However, amongst the numerous theories and plethora of mechanisms, contributions of the fallopian tubes (FT) to endometriosis are rarely discussed. The FT are implicated in all endometriosis associated symptomatology and clinical consequences; they may contribute to the origin of endometriotic tissue, determine the sites for ectopic lesion establishment and act as conduits for the spread of proinflammatory media. Here, we examine the available evidence for the contribution of the human FT to the origin, pathogenesis and symptoms/clinical consequences of endometriosis. We also examine the broader topic linking endometriosis and the FT epithelium to the genesis of ovarian epithelial cancers. Further studies elucidating the distinct functional and phenotypical characteristics of FT mucosa may allow the development of novel treatment strategies for endometriosis that are potentially curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Hill
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Marwa Fakhreldin
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Alison Maclean
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Lucy Dobson
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Lewis Nancarrow
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Alice Bradfield
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Fiona Choi
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Diandra Daley
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Nicola Tempest
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Dharani K. Hapangama
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
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57
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Novikov FV, Luneva IS, Mishina ES, Mnikhovich MV. Morphological basics of ovarian tumor histogenesis. TUMORS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2020. [DOI: 10.17650/1994-4098-2020-16-1-78-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Researches about the origin of epithelial ovarian tumors (EOT) tell about its conception. In particular, the origin of cells from the secondary mullerian system. Also, in the article we examine a new hypothesis that the EOT originates in the epithelium of the fallopian tube (FT) – their contradictoriness and new conception of “precursor escape” which tries to explain the phenomenon of injuries absence of FT by high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Carcinogenesis from the FT represents great opportunities for reassessment of clinical data. Also, the article represents the role of stem cells of the surface epithelium of ovaries and FT in EOT carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. V. Novikov
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - I. S. Luneva
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. S. Mishina
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
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58
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Muñoz-Galván S, Carnero A. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells to Overcome Therapy Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061402. [PMID: 32512891 PMCID: PMC7349391 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy due to its late detection and high recurrence rate. Resistance to conventional platinum-based therapies and metastasis are attributed to a population of cells within tumors called cancer stem cells, which possess stem-like features and are able to recapitulate new tumors. Recent studies have deepened the understanding of the biology of ovarian cancer stem cells and their special properties and have identified multiple markers and signaling pathways responsible for their self-renewal abilities. Targeting cancer stem cells represents the most promising strategy for overcoming therapy resistance and reducing mortality in ovarian cancer, but further efforts must be made to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in therapy resistance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about ovarian cancer stem cells, their involvement in metastasis and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment; we also discuss the therapeutic approaches that are being developed to target them to prevent tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Muñoz-Galván
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.-G.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-955-923-115 (S.M.-G); +34-955-923-110 (A.C.)
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.-G.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-955-923-115 (S.M.-G); +34-955-923-110 (A.C.)
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59
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Lõhmussaar K, Kopper O, Korving J, Begthel H, Vreuls CPH, van Es JH, Clevers H. Assessing the origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer using CRISPR-modification of mouse organoids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2660. [PMID: 32461556 PMCID: PMC7253462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HG-SOC)—often referred to as a “silent killer”—is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. The fallopian tube (murine oviduct) and ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) are considered the main candidate tissues of origin of this cancer. However, the relative contribution of each tissue to HG-SOC is not yet clear. Here, we establish organoid-based tumor progression models of HG-SOC from murine oviductal and OSE tissues. We use CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to introduce mutations into genes commonly found mutated in HG-SOC, such as Trp53, Brca1, Nf1 and Pten. Our results support the dual origin hypothesis of HG-SOC, as we demonstrate that both epithelia can give rise to ovarian tumors with high-grade pathology. However, the mutated oviductal organoids expand much faster in vitro and more readily form malignant tumors upon transplantation. Furthermore, in vitro drug testing reveals distinct lineage-dependent sensitivities to the common drugs used to treat HG-SOC in patients. The relative contribution of fallopian tube (FT) or ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) to high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HG-SOC) development is unclear. Here, the authors establish organoid models from murine oviductal and OSE tissues that allow cancer modeling via CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and report a dual origin of murine HG-SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi Lõhmussaar
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oded Kopper
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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60
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Wilson MR, Holladay J, Sheridan R, Hostetter G, Berghuis B, Graveel C, Essenburg C, Peck A, Ho TH, Stanton M, Chandler RL. Lgr5-positive endothelial progenitor cells occupy a tumor and injury prone niche in the kidney vasa recta. Stem Cell Res 2020; 46:101849. [PMID: 32464345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway co-receptor, Leucine Rich Repeat Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 (LGR5), labels tumor-prone stem cell populations in certain types of tissue. In this study, we show that ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations in LGR5+ cells result in renal angiosarcomas in adult mice. The tumors originate in the renal medulla. We further show that LGR5 labels SOX17+/CD31+/CD34+/CD133+/AQP1+/CD146+ endothelial progenitor cells within the descending vasa recta or straight arterioles of the kidney, which are specialized capillaries that maintain medullary osmotic gradients necessary for water reabsorption and the production of concentrated urine. LGR5+ endothelial progenitor cells are tightly associated with contractile pericytes within the descending vasa recta. Long-term in vivo lineage tracing revealed that LGR5+ cells give rise to renal medullary vasculature. We further show that LGR5+ cells are activated in response to ischemic kidney injury. Our findings uncover a physiologically relevant endothelial progenitor cell population within the kidney vasa recta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike R Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeanne Holladay
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rachael Sheridan
- Flow Cytometry Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Galen Hostetter
- Pathology and Biorepository Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bree Berghuis
- Pathology and Biorepository Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Carrie Graveel
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Curt Essenburg
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Anderson Peck
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Thai H Ho
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Melissa Stanton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Ronald L Chandler
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI 49341, USA.
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Nagare RP, Sneha S, Krishnapriya S, Ramachandran B, Murhekar K, Vasudevan S, Shabna A, Ganesan TS. ALDH1A1+ ovarian cancer stem cells co-expressing surface markers CD24, EPHA1 and CD9 form tumours in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112009. [PMID: 32305326 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the reasons for recurrence following treatment of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the persistence of residual cancer stem cells (CSCs). There has been variability between laboratories in the identification of CSC markers for HGSOC. We have identified new surface markers (CD24, CD9 and EPHA1) in addition to those previously known (CD44, CD117 and CD133) using a bioinformatics approach. The expression of these surface markers was evaluated in ovarian cancer cell lines, primary malignant cells (PMCs), normal ovary and HGSOC. There was no preferential expression of any of the markers or a combination. All the markers were expressed at variable levels in ovarian cancer cell lines and PMCs. Only CD117 and CD9 were expressed in the normal ovarian surface epithelium and fallopian tube. Both ALDEFLUOR (ALDH1A1) and side population assays identified a small proportion of cells (<3%) separately that did not overlap with little variability in cell lines and PMCs. All surface markers were co-expressed in ALDH1A1+ cells without preference for one combination. The cell cycle analysis of ALDH1A1+ cells alone revealed that majority of them reside in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. Further separation of G0 and G1 phases showed that ALDH1A1+ cells reside in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Xenograft assays showed that the combinations of ALDH1A1 + cells co-expressing CD9, CD24 or EPHA1 were more tumorigenic and aggressive with respect to ALDH1A1-cells. These data suggest that a combined approach could be more useful in identifying CSCs in HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit P Nagare
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Smarakan Sneha
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Syama Krishnapriya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Kanchan Murhekar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sekar Vasudevan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aboo Shabna
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Trivadi S Ganesan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
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Maenhoudt N, Defraye C, Boretto M, Jan Z, Heremans R, Boeckx B, Hermans F, Arijs I, Cox B, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vergote I, Van Rompuy AS, Lambrechts D, Timmerman D, Vankelecom H. Developing Organoids from Ovarian Cancer as Experimental and Preclinical Models. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:717-729. [PMID: 32243841 PMCID: PMC7160357 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the most dismal gynecological cancer. Pathobiology is poorly understood, mainly due to lack of appropriate study models. Organoids, defined as self-developing three-dimensional in vitro reconstructions of tissues, provide powerful tools to model human diseases. Here, we established organoid cultures from patient-derived OC, in particular from the most prevalent high-grade serous OC (HGSOC). Testing multiple culture medium components identified neuregulin-1 (NRG1) as key factor in maximizing OC organoid development and growth, although overall derivation efficiency remained moderate (36% for HGSOC patients, 44% for all patients together). Established organoid lines showed patient tumor-dependent morphology and disease characteristics, and recapitulated the parent tumor's marker expression and mutational landscape. Moreover, the organoids displayed tumor-specific sensitivity to clinical HGSOC chemotherapeutic drugs. Patient-derived OC organoids provide powerful tools for the study of the cancer's pathobiology (such as importance of the NRG1/ERBB pathway) as well as advanced preclinical tools for (personalized) drug screening and discovery. Organoids are established from ovarian cancer (OC) Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is identified as key component for OC organoid growth OC organoids capture disease hallmarks and recapitulate patient tumor characteristics OC organoids are amenable to drug screening and mechanistic (NRG1/ERBB) research
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Maenhoudt
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Defraye
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Boretto
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ziga Jan
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Cancer Centre Carinthia, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Ruben Heremans
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Hermans
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Cox
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Van Rompuy
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Timmerman
- Cluster Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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63
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Jackstadt R, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. WNT and β-Catenin in Cancer: Genes and Therapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The WNT pathway is a pleiotropic signaling pathway that controls developmental processes, tissue homeostasis, and cancer. The WNT pathway is commonly mutated in many cancers, leading to widespread research into the role of WNT signaling in carcinogenesis. Understanding which cancers are reliant upon WNT activation and which components of the WNT signaling pathway are mutated is paramount to advancing therapeutic strategies. In addition, building holistic insights into the role of WNT signaling in not only tumor cells but also the tumor microenvironment is a vital area of research and may be a promising therapeutic strategy in multiple immunologically inert cancers. Novel compounds aimed at modulating the WNT signaling pathway using diverse mechanisms are currently under investigation in preclinical/early clinical studies. Here, we review how the WNT pathway is activated in multiple cancers and discuss current strategies to target aberrant WNT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Jackstadt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Owen James Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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64
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Why the dual origins of high grade serous ovarian cancer matter. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1200. [PMID: 32139687 PMCID: PMC7058006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilising identical genetic aberrations but targeting different cells, Zhang and colleagues seek to uncover how the cell of origin influences high-grade serous ovarian cancer biology, metastasis and response to treatment.
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65
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Chang YH, Chu TY, Ding DC. Human fallopian tube epithelial cells exhibit stemness features, self-renewal capacity, and Wnt-related organoid formation. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:32. [PMID: 32035490 PMCID: PMC7007656 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTEC) were thought to be the origin of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Knowledge of the stemness or initiating characteristics of FTEC is insufficient. Previously, we have characterized the stemness cell marker of FTEC, this study aims to further characterize the clonogenicity and spheroid features of FTEC. METHODS We successfully derived FTECs from the epithelial layer of the human fallopian tubes. We examined the morphology, proliferation rate, doubling time, and clonal growth of them. At passage 3, the sphere formations on gelatin-coated culture, suspension culture, and matrigel culture were observed, and the expression of LGR5, SSEA3, SSEA4, and other stemness markers was examined. Furthermore, tissue-reconstituted organoids from coculture of FTEC, fallopian stromal cells (FTMSC) and endothelial cells (HUVEC) were examined. RESULTS FTEC exhibited cuboidal cell morphology and maintained at a constant proliferation rate for up to nine passages (P9). FTEC could proliferate from a single cell with a clonogenic efficiency of 4%. Flow cytometry revealed expressions of normal stem cell markers (SSEA3, SSEA4, and LGR5) and cancer stem cell markers (CD24, CD44, CD117, ROR1, and CD133). FTEC formed spheres and colonies when cultured on low attach dish. In the presence of Matrigel, the stemness and colony formation activity were much enhanced. In co-culturing with FTMSC and HUVEC, FTEC could form organoids that could be blocked by Wnt inhibitor DKK1. Expressions of LGR5 and FOXJ1 expression were also decreased by adding DKK1. CONCLUSION We demonstrated abundantly presence of stem cells in human FTECs which are efficient in forming colonies, spheres and organoids, relying on Wnt signaling. We also reported for the first time the generation of organoid from reconstitutied cell lineages in the tissue. This may provide a new model for studying the regneration and malignant transformation of the tubal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsun Chang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien, 970, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien, 970, Taiwan. .,Department of Gyecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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66
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Hartanti MD, Hummitzsch K, Bonner WM, Bastian NA, Irving-Rodgers HF, Rodgers RJ. Formation of the Bovine Ovarian Surface Epithelium during Fetal Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:113-126. [PMID: 31855103 PMCID: PMC7003494 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419896797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When first formed, the ovary only has an established epithelium at its base or hilum. Later, an epithelium is established around the rest of the ovary. To examine this further, we conducted scanning electron microscopy of the surface of bovine fetal ovaries and immunohistochemistry of ovarian cross-sections. From the earliest time point, the cells on the surface of the base or hilum of the ovary were cuboidal. On the remainder of the ovary, the surface was more irregular. By mid-development, the surface was covered completely with either a stratified or simple epithelium of cuboidal cells. Clefts were observed in the surface and appeared to form due to the expansion of stroma surrounding each open ovigerous cord, elevating the areas surrounding each cord, while leaving the opening of the cord to form the base of each cleft. The continued expansion of the surrounding stroma below the surface appeared not only to close the ovigerous cords from the surface but to compress the clefts into the shape of a groove. Later, most of the ovarian surface was covered with a simple cuboidal epithelium. The changes to the ovarian surface during fetal development coincide with the remodeling of the stroma and cords below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D. Hartanti
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School
of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University,
Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Katja Hummitzsch
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School
of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wendy M. Bonner
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School
of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicole A. Bastian
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School
of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen F. Irving-Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School
of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University,
Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J. Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School
of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
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67
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Thong T, Forté CA, Hill EM, Colacino JA. Environmental exposures, stem cells, and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107398. [PMID: 31376432 PMCID: PMC6881547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 70-90% of all cancers are linked to exposure to environmental risk factors. In parallel, the number of stem cells in a tissue has been shown to be a strong predictor of risk of developing cancer in that tissue. Tumors themselves are characterized by an acquisition of "stem cell" characteristics, and a growing body of evidence points to tumors themselves being sustained and propagated by a stem cell-like population. Here, we review our understanding of the interplay between environmental exposures, stem cell biology, and cancer. We provide an overview of the role of stem cells in development, tissue homeostasis, and wound repair. We discuss the pathways and mechanisms governing stem cell plasticity and regulation of the stem cell state, and describe experimental methods for assessment of stem cells. We then review the current understanding of how environmental exposures impact stem cell function relevant to carcinogenesis and cancer prevention, with a focus on environmental and occupational exposures to chemical, physical, and biological hazards. We also highlight key areas for future research in this area, including defining whether the biological basis for cancer disparities is related to effects of complex exposure mixtures on stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Thong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chanese A Forté
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Evan M Hill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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68
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Zhang S, Dolgalev I, Zhang T, Ran H, Levine DA, Neel BG. Both fallopian tube and ovarian surface epithelium are cells-of-origin for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5367. [PMID: 31772167 PMCID: PMC6879755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-of-origin of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) remains controversial, with fallopian tube epithelium (FTE) and ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) both considered candidates. Here, by using genetically engineered mouse models and organoids, we assessed the tumor-forming properties of FTE and OSE harboring the same oncogenic abnormalities. Combined RB family inactivation and Tp53 mutation in Pax8 + FTE caused Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma (STIC), which metastasized rapidly to the ovarian surface. These events were recapitulated by orthotopic injection of mutant FTE organoids. Engineering the same genetic lesions into Lgr5 + OSE or OSE-derived organoids also caused metastatic HGSOC, although with longer latency and lower penetrance. FTE- and OSE-derived tumors had distinct transcriptomes, and comparative transcriptomics and genomics suggest that human HGSOC arises from both cell types. Finally, FTE- and OSE-derived organoids exhibited differential chemosensitivity. Our results comport with a dualistic origin for HGSOC and suggest that the cell-of-origin might influence therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hao Ran
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Seishima R, Leung C, Yada S, Murad KBA, Tan LT, Hajamohideen A, Tan SH, Itoh H, Murakami K, Ishida Y, Nakamizo S, Yoshikawa Y, Wong E, Barker N. Neonatal Wnt-dependent Lgr5 positive stem cells are essential for uterine gland development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5378. [PMID: 31772170 PMCID: PMC6879518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is critical for directing epithelial gland development within the uterine lining to ensure successful gestation in adults. Wnt-dependent, Lgr5-expressing stem/progenitor cells are essential for the development of glandular epithelia in the intestine and stomach, but their existence in the developing reproductive tract has not been investigated. Here, we employ Lgr5-2A-EGFP/CreERT2/DTR mouse models to identify Lgr5-expressing cells in the developing uterus and to evaluate their stem cell identity and function. Lgr5 is broadly expressed in the uterine epithelium during embryogenesis, but becomes largely restricted to the tips of developing glands after birth. In-vivo lineage tracing/ablation/organoid culture assays identify these gland-resident Lgr5high cells as Wnt-dependent stem cells responsible for uterine gland development. Adjacent Lgr5neg epithelial cells within the neonatal glands function as essential niche components to support the function of Lgr5high stem cells ex-vivo. These findings constitute a major advance in our understanding of uterine development and lay the foundations for investigating potential contributions of Lgr5+ stem/progenitor cells to uterine disorders. Uterine gland development is essential for successful embryo implantation, decidua formation and placental development. Here the authors demonstrate that neonatal Wnt-dependent Lgr5 expressing stem/progenitor cells at the tips of developing glands are indispensable for uterine gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Seishima
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Carly Leung
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Swathi Yada
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Liang Thing Tan
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Si Hui Tan
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Hideki Itoh
- A*STAR Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishida
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamizo
- A*STAR Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Esther Wong
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, 138648, Singapore. .,Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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70
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Procr-expressing progenitor cells are responsible for murine ovulatory rupture repair of ovarian surface epithelium. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4966. [PMID: 31672973 PMCID: PMC6823351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) undergoes recurring ovulatory rupture and repair. The OSE replenishing mechanism post ovulation remains unclear. Here we report that the expression of Protein C Receptor (Procr) marks a progenitor population in adult mice that is responsible for OSE repair post ovulation. Procr+ cells are the major cell source for OSE repair. The mechanism facilitating the rapid re-epithelialization is through the immediate expansion of Procr+ cells upon OSE rupture. Targeted ablation of Procr+ cells impedes the repairing process. Moreover, Procr+ cells displayed robust colony-formation capacity in culture, which we harnessed and established a long-term culture and expansion system of OSE cells. Finally, we show that Procr+ cells and previously reported Lgr5+ cells have distinct lineage tracing behavior in OSE homeostasis. Our study suggests that Procr marks progenitor cells that are critical for OSE ovulatory rupture and homeostasis, providing insight into how adult stem cells respond upon injury. The ovary is covered by a surface epithelium (OSE) and cells mediating its repair post ovulation are unclear. Here, the authors identify the Protein C Receptor (Procr) as marking progenitor cells, distinct from Lgr5+ stem cells, on the murine surface epithelium that repair the OSE post ovulation.
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71
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Wnt Signaling in Ovarian Cancer Stemness, EMT, and Therapy Resistance. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101658. [PMID: 31614568 PMCID: PMC6832489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancers represent the deadliest among gynecologic malignancies and are characterized by a hierarchical structure with cancer stem cells (CSCs) endowed with self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, known to regulate stemness in a broad spectrum of stem cell niches including the ovary, is thought to play an important role in ovarian cancer. Importantly, Wnt activity was shown to correlate with grade, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, chemotherapy resistance, and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. This review will discuss the current knowledge of the role of Wnt signaling in ovarian cancer stemness, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and therapy resistance. In addition, the alleged role of exosomes in the paracrine activation of Wnt signaling and pre-metastatic niche formation will be reviewed. Finally, novel potential treatment options based on Wnt inhibition will be highlighted.
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Yoshino T, Saito D. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–based morphogenesis of dorsal mesentery and gonad. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 92:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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73
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Xu L, Lin W, Wen L, Li G. Lgr5 in cancer biology: functional identification of Lgr5 in cancer progression and potential opportunities for novel therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:219. [PMID: 31358061 PMCID: PMC6664754 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading lethal diseases worldwide. Identifying biomarkers of cancers might provide insights into the strategies for the development of novel targeted anti-cancer therapies. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) has been recently discovered as a candidate marker of cancer stem cell populations. Aberrant increased expression of Lgr5 may represent one of the most common molecular alterations in some human cancers, leading to long-term potentiation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. On the other hand, however, Lgr5-mediated suppression in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has also been reported in certain cancers, such as B cell malignancies. Until now, therapeutic approaches targeting Lgr5-associated signaling axis are not yet clinically available. Increasing evidence have indicated that endogenous Lgr5+ cell population is implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review is to summarize our current knowledge about the importance of Lgr5 in cancer biology and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Lgr5-mediated tumor-promoting/suppressive activities, as well as potentially useful preventive strategies in treating tumor. Therefore, targeted therapeutic modulation of Lgr5+ cancer cell population by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling through targeted drug delivery system or targeted genome editing might be promising for potential novel anti-cancer treatments. Simultaneously, combination of therapeutics targeting both Lgr5+ and Lgr5- cancer cells may deserve further consideration considering the plasticity of cancer cells. Also, a more specific targeting of cancer cells using double biomarkers may be much safer and more effective for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
| | - Longping Wen
- Nanobio Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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74
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The Function of Lgr5+ Cells in the Gastric Antrum Does Not Require Fzd7 or Myc In Vivo. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030050. [PMID: 31288403 PMCID: PMC6783992 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme chemical and mechanical forces endured by the gastrointestinal tract drive a constant renewal of the epithelial lining. Stem cells of the intestine and stomach, marked by the cell surface receptor Lgr5, preserve the cellular status-quo of their respective tissues through receipt and integration of multiple cues from the surrounding niche. Wnt signalling is a critical niche component for gastrointestinal stem cells and we have previously shown that the Wnt receptor, Frizzled-7 (Fzd7), is required for gastric homeostasis and the function of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. Additionally, we have previously shown a requirement for the Wnt target gene Myc in intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumourigenesis. However, it is unknown whether Fzd7 or Myc have conserved functions in gastric Lgr5+ stem cells. Here we show that gastric Lgr5+ stem cells do not require Fzd7 or Myc and are able to maintain epithelial homeostasis, highlighting key differences in the way Wnt regulates homeostasis and Lgr5+ stem cells in the stomach compared to the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, deletion of Myc throughout the epithelium of the gastric antrum has no deleterious effects suggesting therapeutic targeting of Myc in gastric cancer patients will be well tolerated by the surrounding normal tissue.
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75
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Chang YH, Ding DC, Chu TY. Estradiol and Progesterone Induced Differentiation and Increased Stemness Gene Expression of Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:3028-3036. [PMID: 31281480 PMCID: PMC6590043 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTECs) are thought to be the origin of epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the effect of the hormones on FTECs is unknown, and therefore, this study explored this effect. We successfully derived FTECs from the fallopian tube epithelial layer and treated them with estradiol and progesterone. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the gene expression of the FTECs' hormone receptors. Confocal and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the morphology of the FTECs after they were treated with hormones. Finally, quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the gene expression of the hormone-treated FTECs. The results showed that the FTECs exhibited cuboidal cell morphology and could be maintained at a constant proliferation rate. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed that the FTECs expressed stem cell markers, such as SSEA3, SSEA4, and Lgr5. Moreover, the FTECs could express both estrogen and progesterone receptors. In a culture treated with 400 nM estrogen, the FTECs differentiated toward ciliated cells, whereas in a culture treated with estradiol or progesterone, the FTECs increased their expression of certain stem cell markers (SSEA3, SSEA4, and Aldh1) and stemness genes [Wnt (AXIN2, LGR5, LGR6, and OLFM4) and Notch (Hes1) signaling]. In conclusion, hormones may alter the gene expressions of FTECs, and these cells may provide new insights into how FTECs regenerate in response to hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsun Chang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu-Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University; Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu-Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University; Hualien, Taiwan
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76
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Nagamatsu G, Shimamoto S, Hamazaki N, Nishimura Y, Hayashi K. Mechanical stress accompanied with nuclear rotation is involved in the dormant state of mouse oocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9960. [PMID: 31249869 PMCID: PMC6594774 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The most immature oocytes remain dormant in primordial follicles in the ovary, ensuring the longevity of female reproductive life. Despite its biological and clinical importance, knowledge of mechanisms regulating the dormant state remains limited. Here, we show that mechanical stress plays a key role in maintaining the dormant state of the oocytes in primordial follicles in mice. Transcriptional and histological analyses revealed that oocytes were compressed by surrounding granulosa cells with extracellular matrix. This environmental state is functionally crucial, as oocytes became activated upon loosening the structure and the dormancy was restored by additional compression with exogenous pressure. The nuclei of oocytes in primordial follicles rotated in response to the mechanical stress. Pausing the rotation triggered activation of oocytes through nuclear export of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3). These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which oocytes are kept dormant to sustain female reproductive life.
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77
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Ma Z, Guo D, Wang Q, Liu P, Xiao Y, Wu P, Wang Y, Chen B, Liu Z, Liu Q. Lgr5-mediated p53 Repression through PDCD5 leads to doxorubicin resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2967-2983. [PMID: 31244936 PMCID: PMC6568175 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The devastating prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is partially attributed to chemotherapy resistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key driving force of carcinoma metastasis and chemoresistance in solid tumors. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), as an EMT inducer, is involved in the potentiation of Wnt signaling in HCC. This study proposes uncovering the roles of Lgr5 in Doxorubicin (Dox) resistance of HCC to improve treatment efficacy for HCC. Methods: We investigated the expression and significance of Lgr5 in HCC tissue and different cell lines. The effect of Lgr5 in EMT and Dox resistance was analyzed in HCC cells and implanted HCC tumor models. A two-hybrid analysis, using the Lgr5 gene as the bait and a HCC cDNA library, was used to screen targeted proteins that interact with Lgr5. The positive clones were identified by coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down. The impact of the interaction on Dox resistance was investigated by a series of assays in vitro and in vivo . Result: We found that Lgr5 was upregulated and positively correlated with poor prognosis in HCC. Additionally, it functioned as a tumor promoter to increase cell migration and induce EMT in HCC cells and increase the resistance to Dox. We identified programmed cell death protein 5 (PDCD5) as a target gene of Lgr5 and we found that PDCD5 was responsible for Lgr5-mediated Dox resistance. Further analysis with Co-IP and GST pull-down assays showed that the N-terminal extracellular domain of Lgr5 could directly bind to PDCD5. Lgr5 induced p53 degradation by blocking the nuclear translocation of PDCD5 and leading to the loss of p53 stabilization. Lgr5 showed a protection against the inhibition of Dox on the growth of tumor subcutaneously injected. Moreover, Lgr5 suppressed Dox-induced apoptosis via the p53 pathway and attenuated the cytotoxicity of Dox to HCC. Conclusion: Lgr5 induces the EMT and inhibits apoptosis, thus promoting chemoresistance by regulating the PDCD5/p53 signaling axis. Furthermore, Lgr5 may be a potential target gene for overcoming Dox resistance.
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78
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Yang L, Yang S, Li X, Li B, Li Y, Zhang X, Ma Y, Peng X, Jin H, Fan Q, Wei S, Liu J, Li H. Tumor organoids: From inception to future in cancer research. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:120-133. [PMID: 30981763 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor models have created new avenues for personalized medicine and drug development. A new culture model derived from a three-dimensional system, the tumor organoid, is gradually being used in many fields. An organoid can simulate the physiological structure and function of tissue in situ and maintain the characteristics of tumor cells in vivo, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional experimental tumor models. Organoids can mimic pathological features of tumors and maintain genetic stability, making them suitable for both molecular mechanism studies and pharmacological experiments of clinical transformation. In addition, the application of tumor organoids combined with other technologies, such as liquid biopsy technology, microraft array (MRA), and high-content screening (HCS), for the development of personalized diagnosis and cancer treatment has a promising future. In this review, we introduce the evolution of organoids and discuss their specific application and advantages. We also summarize the characteristics of several tumor organoids culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China.
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Hummitzsch K, Hatzirodos N, Irving-Rodgers HF, Hartanti MD, Perry VEA, Anderson RA, Rodgers RJ. Morphometric analyses and gene expression related to germ cells, gonadal ridge epithelial-like cells and granulosa cells during development of the bovine fetal ovary. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214130. [PMID: 30901367 PMCID: PMC6430378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells on the surface of the mesonephros give rise to replicating Gonadal Ridge Epithelial-Like (GREL) cells, the first somatic cells of the gonadal ridge. Later germ cells associate with the GREL cells in the ovigerous cords, and the GREL cells subsequently give rise to the granulosa cells in follicles. To examine these events further, 27 bovine fetal ovaries of different gestational ages were collected and prepared for immunohistochemical localisation of collagen type I and Ki67 to identify regions of the ovary and cell proliferation, respectively. The non-stromal cortical areas (collagen-negative) containing GREL cells and germ cells and later in development, the follicles with oocytes and granulosa cells, were analysed morphometrically. Another set of ovaries (n = 17) were collected and the expression of genes associated with germ cell lineages and GREL/granulosa cells were quantitated by RT-PCR. The total volume of non-stromal areas in the cortex increased significantly and progressively with ovarian development, plateauing at the time the surface epithelium developed. However, the proportion of non-stromal areas in the cortex declined significantly and progressively throughout gestation, largely due to a cessation in growth of the non-stroma cells and the continued growth of stroma. The proliferation index in the non-stromal area was very high initially and then declined substantially at the time follicles formed. Thereafter, it remained low. The numerical density of the non-stromal cells was relatively constant throughout ovarian development. The expression levels of a number of genes across gestation either increased (AMH, FSHR, ESR1, INHBA), declined (CYP19A1, ESR2, ALDH1A1, DSG2, OCT4, LGR5) or showed no particular pattern (CCND2, CTNNB1, DAZL, FOXL2, GATA4, IGFBP3, KRT19, NR5A1, RARRES1, VASA, WNT2B). Many of the genes whose expression changed across gestation, were positively or negatively correlated with each other. The relationships between these genes may reflect their roles in the important events such as the transition of ovigerous cords to follicles, oogonia to oocytes or GREL cells to granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hummitzsch
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas Hatzirodos
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen F. Irving-Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monica D. Hartanti
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Viv E. A. Perry
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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80
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Lin W, Xu L, Lin S, Shi L, Wang B, Pan Q, Lee WYW, Li G. Characterisation of multipotent stem cells from human peripheral blood using an improved protocol. J Orthop Translat 2019; 19:18-28. [PMID: 31844610 PMCID: PMC6896479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A promising approach of bone repair is to use stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Seeking available source of MSCs still remains a great challenge in tissue engineering and cell therapy. Peripheral blood (PB) emerges as an alternative source of MSCs which can be easily acquired with minimal invasiveness. This study was undertaken to evaluate the multipotency of PB-MSCs and effects of human PB-MSCs transplantation on ectopic bone regeneration in nude mice. Methods Human venous blood collected was mixed with heparin and then red blood cells were removed using red blood cell lysis buffer. Cell suspension was cultured in normoxia-culture and hypoxia-culture conditions, respectively. The non-adherent cells were removed by half changing culture media every three days. Cells were selected due to plastic adherence. The adherent cells were then passaged and subjected to multi-differentiation induction assays in vitro and in vivo ectopic bone formation assay. Results Characterization assays indicated that cells cultured under hypoxia possessed potent multi-lineage differentiation capacity and expressed Nanog and Lgr5, as well as a series of MSC surface antigens (including CD29, CD90, CD105, and CD73). Additionally, regenerated bone tissues by transplantation of human PB-MSCs in vivo were confirmed by histological examinations of ectopic osteogenesis assay. A purified population of MSCs can be obtained within a short period of time using this protocol with a successful rate of 60%. Conclusion We reported an effective and reliable method to harvest highly purified MSCs with potent multi-differentiation potential from human peripheral blood. Lgr5 may be a potential biomarker for identification of a subpopulation of PB-MSCs. The translational potential of this article PB-MSCs is an alternative cell source for cell therapy, which may be harvested, culture expanded and PB-MSCs loaded with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) may be used to promote bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sien Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Wayne Y W Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
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81
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Tempest N, Baker AM, Wright NA, Hapangama DK. Does human endometrial LGR5 gene expression suggest the existence of another hormonally regulated epithelial stem cell niche? Hum Reprod 2019; 33:1052-1062. [PMID: 29648645 PMCID: PMC5972618 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is human endometrial leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) gene expression limited to the postulated epithelial stem cell niche, stratum basalis glands, and is it hormonally regulated? SUMMARY ANSWER LGR5 expressing cells are not limited to the postulated stem cell niche but LGR5 expression is hormonally regulated. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The human endometrium is a highly regenerative tissue; however, endometrial epithelial stem cell markers are yet to be confirmed. LGR5 is a marker of stem cells in various epithelia. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study was conducted at a University Research Institute. Endometrial samples from 50 healthy women undergoing benign gynaecological surgery with no endometrial pathology at the Liverpool Women's hospital were included and analysed in the following six sub-categories; proliferative, secretory phases of menstrual cycle, postmenopausal, those using oral and local progestagens and samples for in vitro explant culture. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In this study, we used the gold standard method, in situ hybridisation (ISH) along with qPCR and a systems biology approach to study the location of LGR5 gene expression in full thickness human endometrium and Fallopian tubes. The progesterone regulation of endometrial LGR5 was examined in vivo and in short-term cultured endometrial tissue explants in vitro. LGR5 expression was correlated with epithelial proliferation (Ki67), and expression of previously reported epithelia progenitor markers (SOX9 and SSEA-1) immunohistochemistry (IHC). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE LGR5 gene expression was significantly higher in the endometrial luminal epithelium than in all other epithelial compartments in the healthy human endometrium, including the endometrial stratum basalis (P < 0.05). The strongest SSEA-1 and SOX9 staining was observed in the stratum basalis glands, but the general trend of SOX9 and SSEA-1 expression followed the same cyclical pattern of expression as LGR5. Stratum functionalis epithelial Ki67-LI and LGR5 expression levels correlated significantly (r = 0.74, P = 0.01), however, they did not correlate in luminal and stratum basalis epithelium (r = 0.5 and 0.13, respectively). Endometrial LGR5 demonstrates a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern, suggesting hormonal regulation. Oral and local progestogens significantly reduced endometrial LGR5 mRNA levels compared with women not on hormonal treatment (P < 0.01). Our data were in agreement with in silico analysis of published endometrial microarrays. LARGE SCALE DATA We did not generate our own large scale data but interrogated publically available large scale data sets. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION In the absence of reliable antibodies for human LGR5 protein and validated lineage markers for the various epithelial populations that potentially exist within the endometrium, our study does not formally characterise or examine the functional ability of the resident LGR5+ cells as multipotent. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These data will facilitate future lineage tracing studies in the human endometrial epithelium; to identify the location of stem cells and further complement the in vitro functional studies, to confirm if the LGR5 expressing epithelial cells indeed represent the epithelial stem cell population. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by funding from the Wellbeing of Women project grant (RTF510) and Cancer Research UK (A14895). None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tempest
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - A M Baker
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - N A Wright
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - D K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
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Hatina J, Boesch M, Sopper S, Kripnerova M, Wolf D, Reimer D, Marth C, Zeimet AG. Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell Heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1139:201-221. [PMID: 31134503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14366-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma features pronounced clinical, histopathological, and molecular heterogeneity. There is good reason to believe that parts of this heterogeneity can be explained by differences in the respective cell of origin, with a self-renewing fallopian tube secretory cell being likely responsible for initiation of an overwhelming majority of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (i.e., type II tumors according to the recent dualistic classification), whereas there are several mutually non-exclusive possibilities for the initiation of type I tumors, including ovarian surface epithelium stem cells, endometrial cells, or even cells of extra-Müllerian origin. Interestingly, both fallopian tube self-renewing secretory cells and ovarian surface epithelium stem cells seem to be characterized by an overlapping array of stemness signaling pathways, especially Wnt/β-catenin. Apart from this variability in the respective cell of origin, the particular clinical behavior of ovarian carcinoma strongly suggests an underlying stem cell component with a crucial impact. This becomes especially evident in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas treated with classical chemotherapy, which entails a gradual evolution of chemoresistant disease without any apparent selection of clones carrying obvious chemoresistance-associated mutations. Several cell surface markers (e.g., CD24, CD44, CD117, CD133, and ROR1) as well as functional approaches (ALDEFLUOR™ and side population assays) have been used to identify and characterize putative ovarian carcinoma stem cells. We have recently shown that side population cells exhibit marked heterogeneity on their own, which can hamper their straightforward therapeutic targeting. An alternative strategy for stemness-depleting interventions is to target the stem cell niche, i.e., the specific microanatomical structure that secures stem cell maintenance and survival through provision of a set of stem cell-promoting and differentiation-antagonizing factors. Besides identifying direct or indirect therapeutic targets, profiling of side population cells and other ovarian carcinoma stem cell subpopulations can reveal relevant prognostic markers, as exemplified by our recent discovery of the Vav3.1 transcript variant, which filters out a fraction of prognostically unfavorable ovarian carcinoma cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hatina
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sieghart Sopper
- Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Reimer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Marth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alain G Zeimet
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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83
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circGprc5a Promoted Bladder Oncogenesis and Metastasis through Gprc5a-Targeting Peptide. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:633-641. [PMID: 30497053 PMCID: PMC6258829 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a serious cancer in the world, especially in advanced countries. Bladder cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive bladder tumorigenesis and metastasis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in many biological processes, but their roles in bladder oncogenesis and bladder CSCs are unclear. Here, we identified that circGprc5a is upregulated in bladder tumors and CSCs. circGpr5a knockdown impairs the self-renewal and metastasis of bladder CSCs, and its overexpression exerts an opposite role. circGpr5a has peptide-coding potential and functions through a peptide-dependent manner. circGprc5a-peptide binds to Gprc5a, a surface protein highly expressed in bladder CSCs. Gprc5a knockout inhibits the bladder CSC self-renewal and metastasis. circGprc5a-peptide-Gprc5a can be utilized to target bladder cancer and bladder CSCs.
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84
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Mesothelial to mesenchyme transition as a major developmental and pathological player in trunk organs and their cavities. Commun Biol 2018; 1:170. [PMID: 30345394 PMCID: PMC6191446 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal organs embedded in the cavities are lined by an epithelial monolayer termed the mesothelium. The mesothelium is increasingly implicated in driving various internal organ pathologies, as many of the normal embryonic developmental pathways acting in mesothelial cells, such as those regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, also drive disease progression in adult life. Here, we summarize observations from different animal models and organ systems that collectively point toward a central role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in driving tissue fibrosis, acute scarring, and cancer metastasis. Thus, drugs targeting pathways of mesothelium’s transition may have broad therapeutic benefits in patients suffering from these diseases. Tim Koopmans and Yuval Rinkevich review recent findings linking the mesothelium’s embryonic programs that drive epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition with adult pathologies, such as fibrosis, acute scarring, and cancer metastasis. They highlight new avenues for drug development that would target pathways of the mesothelium’s mesenchymal transition.
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85
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Rotgers E, Jørgensen A, Yao HHC. At the Crossroads of Fate-Somatic Cell Lineage Specification in the Fetal Gonad. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:739-759. [PMID: 29771299 PMCID: PMC6173476 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive endocrine systems are vastly different between males and females. This sexual dimorphism of the endocrine milieu originates from sex-specific differentiation of the somatic cells in the gonads during fetal life. Most gonadal somatic cells arise from the adrenogonadal primordium. After separation of the adrenal and gonadal primordia, the gonadal somatic cells initiate sex-specific differentiation during gonadal sex determination with the specification of the supporting cell lineages: Sertoli cells in the testis vs granulosa cells in the ovary. The supporting cell lineages then facilitate the differentiation of the steroidogenic cell lineages, Leydig cells in the testis and theca cells in the ovary. Proper differentiation of these cell types defines the somatic cell environment that is essential for germ cell development, hormone production, and establishment of the reproductive tracts. Impairment of lineage specification and function of gonadal somatic cells can lead to disorders of sexual development (DSDs) in humans. Human DSDs and processes for gonadal development have been successfully modeled using genetically modified mouse models. In this review, we focus on the fate decision processes from the initial stage of formation of the adrenogonadal primordium in the embryo to the maintenance of the somatic cell identities in the gonads when they become fully differentiated in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Rotgers
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humphrey Hung-Chang Yao
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
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86
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Agudo J, Park ES, Rose SA, Alibo E, Sweeney R, Dhainaut M, Kobayashi KS, Sachidanandam R, Baccarini A, Merad M, Brown BD. Quiescent Tissue Stem Cells Evade Immune Surveillance. Immunity 2018; 48:271-285.e5. [PMID: 29466757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are critical for the maintenance of many tissues, but whether their integrity is maintained in the face of immunity is unclear. Here we found that cycling epithelial stem cells, including Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells, as well as ovary and mammary stem cells, were eliminated by activated T cells, but quiescent stem cells in the hair follicle and muscle were resistant to T cell killing. Immune evasion was an intrinsic property of the quiescent stem cells resulting from systemic downregulation of the antigen presentation machinery, including MHC class I and TAP proteins, and is mediated by the transactivator NLRC5. This process was reversed upon stem cell entry into the cell cycle. These studies identify a link between stem cell quiescence, antigen presentation, and immune evasion. As cancer-initiating cells can derive from stem cells, these findings may help explain how the earliest cancer cells evade immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Agudo
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eun Sook Park
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samuel A Rose
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eziwoma Alibo
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sweeney
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maxime Dhainaut
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alessia Baccarini
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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87
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Fu A, Oberholtzer SM, Bagheri-Fam S, Rastetter RH, Holdreith C, Caceres VL, John SV, Shaw SA, Krentz KJ, Zhang X, Hui CC, Wilhelm D, Jorgensen JS. Dynamic expression patterns of Irx3 and Irx5 during germline nest breakdown and primordial follicle formation promote follicle survival in mouse ovaries. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007488. [PMID: 30071018 PMCID: PMC6071956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Women and other mammalian females are born with a finite supply of oocytes that determine their reproductive lifespan. During fetal development, individual oocytes are enclosed by a protective layer of granulosa cells to form primordial follicles that will grow, mature, and eventually release the oocyte for potential fertilization. Despite the knowledge that follicles are dysfunctional and will die without granulosa cell-oocyte interactions, the mechanisms by which these cells establish communication is unknown. We previously identified that two members of the Iroquois homeobox transcription factor gene family, Irx3 and Irx5, are expressed within developing ovaries but not testes. Deletion of both factors (Irx3-Irx5EGFP/Irx3-Irx5EGFP) disrupted granulosa cell-oocyte contact during early follicle development leading to oocyte death. Thus, we hypothesized that Irx3 and Irx5 are required to develop cell-cell communication networks to maintain follicle integrity and female fertility. A series of Irx3 and Irx5 mutant mouse models were generated to assess roles for each factor. While both Irx3 and Irx5 single mutant females were subfertile, their breeding outcomes and ovary histology indicated distinct causes. Careful analysis of Irx3- and Irx5-reporter mice linked the cause of this disparity to dynamic spatio-temporal changes in their expression patterns. Both factors marked the progenitor pre-granulosa cell population in fetal ovaries. At the critical phase of germline nest breakdown and primordial follicle formation however, Irx3 and Irx5 transitioned to oocyte- and granulosa cell-specific expression respectively. Further investigation into the cause of follicle death in Irx3-Irx5EGFP/Irx3-Irx5EGFP ovaries uncovered specific defects in both granulosa cells and oocytes. Granulosa cell defects included poor contributions to basement membrane deposition and mis-localization of gap junction proteins. Granulosa cells and oocytes both presented fewer cell projections resulting in compromised cell-cell communication. Altogether, we conclude that Irx3 and Irx5 first work together to define the pregranulosa cell population of germline nests. During primordial follicle formation, they transition to oocyte- and granulosa cell-specific expression patterns where they cooperate in neighboring cells to build the foundation for follicle integrity. This foundation is left as their legacy of the essential oocyte-granulosa cell communication network that ensures and ultimately optimizes the integrity of the ovarian reserve and therefore, the female reproductive lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Fu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sydney M. Oberholtzer
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raphael H. Rastetter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Holdreith
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Valeria L. Caceres
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Steven V. John
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Shaw
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathleen J. Krentz
- Genome Editing and Animal Models Core, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joan S. Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Wang T, Wu H, Liu S, Lei Z, Qin Z, Wen L, Liu K, Wang X, Guo Y, Liu Q, Liu L, Wang J, Lin L, Mao C, Zhu X, Xiao H, Bian X, Chen D, Xu C, Wang B. SMYD3 controls a Wnt-responsive epigenetic switch for ASCL2 activation and cancer stem cell maintenance. Cancer Lett 2018; 430:11-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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89
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Can Stemness and Chemoresistance Be Therapeutically Targeted via Signaling Pathways in Ovarian Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080241. [PMID: 30042330 PMCID: PMC6116003 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Poor overall survival, particularly for patients with high grade serous (HGS) ovarian cancer, is often attributed to late stage at diagnosis and relapse following chemotherapy. HGS ovarian cancer is a heterogenous disease in that few genes are consistently mutated between patients. Additionally, HGS ovarian cancer is characterized by high genomic instability. For these reasons, personalized approaches may be necessary for effective treatment and cure. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tumor metastasis and chemoresistance are essential to improve survival rates. One favored model for tumor metastasis and chemoresistance is the cancer stem cell (CSC) model. CSCs are cells with enhanced self-renewal properties that are enriched following chemotherapy. Elimination of this cell population is thought to be a mechanism to increase therapeutic response. Therefore, accurate identification of stem cell populations that are most clinically relevant is necessary. While many CSC identifiers (ALDH, OCT4, CD133, and side population) have been established, it is still not clear which population(s) will be most beneficial to target in patients. Therefore, there is a critical need to characterize CSCs with reliable markers and find their weaknesses that will make the CSCs amenable to therapy. Many signaling pathways are implicated for their roles in CSC initiation and maintenance. Therapeutically targeting pathways needed for CSC initiation or maintenance may be an effective way of treating HGS ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, the prognosis for HGS ovarian cancer may be improved by combining CSC phenotyping with targeted therapies for pathways involved in CSC maintenance.
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90
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Jang BG, Kim HS, Chang WY, Bae JM, Kim WH, Kang GH. Expression Profile of LGR5 and Its Prognostic Significance in Colorectal Cancer Progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2236-2250. [PMID: 30036518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression profile of leucine-rich, repeat-containing, G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and determined the prognostic impact of LGR5 in a large cohort of CRC samples. LGR5 expression was higher in CRCs than in normal mucosa, and was not associated with other cancer stem cell markers. LGR5 positivity was observed in 68% of 788 CRCs and was positively correlated with older age, moderately to well-differentiated cells, and nuclear β-catenin expression. Enhanced LGR5 expression remained persistent during the adenoma-carcinoma transition, but markedly declined in the budding cancer cells at the invasive fronts, which was not due to altered wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family (Wnt) or epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling. LGR5 showed negative correlations with microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype, and was not associated with KRAS or BRAF mutation. Notably, LGR5 positivity was an independent prognostic marker for better clinical outcomes in CRC patients. LGR5 overexpression attenuated tumor growth by decreasing ERK phosphorylation along with decreased colony formation and migration abilities in DLD1 cells. Likewise, knockdown of LGR5 expression resulted in a decline in the colony-forming and migration capacities in LoVo cells. Taken together, our data suggest a suppressive role of LGR5 in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Young Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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91
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Hong EH, Hwang M, Shin YU, Park HH, Koh SH, Cho H. Leucine-rich G Protein-coupled Receptor-5 Is Significantly Increased in the Aqueous Humor of Human Eye with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:238-244. [PMID: 30022875 PMCID: PMC6050418 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.3.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor-5 (LGR5) is known to be a stem cell marker in many organs. LGR5 may have important roles in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) because LGR5 potentiate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which plays crucial roles in pathologic neovascularization in the retina. The association between LGR5 and retinal pathologic neovascularization has not yet been reported. In the present study, LGR5 was compared in human aqueous humor (AH) between normal control and patients with PDR to confirm the relationship between LGR5 and PDR. AH was collected from 7 naïve PDR patients and 3 control subjects before intravitreal injection and cataract surgery, respectively. LGR5 and key members of Wnt/β-catenin were assessed by western blotting. In the present study, it was confirmed for the first time that LGR5 is detected in AH and it increases in PDR patients. Key members of Wnt/β-catenin pathway were also increased in AH of PDR patients compared to control. These findings might support the hypothesis that LGR5 has important roles in PDR especially considering the roles of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is activated by LGR5, contributing to retinal pathologic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Mina Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yong Un Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Heeyoon Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
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92
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Wiese KE, Nusse R, van Amerongen R. Wnt signalling: conquering complexity. Development 2018; 145:145/12/dev165902. [PMID: 29945986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The history of the Wnt pathway is an adventure that takes us from mice and flies to frogs, zebrafish and beyond, sketching the outlines of a molecular signalling cascade along the way. Here, we specifically highlight the instrumental role that developmental biology has played throughout. We take the reader on a journey, starting with developmental genetics studies that identified some of the main molecular players, through developmental model organisms that helped unravel their biochemical function and cell biological activities. Culminating in complex analyses of stem cell fate and dynamic tissue growth, these efforts beautifully illustrate how different disciplines provided missing pieces of a puzzle. Together, they have shaped our mechanistic understanding of the Wnt pathway as a conserved signalling process in development and disease. Today, researchers are still uncovering additional roles for Wnts and other members of this multifaceted signal transduction pathway, opening up promising new avenues for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin E Wiese
- Section of Molecular Cytology and Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5458, USA
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology and Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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93
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Choi W, Kim J, Park J, Lee DH, Hwang D, Kim JH, Ashktorab H, Smoot D, Kim SY, Choi C, Koh GY, Lim DS. YAP/TAZ Initiates Gastric Tumorigenesis via Upregulation of MYC. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3306-3320. [PMID: 29669762 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ play oncogenic roles in various organs, but the role of YAP/TAZ in gastric cancer remains unclear. Here, we show that YAP/TAZ activation initiates gastric tumorigenesis in vivo and verify its significance in human gastric cancer. In mice, YAP/TAZ activation in the pyloric stem cell led to step-wise tumorigenesis. RNA sequencing identified MYC as a decisive target of YAP, which controls MYC at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. These mechanisms tightly regulated MYC in homeostatic conditions, but YAP activation altered this balance by impeding miRNA processing, causing a shift towards MYC upregulation. Pharmacologic inhibition of MYC suppressed YAP-dependent phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, verifying its functional role as a key mediator. Human gastric cancer samples also displayed a significant correlation between YAP and MYC. We reanalyzed human transcriptome data to verify enrichment of YAP signatures in a subpopulation of gastric cancers and found that our model closely reflected the molecular pattern of patients with high YAP activity. Overall, these results provide genetic evidence of YAP/TAZ as oncogenic initiators and drivers for gastric tumors with MYC as the key downstream mediator. These findings are also evident in human gastric cancer, emphasizing the significance of YAP/TAZ signaling in gastric carcinogenesis.Significance: YAP/TAZ activation initiates gastric carcinogenesis with MYC as the key downstream mediator. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3306-20. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeoh Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Duane Smoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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94
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Mishra B, Lawson GW, Ripperdan R, Ortiz L, Luderer U. Charged-Iron-Particles Found in Galactic Cosmic Rays are Potent Inducers of Epithelial Ovarian Tumors. Radiat Res 2018; 190:142-150. [PMID: 29781764 DOI: 10.1667/rr15028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Astronauts traveling in deep space are exposed to high-charge and energy (HZE) particles from galactic cosmic rays. We have previously determined that irradiation of adult female mice with iron HZE particles induces DNA double-strand breaks, oxidative damage and apoptosis in ovarian follicles, causing premature ovarian failure. These effects occur at lower doses than with conventional photon irradiation. Ovarian failure with resultant loss of negative feedback and elevated levels of gonadotropin hormones is thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that charged-iron-particle irradiation induces ovarian tumorigenesis in mice. In this study, three-month-old female mice were exposed to 0 cGy (sham) or 50 cGy iron ions and aged to 18 months. The 50 cGy irradiated mice had increased weight gain with age and lack of estrous cycling, consistent with ovarian failure. A total of 47% and 7% of mice irradiated with 50 cGy had unilateral and bilateral ovarian tumors, respectively, whereas 14% of mice in the 0 cGy group had unilateral tumors. The tumors contained multiple tubular structures, which were lined with cells positive for the epithelial marker cytokeratin, and had few proliferating cells. In some tumors, packets of cells between the tubular structures were immunopositive for the granulosa cell marker FOXL2. Based on these findings, tumors were diagnosed as tubular adenomas or mixed tubular adenoma/granulosa cell tumors. In conclusion, charged-iron-particle-radiation induces ovarian tumors in mice, raising concerns about ovarian tumors as late sequelae of deep space travel in female astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Mishra
- Departments of a Medicine.,d Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Gregory W Lawson
- e Office for Laboratory Animal Care, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7150
| | | | | | - Ulrike Luderer
- Departments of a Medicine.,b Developmental and Cell Biology.,c Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617
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95
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Leung C, Tan SH, Barker N. Recent Advances in Lgr5 + Stem Cell Research. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:380-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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96
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Emmerson E, Knox SM. Salivary gland stem cells: A review of development, regeneration and cancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23211. [PMID: 29663717 PMCID: PMC5980780 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are responsible for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and are routinely damaged by therapeutic radiation for head and neck cancer as well as by autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. Regenerative approaches based on the reactivation of endogenous stem cells or the transplant of exogenous stem cells hold substantial promise in restoring the structure and function of these organs to improve patient quality of life. However, these approaches have been hampered by a lack of knowledge on the identity of salivary stem cell populations and their regulators. In this review we discuss our current knowledge on salivary stem cells and their regulators during organ development, homeostasis and regeneration. As increasing evidence in other systems suggests that progenitor cells may be a source of cancer, we also review whether these same salivary stem cells may also be cancer initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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97
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Stadnicka K, Sławińska A, Dunisławska A, Pain B, Bednarczyk M. Molecular signatures of epithelial oviduct cells of a laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) and quail (Coturnix japonica). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:9. [PMID: 29614966 PMCID: PMC5883888 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background In this work we have determined molecular signatures of oviduct epithelial and progenitor cells. We have proposed a panel of selected marker genes, which correspond with the phenotype of oviduct cells of a laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) and quail (Coturnix japonica). We demonstrated differences in characteristics of those cells, in tissue and in vitro, with respect to different anatomical and functional parts of the oviduct (infundibulum (INF), distal magnum (DM, and proximal magnum (PM)). The following gene expression signatures were studied: (1) oviduct markers (estrogen receptor 1, ovalbumin, and SPINK7 - ovomucoid), (2) epithelial markers (keratin 5, keratin 14, and occludin) and (3) stem-like/progenitor markers (CD44 glycoprotein, LGR5, Musashi-1, and sex determining region Y-box 9, Nanog homebox, OCT4/cPOUV gene encoding transcription factor POU5F3). Results In chicken, the expression of oviduct markers increased toward the proximal oviduct. Epithelial markers keratin14 and occludin were high in distal oviduct and decreased toward the proximal magnum. In quail oviduct tissue, the gene expression pattern of oviduct/epithelial markers was similar to chicken. The markers of progenitors/stemness in hen oviduct (Musashi-1 and CD44 glycoprotein) had the highest relative expression in the infundibulum and decreased toward the proximal magnum. In quail, we found significant expression of four progenitor markers (LGR5 gene, SRY sex determining region Y-box 9, OCT4/cPOUV gene, and CD44 glycoprotein) that were largely present in the distal oviduct. After in vitro culture of oviduct cells, the gene expression pattern has changed. High secretive potential of magnum-derived cells diminished by using decreased abundance of mRNA. On the other hand, chicken oviduct cells originating from the infundibulum gained ability to express OVM and OVAL. Epithelial character of the cells was maintained in vitro. Among progenitor markers, both hen and quail cells expressed high level of SOX9, LGR5 and Musashi-1. Conclusion Analysis of tissue material revealed gradual increase/decrease pattern in majority of the oviduct markers in both species. This pattern changed after the oviductal cells have been cultured in vitro. The results can provide molecular tools to validate the phenotype of in vitro biological models from reproductive tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-018-0168-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stadnicka
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Sławińska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dunisławska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bertrand Pain
- University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRA, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, Bron, France
| | - Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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98
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Flanagan DJ, Austin CR, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Wnt Signalling in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040178. [PMID: 29570681 PMCID: PMC5924520 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates several cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, and is critical for embryonic development. Stem cells are defined by their ability for self-renewal and the ability to be able to give rise to differentiated progeny. Consequently, they are essential for the homeostasis of many organs including the gastrointestinal tract. This review will describe the huge advances in our understanding of how stem cell functions in the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by Wnt signalling, including how deregulated Wnt signalling can hijack these functions to transform cells and lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Chloe R Austin
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
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99
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Leucht P, Lee S, Yim N. Wnt signaling and bone regeneration: Can't have one without the other. Biomaterials 2018; 196:46-50. [PMID: 29573821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the complexities of the Wnt signaling pathway during development and tissue homeostasis have made the Wnt pathway one of the prime candidates for translational applications during tissue regeneration. Wnts are key components of the stem cell niche and are short range signaling molecules responsible for cellular decisions such as proliferation and differentiation. Systemic treatment using biologics targeting the Wnt signaling pathway have shown promising early results and will likely enter the clinical arena in the near future. This comprehensive review summarizes the intricacies how Wnts function in the context of the bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Leucht
- NYU Langone Health, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- NYU Langone Health, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nury Yim
- NYU Langone Health, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA
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100
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Curry E, Zeller C, Masrour N, Patten DK, Gallon J, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, Ghaem-Maghami S, Bowtell DD, Brown R. Genes Predisposed to DNA Hypermethylation during Acquired Resistance to Chemotherapy Are Identified in Ovarian Tumors by Bivalent Chromatin Domains at Initial Diagnosis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1383-1391. [PMID: 29339543 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent chromatin domains containing both active H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 histone marks define gene sets poised for expression or silencing in differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells. In cancer cells, aberrantly poised genes may facilitate changes in transcriptional states after exposure to anticancer drugs. In this study, we used ChIP-seq to characterize genome-wide positioning of H3K4me3- and H3K27me3-associated chromatin in primary high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas and in normal ovarian surface and fallopian tube tissue. Gene sets with proximal bivalent marks defined in this manner were evaluated subsequently as signatures of systematic change in DNA methylation and gene expression, comparing pairs of tissue samples taken from patients at primary presentation and relapse following chemotherapy. We found that gene sets harboring bivalent chromatin domains at their promoters in tumor tissue, but not normal epithelia, overlapped with Polycomb-repressive complex target genes as well as transcriptionally silenced genes in normal ovarian and tubal stem cells. The bivalently marked genes we identified in tumors before chemotherapy displayed increased promoter CpG methylation and reduced gene expression at relapse after chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that preexisting histone modifications at genes in a poised chromatin state may lead to epigenetic silencing during acquired drug resistance.Significance: These results suggest epigenetic targets for intervention to prevent the emergence of cancer drug resistance. Cancer Res; 78(6); 1383-91. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Curry
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constanze Zeller
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nahal Masrour
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darren K Patten
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Gallon
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David D Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Brown
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
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