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Kim CY, Song H, Lee YH. Ambivalent response in pathogen defense: A double-edged sword? PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100415. [PMID: 35918895 PMCID: PMC9700132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers. Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems, newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens. Because of their different lifestyles, effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Given these opposing forces, the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen, a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect. We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance, regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Zhou Q, Sun Y, Zhao X, Yu Y, Cheng W, Lu L, Chu Z, Chen X. Bromodomain-containing factor GTE4 regulates Arabidopsis immune response. BMC Biol 2022; 20:256. [DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Plants are continuously challenged with biotic stress from environmental pathogens, and precise regulation of defense responses is critical for plant survival. Defense systems require considerable amounts of energy and resources, impairing plant growth, and plant hormones controlling transcriptional regulation play essential roles in establishing the appropriate balance between defense response to pathogens and growth. Chromatin regulators modulating gene transcription are broadly involved in regulating stress-responsive genes. However, which chromatin factors are involved in coordinating hormone signaling and immune responses in plants, and their functional mechanisms, remains unclear. Here, we identified a role of bromodomain-containing protein GTE4 in negatively regulating defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Results
GTE4 mainly functions as activator of gene expression upon infection with Pseudomonas syringe. Genome-wide profiling of GTE4 occupancy shows that GTE4 tends to bind to active genes, including ribosome biogenesis related genes and maintains their high expression levels during pathogen infection. However, GTE4 is also able to repress gene expression. GTE4 binds to and represses jasmonate biosynthesis gene OPR3. Disruption of GTE4 results in overaccumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and enhanced JA-responsive gene expression. Unexpectedly, over-accumulated JA content in gte4 mutant is coupled with downregulation of JA-mediated immune defense genes and upregulation of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune defense genes, and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas, likely through a noncanonical pathway.
Conclusions
Overall, we identified a new role of the chromatin factor GTE4 as negative regulator of plant immune response through inhibition of JA biosynthesis, which in turn noncanonically activates the defense system against Pseudomonas. These findings provide new knowledge of chromatic regulation of plant hormone signaling during defense responses.
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Stroud EA, Jayaraman J, Templeton MD, Rikkerink EHA. Comparison of the pathway structures influencing the temporal response of salicylate and jasmonate defence hormones in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952301. [PMID: 36160984 PMCID: PMC9504473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defence phytohormone pathways evolved to recognize and counter multiple stressors within the environment. Salicylic acid responsive pathways regulate the defence response to biotrophic pathogens whilst responses to necrotrophic pathogens, herbivory, and wounding are regulated via jasmonic acid pathways. Despite their contrasting roles in planta, the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defence networks share a common architecture, progressing from stages of biosynthesis, to modification, regulation, and response. The unique structure, components, and regulation of each stage of the defence networks likely contributes, in part, to the speed, establishment, and longevity of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in response to hormone treatment and various biotic stressors. Recent advancements in the understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways are reviewed here, with a focus on how the structure of the pathways may be influencing the temporal regulation of the defence responses, and how biotic stressors and the many roles of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in planta may have shaped the evolution of the signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Stroud
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Co-Transcriptomic Analysis of the Maize–Western Corn Rootworm Interaction. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182335. [PMID: 36145736 PMCID: PMC9505089 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is an economically important belowground pest of maize. Belowground feeding by WCR is damaging because it weakens the roots system, diminishes nutrient uptake, and creates entry points for fungal and bacterial pathogens and increases lodging, all of which can significantly suppress maize yields. Previously, it was demonstrated that belowground herbivory can trigger plant defense responses in the roots and the shoots, thereby impacting intraplant communication. Although several aspects of maize-WCR interactions have been reported, co-transcriptomic remodeling in the plant and insect are yet to be explored. We used a maize genotype, Mp708, that is resistant to a large guild of herbivore pests to study the underlying plant defense signaling network between below and aboveground tissues. We also evaluated WCR compensatory transcriptome responses. Using RNA-seq, we profiled the transcriptome of roots and leaves that interacted with WCR infestation up to 5 days post infestation (dpi). Our results suggest that Mp708 shoots and roots had elevated constitutive and WCR-feeding induced expression of genes related to jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, respectively, before and after WCR feeding for 1 and 5 days. Similarly, extended feeding by WCR for 5 days in Mp708 roots suppressed many genes involved in the benzoxazinoid pathway, which is a major group of indole-derived secondary metabolites that provides resistance to several insect pests in maize. Furthermore, extended feeding by WCR on Mp708 roots revealed several genes that were downregulated in WCR, which include genes related to proteolysis, neuropeptide signaling pathway, defense response, drug catabolic process, and hormone metabolic process. These findings indicate a dynamic transcriptomic dialog between WCR and WCR-infested maize plants.
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Rodríguez-Gómez G, Vargas-Mejía P, Silva-Rosales L. Differential Expression of Genes between a Tolerant and a Susceptible Maize Line in Response to a Sugarcane Mosaic Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081803. [PMID: 36016425 PMCID: PMC9415032 DOI: 10.3390/v14081803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To uncover novel genes associated with the Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) response, we used RNA-Seq data to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcript expression pattern clusters between a tolerant/resistant (CI-RL1) and a susceptible (B73) line, in addition to the F1 progeny (CI-RL1xB73). A Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of DEGs led us to propose three genes possibly associated with the CI-RL1 response: a heat shock 90-2 protein and two ABC transporters. Through a clustering analysis of the transcript expression patterns (CTEPs), we identified two genes putatively involved in viral systemic spread: the maize homologs to the PIEZO channel (ZmPiezo) and to the Potyvirus VPg Interacting Protein 1 (ZmPVIP1). We also observed the complex behavior of the maize eukaryotic factors ZmeIF4E and Zm-elfa (involved in translation), homologs to eIF4E and eEF1α in A. thaliana. Together, the DEG and CTEPs results lead us to suggest that the tolerant/resistant CI-RL1 response to the SCMV encompasses the action of diverse genes and, for the first time, that maize translation factors are associated with viral interaction.
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Samaradivakara SP, Chen H, Lu Y, Li P, Kim Y, Tsuda K, Mine A, Day B. Overexpression of NDR1 leads to pathogen resistance at elevated temperatures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1146-1162. [PMID: 35488494 PMCID: PMC9321970 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic environments influence a myriad of plant-related processes, including growth, development, and the establishment and maintenance of interaction(s) with microbes. In the case of the latter, elevated temperature has been shown to be a key factor that underpins host resistance and pathogen virulence. In this study, we elucidate a role for Arabidopsis NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (NDR1) by exploiting effector-triggered immunity to define the regulation of plant host immunity in response to both pathogen infection and elevated temperature. We generated time-series RNA sequencing data of WT Col-0, an NDR1 overexpression line, and ndr1 and ics1-2 mutant plants under elevated temperature. Not surprisingly, the NDR1-overexpression line showed genotype-specific gene expression changes related to defense response and immune system function. The results described herein support a role for NDR1 in maintaining cell signaling during simultaneous exposure to elevated temperature and avirulent pathogen stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroopa P. Samaradivakara
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Yi‐Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Institute of BiochemistryNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Pai Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Yongsig Kim
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHubei Hongshan LaboratoryHubei Key Lab of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Shenzhen BranchGuangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518120China
| | - Akira Mine
- Laboratory of Plant PathologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8502Japan
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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58
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Gordon H, Fellenberg C, Lackus ND, Archinuk F, Sproule A, Nakamura Y, K�llner TG, Gershenzon J, Overy DP, Constabel CP. CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of UGT71L1 in poplar connects salicinoid and salicylic acid metabolism and alters growth and morphology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2925-2947. [PMID: 35532172 PMCID: PMC9338807 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicinoids are salicyl alcohol-containing phenolic glycosides with strong antiherbivore effects found only in poplars and willows. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, but recently a UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase, UGT71L1, was shown to be required for salicinoid biosynthesis in poplar tissue cultures. UGT71L1 specifically glycosylates salicyl benzoate, a proposed salicinoid intermediate. Here, we analyzed transgenic CRISPR/Cas9-generated UGT71L1 knockout plants. Metabolomic analyses revealed substantial reductions in the major salicinoids, confirming the central role of the enzyme in salicinoid biosynthesis. Correspondingly, UGT71L1 knockouts were preferred to wild-type by white-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) larvae in bioassays. Greenhouse-grown knockout plants showed substantial growth alterations, with decreased internode length and smaller serrated leaves. Reinserting a functional UGT71L1 gene in a transgenic rescue experiment demonstrated that these effects were due only to the loss of UGT71L1. The knockouts contained elevated salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations, and also had enhanced expression of SA- and JA-related genes. SA is predicted to be released by UGT71L1 disruption, if salicyl salicylate is a pathway intermediate and UGT71L1 substrate. This idea was supported by showing that salicyl salicylate can be glucosylated by recombinant UGT71L1, providing a potential link of salicinoid metabolism to SA and growth impacts. Connecting this pathway with growth could imply that salicinoids are under additional evolutionary constraints beyond selective pressure by herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Gordon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Christin Fellenberg
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Finn Archinuk
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G K�llner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - David P Overy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
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Carreño-Vega O, Vargas-Zamarripa M, Salas P, Ramírez-García G. Poly(allylamine)-copper(II) coordination complex grafted on core@shell upconversion nanoparticles for ultrafast and sensitive determination of the phytohormone salicylic acid in plant extracts. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11630-11640. [PMID: 35861610 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone with critical roles in plant growth regulation and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Since low SA concentrations can modulate many plant biochemical responses, innovative analytical tools are required to deeply understand its activity and to control its exogenous application in modern agricultural systems. Herein, a NIR-activated composite based on NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 core@shell upconversion nanoparticles decorated with the poly(allylamine)-Cu(II) complex [UCNPs-PAAm-Cu(II)] was developed to sensitively determine the SA molecule in plant-derived samples. Accordingly, the PAAm-Cu(II) complex grafted on the UCNPs induces a strategic charge transfer band which triggers a quenching process through a resonance energy transfer (RET) mechanism. Such process is gradually deactivated upon the addition of SA and the consequent formation of the SA-Cu(II) complex, allowing a luminescence recovery in the 1-800 nM linear range. This mechanism is promoted by the strong stability of the SA-Cu(II) complex (log β2-SA/Cu = 19.01) which is over twelve orders of magnitude stronger than the PAAm-Cu2+ counterpart. Furthermore, the equilibrium and kinetic studies on the involved mononuclear Cu2+ complexes formation permitted instantaneous analytical responses and excellent selectivity against other representative phytohormones and metallic cations. The reliability of this method was demonstrated by determining the SA content of some edible fruits and vegetables comprising apple, lemon, kiwi, tomato, and cucumber, whose concentrations ranged from 0.30 to 2.99 μg g-1, with percent recoveries between 94.6 to 102.3%. Thereby, the reported nanocomplex can help to understand the SA activity in plants with significant applications in crop yield improvement and food quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Carreño-Vega
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory. 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Marlene Vargas-Zamarripa
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77, C.P. 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Pedro Salas
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory. 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Gonzalo Ramírez-García
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory. 3001, Boulevard Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Li D, Ding Y, Cheng L, Zhang X, Cheng S, Ye Y, Gao Y, Qin Y, Liu Z, Li C, Ma F, Gong X. Target of rapamycin (TOR) regulates the response to low nitrogen stress via autophagy and hormone pathways in Malus hupehensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac143. [PMID: 36072834 PMCID: PMC9437726 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved master regulator in eukaryotes; it regulates cell proliferation and growth by integrating different signals. However, little is known about the function of TOR in perennial woody plants. Different concentrations of AZD8055 (an inhibitor of TOR) were used in this study to investigate the role of TOR in the response to low nitrogen (N) stress in the wild apple species Malus hupehensis. Low N stress inhibited the growth of M. hupehensis plants, and 1 μM AZD alleviated this effect. Plants supplied with 1 μM AZD had higher photosynthetic capacity, which promoted the accumulation of biomass, as well as higher contents of N and anthocyanins and lower content of starch. Exogenous application of 1 μM AZD also promoted the development of the root system. Plants supplied with at least 5 μM AZD displayed early leaf senescence. RNA-seq analysis indicated that TOR altered the expression of genes related to the low N stress response, such as genes involved in photosystem, starch metabolism, autophagy, and hormone metabolism. Further analysis revealed altered autophagy in plants supplied with AZD under low N stress; the metabolism of plant hormones also changed following AZD supplementation. In sum, our findings revealed that appropriate inhibition of TOR activated autophagy and jasmonic acid signaling in M. hupehensis, which allowed plants to cope with low N stress. Severe TOR inhibition resulted in the excessive accumulation of salicylic acid, which probably led to programmed cell death in M. hupehensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongchen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Juškytė AD, Mažeikienė I, Stanys V. An Effective Method of Ribes spp. Inoculation with Blackcurrant Reversion Virus under In Vitro Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11131635. [PMID: 35807586 PMCID: PMC9269295 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV) is the most destructive currant-infecting and mite-transmitted pathogen from the genus Nepovirus. In this work, BRV transmission in the system Ribes ex vitro-Ribes in vitro was applied for the first time. Triple infection of BRV identified in blackcurrant cv. Gojai was used for phylogenetic analysis and inoculation assay. Transmission of BRV was successful due to its stability in the inoculum for up to 8 days at 4 °C; all BRV isolates were infectious. Our suggested inoculation method through roots was applied in six Ribes spp. genotypes with 100.0% reliability, and the expression levels of defence-related gene PR1 to biotic stress was observed. The prevalence of the virus in microshoots after 2-14 days post-inoculation (dpi) was established by PCR. In resistant genotypes, the BRV was identified up to 8 dpi; meanwhile, infection remained constant in susceptible genotypes. We established that BRV transmission under controlled conditions depends on the inoculum quality, post-inoculation cultivation temperature, and host-plant susceptibility to pathogen. This in vitro inoculation method opens possibilities to reveal the resistance mechanisms or response pathways to BRV and can be used for the selection of resistant Ribes spp. in breeding programs.
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Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:647-656. [PMID: 35698792 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major players in plant immunity. Numerous studies have provided evidence that SA- and JA-mediated signaling interact with each other (SA-JA crosstalk) to orchestrate plant immune responses against pathogens. At the same time, SA-JA crosstalk is often exploited by pathogens to promote their virulence. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms for and modulations of SA-JA crosstalk during pathogen infection.
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Salguero-Linares J, Serrano I, Ruiz-Solani N, Salas-Gómez M, Phukan UJ, González VM, Bernardo-Faura M, Valls M, Rengel D, Coll NS. Robust transcriptional indicators of immune cell death revealed by spatiotemporal transcriptome analyses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1059-1075. [PMID: 35502144 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of a pathogen by the plant immune system often triggers a form of regulated cell death traditionally known as the hypersensitive response (HR). This type of cell death occurs precisely at the site of pathogen recognition, and it is restricted to a few cells. Extensive research has shed light on how plant immune receptors are mechanistically activated. However, two central key questions remain largely unresolved: how does cell death zonation take place, and what are the mechanisms that underpin this phenomenon? Consequently, bona fide transcriptional indicators of HR are lacking, which prevents deeper insight into its mechanisms before cell death becomes macroscopic and precludes early or live observation. In this study, to identify the transcriptional indicators of HR we used the paradigmatic Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem and performed a spatiotemporally resolved gene expression analysis that compared infected cells that will undergo HR upon pathogen recognition with bystander cells that will stay alive and activate immunity. Our data revealed unique and time-dependent differences in the repertoire of differentially expressed genes, expression profiles, and biological processes derived from tissue undergoing HR and that of its surroundings. Furthermore, we generated a pipeline based on concatenated pairwise comparisons between time, zone, and treatment that enabled us to define 13 robust transcriptional HR markers. Among these genes, the promoter of an uncharacterized AAA-ATPase was used to obtain a fluorescent reporter transgenic line that displays a strong spatiotemporally resolved signal specifically in cells that will later undergo pathogen-triggered cell death. This valuable set of genes can be used to define cells that are destined to die upon infection with HR-triggering bacteria, opening new avenues for specific and/or high-throughput techniques to study HR processes at a single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Salguero-Linares
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nerea Ruiz-Solani
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Salas-Gómez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Manuel González
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Bernardo-Faura
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France; INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wang Z, Deng J, Liang T, Su L, Zheng L, Chen H, Liu D. Lilium regale Wilson WRKY3 modulates an antimicrobial peptide gene, LrDef1, during response to Fusarium oxysporum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:257. [PMID: 35606728 PMCID: PMC9128230 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play vital roles in plant growth and development, secondary metabolite synthesis, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous transcriptome sequencing analysis of Lilium regale Wilson, we identified multiple WRKY TFs that respond to exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment and lily Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). RESULTS In the present study, the WRKY TF LrWRKY3 was further analyzed to reveal its function in defense response to F. oxysporum. The LrWRKY3 protein was localized in the plant cell nucleus, and LrWRKY3 transgenic tobacco lines showed higher resistance to F. oxysporum compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco. In addition, some genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction, and disease resistance had higher transcriptional levels in the LrWRKY3 transgenic tobacco lines than in the WT. On the contrary, L. regale scales transiently expressing LrWRKY3 RNA interference fragments showed higher sensitivity to F. oxysporum infection. Moreover, a F. oxysporum-induced defensin gene, Def1, was isolated from L. regale, and the recombinant protein LrDef1 isolated and purified from Escherichia coli possessed antifungal activity to several phytopathogens, including F. oxysporum. Furthermore, co-expression of LrWRKY3 and the LrDef1 promoter in tobacco enhanced the LrDef1 promoter-driven expression activity. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate that LrWRKY3 is an important positive regulator in response to F. oxysporum infection, and one of its targets is the antimicrobial peptide gene LrDef1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zie Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tingting Liang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Linlin Su
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lilei Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Identification and Analysis of JAZ Gene Family in Ginkgo biloba Reveals Candidate Genes for Biosynthesis of Terpene Trilactones. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpene trilactones (TTLs) are the main secondary metabolites in Ginkgo biloba L. with efficacious pharmacological activity. Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) protein is a key regulatory factor of the JA signaling pathway, which regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids. In this study, GbJAZ01~GbJAZ11 were identified from the genome data in G. biloba, which contained TIFY-, Jas-, and weakly conserved NT-domains, and the promoters in most of them contained light, hormone, and stress-responsive elements. Phylogenetic analysis divided all JAZ proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Picea sitchensis, Taxus chinensis, and G. biloba into nine groups, in which GbJAZs belong to Group VI-IX. GbJAZs have similar functional motifs to A. thaliana and O. sativa, but also contain three specific motifs of gymnosperms, indicating that, although gymnosperms and angiosperms have some conservative structures and functions, their evolutionary processes are independent. Expression pattern analysis showed that the expression levels of GbJAZs were significantly up-regulated by MeJA, but the change pattern and amplitude were different, indicating that the function of GbJAZs in response to a JA signal may be different. After ABA and SA treatment, the expression of GbJAZs was up-regulated or inhibited in varying degrees, and different GbJAZs may be involved in the synergistic or antagonistic effects between JA and other hormone signals. The MeJA significantly increased the content of TTLs in G. biloba leaves, which were significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of GbJAZ01, 02, 07, and 11, and negatively correlated with the expression of GbJAZ04. They may play an important role in JA signaling pathways and the interactions between JA and other hormone signals, and participate in the regulation of the biosynthesis of TTLs. Our results provide a reference for the discovery that GbJAZs are involved in JA signaling pathways, and lay a theoretical foundation for analyzing JA signaling pathways to regulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Zhou Y, Xu S, Jiang N, Zhao X, Bai Z, Liu J, Yao W, Tang Q, Xiao G, Lv C, Wang K, Hu X, Tan J, Yang Y. Engineering of rice varieties with enhanced resistances to both blast and bacterial blight diseases via CRISPR/Cas9. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:876-885. [PMID: 34890109 PMCID: PMC9055821 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast and bacterial blight represent two of major diseases having devastating impact on the yield of rice in most rice-growing countries. Developments of resistant cultivars are the most economic and effective strategy to control these diseases. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to rapidly install mutations in three known broad-spectrum blast-resistant genes, Bsr-d1, Pi21 and ERF922, in an indica thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice line Longke638S (LK638S). We obtained transgene-free homozygous single or triple mutants in T1 generations. While all single and triple mutants showed increased resistance to rice blast compared with wild type, the erf922 mutants displayed the strongest blast resistance similar with triple mutants. Surprisingly, we found that Pi21 or ERF922 single mutants conferred enhanced resistance to most of tested bacterial blight. Both resistances in mutants were attribute to the up-regulation of SA- and JA-pathway associated genes. Moreover, phenotypic analysis of these single mutants in paddy fields revealed that there were no trade-offs between resistances and main agricultural traits. Together, our study provides a rapid and effective way to generate rice varieties with resistance to both rice blast and bacterial blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Shichong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070HubeiChina
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
| | - Xinhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Zhenan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
| | - Jinling Liu
- College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128HunanChina
| | - Wei Yao
- College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128HunanChina
| | - Qianying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
| | - Gui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangsha410125HunanChina
| | - Chao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070HubeiChina
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
| | - Junjie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementInnovation Center for Genome Editing and EngineeringJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Yuanzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & ImprovementMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice BreedingYuan Longping High‐Tech Agriculture Co., LtdChangsha410001HunanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070HubeiChina
- College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128HunanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangsha410125HunanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementInnovation Center for Genome Editing and EngineeringJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
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Wan S, Xin XF. Regulation and integration of plant jasmonate signaling: a comparative view of monocot and dicot. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:704-714. [PMID: 35452856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonate plays a pivotal role in various aspects of plant life, including developmental programs and defense against pests and pathogens. A large body of knowledge on jasmonate biosynthesis, signal transduction as well as its functions in diverse plant processes has been gained in the past two decades. In addition, there exists extensive crosstalk between jasmonate pathway and other phytohormone pathways, such as salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellin (GA), in co-regulation of plant immune status, fine-tuning the balance of plant growth and defense, and so on, which were mostly learned from studies in the dicotyledonous model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato but much less in monocot. Interestingly, existing evidence suggests both conservation and functional divergence in terms of core components of jasmonate pathway, its biological functions and signal integration with other phytohormones, between monocot and dicot. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on JA signal initiation, perception and regulation, and highlight the distinctive characteristics in different lineages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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68
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Hu Y, Ding Y, Cai B, Qin X, Wu J, Yuan M, Wan S, Zhao Y, Xin XF. Bacterial effectors manipulate plant abscisic acid signaling for creation of an aqueous apoplast. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:518-529.e6. [PMID: 35247331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens like Pseudomonas syringae induce "water soaking" in the apoplastic space of plant leaf tissue as a key virulence mechanism. Water soaking is commonly observed in diverse pathosystems, yet the underlying physiological basis remains largely elusive. Here, we show that one of the strong P. syringae water-soaking inducers, AvrE, alters the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) to induce ABA signaling, stomatal closure, and, thus, water soaking. AvrE binds and inhibits the function of Arabidopsis type one protein phosphatases (TOPPs), which negatively regulate ABA by suppressing SnRK2s, a key node of the ABA signaling pathway. The topp12537 quintuple mutants display significantly enhanced water soaking after P. syringae inoculation, whereas the loss of the ABA pathway dampens P. syringae-induced water soaking and disease. Our study uncovers the hijacking of ABA signaling and stomatal closure by P. syringae effectors as key mechanisms of disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhou Hu
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanxia Ding
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boying Cai
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohui Qin
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingni Wu
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minhang Yuan
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiwei Wan
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and John Innes Centre, Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Jiang R, Yuan W, Yao W, Jin X, Wang X, Wang Y. A regulatory GhBPE-GhPRGL module maintains ray petal length in Gerbera hybrida. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:9. [PMID: 37789358 PMCID: PMC10515009 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism regulating petal length in flowers is not well understood. Here we used transient transformation assays to confirm that GhPRGL (proline-rich and GASA-like)-a GASA (gibberellic acid [GA] stimulated in Arabidopsis) family gene-promotes the elongation of ray petals in gerbera (Gerbera hybrida). Yeast one-hybrid screening assay identified a bHLH transcription factor of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, here named GhBPE (BIGPETAL), which binds to the GhPRGL promoter and represses its expression, resulting in a phenotype of shortened ray petal length when GhBPE is overexpressed. Further, the joint response to JA and GA of GhBPE and GhPRGL, together with their complementary expression profiles in the early stage of petal growth, suggests a novel GhBPE-GhPRGL module that controls the size of ray petals. GhPRGL promotes ray petal elongation in its early stage especially, while GhBPE inhibits ray petal elongation particularly in the late stage by inhibiting the expression of GhPRGL. JA and GA operate in concert to regulate the expression of GhBPE and GhPRGL genes, providing a regulatory mechanism by which ray petals could grow to a fixed length in gerbera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Weichao Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xuefeng Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Chen H, Zhang S, He S, A R, Wang M, Liu S. The necrotroph Botrytis cinerea promotes disease development in Panax ginseng by manipulating plant defense signals and antifungal metabolites degradation. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:790-800. [PMID: 36312732 PMCID: PMC9597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and △BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shouan Liu
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Sheng C, Yu D, Li X, Yu H, Zhang Y, Saqib Bilal M, Ma H, Zhang X, Baig A, Nie P, Zhao H. OsAPX1 Positively Contributes to Rice Blast Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843271. [PMID: 35386681 PMCID: PMC8978999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidases (APXs) maintain cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis through their peroxidase activity. Here, we report that OsAPX1 also promotes ROS production such that a delicate cellular ROS homeostasis is achieved temporally after Magnaporthe oryzae infection. OsAPX1 specifically induces ROS production through increasing respiratory burst oxidase homologs (OsRBOHs) expression and can be inhibited by DPI, a ROS inhibitor. The time-course experiment data show that the simultaneous induction of OsAPX1 and OsRBOHs leads to ROS accumulation at an early stage; whereas a more durable expression of OsAPX1 leads to ROS scavenging at a later stage. By the temporal switching between ROS inducer and eliminator, OsAPX1 triggers an instant ROS burst upon M. oryzae infection and then a timely elimination of ROS toxicity. We find that OsAPX1 is under the control of the miR172a-OsIDS1 regulatory module. OsAPX1 also affects salicylic acid (SA) synthesis and signaling, which contribute to blast resistance. In conclusion, we show that OsAPX1 is a key factor that connects the upstream gene silencing and transcription regulatory routes with the downstream phytohormone and redox pathway, which provides an insight into the sophisticated regulatory network of rice innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanxi Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimai Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib Bilal
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ayesha Baig
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Pingping Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Mou Y, Sun Q, Yuan C, Zhao X, Wang J, Yan C, Li C, Shan S. Identification of the LOX Gene Family in Peanut and Functional Characterization of AhLOX29 in Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832785. [PMID: 35356112 PMCID: PMC8959715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a gene family of nonheme iron-containing dioxygenases that play important roles in plant development and defense responses. To date, a comprehensive analysis of LOX genes and their biological functions in response to abiotic stresses in peanut has not been performed. In this study, a total of 72 putative LOX genes were identified in cultivated (Arachis hypogaea) and wild-type peanut (Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis) and classified into three subfamilies: 9-LOX, type I 13-LOX and type II 13-LOX. The gene structures and protein motifs of these peanut LOX genes were highly conserved among most LOXs. We found that the chromosomal distribution of peanut LOXs was not random and that gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the LOX gene family. Cis-acting elements related to development, hormones, and biotic and abiotic stresses were identified in the promoters of peanut LOX genes. The expression patterns of peanut LOX genes were tissue-specific and stress-inducible. Quantitative real-time PCR results further confirmed that peanut LOX gene expression could be induced by drought, salt, methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid treatments, and these genes exhibited diverse expression patterns. Furthermore, overexpression of AhLOX29 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to drought stress. Compared with wide-type, AhLOX29-overexpressing plants showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde contents, as well as increased chlorophyll degradation, proline accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity, suggesting that the transgenic plants exhibit strengthened capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent membrane damage. This systematic study provides valuable information about the functional characteristics of AhLOXs in the regulation of abiotic stress responses of peanut.
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Ngou BPM, Jones JDG, Ding P. Plant immune networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:255-273. [PMID: 34548213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self- and non-self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular pathogen-/damage-derived molecules or apoplastic pathogen-derived effectors. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors. Activation of both PRRs and NLRs elevates defense gene expression and accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which results in SA-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. These receptors, together with their coreceptors, form networks to mediate downstream immune responses. In addition, cell-surface and intracellular immune systems are interdependent and function synergistically to provide robust resistance against pathogens. Here, we summarize the interactions between these immune systems and attempt to provide a holistic picture of plant immune networks. We highlight current challenges and discuss potential new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 PMCID: PMC8910576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Divekar PA, Narayana S, Divekar BA, Kumar R, Gadratagi BG, Ray A, Singh AK, Rani V, Singh V, Singh AK, Kumar A, Singh RP, Meena RS, Behera TK. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Adinath Divekar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Srinivasa Narayana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Basana Gowda Gadratagi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Aishwarya Ray
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, India
| | - Achuit Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vijaya Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Regional Research Station, Sargatia, Kushinagar 274406, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda 210001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sheopur 476339, India
| | - Rudra Pratap Singh
- Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kotwa, Azamgarh 276207, India
| | - Radhe Shyam Meena
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
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Li Q, Fu Y, Liu X, Sun J, Hou M, Zhang Y, Chen J. Activation of Wheat Defense Response by Buchnera aphidicola-Derived Small Chaperone Protein GroES in Wheat Aphid Saliva. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1058-1067. [PMID: 35076234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salivary proteins secreted by aphids during feeding play an important role in regulating the plant defense response. We used mass spectrometry to identify 155 proteins from the wheat aphid, Sitobion miscanthi, among which 44 proteins were derived from the primary symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola. GroES, which is a highly abundant molecular chaperone that binds to GroEL, was detected in saliva. In vitro injection of purified GroES protein and overexpression of GroES in wheat leaves verified that GroES induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition in wheat and further activated the plant salic acid and jasmonic acid defense pathways. Our findings indicate that plants may have evolved new strategies to detect aphid attack and trigger defense responses by recognizing proteins derived from B. aphidicola, which is present in almost all aphid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Maolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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D-Tagatose-Based Product Triggers Sweet Immunity and Resistance of Grapevine to Downy Mildew, but Not to Gray Mold Disease. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030296. [PMID: 35161277 PMCID: PMC8839929 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural bio-based compounds becomes an eco-friendly strategy to control plant diseases. Rare sugars would be promising compounds as inducers of plant “sweet immunity”. The present study aimed to investigate the induced resistance of grapevine leaves against Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea by a rare sugar-based product (IFP48) and its active ingredient D-tagatose (TAG), in order to elucidate molecular mechanism involved in defense-related metabolic regulations before and after pathogen challenge. Data showed that spraying leaves with IFP48 and TAG lead to a significant reduction of downy mildew, but not of gray mold disease. The induced protection against P. viticola relies on IFP48’s and to a lesser extent TAG’s ability to potentiate the activation of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid/ethylene-responsive genes and stilbene phytoalexin accumulation. Most of defense responses remained upregulated in IFP48-treated plants after infection with P. viticola, but inconsistent following challenge with B. cinerea. The beneficial effects of IFP48 were associated with an enhanced accumulation of tagatose inside leaf tissues compared to TAG treatment. Meanwhile, the amounts of sugars, glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose and trehalose remained unchanged or decreased in IFP48-treated leaves after P. viticola infection, although only a few genes involved in sugar transport and metabolism showed transcriptional regulation. This suggests a contribution of sugar homeostasis to the IFP48-induced sweet immune response and priming plants for enhanced resistance to P. viticola, but not to B. cinerea.
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Zhu F, Wang Z, Su W, Tong J, Fang Y, Luo Z, Yuan F, Xiang J, Chen X, Wang R. Study on the Role of Salicylic Acid in Watermelon-Resistant Fusarium Wilt under Different Growth Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:293. [PMID: 35161274 PMCID: PMC8839013 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium wilt disease is leading threat to watermelon yield and quality. Different cultivation cropping systems have been reported as safe and efficient methods to control watermelon Fusarium wilt. However, the role of salicylic acid (SA) in watermelon resistance to Fusarium wilt in these different cultivation systems remains unknown. METHODS in this experiment, we used RNA-seq and qRT-PCR to study the effect of SA biosynthesis on improving watermelon health, demonstrating how it may be responsible for Fusarium wilt resistance under continuous monocropping and oilseed rape rotation systems. RESULTS the results revealed that the expression of the CIPALs genes was key to SA accumulation in watermelon roots. We observed that the NPR family genes may play different roles in responding to the SA signal. Differentially expressed NPRs and WRKYs may interact with other phytohormones, leading to the amelioration of watermelon Fusarium wilt. CONCLUSIONS further understanding of gene expression patterns will pave the way for interventions that effectively control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiying Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.Z.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.X.)
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Hunan Agricultural Equipment Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Wenjun Su
- Zhuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zhuzhou 412007, China;
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.Z.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Yong Fang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhengliang Luo
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Fan Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.Z.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.Z.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.Z.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.X.)
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Mamun MA, Islam MT, Lee BR, Bae DW, Kim TH. Interactive Regulation of Hormone and Resistance Gene in Proline Metabolism Is Involved in Effector-Triggered Immunity or Disease Susceptibility in the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris- Brassica napus Pathosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:738608. [PMID: 35082802 PMCID: PMC8784845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To characterize cultivar variations in hormonal regulation of the transition between pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity or susceptibility (ETI or ETS), the responses of resistance (R-) genes, hydrogen peroxide, and proline metabolism in two Brassica napus cultivars to contrasting disease susceptibility (resistant cv. Capitol vs. susceptible cv. Mosa) were interpreted as being linked to those of endogenous hormonal levels and signaling genes based on a time course of disease symptom development. Disease symptoms caused by the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) infections were much more developed in cv. Mosa than in cv. Capitol, as shown by an earlier appearance (at 3 days postinoculation [3 DPI]) and larger V-shaped necrosis lesions (at 9-15 DPI) in cv. Mosa. The cultivar variations in the R-genes, hormone status, and proline metabolism were found in two different phases (early [0-3 DPI] and later [9-15 DPI]). In the early phase, Xcc significantly upregulated PTI-related cytoplasmic kinase (Botrytis-induced kinase-1 [BIK1]) expression (+6.3-fold) with salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in cv. Capitol, while relatively less (+2.6-fold) with highly increased jasmonic acid (JA) level in cv. Mosa. The Xcc-responsive proline accumulation in both cultivars was similar to upregulated expression of proline synthesis-related genes (P5CS2 and P5CR). During the later phase in cv. Capitol, Xcc-responsive upregulation of ZAR1 (a coiled-coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat [CC-NB-LRR-type R-gene]) was concomitant with a gradual increase in JA levels without additional proline accumulation. However, in cv. Mosa, upregulation of TAO1 (a toll/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat [TIR-NB-LRR-type R-gene]) was consistent with an increase in SA and abscisic acid (ABA) levels and resulted in an antagonistic depression of JA, which led to a proline accumulation. These results indicate that Xcc-induced BIK1- and ZAR1-mediated JA signaling interactions provide resistance and confirm ETI, whereas BIK1- and TAO1-enhanced SA- and/or ABA-mediated proline accumulation is associated with disease susceptibility (ETS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Mamun
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Md Tabibul Islam
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Biomaterial Analytical Laboratory, Central Instruments Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Quaglia M, Troni E, D’Amato R, Ederli L. Effect of zinc imbalance and salicylic acid co-supply on Arabidopsis response to fungal pathogens with different lifestyles. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:30-40. [PMID: 34608720 PMCID: PMC9291626 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, Zn nutritional imbalance can affect growth, physiology and response to stress, with effect variable depending on host-pathogen interaction. Mechanisms through which Zn operates are not yet well known. The hormone salicylic acid (SA) can affect plant ion uptake, transport and defence responses. Thus, in this study the impact of Zn imbalance and SA co-supply on severity of infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B. cinerea or the biotroph G. cichoracearum was assessed in A. thaliana Col-0. Spectrophotometric assays for pigments and malondialdehyde (MDA) content as a marker of lipid peroxidation, plant defensin 1.2 gene expression by semi-quantitative PCR, callose visualization by fluorescence microscopy and diseases evaluation by macro- and microscopic observations were carried out. Zinc plant concentration varied with the supplied dose. In comparison with the control, Zn-deficit or Zn-excess led to reduced chlorophyll content and PDF 1.2 transcripts induction. In Zn-deficient plants, where MDA increased, also the susceptibility to B. cinerea increased, whereas MDA decreased in G. cichoracearum. Zinc excess increased susceptibility to both pathogens. Co-administration of SA positively affected MDA level, callose deposition, PDF 1.2 transcripts and plant response to the two pathogens. The increased susceptibility to B. cinerea in both Zn-deficient and Zn-excess plants could be related to lack of induction of PDF 1.2 transcripts; oxidative stress could explain higher susceptibility to the necrotroph and lower susceptibility to the biotroph in Zn-deficient plants. This research shows that an appropriate evaluation of Zn supply according to the prevalent stress factor is desirable for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Quaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - E. Troni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - R. D’Amato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - L. Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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Schott J, Fuchs B, Böttcher C, Hilker M. Responses to larval herbivory in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Ulmus minor are boosted by prior insect egg deposition. PLANTA 2021; 255:16. [PMID: 34878607 PMCID: PMC8654711 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elms, which have received insect eggs as a 'warning' of larval herbivory, enhance their anti-herbivore defences by accumulating salicylic acid and amplifying phenylpropanoid-related transcriptional and metabolic responses to hatching larvae. Plant responses to insect eggs can result in intensified defences against hatching larvae. In annual plants, this egg-mediated effect is known to be associated with changes in leaf phenylpropanoid levels. However, little is known about how trees-long-living, perennial plants-improve their egg-mediated, anti-herbivore defences. The role of phytohormones and the phenylpropanoid pathway in egg-primed anti-herbivore defences of a tree species has until now been left unexplored. Using targeted and untargeted metabolome analyses we studied how the phenylpropanoid pathway of Ulmus minor responds to egg-laying by the elm leaf beetle and subsequent larval feeding. We found that when compared to untreated leaves, kaempferol and quercetin concentrations increased in feeding-damaged leaves with prior egg deposition, but not in feeding-damaged leaves without eggs. PCR analyses revealed that prior insect egg deposition intensified feeding-induced expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), encoding the gateway enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Salicylic acid (SA) concentrations were higher in egg-treated, feeding-damaged leaves than in egg-free, feeding-damaged leaves, but SA levels did not increase in response to egg deposition alone-in contrast to observations made of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results indicate that prior egg deposition induces a SA-mediated response in elms to feeding damage. Furthermore, egg deposition boosts phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in subsequently feeding-damaged leaves by enhanced PAL expression, which results in the accumulation of phenylpropanoid derivatives. As such, the elm tree shows similar, yet distinct, responses to insect eggs and larval feeding as the annual model plant A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schott
- Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fuchs
- Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany.
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DeMott L, Oblessuc PR, Pierce A, Student J, Melotto M. Spatiotemporal regulation of JAZ4 expression and splicing contribute to ethylene- and auxin-mediated responses in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1266-1282. [PMID: 34562337 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling controls several processes related to plant growth, development, and defense, which are modulated by the transcription regulator and receptor JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins. We recently discovered that a member of the JAZ family, JAZ4, has a prominent function in canonical JA signaling as well as other mechanisms. Here, we discovered the existence of two naturally occurring splice variants (SVs) of JAZ4 in planta, JAZ4.1 and JAZ4.2, and employed biochemical and pharmacological approaches to determine protein stability and repression capability of these SVs within JA signaling. We then utilized quantitative and qualitative transcriptional studies to determine spatiotemporal expression and splicing patterns in vivo, which revealed developmental-, tissue-, and organ-specific regulation. Detailed phenotypic and expression analyses suggest a role of JAZ4 in ethylene (ET) and auxin signaling pathways differentially within the zones of root development in seedlings. These results support a model in which JAZ4 functions as a negative regulator of ET signaling and auxin signaling in root tissues above the apex. However, in the root apex JAZ4 functions as a positive regulator of auxin signaling possibly independently of ET. Collectively, our data provide insight into the complexity of spatiotemporal regulation of JAZ4 and how this impacts hormone signaling specificity and diversity in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan DeMott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Plant Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paula R Oblessuc
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alice Pierce
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Student
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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83
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Zhang Z, Long Y, Yin X, Yang S. Sulfur-Induced Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312710. [PMID: 34884527 PMCID: PMC8657834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur has been previously reported to modulate plant growth and exhibit significant anti-microbial activities. However, the mechanism underlying its diverse effects on plant pathogens has not been elucidated completely. The present study conducted the two-year field experiment of sulfur application to control kiwifruit canker from 2017 to 2018. For the first time, our study uncovered activation of plant disease resistance by salicylic acid after sulfur application in kiwifruit. The results indicated that when the sulfur concentration was 1.5–2.0 kg m−3, the induced effect of kiwifruit canker reached more than 70%. Meanwhile, a salicylic acid high lever was accompanied by the decline of jasmonic acid. Further analysis revealed the high expression of the defense gene, especially AcPR-1, which is a marker of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, AcICS1, another critical gene of salicylic acid synthesis, was also highly expressed. All contributed to the synthesis of increasing salicylic acid content in kiwifruit leaves. Moreover, the first key lignin biosynthetic AcPAL gene was marked up-regulated. Thereafter, accumulation of lignin content in the kiwifruit stem and the higher deposition of lignin were visible in histochemical analysis. Moreover, the activity of the endochitinase activity of kiwifruit leaves increased significantly. We suggest that the sulfur-induced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via salicylic activates systemic acquired resistance to enhance plant immune response in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Youhua Long
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xianhui Yin
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Sen Yang
- Kiwifruit Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
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84
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Khan AL, Asaf S, Numan M, AbdulKareem NM, Imran M, Riethoven JJM, Kim HY, Al-Harrasi A, Schachtman DP, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ. Transcriptomics of tapping and healing process in frankincense tree during resin production. Genomics 2021; 113:4337-4351. [PMID: 34798281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra Fluek) has been poorly known on how it responds to tapping and wound-recovery process at molecular levels. Here, we used RNA-sequencing analysis to profile transcriptome of B. sacra after 30 min, 3 h and 6 h of post-tapping. Results showed 5525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were related to terpenoid biosynthesis, phytohormonal regulation, cellular transport, and cell-wall synthesis. Plant-growth-regulators were applied exogenously which showed regulation of endogenous jasmonates and resulted in rapid recovery of cell-wall integrity by significantly up-regulated gene expression of terpenoid biosynthesis (germacrene-D synthase, B-amyrin synthase, and squalene epioxidase-1) and cell-wall synthesis (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, cellulose synthase-A, and cell-wall hydrolase) compared to control. These findings suggest that tapping immediately activated several cell-developmental and regeneration processes, alongwith defense-induced terpenoid metabolism, to improve the healing process in epidermis. Exogenous growth regulators, especially jasmonic acid, can drastically help tree recovery from tissue degeneration and might help in tree conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston 77479, TX, United States of America; Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 363 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States of America
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Jack M Riethoven
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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85
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The THO/TREX Complex Active in Alternative Splicing Mediates Plant Responses to Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212197. [PMID: 34830079 PMCID: PMC8619553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are essential plant immune hormones, which could induce plant resistance to multiple pathogens. However, whether common components are employed by both SA and JA to induce defense is largely unknown. In this study, we found that the enhanced disease susceptibility 8 (EDS8) mutant was compromised in plant defenses to hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, and was deficient in plant responses to both SA and JA. The EDS8 was identified to be THO1, which encodes a subunit of the THO/TREX complex, by using mapping-by-sequencing. To check whether the EDS8 itself or the THO/TREX complex mediates SA and JA signaling, the mutant of another subunit of the THO/TREX complex, THO3, was tested. THO3 mutation reduced both SA and JA induced defenses, indicating that the THO/TREX complex is critical for plant responses to these two hormones. We further proved that the THO/TREX interacting protein SERRATE, a factor regulating alternative splicing (AS), was involved in plant responses to SA and JA. Thus, the AS events in the eds8 mutant after SA or JA treatment were determined, and we found that the SA and JA induced different alternative splicing events were majorly modulated by EDS8. In summary, our study proves that the THO/TREX complex active in AS is involved in both SA and JA induced plant defenses.
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86
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Chen H, Li M, Qi G, Zhao M, Liu L, Zhang J, Chen G, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. Two interacting transcriptional coactivators cooperatively control plant immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7173. [PMID: 34739308 PMCID: PMC8570602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. NPR1 and EDS1 function as two central hubs in plant local and systemic immunity. However, it is unclear how NPR1 orchestrates gene regulation and whether EDS1 directly participates in transcriptional reprogramming. Here, we show that NPR1 and EDS1 synergistically activate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and plant defenses by forming a protein complex and recruiting Mediator. We discover that EDS1 functions as an autonomous transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic transactivation domains and physically interacts with the CDK8 subunit of Mediator. Upon SA induction, EDS1 is directly recruited by NPR1 onto the PR1 promoter via physical NPR1-EDS1 interactions, thereby potentiating PR1 activation. We further demonstrate that EDS1 stabilizes NPR1 protein and NPR1 transcriptionally up-regulates EDS1. Our results reveal an elegant interplay of key coactivators with Mediator and elucidate important molecular mechanisms for activating transcription during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
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87
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McMillan HM, Kuehn MJ. The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108174. [PMID: 34636061 PMCID: PMC8561641 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria produce secreted vesicles that carry out a variety of important biological functions. These extracellular vesicles can improve adaptation and survival by relieving bacterial stress and eliminating toxic compounds, as well as by facilitating membrane remodeling and ameliorating inhospitable environments. However, vesicle production comes with a price. It is energetically costly and, in the case of colonizing pathogens, it elicits host immune responses, which reduce bacterial viability. This raises an interesting paradox regarding why bacteria produce vesicles and begs the question as to whether the benefits of producing vesicles outweigh their costs. In this review, we discuss the various advantages and disadvantages associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial vesicle production and offer perspective on the ultimate score. We also highlight questions needed to advance the field in determining the role for vesicles in bacterial survival, interkingdom communication, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of BiochemistryDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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88
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Wang J, Haapalainen M, Nissinen AI, Pirhonen M. Dual Transcriptional Profiling of Carrot and ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' at Different Stages of Infection Suggests Complex Host-Pathogen Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1281-1297. [PMID: 34319773 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0274-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the phloem-limited pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotype C and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) were studied at 4, 5, and 9 weeks postinoculation (wpi), by combining dual RNA-Seq results with data on bacterial colonization and observations of the plant phenotype. In the infected plants, genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis, salicylate signaling, pathogen-associated molecular pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, and production of pathogenesis-related proteins were up-regulated. At 4 wpi, terpenoid synthesis-related genes were up-regulated, presumably as a response to the psyllid feeding, whereas at 5 and 9 wpi, genes involved in both the terpenoid and flavonoid production were down-regulated and phenylpropanoid genes were up-regulated. Chloroplast-related gene expression was down-regulated, in concordance with the observed yellowing of the infected plant leaves. Both the RNA-Seq data and electron microscopy suggested callose accumulation in the infected phloem vessels, likely to impair the transport of photosynthates, while phloem regeneration was suggested by the formation of new sieve cells and the upregulation of cell wall-related gene expression. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes involved in replication, transcription, and translation were expressed at high levels at 4 and 5 wpi, whereas, at 9 wpi, the Flp pilus genes were highly expressed, suggesting adherence and reduced mobility of the bacteria. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes encoding ATP and C4-dicarboxylate uptake were differentially expressed between the early and late infection stages, suggesting a change in the dependence on different host-derived energy sources. HPE1 effector and salicylate hydroxylase were expressed, presumably to suppress host cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses during the infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Haapalainen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne I Nissinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie 2C, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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89
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Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic acid: A key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:381-397. [PMID: 34715564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and developmental signaling. However, biotic and abiotic stresses can cause ROS over-accumulation leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, a suitable equilibrium is vital for redox homeostasis in plants, and there have been major advances in this research arena. Salicylic acid (SA) is known as a chief regulator of ROS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. SA plays an important role in establishing the hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This is underpinned by a robust and complex network of SA with Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis Related protein-1 (NPR1), ROS, calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the regulation of ROS and antioxidant defense system signalling by SA at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SA controls redox homeostasis would provide a fundamental framework to develop approaches that will improve plant growth and fitness, in order to meet the increasing global demand for food and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saleem
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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90
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Bautista D, Guayazan-Palacios N, Buitrago MC, Cardenas M, Botero D, Duitama J, Bernal AJ, Restrepo S. Comprehensive Time-Series Analysis of the Gene Expression Profile in a Susceptible Cultivar of Tree Tomato ( Solanum betaceum) During the Infection of Phytophthora betacei. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730251. [PMID: 34745164 PMCID: PMC8567061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Solanum betaceum is a tree from the Andean region bearing edible fruits, considered an exotic export. Although there has been renewed interest in its commercialization, sustainability, and disease management have been limiting factors. Phytophthora betacei is a recently described species that causes late blight in S. betaceum. There is no general study of the response of S. betaceum, particularly, in the changes in expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In this manuscript we present a comprehensive RNA-seq time-series study of the plant response to the infection of P. betacei. Following six time points of infection, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the defense by the plant were contextualized in a sequential manner. We documented 5,628 DEGs across all time-points. From 6 to 24 h post-inoculation, we highlighted DEGs involved in the recognition of the pathogen by the likely activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) genes. We also describe the possible effect of the pathogen effectors in the host during the effector-triggered response. Finally, we reveal genes related to the susceptible outcome of the interaction caused by the onset of necrotrophy and the sharp transcriptional changes as a response to the pathogen. This is the first report of the transcriptome of the tree tomato in response to the newly described pathogen P. betacei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Guayazan-Palacios
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Martha Cardenas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Botero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Duitama
- Department of Systems and Computing Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana J. Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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91
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New early phenotypic markers for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in cucumbers exposed to fluctuating extreme temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19060. [PMID: 34561518 PMCID: PMC8463606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of early stages of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease have been recently focused on plant molecular responses. However, extreme diurnal environmental temperatures, characteristic of global climate changes, could affect plant susceptibility and disease phenotype progression. Our studies of CGMMV disease progression, under simulated extreme temperature waves, have revealed two new disease initiation phenotypes that developed gradually, preceding severe symptom manifestations of post-recovery CGMMV systemic infections. 'Early post-recovery stage' bright yellow islands (BYIs) with defined boundaries amid asymptomatic leaf blades were first emerging followed by 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs with diffused boundaries. A deduced CGMMV disease progression scheme, postulating BYI symptom occurrence time-windows, revealed BYIs in field grown cucumber plants exposed to extreme diurnal temperatures. Profiling ontology of cucumber differentially expressed genes in BYIs vs the associated dark-green surrounding tissues disclosed activation of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway in 'early post-recovery stage' BYIs. JA signaling was inactivated in 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs concomitant with increasing expressions of JA signaling inhibitors and downregulation of JA responsive phenylpropanoid pathway. Our results disclosed a new phenotypic description of CGMMV disease initiation, characteristic of cucumbers grown under extreme environmental temperature fluctuations. The BYI phenotypes could define a time-window for CGMMV disease management applications.
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92
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Sharma M, Fuertes D, Perez-Gil J, Lois LM. SUMOylation in Phytopathogen Interactions: Balancing Invasion and Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703795. [PMID: 34485289 PMCID: PMC8415633 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly confronted by a multitude of biotic stresses involving a myriad of pathogens. In crops, pathogen infections result in significant agronomical losses worldwide posing a threat to food security. In order to enter plant tissues and establish a successful infection, phytopathogens have to surpass several physical, and chemical defense barriers. In recent years, post-translational modification (PTM) mechanisms have emerged as key players in plant defense against pathogens. PTMs allow a highly dynamic and rapid response in front of external challenges, increasing the complexity and precision of cellular responses. In this review, we focus on the role of SUMO conjugation (SUMOylation) in plant immunity against fungi, bacteria, and viruses. In plants, SUMO regulates multiple biological processes, ranging from development to responses arising from environmental challenges. During pathogen attack, SUMO not only modulates the activity of plant defense components, but also serves as a target of pathogen effectors, highlighting its broad role in plant immunity. Here, we summarize known pathogenic strategies targeting plant SUMOylation and, the plant SUMO conjugates involved in host-pathogen interactions. We also provide a catalog of candidate SUMO conjugates according to their role in defense responses. Finally, we discuss the complex role of SUMO in plant defense, focusing on key biological and experimental aspects that contribute to some controversial conclusions, and the opportunities for improving agricultural productivity by engineering SUMOylation in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sharma
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain.,Biosciences, College of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Fuertes
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Perez-Gil
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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93
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Silva DB, Jiménez A, Urbaneja A, Pérez-Hedo M, Bento JM. Changes in plant responses induced by an arthropod influence the colonization behavior of a subsequent herbivore. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4168-4180. [PMID: 33938117 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants in nature can be sequentially attacked by different arthropod herbivores. Feeding by one arthropod species may induce plant-defense responses that might affect the performance of a later-arriving herbivorous species. Understanding these interactions can help in developing pest-management strategies. In tomato, the sweet-potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae are key pests that frequently cohabit on the same plant. We studied whether colonization by one species can either facilitate or impede later colonization of tomato plants by conspecific or heterospecific individuals. RESULTS B. tabaci females showed a strong preference for and increased oviposition on plants previously colonized by conspecifics. In contrast, plants infested with T. urticae repelled B. tabaci females and reduced their oviposition rate by 86%. Although females of T. urticae showed no preference between conspecific-infested or uninfested plants, we observed a 50% reduction in the number of eggs laid on conspecific-infested plants. Both herbivorous arthropods up-regulated the expression of genes involving the jasmonic acid and abscisic acid pathways, increasing emissions of fatty-acid derivatives, but only B. tabaci increased the expression of genes related to the salicylic acid pathway and the total amount of phenylpropanoids released. Terpenoids were the most abundant compounds in the volatile blends; many terpenoids were emitted at different rates, which might have influenced the arthropods' host selection. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that B. tabaci infestation facilitated subsequent infestations by conspecifics and mites, while T. urticae infestation promoted herbivore-induced resistance. Based on both the molecular and behavioral findings, a novel sustainable pest-management strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Entomology, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ms Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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94
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Menna A, Dora S, Sancho-Andrés G, Kashyap A, Meena MK, Sklodowski K, Gasperini D, Coll NS, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. A primary cell wall cellulose-dependent defense mechanism against vascular pathogens revealed by time-resolved dual transcriptomics. BMC Biol 2021; 19:161. [PMID: 34404410 PMCID: PMC8371875 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell walls (CWs) are protein-rich polysaccharide matrices essential for plant growth and environmental acclimation. The CW constitutes the first physical barrier as well as a primary source of nutrients for microbes interacting with plants, such as the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). Fo colonizes roots, advancing through the plant primary CWs towards the vasculature, where it grows causing devastation in many crops. The pathogenicity of Fo and other vascular microbes relies on their capacity to reach and colonize the xylem. However, little is known about the root-microbe interaction before the pathogen reaches the vasculature and the role of the plant CW during this process. RESULTS Using the pathosystem Arabidopsis-Fo5176, we show dynamic transcriptional changes in both fungus and root during their interaction. One of the earliest plant responses to Fo5176 was the downregulation of primary CW synthesis genes. We observed enhanced resistance to Fo5176 in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in primary CW cellulose synthesis. We confirmed that Arabidopsis roots deposit lignin in response to Fo5176 infection, but we show that lignin-deficient mutants were as susceptible as wildtype plants to Fo5176. Genetic impairment of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling did not alter Arabidopsis response to Fo5176, whereas impairment of ethylene signaling did increase vasculature colonization by Fo5176. Abolishing ethylene signaling attenuated the observed resistance while maintaining the dwarfism observed in primary CW cellulose-deficient mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides significant insights on the dynamic root-vascular pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level and the vital role of primary CW cellulose during defense response to these pathogens. These findings represent an essential resource for the generation of plant resistance to Fo that can be transferred to other vascular pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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95
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Ghorbel M, Brini F, Sharma A, Landi M. Role of jasmonic acid in plants: the molecular point of view. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1471-1494. [PMID: 33821356 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent updates in JA biosynthesis, signaling pathways and the crosstalk between JA and others phytohormones in relation with plant responses to different stresses. In plants, the roles of phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), amino acid conjugate (e.g., JA-Ile) and their derivative emerged in last decades as crucial signaling compounds implicated in stress defense and development in plants. JA has raised a great interest, and the number of researches on JA has increased rapidly highlighting the importance of this phytohormone in plant life. First, JA was considered as a stress hormone implicated in plant response to biotic stress (pathogens and herbivores) which confers resistance to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens contrarily to salicylic acid (SA) which is implicated in plant response to necrotrophic pathogens. JA is also implicated in plant responses to abiotic stress (such as soil salinity, wounding and UV). Moreover, some researchers have recently revealed that JA controls several physiological processes like root growth, growth of reproductive organs and, finally, plant senescence. JA is also involved in the biosynthesis of various metabolites (e.g., phytoalexins and terpenoids). In plants, JA signaling pathways are well studied in few plants essentially Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Oryza sativa L. confirming the crucial role of this hormone in plants. In this review, we highlight the last foundlings about JA biosynthesis, JA signaling pathways and its implication in plant maturation and response to environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Ghorbel
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, P.O. box, Ha'il, 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, B.P '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, B.P '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment - University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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96
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Jiang Y, Ye J, Veromann-Jürgenson LL, Niinemets Ü. Gall- and erineum-forming Eriophyes mites alter photosynthesis and volatile emissions in an infection severity-dependent manner in broad-leaved trees Alnus glutinosa and Tilia cordata. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1122-1142. [PMID: 33367874 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly host-specific eriophyoid gall- and erineum-forming mites infest a limited range of broadleaf species, with the mites from the genus Eriophyes particularly widespread on Alnus spp. and Tilia spp. Once infected, the infections can be massive, covering a large part of leaf area and spreading through the plant canopy, but the effects of Eriophyes mite gall formation on the performance of host leaves are poorly understood. We studied the influence of three frequent Eriophyes infections, E. inangulis gall-forming mites on Alnus glutinosa, and E. tiliae gall-forming and E. exilis erineum-forming mites on Tilia cordata, on foliage morphology, chemistry, photosynthetic characteristics, and constitutive and induced volatile emissions. For all types of infections, leaf dry mass per unit area, net assimilation rate per area and stomatal conductance strongly decreased with increasing severity of infection. Mite infections resulted in enhancement or elicitation of emissions of fatty acid-derived volatiles, isoprene, benzenoids and carotenoid breakdown products in an infection severity-dependent manner for all different infections. Monoterpene emissions were strongly elicited in T. cordata mite infections, but these emissions were suppressed in E. inangulis-infected A. glutinosa. Although the overall level of mite-induced emissions was surprisingly low, these results highlight the uniqueness of the volatile profiles and offer opportunities for using volatile fingerprints and overall emission rates to diagnose infections by Eriophyes gall- and erineum-forming mites on temperate trees and assess their impact on the physiology of the affected trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayan Ye
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Linda-Liisa Veromann-Jürgenson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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97
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Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant defense hormone that promotes immunity against biotrophic and semibiotrophic pathogens. It plays crucial roles in basal defense and the amplification of local immune responses, as well as the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. During the past three decades, immense progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis, homeostasis, perception, and functions of SA. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SA in plant immunity and other biological processes. We highlight recent breakthroughs that substantially advanced our understanding of how SA is biosynthesized from isochorismate, how it is perceived, and how SA receptors regulate different aspects of plant immunity. Some key questions in SA biosynthesis and signaling, such as how SA is produced via another intermediate, benzoic acid, and how SA affects the activities of its receptors in the transcriptional regulation of defense genes, remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Peng
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; , , ,
| | - Jianfei Yang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; , , ,
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; , , ,
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; , , ,
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98
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Li X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Xue W, Wu M, Chen P, Weng Y, Chen S. Transcriptomic and Histological Analysis of the Response of Susceptible and Resistant Cucumber to Meloidogyne incognita Infection Revealing Complex Resistance via Multiple Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675429. [PMID: 34194451 PMCID: PMC8236822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, is a devastating pathogen for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) specially in production under protected environments or continuous cropping. High level RKN resistance has been identified in African horned melon Cucumis metuliferus (CM). However, the resistance mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the comparative analysis on phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in the susceptible cucumber inbred line Q24 and the resistant CM, after M. incognita infection, was performed. The results showed that, in comparison with Q24, the CM was able to significantly reduce penetration numbers of second stage juveniles (J2), slow its development in the roots resulting in fewer galls and smaller giant cells suggesting the presence of host resistance in CM. Comparative transcriptomes analysis of Q24 and CM before and after M. incognita infection was conducted and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with host resistance were identified in CM. Enrichment analyses revealed most enriched DEGs in Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA)/jamonate signaling (JA), as well as auxin (IAA) signaling pathways. In particular, in CM, DEGs in the Ca2+ signaling pathway such as those for the calmodulin and calcium-binding proteins were upregulated at the early stage of M. incognita infection; genes for SA/JA synthesis/signal transduction were markedly activated, whereas the IAA signaling pathway genes were inhibited upon infection suggesting the importance of SA/JA signaling pathways in mediating M. incognita resistance in CM. A model was established to explain the different molecular mechanisms on M. incognita susceptibility in cucumber and resistance to M. incognita infection in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xvzhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yinhui Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaopei Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Meiqian Wu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
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99
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Kong X, Zhang C, Zheng H, Sun M, Zhang F, Zhang M, Cui F, Lv D, Liu L, Guo S, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Zhao S, Tian H, Ding Z. Antagonistic Interaction between Auxin and SA Signaling Pathways Regulates Bacterial Infection through Lateral Root in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108060. [PMID: 32846118 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen entry into host tissues is a critical and first step in infections. In plants, the lateral roots (LRs) are a potential entry and colonization site for pathogens. Here, using a GFP-labeled pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pto DC3000), we observe that virulent Pto DC3000 invades plants through emerged LRs in Arabidopsis. Pto DC3000 strongly induced LR formation, a process that was dependent on the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7)/ARF19-LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LBD) regulatory module. We show that salicylic acid (SA) represses LR formation, and several mutants defective in SA signaling are also involved in Pto DC3000-induced LR development. Significantly, ARF7, a well-documented positive regulator of LR development, directly represses the transcription of PR1 and PR2 to promote LR development. This study indicates that ARF7-mediated auxin signaling antagonizes with SA signaling to control bacterial infection through the regulation of LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Huihui Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Min Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Lijing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China.
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100
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Chen J, Zhang J, Kong M, Freeman A, Chen H, Liu F. More stories to tell: NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1, a salicylic acid receptor. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1716-1727. [PMID: 33495996 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Tremendous progress has been made in the field of SA biosynthesis and SA signaling pathways over the past three decades. Among the key immune players in SA signaling pathway, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) functions as a master regulator of SA-mediated plant defense. The function of NPR1 as an SA receptor has been controversial; however, after years of arguments among several laboratories, NPR1 has finally been proven as one of the SA receptors. The function of NPR1 is strictly regulated via post-translational modifications and transcriptional regulation that were recently found. More recent advances in NPR1 biology, including novel functions of NPR1 and the structure of SA receptor proteins, have brought this field forward immensely. Therefore, based on these recent discoveries, this review acts to provide a full picture of how NPR1 functions in plant immunity and how NPR1 gene and NPR1 protein are regulated at multiple levels. Finally, we also discuss potential challenges in future studies of SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mengmeng Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Lab of Biocontrol & Bacterial Molecular Biology, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrew Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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