51
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Blersch J, Francisco V, Rebelo C, Jiménez‐Balsa A, Antunes H, Gonzato C, Pinto S, Simões S, Liedl K, Haupt K, Ferreira L. A Light‐Triggerable Nanoparticle Library for the Controlled Release of Non‐Coding RNAs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1985-1991. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Blersch
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Vitor Francisco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Catarina Rebelo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Helena Antunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlo Gonzato
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité de Technologie de CompiègneLaboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Sandra Pinto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Klaus Liedl
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyLeopold-Franzens University Innsbruck Austria
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité de Technologie de CompiègneLaboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
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52
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Hamerla C, Neumann C, Falahati K, von Cosel J, van Wilderen LJGW, Niraghatam MS, Kern-Michler D, Mielke N, Reinfelds M, Rodrigues-Correia A, Heckel A, Bredenbeck J, Burghardt I. Photochemical mechanism of DEACM uncaging: a combined time-resolved spectroscopic and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13418-13430. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp07032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Combined spectroscopic and computational studies elucidate excited-state photocleavage in DEACM cages, explaining vastly different time scales for different leaving groups.
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53
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Blersch J, Francisco V, Rebelo C, Jiménez‐Balsa A, Antunes H, Gonzato C, Pinto S, Simões S, Liedl K, Haupt K, Ferreira L. A Light‐Triggerable Nanoparticle Library for the Controlled Release of Non‐Coding RNAs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Blersch
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Vitor Francisco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Catarina Rebelo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Helena Antunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlo Gonzato
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité de Technologie de CompiègneLaboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Sandra Pinto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Klaus Liedl
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyLeopold-Franzens University Innsbruck Austria
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité de Technologie de CompiègneLaboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025 60200 Compiègne France
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
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54
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Chen L, Sun Y, Li J, Zhang Y. A photoactivatable microRNA probe for identification of microRNA targets and light-controlled suppression of microRNA target expression. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 56:627-630. [PMID: 31833483 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08277h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel dual-functional microRNA (miRNA) probe, PA-miRNA, for miRNA target identification and light control of miRNA target expression. PA-miRNA is a miRNA mimic with a 3'-biotin tag linked via a photo-cleavable linker. Using PA-miR-34a, intracellular targets of miR-34a in HeLa cells were isolated and confirmed. Moreover, PA-miR-34a upon transfection into HeLa cells was inactive until light irradiation to break the photo-cleavable linker to release functional miR-34a. We demonstrated that miR-34a target expression as well as miR-34a-promoted cell apoptosis were regulated by PA-miR-34a in a photo-controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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55
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Xu F, Zhou F. Inhibition of microRNA-92a ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction by targeting ITGA5 through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106060. [PMID: 31841757 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming inflammation and extensive alveolar-endothelial injury are characteristic pathological features of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)). MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes including endothelial damage and inflammatory responses. However, little is known about their function and the molecules regulating lung microvascular endothelial injury. Here, we determined the levels of microRNA-92a (miR-92a) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). We found that miR-92a expression was greater in HPMECs treated with LPS than in control cells. Inhibition of miR-92a through transfection with a miR-92a inhibitor significantly increased HPMECs migration, enhanced tube formation, and improved endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. Inhibition of miR-92a ameliorated the inflammatory response by decreasing the release of the proinflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, integrin α5 (ITGA5) was found to be a target gene of miR-92a in LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Western blot analysis showed that inhibition of miR-92a may ameliorate endothelial barrier dysfunction by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Together, these results reveal an important role of miR-92a in LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, and suggest that miR-92a may have potential as a prognostic indicator and a future target for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Fachun Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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56
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Bridge T, Shaikh SA, Thomas P, Botta J, McCormick PJ, Sachdeva A. Site-Specific Encoding of Photoactivity in Antibodies Enables Light-Mediated Antibody-Antigen Binding on Live Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17986-17993. [PMID: 31609054 PMCID: PMC6973043 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies have found applications in several fields, including, medicine, diagnostics, and nanotechnology, yet methods to modulate antibody-antigen binding using an external agent remain limited. Here, we have developed photoactive antibody fragments by genetic site-specific replacement of single tyrosine residues with photocaged tyrosine, in an antibody fragment, 7D12. A simple and robust assay is adopted to evaluate the light-mediated binding of 7D12 mutants to its target, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), on the surface of cancer cells. Presence of photocaged tyrosine reduces 7D12-EGFR binding affinity by over 20-fold in two out of three 7D12 mutants studied, and binding is restored upon exposure to 365 nm light. Molecular dynamics simulations explain the difference in effect of photocaging on 7D12-EGFR interaction among the mutants. Finally, we demonstrate the application of photoactive antibodies in delivering fluorophores to EGFR-positive live cancer cells in a light-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bridge
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Saher A. Shaikh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Paul Thomas
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell ImagingUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Joaquin Botta
- Centre of EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Centre of EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Amit Sachdeva
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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57
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Bridge T, Shaikh SA, Thomas P, Botta J, McCormick PJ, Sachdeva A. Site‐Specific Encoding of Photoactivity in Antibodies Enables Light‐Mediated Antibody–Antigen Binding on Live Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bridge
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Saher A. Shaikh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Paul Thomas
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell ImagingUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Joaquin Botta
- Centre of EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University London Charterhouse Square London EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Centre of EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University London Charterhouse Square London EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - Amit Sachdeva
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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58
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Zhang L, Linden G, Vázquez O. In search of visible-light photoresponsive peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for reversible control of DNA hybridization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2500-2508. [PMID: 31728164 PMCID: PMC6839558 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable oligonucleotides can determine specific biological outcomes by light-induced conformational changes. In particular, artificial probes activated by visible-light irradiation are highly desired in biological applications. Here, we report two novel types of visible-light photoswitchable peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) based on the molecular transducers: hemithioindigo and tetra-ortho-fluoroazobenzene. Our study reveals that the tetra-ortho-fluoroazobenzene-PNA conjugates have promising properties (fast reversible isomerization, exceptional thermal stability, high isomer conversions and sensitivity to visible-light irradiation) as reversible modulators to control oligonucleotide hybridization in biological contexts. Furthermore, we verified that this switchable modification delivers a slightly different hybridization behavior in the PNA. Thus, both melting experiments and strand-displacement assays showed that in all the cases the trans-isomer is the one with superior binding affinities. Alternative versions, inspired by our first compounds here reported, may find applications in different fields such as chemical biology, nanotechnology and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Greta Linden
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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59
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Sun LL, Xiao L, Du XL, Hong L, Li CL, Jiao J, Li WD, Li XQ. MiR-205 promotes endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis and deep vein thrombosis recanalization and resolution by targeting PTEN to regulate Akt/autophagy pathway and MMP2 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:8493-8504. [PMID: 31633295 PMCID: PMC6850951 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs, MiRs) represent a class of conserved small non-coding RNAs that affect post-transcriptional gene regulation and play a vital role in angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. They are essential for a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, especially for vascular diseases. However, data concerning miRNAs in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remain incomplete. We explored miRNAs that modulate angiogenesis in EPCs and thrombolysis, and analysed their underlying mechanisms using a DVT model, dual-luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis, CCK-8 assay, angiogenesis assay, wound healing and Transwell assay. We found that miR-205 enhanced the homing ability of EPCs to DVT sites and promoted thrombosis resolution and recanalization, which significantly reduced venous thrombus. Additionally, we demonstrated that miR-205 overexpression significantly enhanced angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro, migration, invasion, F-actin filaments and proliferation in EPCs, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Conversely, down-regulation of miR-205 played the opposite role in EPCs. Importantly, this study demonstrated that miR-205 directly targeted PTEN to modulate the Akt/autophagy pathway and MMP2 expression, subsequently playing a key role in EPC function and DVT recanalization and resolution. These results elucidated the pro-angiogenesis effects of miR-205 in EPCs and established it as a potential target for DVT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lun Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Hong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Long Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fengyang County People's Hospital, Chuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Dong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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60
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Chouhan D, Dey N, Bhardwaj N, Mandal BB. Emerging and innovative approaches for wound healing and skin regeneration: Current status and advances. Biomaterials 2019; 216:119267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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61
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Grebenovsky N, Luma L, Müller P, Heckel A. Introducing LNAzo: More Rigidity for Improved Photocontrol of Oligonucleotide Hybridization. Chemistry 2019; 25:12298-12302. [PMID: 31386225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have made rapid progress in clinical treatment of a variety of disease indications. Since most therapeutic oligonucleotides serve more than just one function and tend to have a prolonged lifetime, spatio-temporal control of these functions would be desirable. Photoswitches like azobenzene have proven themselves as useful tools in this matter. Upon irradiation, the photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety causes destabilization in adjacent base pairs, leading to a decreased hybridization affinity. Since the way the azobenzene is incorporated in the oligonucleotide is of utmost importance, we synthesized locked azobenzene C-nucleosides and compared their photocontrol capabilities to established azobenzene C-nucleosides in oligonucleotide test-sequences by means of fluorescence-, UV/Vis-, and CD-spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Grebenovsky
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Larita Luma
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patricia Müller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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62
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Lotz TS, Halbritter T, Kaiser C, Rudolph MM, Kraus L, Groher F, Steinwand S, Wachtveitl J, Heckel A, Suess B. A light-responsive RNA aptamer for an azobenzene derivative. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2029-2040. [PMID: 30517682 PMCID: PMC6393235 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of complex biological networks has proven to be a key bottleneck in synthetic biology. Interactions between the structurally flexible RNA and various other molecules in the form of riboswitches have shown a high-regulation specificity and efficiency and synthetic riboswitches have filled the toolbox of devices in many synthetic biology applications. Here we report the development of a novel, small molecule binding RNA aptamer, whose binding is dependent on light-induced change of conformation of its small molecule ligand. As ligand we chose an azobenzene because of its reliable photoswitchability and modified it with chloramphenicol for a better interaction with RNA. The synthesis of the ligand 'azoCm' was followed by extensive biophysical analysis regarding its stability and photoswitchability. RNA aptamers were identified after several cycles of in vitro selection and then studied regarding their binding specificity and affinity toward the ligand. We show the successful development of an RNA aptamer that selectively binds to only the trans photoisomer of azoCm with a KD of 545 nM. As the aptamer cannot bind to the irradiated ligand (λ = 365 nm), a light-selective RNA binding system is provided. Further studies may now result in the engineering of a reliable, light-responsible riboswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea S Lotz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt (M), Germany
| | - Christoph Kaiser
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt (M), Germany
| | - Martin M Rudolph
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Leon Kraus
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Groher
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabrina Steinwand
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt (M), Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt (M), Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt (M), Germany
| | - Beatrix Suess
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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63
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Xiong X, Sun Y, Wang X. HIF1A/miR‐20a‐5p/TGFβ1 axis modulates adipose‐derived stem cells in a paracrine manner to affect the angiogenesis of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2091-2101. [PMID: 31368162 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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64
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Zhou Y, Richards AM, Wang P. MicroRNA-221 Is Cardioprotective and Anti-fibrotic in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:185-197. [PMID: 31261033 PMCID: PMC6606926 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reduced myocardial miR-221 expression is associated with severe cardiac fibrosis in heart failure patients. We aimed to demonstrate its mechanisms in cardioprotection and remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI). Using in vitro hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) of H9c2 and rat cardiac fibroblast (cFB) models, we found that miR-221 protects H9c2 through combined anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects and cFB via anti-autophagic effects alone in H/R. It inhibits myofibroblast (myoFB) activation as indicated by lowering α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, gel contraction, and collagen synthesis (Sircol assay). In vivo, following left coronary artery ligation (MI), rats were treated with miR-221 mimics (intravenous [i.v.], 1 mg/kg). With treatment, miR-221 increased by ∼15-fold in infarct and peri-infarct zones at day 2 post-MI. At days 7 and 30 post-MI, miR-221 reduced infarct size, fibrosis, and α-SMA+ cells in both infarct and remote myocardium. Left ventricle (LV) function was preserved as indicated by ejection fraction, infarct thickness, LV developed pressure, ±dP/dt, and end diastolic pressure. We demonstrated the anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects were due to combined mechanisms of direct targeting on Bak1 and P53 and inhibition of phosphorylation at Ser46 and direct targeting on Ddit4, respectively. miR-221 enhances cardiomyocyte survival and protects cardiac function post-MI. It enhances cFB survival yet inhibits their activation, thus reducing adverse cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arthur Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peipei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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65
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Veith AP, Henderson K, Spencer A, Sligar AD, Baker AB. Therapeutic strategies for enhancing angiogenesis in wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:97-125. [PMID: 30267742 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of wound healing has been a goal of medical practitioners for thousands of years. The development of chronic, non-healing wounds is a persistent medical problem that drives patient morbidity and increases healthcare costs. A key aspect of many non-healing wounds is the reduced presence of vessel growth through the process of angiogenesis. This review surveys the creation of new treatments for healing cutaneous wounds through therapeutic angiogenesis. In particular, we discuss the challenges and advancement that have been made in delivering biologic, pharmaceutical and cell-based therapies as enhancers of wound vascularity and healing.
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66
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Müller P, Seyfried P, Frühauf A, Heckel A. Phosphodiester photo-tethers for the (multi-)cyclic conformational caging of oligonucleotides. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:89-111. [PMID: 31370937 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to address the function of oligonucleotides with light is highly desirable since they are often used experimentally in the regulation of biological processes that need to be controlled in time, space and activation level. Here we present an extension of our initial approach of using photo-tethers that force single strands of nucleic acids into a circle, thus making them unable to form a duplex with a complementary DNA- or RNA-strand. Due to the persistence length a single strand can form a circle of, for example, 30 nucleotides, but a duplex cannot. We show that these new photo-tethers can also be easily installed on the phosphodiester backbone. This simplifies the approach considerably and leads to temporarily inhibited oligonucleotides that can only form a duplex after linearization by photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Müller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Seyfried
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anton Frühauf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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67
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Öhnstedt E, Lofton Tomenius H, Vågesjö E, Phillipson M. The discovery and development of topical medicines for wound healing. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:485-497. [PMID: 30870037 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1588879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic, nonhealing skin wounds claim >3% of the health-care budget in industrialized countries, and the incidence is rising. Currently, two parallel trends influence innovations within the field of wound healing: the need to reduce spread of antibiotic resistance and the emerging use of health economy and value-based models. Areas covered: This review focuses on the discovery of drug candidates and development of treatments aiming to enhance wound healing in the heterogeneous group of patients with nonhealing wounds. Expert opinion: Nonhealing wounds are multifaceted and recognized as difficult indications. The majority of products currently in use are medical device dressings, or concepts of negative pressure or hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Global best practice guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers recommend debridement, redressing, as well as infection control, and are critical to the lack of coherent clinical evidence for many approved products in active wound care. To accelerate wound healing, there is an emerging trend toward biologics, gene therapy, and novel concepts for drug delivery in research and in the pipeline for clinical trials. Scientific delineation of the therapeutic mechanism of action is, in our opinion, vital for clinical trial success and for an increased fraction of medical products in the pharmaceutical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Öhnstedt
- a Department of Medical Cell Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,b Ilya Pharma AB , Dag Hammarskiölds väg, Uppsala , Sweden
| | - H Lofton Tomenius
- a Department of Medical Cell Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,b Ilya Pharma AB , Dag Hammarskiölds väg, Uppsala , Sweden
| | - E Vågesjö
- b Ilya Pharma AB , Dag Hammarskiölds väg, Uppsala , Sweden
| | - M Phillipson
- a Department of Medical Cell Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,b Ilya Pharma AB , Dag Hammarskiölds väg, Uppsala , Sweden
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68
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Xi Y, Ge J, Guo Y, Lei B, Ma PX. Biomimetic Elastomeric Polypeptide-Based Nanofibrous Matrix for Overcoming Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Enhancing Full-Thickness Wound Healing/Skin Regeneration. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10772-10784. [PMID: 30481960 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection is a challenge and urgently needed in wound healing. Few wound dressings possess the capacity to treat MDR bacterial infections and enhance wound healing. Herein, we develop an elastomeric, photoluminescent, and antibacterial hybrid polypeptide-based nanofibrous matrix as a multifunctional platform to inhibit the MDR bacteria and enhance wound healing. The hybrid nanofibrous matrix was composed of poly(citrate)-ε-poly lysine (PCE) and poly caprolactone (PCL). The PCL-PCE hybrid nanofibrous matrix showed a biomimetic elastomeric behavior, robust antibacterial activity including killing MDR bacteria capacity, and excellent biocompatibility. PCL-PCE nanofibrous system can efficiently prevent the MDR bacteria-derived wound infection and significantly enhance the complete skin-thickness wound healing and skin regeneration in a mouse model. PCL-PCE hybrid nanofibrous matrix might become a competitive multifunctional dressing for bacteria-infected wound healing and skin regeneration.
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69
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Hung J, Miscianinov V, Sluimer JC, Newby DE, Baker AH. Targeting Non-coding RNA in Vascular Biology and Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1655. [PMID: 30524312 PMCID: PMC6262071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Only recently have we begun to appreciate the importance and complexity of the non-coding genome, owing in some part to truly significant advances in genomic technology such as RNA sequencing and genome-wide profiling studies. Previously thought to be non-functional transcriptional “noise,” non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now known to play important roles in many diverse biological pathways, not least in vascular disease. While microRNAs (miRNA) are known to regulate protein-coding gene expression principally through mRNA degradation, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can activate and repress genes by a variety of mechanisms at both transcriptional and translational levels. These versatile molecules, with complex secondary structures, may interact with chromatin, proteins, and other RNA to form complexes with an array of functional consequences. A body of emerging evidence indicates that both classes of ncRNAs regulate multiple physiological and pathological processes in vascular physiology and disease. While dozens of miRNAs are now implicated and described in relative mechanistic depth, relatively fewer lncRNAs are well described. However, notable examples include ANRIL, SMILR, and SENCR in vascular smooth muscle cells; MALAT1 and GATA-6S in endothelial cells; and mitochondrial lncRNA LIPCAR as a powerful biomarker. Due to such ubiquitous involvement in pathology and well-known biogenesis and functional genetics, novel miRNA-based therapies and delivery methods are now in development, including some early stage clinical trials. Although lncRNAs may hold similar potential, much more needs to be understood about their relatively complex molecular behaviours before realistic translation into novel therapies. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanism and function of ncRNA, focusing on miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular disease and atherosclerosis. We discuss existing therapies and current delivery methods, emphasising the importance of miRNAs and lncRNAs as effectors and biomarkers in vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hung
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vladislav Miscianinov
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - David E Newby
- Deanery of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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70
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Seyfried P, Heinz M, Pintér G, Klötzner DP, Becker Y, Bolte M, Jonker HRA, Stelzl LS, Hummer G, Schwalbe H, Heckel A. Optimal Destabilization of DNA Double Strands by Single-Nucleobase Caging. Chemistry 2018; 24:17568-17576. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seyfried
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marcel Heinz
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics; Max Planck Institute of Biophysics; Max-von-Laue-Str. 3 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - György Pintér
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt/, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dean-Paulos Klötzner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hendrik R. A. Jonker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt/, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lukas S. Stelzl
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics; Max Planck Institute of Biophysics; Max-von-Laue-Str. 3 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics; Max Planck Institute of Biophysics; Max-von-Laue-Str. 3 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute of Biophysics; Max-von-Laue-Str. 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt/, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Li H, Han X, Zuo K, Li L, Liu J, Yuan X, Shen Y, Shao M, Pang D, Chu Y, Zhao B. miR-23b promotes cutaneous wound healing through inhibition of the inflammatory responses by targeting ASK1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1104-1113. [PMID: 30188966 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complicated event that develops in three overlapping phases: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proved to play an important role in the healing process of skin trauma, and alteration of specific miRNA expression during different phases may be associated with abnormal wound healing. In this study, we determined the variation of miR-23b expression after trauma in normal mice and in cultured cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide. We further demonstrated that excessive miR-23b could significantly accelerate wound healing in vivo. Up-regulation of miR-23b decreases infiltration of inflammatory cells, as evidenced by pathologic staining. Meanwhile, miR-23b could significantly inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and Ccl2, and significantly increase anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Furthermore, miR-23b could also promote α-SMA expression in a fiber pattern and increase the expression of Col1a1 and Col3a1. Importantly, we also showed that miR-23b could inhibit inflammation to promote wound healing by targeting apoptotic signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). Notably, knockdown of ASK1 could reduce inflammation factor expression in vitro. Together, our data reveal that miR-23b is a potent therapeutic agent for cutaneous wound healing that shortens the period of inflammatory responses and promotes keratinocyte migration for the re-epithelialization of wound sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kuiyang Zuo
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jieting Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yongchao Shen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhui Chu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Binghai Zhao
- School of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
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Gallant-Behm CL, Piper J, Dickinson BA, Dalby CM, Pestano LA, Jackson AL. A synthetic microRNA-92a inhibitor (MRG-110) accelerates angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic and nondiabetic wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:311-323. [PMID: 30118158 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong unmet need for new therapeutics to accelerate wound healing across both chronic and acute indications. It is well established that local tissue hypoxia, vascular insufficiency, and/or insufficient angiogenesis contribute to inadequate wound repair in the context of diabetic foot ulcers as well as to other chronic wounds such as venous stasis and pressure ulcers. microRNA-92a-3p (miR-92a) is a potent antiangiogenic miRNA whose inhibition has led to increases in angiogenesis in multiple organ systems, resulting in an improvement in function following myocardial infarction, limb ischemia, vascular injury, and bone fracture. Due to their pro-angiogenic effects, miR-92a inhibitors offer potential therapeutics to accelerate the healing process in cutaneous wounds as well. This study investigated the effect of a development stage locked nucleic acid-modified miR-92a inhibitor, MRG-110, in excisional wounds in db/db mice and in normal pigs. In both acute and chronic wounds, MRG-110 increased granulation tissue formation as assessed by histology, angiogenesis as assessed by immunohistochemistry and tissue perfusion, and wound healing as measured by time to closure and percent closure over time. The effects of MRG-110 were greater than those that were observed with the positive controls rhVEGF-165 and rhPDGF-BB, and MRG-110 was at least additive with rhPDGF-BB when co-administered in db/db mouse wounds. MRG-110 was found to up-regulate expression of the pro-angiogenic miR-92a target gene integrin alpha 5 in vitro in both human vascular endothelial cells and primary human skin fibroblasts and in vivo in mouse skin, demonstrating its on-target effects in vitro and in vivo. Additional safety endpoints were assessed in both the mouse and pig studies with no safety concerns noted. These studies suggest that MRG-110 has the potential to accelerate both chronic and acute wound healing and these data provide support for future clinical trials of MRG-110.
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73
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Shyu KG, Wang BW, Pan CM, Fang WJ, Lin CM. Hyperbaric oxygen boosts long noncoding RNA MALAT1 exosome secretion to suppress microRNA-92a expression in therapeutic angiogenesis. Int J Cardiol 2018; 274:271-278. [PMID: 30301563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) could improve wound healing by enhancement of angiogenesis. The effect of HBO on metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), a proangiogenic long noncoding RNA, and on endothelial cell-derived exosome is unknown. We aim to investigate both whether MALAT1 is altered in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs)-derived exosomes in response to HBO as well as the molecular regulatory mechanisms of MALAT1 in HCAECs under HBO treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS HCAECs were cultured and HBO was applied at 2.5 atmosphere absolute (ATA) in a hyperbaric chamber. Exosomes were extracted from culture media. A rat model of hind-limb ischemia was performed by ligation of the right femoral artery. HBO at 2.5 ATA significantly increased MALAT1 expression in HCAECs and HCAECs-derived exosomes. MALAT1 suppressed miR-92a expression in HCAEC-derived exosomes under HBO. Silencing MALAT1 by MALAT1 siRNA significantly inhibited KLF2 mRNA expression induced by HBO, as did MiR-92a. MiR-92a significantly decreased KLF2 luciferase activity in HCAECs under HBO. HBO and HBO-induced exosomes significantly increased cell proliferation and the capillary-like network formation of HCAECs. MALAT1 siRNA and miR-92a overexpression significantly attenuated the cell proliferation and tube formation caused by HBO-induced exosome. HBO and HBO-induced exosomes significantly improved neovascularization in a rat model of hind-limb ischemia. CONCLUSIONS HBO upregulates MALAT1 to suppress miR-92a expression and counteracts the inhibitory effect of miR-92a on KLF2 expression in HCAECs to enhance neovascularization. HBO-induced derivation of exosomes from HCAECs enhances angiogenesis. Exosomes containing MALAT1 might serve as a valuable therapeutic tool for neovascularization by HBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-Gi Shyu
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Pan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Fang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mei Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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74
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Sun L, Li W, Lei F, Li X. The regulatory role of microRNAs in angiogenesis-related diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4568-4587. [PMID: 29956461 PMCID: PMC6156236 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level via either the degradation or translational repression of a target mRNA. They play an irreplaceable role in angiogenesis by regulating the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and tube formation of angiogenesis-related cells, which are indispensable for multitudinous physiological and pathological processes, especially for the occurrence and development of vascular diseases. Imbalance between the regulation of miRNAs and angiogenesis may cause many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, aneurysm, Kawasaki disease, aortic dissection, phlebothrombosis and diabetic microvascular complication. Therefore, it is important to explore the essential role of miRNAs in angiogenesis, which might help to uncover new and effective therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases. This review focuses on the interactions between miRNAs and angiogenesis, and miRNA-based biomarkers in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of angiogenesis-related diseases, providing an update on the understanding of the clinical value of miRNAs in targeting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Li Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgerythe Affiliated Drum Tower HospitalNanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
- Department of Vascular Surgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wen‐Dong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgerythe Affiliated Drum Tower HospitalNanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Feng‐Rui Lei
- Department of Vascular Surgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Qiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgerythe Affiliated Drum Tower HospitalNanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
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75
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Keyhani S, Goldau T, Blümler A, Heckel A, Schwalbe H. Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Position-Specifically Modified RNA for Biophysical Studies including Light Control and NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Keyhani
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Thomas Goldau
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Anja Blümler
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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76
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Keyhani S, Goldau T, Blümler A, Heckel A, Schwalbe H. Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Position-Specifically Modified RNA for Biophysical Studies including Light Control and NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12017-12021. [PMID: 30007102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of non-coding RNAs requires RNAs containing modifications at every possible position within the oligonucleotide. Here, we present the chemo-enzymatic RNA synthesis containing photoactivatable or 13 C,15 N-labelled nucleosides. All four ribonucleotides containing ortho-nitrophenylethyl (NPE) photocages, photoswitchable azobenzene C-nucleotides and 13 C,15 N-labelled nucleotides were incorporated position-specifically in high yields. We applied this approach for the synthesis of light-inducible 2'dG-sensing riboswitch variants and detected ligand-induced structural reorganization upon irradiation by NMR spectroscopy. This chemo-enzymatic method opens the possibility to incorporate a wide range of modifications at any desired position of RNAs of any lengths beyond the limits of solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Keyhani
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Goldau
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anja Blümler
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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77
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Ozdemir D, Feinberg MW. MicroRNAs in diabetic wound healing: Pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 29:131-137. [PMID: 30143275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic wound healing is an incompletely understood pathophysiological state. It comprises a range of potentially devastating and common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) leading to intractable infections, lower extremity amputations, and associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in various physiological processes in health and disease through their ability to fine-tune cellular responses. Herein, we summarize the versatile roles of miRNAs implicated in diabetic wound healing in key stages including inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and remodeling. Furthermore, we highlight current evidence through which miRNAs exert control of gene expression and signaling pathways in the reparative response that may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention for this potentially devastating disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denizhan Ozdemir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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78
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Reinfelds M, von Cosel J, Falahati K, Hamerla C, Slanina T, Burghardt I, Heckel A. A New Photocage Derived from Fluorene. Chemistry 2018; 24:13026-13035. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matiss Reinfelds
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jan von Cosel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Konstantin Falahati
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Carsten Hamerla
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lucas
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany (T.L., A.B., S.D.)
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany (T.L., A.B., S.D.)
| | - Angelika Bonauer
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany (T.L., A.B., S.D.)
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany (T.L., A.B., S.D.)
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany (T.L., A.B., S.D.)
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany (T.L., A.B., S.D.)
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80
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Lino MM, Simões S, Vilaça A, Antunes H, Zonari A, Ferreira L. Modulation of Angiogenic Activity by Light-Activatable miRNA-Loaded Nanocarriers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5207-5220. [PMID: 29870221 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The combinatorial delivery of miRNAs holds great promise to modulate cell activity in the context of angiogenesis. Yet, the delivery of multiple miRNAs with spatiotemporal control remains elusive. Here, we report a plasmonic nanocarrier to control the release of two microRNAs. The nanocarrier consists of gold nanorods modified with single-stranded DNA for hybridization with complementary DNA-conjugated microRNAs. DNA strands with distinct melting temperatures enable the independent release of each microRNA with a near-infrared laser using the same wavelength but different powers. Tests in human outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) indicate that this system can be used to silence different targets sequentially and, by doing so, to modulate cell activity with spatiotemporal resolution. Finally, using an in vivo acute wound healing animal model, it is demonstrated that the order by which each miRNA was released in transplanted OECs significantly impacted the wound healing kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Lino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Andreia Vilaça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Helena Antunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal
- Crioestaminal , 3060-197 Cantanhede , Portugal
| | - Alessandra Zonari
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , 3004-517 Coimbra , Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal
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81
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Yang L, Kim HB, Sul JY, Yeldell SB, Eberwine JH, Dmochowski IJ. Efficient Synthesis of Light-Triggered Circular Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting Cellular Protein Expression. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1250-1254. [PMID: 29479781 PMCID: PMC6248878 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated ("caged") antisense oligonucleotides are powerful molecules for regulating gene expression at submicron spatial resolution through the focal modulation of endogenous cellular processes. Cyclized caged oligos are particularly promising structures because of their inherent stability and similarity to naturally occurring circular DNA and RNA molecules. Here, we introduce an efficient route for cyclizing an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide incorporating a photocleavable linker. Oligo cyclization was achieved for several sequences in nearly quantitative yields through intramolecular copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Caging stability and light activation were characterized by FRET efficiency, denaturing gel assay, and melting temperature measurements. Finally, a cyclized caged oligo was designed to target gfap, and it gave a tenfold reduction in glial fibrillary acidic protein upon photoactivation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Hyun Bum Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 38 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6084, USA
| | - Jai-Yoon Sul
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 38 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6084, USA
| | - Sean B Yeldell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - James H Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 38 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6084, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
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82
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Parayath NN, Parikh A, Amiji MM. Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in a Genetically Engineered Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Model by Intraperitoneal Administration of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanoparticles Encapsulating MicroRNA-125b. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3571-3579. [PMID: 29722542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) acquire a pro-tumor (M2) phenotype, which promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Certain microRNAs (miRs), such as miR-125b, can reprogram TAMs into an antitumor/pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype. Using CD44 targeting hyaluronic acid-poly(ethylenimine) (HA-PEI)-based nanoparticles encapsulating miR-125b, we have herein shown macrophage-specific delivery and transfection upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. We have exploited the inherent ability of peritoneal macrophages to migrate toward the inflammation/injury and demonstrated that following intraperitoneal administration of HA-PEI nanoparticles, there is an accumulation of HA-PEI nanoparticles in the macrophage-ablated lung tissues of both naïve and KRAS/p53 double mutant genetically engineered (KP-GEM) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) mouse model. Additionally, upon transfection with miR-125b, we observed a >6-fold increase in the M1 to M2 macrophage ratio and 300-fold increase in the iNOS (M1 marker)/Arg-1 (M2 marker) ratio in TAMs as compared to the untreated control group. The results of these studies show that i.p. administered macrophage-specific HA-PEI nanoparticles can successfully transfect TAMs in lung tissues of both naïve mice and a KP-GEM NSCLC mouse model. Successful TAM repolarization toward the M1 phenotype has significant implication in anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Parayath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Avani Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 United States
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83
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Mori R, Tanaka K, Shimokawa I. Identification and functional analysis of inflammation-related miRNAs in skin wound repair. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:306-315. [PMID: 29873073 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation at a wound site is essential for preventing infection. However, misregulated inflammation leads to pathologies of the healing process, including chronic non-healing wounds and scarring. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of the inflammatory response and tissue repair, acting by translational processing of target mRNAs. In the final step of miRNA processing, Argonaute 2 (Ago2)-bound mature miRNA complexes bind to target mRNAs and inhibit their translation. A variety of wound healing-related miRNAs have been identified and their misregulation likely contributes to wound pathologies, including scarring and chronic healing. Recently, we have developed an Ago2-bound mature miRNA purification system that uses Ago2 antibody to analyze the expression of miRNAs from wound tissues by microarray and next generation sequencing. We have identified several wound inflammation-related miRNAs via Ago2-target immunoprecipitation assays and next generation sequencing of wound tissues from wild-type and PU.1 knockout mice, which exhibit no inflammatory response because of a lack of immune cell lineages. We demonstrated that miR-142, an identified inflammation-related miRNA, is essential role for neutrophilic chemotaxis via inhibition of small GTPase translation; its misregulation leads to susceptibility to infection against Staphylococcus aureus at skin wound sites. In this review, we summarize recent advances of miRNA studies in skin wound healing, introduce our miRNA purification system using an immunoprecipitation assay method, and discuss the function of miR-142 in skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Mori
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ehime Prefectural Center Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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84
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Koenecke C, Krueger A. MicroRNA in T-Cell Development and T-Cell Mediated Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:992. [PMID: 29867969 PMCID: PMC5949326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is still a major cause of treatment-related mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Allo-antigen recognition of donor T cells after transplantation account for the onset and persistence of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are molecular regulators involved in numerous processes during T-cell development, homeostasis, and activation. Thus, miRNAs also contribute to pathological T-cell function during GvHD. Given their capacity of fine-tuning T-cell function, miRNAs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to curtail acute GvHD, but simultaneously maintain T-cell-mediated graft-versus-tumor effects. Here, we review the role of key miRNAs contributing to the pathophysiology of GvHD. We focus on those miRNAs acting in T cells and for which a role in GvHD has been established in preclinical models. Finally, we provide an outlook for clinical application of this new therapeutic target for GvHD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koenecke
- Clinic for Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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85
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Yu L, Liang D, Chen C, Tang X. Caged siRNAs with Single cRGD Modification for Photoregulation of Exogenous and Endogenous Gene Expression in Cells and Mice. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2526-2534. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Duanwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changmai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
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86
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Hammer CA, Falahati K, Jakob A, Klimek R, Burghardt I, Heckel A, Wachtveitl J. Sensitized Two-Photon Activation of Coumarin Photocages. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1448-1453. [PMID: 29498870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the design of a new coumarin-based photolabile protecting group with enhanced two-photon absorption. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), color-tuned ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and infrared (IR) measurements are employed to photochemically characterize the newly designed ATTO 390-DEACM-cargo triad. Increased two-photon cross-section values of the novel cage in comparison to the widely used protecting group DEACM ([7-(diethylamino)coumarin-4-yl]methyl) are extracted from TPEF experiments. Femtosecond pump-probe experiments reveal a fast intramolecular charge transfer, a finding that is confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. Uncaging of glutamate is monitored in IR measurements by photodecarboxylation of the carbamate linker between the photolabile protecting group and the glutamate, showing the full functionality of the novel two-photon activatable photocage.
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87
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Abstract
External photocontrol over RNA function has emerged as a useful tool for studying nucleic acid biology. Most current methods rely on fully synthetic nucleic acids with photocaged nucleobases, limiting application to relatively short synthetic RNAs. Here we report a method to gain photocontrol over RNA by postsynthetic acylation of 2'-hydroxyls with photoprotecting groups. One-step introduction of these groups efficiently blocks hybridization, which is restored after light exposure. Polyacylation (termed cloaking) enables control over a hammerhead ribozyme, illustrating optical control of RNA catalytic function. Use of the new approach on a transcribed 237 nt RNA aptamer demonstrates the utility of this method to switch on RNA folding in a cellular context, and underlines the potential for application in biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Velema
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anna M. Kietrys
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric T. Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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88
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Long M, Cai L, Li W, Zhang L, Guo S, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Liu X, Wang M, Zhou X, Wang H, Li X, Li L, Zhu Z, Yang G, Zheng H. DPP-4 Inhibitors Improve Diabetic Wound Healing via Direct and Indirect Promotion of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Reduction of Scarring. Diabetes 2018; 67:518-531. [PMID: 29254987 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes often experience multiple disease complications. Hypoglycemic agents can have both positive and negative effects on diabetic complications, which should be carefully assessed when personalized treatment strategies are developed. In this study we report that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), a group of widely used antihyperglycemic agents, can improve diabetic wound healing, independent of their beneficial effects on glycemic control. In particular, DPP-4is promoted the migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes, directly and indirectly, by inducing stromal cell-derived factor 1α production of fibroblasts in vitro and in diabetic mice. In addition, DPP-4is attenuated collagen synthesis and deposition, which may diminish scar formation. Furthermore, the results of a randomized clinical trial (NCT02742233) involving 67 patients with type 2 diabetes supported the role of DPP-4i treatment in diabetic wound healing. Our findings support the application of DPP-4i as a preferred option for treating ulcers in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Leiqin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiufei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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89
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Becker Y, Unger E, Fichte MAH, Gacek DA, Dreuw A, Wachtveitl J, Walla PJ, Heckel A. A red-shifted two-photon-only caging group for three-dimensional photorelease. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2797-2802. [PMID: 29732066 PMCID: PMC5914290 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on nitrodibenzofuran (NDBF) a new photocage with higher two-photon action cross section and red-shifted absorption was developed. Due to calculations, a dimethylamino functionality (DMA) was added at ring position 7. The uncaging of nucleobases after two-photon excitation (2PE) could be visualized via double-strand displacement in a hydrogel. With this assay we achieved three-dimensional photorelease of DMA-NDBF-protected DNA orthogonal to NDBF-protected strands. While being an excellent 2P-cage, DMA-NDBF is surprisingly stable under visible-light one-photon excitation (1PE). This case of excitation-specific photochemistry enhances the scope of orthogonal photoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Becker
- Goethe University Frankfurt , Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany .
| | - Erik Unger
- Goethe University Frankfurt , Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany .
| | - Manuela A H Fichte
- Goethe University Frankfurt , Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany .
| | - Daniel A Gacek
- Technical University Braunschweig , Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Gaußstr. 17 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) , Theoretical and Computational Chemistry , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Goethe University Frankfurt , Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Peter J Walla
- Technical University Braunschweig , Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Gaußstr. 17 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt , Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany .
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90
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Li P, Song Y, Dong CM. Hyperbranched polypeptides synthesized from phototriggered ROP of a photocaged Nε-[1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl]-l-lysine-N-carboxyanhydride: microstructures and effects of irradiation intensity and nitrogen flow rate. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00641e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new photocaged amino acid monomer Nε-(1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl)-l-lysine-N-carboxyanhydride (NPE-Lys NCA) was designed to directly synthesize hyperbranched polypeptides by phototriggered ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Yingying Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Chang-Ming Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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91
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Kahlstatt J, Reiß P, Halbritter T, Essen LO, Koert U, Heckel A. A light-triggered transmembrane porin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9623-9626. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porins are ideal model systems for channel engineering. Here, we present a photocaged diethylaminocoumarin (DEACM) hybrid of the transmembrane porin OmpG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kahlstatt
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - P. Reiß
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Department of Chemistry
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - T. Halbritter
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - L.-O. Essen
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Department of Chemistry
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
- Philipps-University Marburg
| | - U. Koert
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Department of Chemistry
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - A. Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
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92
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Che F, Du H, Zhang W, Cheng Z, Tong Y. MicroRNA-132 modifies angiogenesis in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease by suppressing the NF‑κB and VEGF pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2724-2730. [PMID: 29207094 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the expression of microRNA (miR)‑132 and the mechanism by which it modifies angiogenesis in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICD) was investigated. RNA isolation and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to measure miR‑132 expression in patients with ICD. Inflammatory factors were measured using ELISA kits and western blotting measured B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X/Bcl‑2 ratio (Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio), nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65, matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9), vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1 (VCAM‑1) and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression. miR‑132 expression in patients with ICD was lower compared with healthy volunteers. PC12 cells were used to create an oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model. miR‑132 overexpression in an in vitro model was able to reduce tumor necrosis factor‑a, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8, cyclooxygenase‑2, caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 levels, suppress Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio, NF‑κB p65, MMP‑9, VCAM‑1, iNOS, VEGF protein expression. The results suggested that miR‑132 may modify angiogenesis in patients with ICD by suppressing the NF‑κB pathway and promoting the VEGF pathway, and may develop into a therapy for ICD in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Che
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101145, P.R. China
| | - Huishan Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101145, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101145, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101145, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Tong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101145, P.R. China
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93
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Zhang L, Liang D, Wang Y, Li D, Zhang J, Wu L, Feng M, Yi F, Xu L, Lei L, Du Q, Tang X. Caged circular siRNAs for photomodulation of gene expression in cells and mice. Chem Sci 2017; 9:44-51. [PMID: 29629072 PMCID: PMC5869302 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caged siRNAs with a circular structure were successfully used for photoregulation of target genes in both cells and mice.
By means of RNA interference (RNAi), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play important roles in gene function study and drug development. Recently, photolabile siRNAs were developed to elucidate the process of gene silencing in terms of space, time and degree through chemical modification of siRNAs. We report herein a novel type of photolabile siRNA that was synthesized through cyclizing two ends of a single stranded RNA with a photocleavable linker. These circular siRNAs became more resistant to serum degradation. Using reporter assays of firefly/Renilla luciferase and GFP/RFP, the gene silencing activities of caged circular siRNAs for both genes were evaluated in HEK293 cells. The results indicated that the target genes were successfully photomodulated using these caged circular siRNAs that were formed by caged circular antisense guide RNAs and their linear complementary sense RNAs. Using the caged circular siRNA targeting GFP, we also successfully achieved photomodulation of GFP expression in mice. Upon further optimization, this new type of caged circular siRNA is expected to be a promising tool for studying gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Duanwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Mengke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Fan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - Luzheng Xu
- Medical and Health Analytical Center , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Liandi Lei
- Medical and Health Analytical Center , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Quan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
| | - XinJing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Rd , Beijing 100191 , China .
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94
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Weyel XMM, Fichte MAH, Heckel A. A Two-Photon-Photocleavable Linker for Triggering Light-Induced Strand Breaks in Oligonucleotides. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2183-2190. [PMID: 28678467 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a two-photon-sensitive photocleavable linker based on the 7-diethylaminocoumarin structure and introduced it successfully into DNA strands. First, we demonstrated the inducibility of strand scissions upon irradiation at 365 nm. To verify and visualize the two-photon activity, we used a fluorescence assay based on a DNA strand displacement immobilized in a hydrogel. Additionally, we investigated its use in a new class of DNA decoys that are able to catch and release nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by using light as an external trigger signal. In cell culture we were able to show the regulation of NF-κB-controlled transcription of green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia M M Weyel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manuela A H Fichte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Halbritter T, Kaiser C, Wachtveitl J, Heckel A. Pyridine–Spiropyran Derivative as a Persistent, Reversible Photoacid in Water. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8040-8047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Halbritter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Christoph Kaiser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Institute for Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
7, 60438 Frankfurt
(M), Germany
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