51
|
Blonder B, Both S, Jodra M, Xu H, Fricker M, Matos IS, Majalap N, Burslem DFRP, Teh YA, Malhi Y. Linking functional traits to multiscale statistics of leaf venation networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1796-1810. [PMID: 32712991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation networks evolved along several functional axes, including resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and construction cost. Because functions may depend on architectural features at different scales, network architecture may vary across spatial scales to satisfy functional tradeoffs. We develop a framework for quantifying network architecture with multiscale statistics describing elongation ratios, circularity ratios, vein density, and minimum spanning tree ratios. We quantify vein networks for leaves of 260 southeast Asian tree species in samples of up to 2 cm2 , pairing multiscale statistics with traits representing axes of resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and cost. We show that these multiscale statistics clearly differentiate species' architecture and delineate a phenotype space that shifts at larger scales; functional linkages vary with scale and are weak, with vein density, minimum spanning tree ratio, and circularity ratio linked to mechanical strength (measured by force to punch) and elongation ratio and circularity ratio linked to damage resistance (measured by tannins); and phylogenetic conservatism of network architecture is low but scale-dependent. This work provides tools to quantify the function and evolution of venation networks. Future studies including primary and secondary veins may uncover additional insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Miguel Jodra
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ilaíne S Matos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, 90175, Malaysia
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Fajardo A, Mora JP, Robert E. Corner's rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf-shoot and other scaling relationships. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1129-1139. [PMID: 32598449 PMCID: PMC7684704 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Twig cross-sectional area and the surface area of leaves borne on it are expected to be isometrically correlated across species (Corner's rules). However, how stable this relationship remains in time is not known. We studied inter- and intraspecific twig leaf area-cross-sectional area (la-cs) and other scaling relationships, including the leaf-shoot mass (lm-sm) scaling relationship, across a complete growing season. We also examined the influence of plant height, deciduousness and the inclusion of reproductive buds on the stability of the scaling relationships, and we discuss results from a functional perspective. METHODS We collected weekly current-year twigs of six Patagonian woody species that differed in growth form and foliar habit. We also used prominent inflorescences from Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) to assess whether reproductive buds alter the la-cs isometric relationship. Mixed effects models were fitted to obtain parameter estimates and to test whether interaction terms were non-significant (invariant) for the scaling relationships. KEY RESULTS The slope of the la-cs scaling relationship remained invariant across the growing season. Two species showed contrasting and disproportional (allometric) la-cs scaling relationships (slope ≠ 1). Scaling relationships varied significantly across growth form and foliar habit. The lm-sm scaling relationship differed between reproductive- and vegetative-origin twigs in E. coccineum, which was explained by a significantly lower leaf mass per area in the former. CONCLUSIONS Although phenology during the growing season appeared not to change leaf-shoot scaling relationships across species, we show that scaling relationships departed from the general trend of isometry as a result of within-species variation, growth form, foliar habit and the type of twig. The identification of these functional factors helps to understand variation in the general trend of Corner's rules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Juan P Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Etienne Robert
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Mani M, Rasangam L, Selvam P, Shekhawat MS. Micro-morpho-anatomical mechanisms involve in epiphytic adaptation of micropropagated plants of Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:712-722. [PMID: 33089940 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. (grey orchid, family Orchidaceae) is an epiphytic orchid of horticultural importance and currently under threat due to overharvesting and habitat destruction. Micropropagation protocols were developed for the production of grey orchid but the survival success of in vitro regenerated plantlets is uncertain due to lack of understanding about the adaptation mechanism during hardening. The present study describes the structural adaptation mechanism of V. tessellata when the in vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatized under the greenhouse conditions. Light microscopy has been implicated to identify the adaptational alterations during in vitro to ex vitro transition of micropropagated plantlets. The in vitro induced morpho-anatomical anomalies were more prominently observed in the density of stomata, veins (architecture) and raphides, leaf, and root structural parameters such as water cells and velamen tissues. The results indicated that remarkable reconciliation occurred in structural developments of mechanical and vascular tissues upon epiphytic adaptations of V. tessellata. The study could help in understanding the adaptation mechanism of in vitro regenerated plantlets (especially velamen tissues of epiphytic roots) when transferred to the greenhouse for acclimatization. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Vanda tessellata is an epiphytic orchid of horticultural importance. Comparative micro-morpho-anatomical analysis at subsequent stages of in vitro regeneration was conducted. Foliar structural and developmental mechanisms towards epiphytic adaptation were studied. In vitro induced structural abnormalities were repaired and epiphytic adaptation was visualized. Stomata, leaf, and root architectures and velamen tissues were well developed in acclimatized plantlets. The report could be useful in the conservation and sustainable utilization of Vanda tessellata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manokari Mani
- Siddha Clinical Research Unit, Central Council for Research in Siddha (M/o AYUSH), Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Latha Rasangam
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Priyadharshini Selvam
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Mahipal Singh Shekhawat
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
Plants often experience multiple stresses in a given day or season, and it is self-evident that given functional traits can provide tolerances of multiple stresses. Yet, the multiple functions of individual traits are rarely explicitly considered in ecology and evolution due to a lack of a quantitative framework. We present a theory for considering the combined importance of the several functions that a single trait can contribute to alleviating multiple stresses. We derive five inter-related general predictions: (1) that trait multifunctionality is overall highly beneficial to fitness; (2) that species possessing multifunctional traits should increase in abundance and in niche breadth; (3) that traits are typically optimized for multiple functions and thus can be far from optimal for individual functions; (4) that the relative importance of each function of a multifunctional trait depends on the environment; and (5) that traits will be often "co-opted" for additional functions during evolution and community assembly. We demonstrate how the theory can be applied quantitatively by examining the multiple functions of leaf trichomes (hairs) using heuristic model simulations, substantiating the general principles. We identify avenues for further development and applications of the theory of trait multifunctionality in ecology and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Zhao W, Fu P, Liu G, Zhao P. Difference between emergent aquatic and terrestrial monocotyledonous herbs in relation to the coordination of leaf stomata with vein traits. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa047. [PMID: 33376587 PMCID: PMC7750939 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emergent aquatic plants mostly occur in shallow waters and root in bottom substrates, but their leaves emerge from the water surface and are thus exposed to air, similar to the leaves of terrestrial plants. Previous studies have found coordination between leaf water supply and demand in terrestrial plants; however, whether such a coordination exists in emergent aquatic plants remains unknown. In this study, we analysed leaf veins and stomatal characteristics of 14 emergent aquatic and 13 terrestrial monocotyledonous herb species (EMH and TMH), with 5 EMH and 8 TMH belonging to Poaceae. We found that EMH had significantly higher mean leaf area, leaf thickness, stomatal density, stomatal number per vein length and major vein diameter, but lower mean major vein length per area (VLA) and total VLA than TMH. There was no significant difference in stomatal length, minor VLA and minor vein diameter between the two groups. Stomatal density and total VLA were positively correlated among the EMH, TMH, as well as the 8 Poaceae TMH species, but this correlation became non-significant when data from both the groups were pooled. Our results showed that the differences in water supply between emergent aquatic and terrestrial plants modify the coordination of their leaf veins and stomatal traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Peili Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- Ailaoshan Station of Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jingdong, Yunnan 676209, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zhong M, Cerabolini BEL, Castro‐Díez P, Puyravaud J, Cornelissen JHC. Allometric co-variation of xylem and stomata across diverse woody seedlings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2301-2310. [PMID: 32542660 PMCID: PMC7496827 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf stomatal density is known to co-vary with leaf vein density. However, the functional underpinning of this relation, and how it scales to whole-plant water transport anatomy, is still unresolved. We hypothesized that the balance of water exchange between the vapour phase (in stomata) and liquid phase (in vessels) depends on the consistent scaling between the summed stomatal areas and xylem cross-sectional areas, both at the whole-plant and single-leaf level. This predicted size co-variation should be driven by the co-variation of numbers of stomata and terminal vessels. We examined the relationships of stomatal traits and xylem anatomical traits from the entire plant to individual leaves across seedlings of 53 European woody angiosperm species. There was strong and convergent scaling between total stomatal area and stem xylem area per plant and between leaf total stomatal area and midvein xylem area per leaf across all the species, irrespective of variation in leaf habit, growth-form or relative growth rate. Moreover, strong scaling was found between stomatal number and terminal vessel number, whereas not in their respective average areas. Our findings have broad implications for integrating xylem architecture and stomatal distribution and deepen our understanding of the design rules of plants' water transport network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhong
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Grassland Science Department, College of Grassland Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Pilar Castro‐Díez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid‐BarcelonaMadridSpain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
García‐Gutiérrez E, Ortega‐Escalona F, Angeles G. A novel, rapid technique for clearing leaf tissues. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11391. [PMID: 33014635 PMCID: PMC7526433 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Clearing leaves is a highly useful practice for many taxonomic, ecological, physiological, and eco-physiological aspects of research. Using traditional methods, the procedure for clearing a leaf (referred to as diaphanization) can take several days or even weeks. In our laboratory we developed a technique, originally used for dissociating wood, that yields excellent epidermal and leaf venation preparations clearly showing the details of epidermal cells, hydathodes, trichomes, leaf margins, and leaf venation, in a maximum of three days. METHODS AND RESULTS A solution originally used to macerate wood (Franklin's solution) was used to accelerate the process of clearing leaves. Using this approach, it is possible to obtain clear images of the leaf adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces and leaf venation. Our technique works with both fragile and sturdy leaves, as well as with thin roots and stems. A few examples are presented. CONCLUSIONS Franklin's solution is very simple to prepare and easy to manipulate. This new technique has the advantage of separating the leaf epidermal layers and venations, which can then be clearly observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillermo Angeles
- Red de Ecologia Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL)Xalapa, VeracruzMexico
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Increase in Absolute Leaf Water Content Tends to Keep Pace with That of Leaf Dry Mass—Evidence from Bamboo Plants. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves, as the most important photosynthetic organ of plants, are intimately associated with plant function and adaptation to environmental changes. The scaling relationship of the leaf dry mass (or the fresh mass) vs. leaf surface area has been referred to as “diminishing returns”, suggesting that the leaf area fails to increase in proportion to leaf dry mass (or fresh mass). However, previous studies used materials across different families, and there is lack of studies testing whether leaf fresh mass is proportional to the leaf dry mass for the species in the same family, and examining the influence of the scaling of leaf dry mass vs. fresh mass on two kinds of diminishing returns based on leaf dry mass and fresh mass. Bamboo plants (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) are good materials for doing such a study, which have astonishingly similar leaf shapes across species. Bamboo leaves have a typical parallel venation pattern. In general, a parallel venation pattern tends to produce a more stable symmetrical leaf shape than the pinnate and palmate venation patterns. The symmetrical parallel veins enable leaves to more regularly hold water, which is more likely to result in a proportional relationship between the leaf dry mass and absolute water content, which consequently determines whether the scaling exponent of the leaf dry mass vs. area is significantly different from (or the same as) that of the leaf fresh mass vs. area. In the present study, we used the data of 101 bamboo species, cultivars, forms and varieties (referred to as 101 (bamboo) taxa below for convenience) to analyze the scaling relationships between the leaf dry mass and area, and between leaf fresh mass and area. We found that the confidence intervals of the scaling exponents of the leaf fresh mass vs. dry mass of 68 out of the 101 taxa included unity, which indicates that for most bamboo species (67.3%), the increase in leaf water mass keeps pace with that of leaf dry mass. There was a significant scaling relationship between either leaf dry mass or fresh mass, and the leaf surface area for each studied species. We found that there was no significant difference between the scaling exponent of the leaf dry mass vs. leaf area and that of the leaf fresh mass vs. leaf area when the leaf dry mass was proportional to the leaf fresh mass. The goodness of fit to the linearized scaling relationship of the leaf fresh mass vs. area was better than that of the leaf dry mass vs. area for each of the 101 bamboo taxa. In addition, there were significant differences in the normalized constants of the leaf dry mass vs. fresh mass among the taxa (i.e., the differences in leaf water content), which implies the difference in the adaptabilities to different environments across the taxa.
Collapse
|
59
|
Plasticization- and aging-resistant membranes with venation-like architecture for efficient carbon capture. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
60
|
Zhou L, Hu K, Zhang W, Meng G, Yin J, Jiang X. Regulating surface wrinkles using light. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1247-1257. [PMID: 34692149 PMCID: PMC8288942 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating existing micro and nano wrinkle structures into desired configurations is urgently necessary yet remains challenging, especially modulating wrinkle direction and location on demand. In this work, we propose a novel light-controlled strategy for surface wrinkles, which can dynamically and precisely regulate all basic characteristics of wrinkles, including wavelength, amplitude, direction and location (λ, A, θ and Lc ), and arbitrarily tune wrinkle topographies in two dimensions (2D). By considering the bidirectional Poisson's effect and soft boundary conditions, a modified theoretical model depicting the relation between stress distributions and the basic characteristics was developed to reveal the mechanical mechanism of the regulation strategy. Furthermore, the resulting 2D ordered wrinkles can be used as a dynamic optical grating and a smart template to reversibly regulate the morphology of various functional materials. This study will pave the way for wrinkle regulation and guide fabrication technology for functional wrinkled surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Liu J, Ye W, Zhang Z, Yu Z, Ding H, Zhang C, Liu S. Vein Distribution on the Deformation Behavior and Fracture Mechanisms of Typical Plant Leaves by Quasi In Situ Tensile Test under a Digital Microscope. Appl Bionics Biomech 2020; 2020:8792143. [PMID: 32670404 PMCID: PMC7350170 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8792143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm leaf venation is based on two major patterns, typically dicotyledonous branching and monocotyledonous parallel veins. The influence of these patterns on deformation and fracture properties is poorly understood. In this paper, three species of dicotyledons with netted venation and three species of monocots with parallel venation were selected, and the effect of vein distribution of leaves on their mechanical properties and deformation behavior was investigated. Whole images of leaves were captured using a digital camera, and their vein traits were measured using the image processing software Digimizer. A self-developed mechanical testing apparatus with high precision and low load was used to measure the tensile properties of leaves. The deformation behavior of the leaf was captured using a digital microscope during the tensile test. Results showed that the vein architecture of monocots and dicots is different, which had a remarkable effect on their mechanical properties, deformation behavior, and crack propagation behavior. The greater the diameter and the more the number of veins parallel to the tensile direction, the higher the tensile force, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the leaves. The netted venation leaves evinced the elastic-plastic fracture type, and the hierarchy venation provided resistance to fracture propagation of cracks in the leaves by lengthening the crack path. The leaves with parallel venation behaved in a predominantly brittle manner or elastic fracture type, and the parallel venation inhibited the initiation of cracks in the leaves by increasing the load at complete fracture of the leaves. The investigation provides reference for a stiffened plate/shell structure and bionic anticrack design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Faculty of Mechanical & Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Faculty of Mechanical & Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Engineering Bionic (Ministry of Education, China) and the College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zhenglei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Engineering Bionic (Ministry of Education, China) and the College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- Faculty of Mechanical & Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical & Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Faculty of Mechanical & Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Lechthaler S, Kiorapostolou N, Pitacco A, Anfodillo T, Petit G. The total path length hydraulic resistance according to known anatomical patterns: What is the shape of the root-to-leaf tension gradient along the plant longitudinal axis? J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110369. [PMID: 32526220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylem conduit diameter widens from leaf tip to stem base and how this widening affects the total hydraulic resistance (RTOT) and the gradient of water potential (Ψxyl) has never been thoroughly investigated. Data of conduit diameter of Acer pseudoplatanus,Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies were used to model the axial variation of RTOT and Ψxyl. The majority of RTOT (from 79 to 98%) was predicted to be confined within the leaf/needle. This means that the xylem conduits of stem and roots, accounting for nearly the total length of the hydraulic path, theoretically provide a nearly negligible contribution to RTOT. Consequently, a steep gradient of water potentials was predicted to develop within the leaf/needle base, whereas lower in the stem water potentials approximate those of rootlets. Our results would suggest that the strong partitioning of RTOT between leaves/needles coupled with basal conduit widening is of key importance for both hydraulic safety against drought-induced embolism formation and efficiency, as it minimizes the exposure of stem xylem to high tensions and makes the total plant's conductance substantially independent of body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lechthaler
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Hernández-Hernández T, Wiens JJ. Why Are There So Many Flowering Plants? A Multiscale Analysis of Plant Diversification. Am Nat 2020; 195:948-963. [DOI: 10.1086/708273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
64
|
Li G, Hu S, Yang J, Zhao X, Kimura S, Schultz EA, Hou H. Establishment of an Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol for the detection of cytokinin in the heterophyllous plant Hygrophila difformis (Acanthaceae). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:737-750. [PMID: 32146519 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of a highly efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for Acanthaceae and its utilization in revealing important roles of cytokinin in regulating heterophylly in Hygrophila difformis. Plants show amazing morphological differences in leaf form in response to changes in the surrounding environment, which is a phenomenon called heterophylly. Previous studies have shown that the aquatic plant Hygrophila difformis (Acanthaceae) is an ideal model for heterophylly study. However, low efficiency and poor reproducibility of genetic transformation restricted H. difformis as a model plant. In this study, we reported successful induction of callus, shoots and the establishment of an efficient stable transformation protocol as mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. We found that the highest callus induction efficiency was achieved with 1 mg/L 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), that efficient shoot induction required 0.1 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L 6-BA and that high transformation efficiency required 100 µM acetosyringone. Due to the importance of phytohormones in the regulation of heterophylly and the inadequate knowledge about the function of cytokinin (CK) in this process, we analyzed the function of CK in the regulation of heterophylly by exogenous CK application and endogenous CK detection. By using our newly developed transformation system to detect CK signals, contents and distribution in H. difformis, we revealed an important role of CK in environmental mediated heterophylly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
- Center for Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Elizabeth A Schultz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Hongwei Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zhu J, Yao J, Yu Q, He W, Xu C, Qin G, Zhu Q, Fan D, Zhu H. A Fast and Automatic Method for Leaf Vein Network Extraction and Vein Density Measurement Based on Object-Oriented Classification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32431721 PMCID: PMC7214732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly determining leaf vein network patterns and vein densities is biologically important and technically challenging. Current methods, however, are limited to vein contour extraction. Further image processing is difficult, and some leaf vein traits of interest therefore cannot be quantified. In this study, we proposed a novel method for the fast and accurate determination of leaf vein network patterns and vein density. Nine tree species with different leaf characteristics and vein types were applied to verify this method. To overcome the image processing difficulties at the microscopic scale, we adopted the remote object-oriented classification method applied comprehensively in the field of remote sensing research. The key to this approach is to determine the universally applicable leaf vein extraction threshold values (scale parameter, shape parameter, compactness parameter, brightness feature, spectral feature and geometric feature). Based on our analysis, the following recommended threshold values were determined: the scale parameter was 250, the shape parameter was 0.7, the compactness parameter was 0.3, the brightness feature value was 230∼280, the spectral feature value was 180∼230, and the geometric feature value was less than 2. With the optimal extraction parameters applied, the extraction precision was above 96.40% on average for the nine species studied. The leaf vein density calculation rate increased by more than 87.3% compared to that of the traditional methods. The results showed that this method is accurate, fast, flexible and complementary to existing technologies. It is an effective tool for the fast extraction of vein networks and the exploration of leaf vein characteristics, particularly for large-scale studies in plant vein physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyou Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry Administration, Research Center for Urban Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangming Yao
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry Administration, Research Center for Urban Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun He
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry Administration, Research Center for Urban Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Qin
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhu
- Inspection Department of Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, China
| | - Dayong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry Administration, Research Center for Urban Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Inspection Department of Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Levionnois S, Coste S, Nicolini E, Stahl C, Morel H, Heuret P. Scaling of petiole anatomies, mechanics and vasculatures with leaf size in the widespread Neotropical pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:245-258. [PMID: 31976541 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the leaf economic spectrum has deepened our understanding of leaf trait variability, little is known about how leaf traits scale with leaf area. This uncertainty has resulted in the assumption that leaf traits should vary by keeping the same pace of variation with increases in leaf area across the leaf size range. We evaluated the scaling of morphological, tissue-surface and vascular traits with overall leaf area, and the functional significance of such scaling. We examined 1,271 leaves for morphological traits, and 124 leaves for anatomical and hydraulic traits, from 38 trees of Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) in French Guiana. Cecropia is a Neotropical genus of pioneer trees that can exhibit large laminas (0.4 m2 for C. obtusa), with leaf size ranging by two orders of magnitude. We measured (i) tissue fractions within petioles and their second moment of area, (ii) theoretical xylem hydraulic efficiency of petioles and (iii) the extent of leaf vessel widening within the hydraulic path. We found that different scaling of morphological trait variability allows for optimisation of lamina display among larger leaves, especially the positive allometric relationship between lamina area and petiole cross-sectional area. Increasing the fraction of pith is a key factor that increases the geometrical effect of supportive tissues on mechanical rigidity and thereby increases carbon-use efficiency. We found that increasing xylem hydraulic efficiency with vessel size results in lower leaf lamina area: xylem ratios, which also results in potential carbon savings for large leaves. We found that the vessel widening is consistent with hydraulic optimisation models. Leaf size variability modifies scaling of leaf traits in this large-leaved species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Eric Nicolini
- UMR AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Morel
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
- UMR AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wang R, Chen H, Liu X, Wang Z, Wen J, Zhang S. Plant Phylogeny and Growth Form as Drivers of the Altitudinal Variation in Woody Leaf Vein Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1735. [PMID: 32117333 PMCID: PMC7012802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Variation in leaf veins along environmental gradients reflects an important adaptive strategy of plants to the external habitats, because of their crucial roles in maintaining leaf water status and photosynthetic capacity. However, most studies concentrate on a few species and their vein variation across horizontal spatial scale, we know little about how vein traits shift along the vertical scale, e.g., elevational gradient along a mountain, and how such patterns are shaped by plant types and environmental factors. Here, we aimed to investigate the variation in leaf vein traits (i.e., vein density, VD; vein thickness, VT; and vein volume per unit leaf area, VV) of 93 woody species distributed along an elevational gradient (1,374-3,375 m) in a temperate mountain in China. Our results showed that altitude-related trends differed between growth forms. Tree plants from higher altitudes had lower VD but higher VT and VV than those from lower altitude; however, the opposite tend was observed in VD of shrubs, and no significant altitudinal changes in their VT or VV. Plant phylogenetic information at the clade level rather than climate explained most of variation in three leaf vein traits (17.1-86.6% vs. <0.011-6.3% explained variance), supporting the phylogenetic conservatism hypothesis for leaf vein traits. Moreover, the phylogenetic effects on vein traits differed between trees and shrubs, with the vein traits of trees being relatively more conserved. Together, our study provides new picture of leaf vein variation along the altitude, and highlights the importance of taking plant phylogeny into consideration when discussing trait variation from an ecological to a biogeographic scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Huoditang, China
| | - Haoxuan Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
| | - Jingwen Wen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuoxin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Huoditang, China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
DeLeo VL, Menge DNL, Hanks EM, Juenger TE, Lasky JR. Effects of two centuries of global environmental variation on phenology and physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:523-538. [PMID: 31665819 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific trait variation is caused by genetic and plastic responses to environment. This intraspecific diversity is captured in immense natural history collections, giving us a window into trait variation across continents and through centuries of environmental shifts. Here we tested if hypotheses based on life history and the leaf economics spectrum explain intraspecific trait changes across global spatiotemporal environmental gradients. We measured phenotypes on a 216-year time series of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from across its native range and applied spatially varying coefficient models to quantify region-specific trends in trait coordination and trait responses to climate gradients. All traits exhibited significant change across space or through time. For example, δ15 N decreased over time across much of the range and leaf C:N increased, consistent with predictions based on anthropogenic changes in land use and atmosphere. Plants were collected later in the growing season in more recent years in many regions, possibly because populations shifted toward more spring germination and summer flowering as opposed to fall germination and spring flowering. When climate variables were considered, collection dates were earlier in warmer years, while summer rainfall had opposing associations with collection date depending on regions. There was only a modest correlation among traits, indicating a lack of a single life history/physiology axis. Nevertheless, leaf C:N was low for summer- versus spring-collected plants, consistent with a life history-physiology axis from slow-growing winter annuals to fast-growing spring/summer annuals. Regional heterogeneity in phenotype trends indicates complex responses to spatiotemporal environmental gradients potentially due to geographic genetic variation and climate interactions with other aspects of environment. Our study demonstrates how natural history collections can be used to broadly characterize trait responses to environment, revealing heterogeneity in response to anthropogenic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L DeLeo
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Duncan N L Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ephraim M Hanks
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ahrens CW, Andrew ME, Mazanec RA, Ruthrof KX, Challis A, Hardy G, Byrne M, Tissue DT, Rymer PD. Plant functional traits differ in adaptability and are predicted to be differentially affected by climate change. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:232-248. [PMID: 31988725 PMCID: PMC6972804 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is testing the resilience of forests worldwide pushing physiological tolerance to climatic extremes. Plant functional traits have been shown to be adapted to climate and have evolved patterns of trait correlations (similar patterns of distribution) and coordinations (mechanistic trade-off). We predicted that traits would differentiate between populations associated with climatic gradients, suggestive of adaptive variation, and correlated traits would adapt to future climate scenarios in similar ways.We measured genetically determined trait variation and described patterns of correlation for seven traits: photochemical reflectance index (PRI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf size (LS), specific leaf area (SLA), δ13C (integrated water-use efficiency, WUE), nitrogen concentration (NCONC), and wood density (WD). All measures were conducted in an experimental plantation on 960 trees sourced from 12 populations of a key forest canopy species in southwestern Australia.Significant differences were found between populations for all traits. Narrow-sense heritability was significant for five traits (0.15-0.21), indicating that natural selection can drive differentiation; however, SLA (0.08) and PRI (0.11) were not significantly heritable. Generalized additive models predicted trait values across the landscape for current and future climatic conditions (>90% variance). The percent change differed markedly among traits between current and future predictions (differing as little as 1.5% (δ13C) or as much as 30% (PRI)). Some trait correlations were predicted to break down in the future (SLA:NCONC, δ13C:PRI, and NCONC:WD).Synthesis: Our results suggest that traits have contrasting genotypic patterns and will be subjected to different climate selection pressures, which may lower the working optimum for functional traits. Further, traits are independently associated with different climate factors, indicating that some trait correlations may be disrupted in the future. Genetic constraints and trait correlations may limit the ability for functional traits to adapt to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin W. Ahrens
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Margaret E. Andrew
- Environmental & Conservation SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Richard A. Mazanec
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensingtonWAAustralia
| | - Katinka X. Ruthrof
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensingtonWAAustralia
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and ManagementEnvironmental & Conservation SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Anthea Challis
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Giles Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and ManagementEnvironmental & Conservation SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensingtonWAAustralia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Paul D. Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kawai K, Okada N. Leaf vascular architecture in temperate dicotyledons: correlations and link to functional traits. PLANTA 2019; 251:17. [PMID: 31776668 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using 227 dicotyledonous species in temperate region, we found the relationships among densities of different-order veins, creating diversity of leaf vascular architectures. Dicotyledonous angiosperms commonly possess a hierarchical leaf vascular system, wherein veins of different orders have different functions. Minor vein spacing determines leaf hydraulic efficiency, whereas the major veins provide mechanical support. However, there is limited information on the coordination between these vein orders across species, limiting our understanding of how diversity in vein architecture is arrayed. We aimed to examine the (1) relationships between vein densities at two spatial scales (lower- vs. higher-order veins and among minor veins) and (2) relationships of vein densities with plant functional traits. We studied ten traits related to vein densities and three functional traits (leaf dry mass per area [LMA], leaf longevity [LL], and adult plant height [Hadult]) for 227 phylogenetically diverse plant species that occur in temperate regions and examined the vein-vein and vein-functional traits relationships across species. The densities of lower- and higher-order veins were positively correlated across species. The minor vein density was positively correlated with the densities of both areoles and free-ending veins, and vascular networks with higher minor vein density tended to have a lower ratio of free-ending veins to areoles across species. Neither densities of lower- nor higher-order veins were related to LMA and LL. On the other hand, the densities of veins and areoles tended to be positively correlated with Hadult. These results suggest that densities of different-order veins are developmentally coordinated across dicotyledonous angiosperms and form the independent axis in resource use strategies based on the leaf economics spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosada Kawai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 509-3 Hirano 2-Chome, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
| | - Naoki Okada
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Skyo-Ku, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Lechthaler S, Colangeli P, Gazzabin M, Anfodillo T. Axial anatomy of the leaf midrib provides new insights into the hydraulic architecture and cavitation patterns of Acer pseudoplatanus leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6195-6201. [PMID: 31365742 PMCID: PMC6859715 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The structure of leaf veins is typically described by a hierarchical scheme (e.g. midrib, 1st order, 2nd order), which is used to predict variation in conduit diameter from one order to another whilst overlooking possible variation within the same order. We examined whether xylem conduit diameter changes within the same vein order, with resulting consequences for resistance to embolism. We measured the hydraulic diameter (Dh), and number of vessels (VN) along the midrib and petioles of leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus, and estimated the leaf area supplied (Aleaf-sup) at different points of the midrib and how variation in anatomical traits affected embolism resistance. We found that Dh scales with distance from the midrib tip (path length, L) with a power of 0.42, and that VN scales with Aleaf-sup with a power of 0.66. Total conductive area scales isometrically with Aleaf-sup. Embolism events along the midrib occurred first in the basipetal part and then at the leaf tip where vessels are narrower. The distance from the midrib tip is a good predictor of the variation in vessel diameter along the 1st order veins in A. pseudoplatanus leaves and this anatomical pattern seems to have an effect on hydraulic integrity since wider vessels at the leaf base embolize first.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lechthaler
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Colangeli
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Moira Gazzabin
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mediavilla S, Martín I, Babiano J, Escudero A. Foliar plasticity related to gradients of heat and drought stress across crown orientations in three Mediterranean Quercus species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224462. [PMID: 31658291 PMCID: PMC6816560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on plasticity at the level of a single individual plant provide indispensable information to predict leaf responses to climate change, because they allow better identification of the environmental factors that determine differences in leaf traits in the absence of genetic differences. Most of these studies have focused on the responses of leaf traits to variations in the light environment along vertical gradients, thus paying less attention to possible differences in the intensity of water stress among canopy orientations. In this paper, we analyzed the differences in leaf traits traditionally associated with changes in the intensity of water stress between east and west crown orientations in three Quercus species. The leaves facing west experienced similar solar radiation levels but higher maximum temperatures and lower daily minimum water potentials than those of the east orientation. In response to these differences, the leaves of the west orientation showed smaller size and less chlorophyll concentration, higher percentage of palisade tissue and higher density of stomata and trichomes. These responses would confirm the role of such traits in the tolerance to water stress and control of water losses by transpiration. For all traits, the species with the longest leaf life span exhibited the greatest plasticity between orientations. By contrast, no differences between canopy positions were observed for leaf thickness, leaf mass per unit area and venation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Dpto. de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josefa Babiano
- Dpto. de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Echeverría A, Anfodillo T, Soriano D, Rosell JA, Olson ME. Constant theoretical conductance via changes in vessel diameter and number with height growth in Moringa oleifera. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5765-5772. [PMID: 31328237 PMCID: PMC6812708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As trees grow taller, hydraulic resistance can be expected to increase, causing photosynthetic productivity to decline. Yet leaves maintain productivity over vast height increases; this maintenance of productivity suggests that leaf-specific conductance remains constant as trees grow taller. Here we test the assumption of constant leaf-specific conductance with height growth and document the stem xylem anatomical adjustments involved. We measured the scaling of total leaf area, mean vessel diameter at terminal twigs and at the stem base, and total vessel number in 139 individuals of Moringa oleifera of different heights, and estimated a whole-plant conductance index from these measurements. Whole-plant conductance and total leaf area scaled at the same rate with height. Congruently, whole-plant conductance and total leaf area scaled isometrically. Constant conductance is made possible by intricate adjustments in anatomy, with conduit diameters in terminal twigs becoming wider, lowering per-vessel resistance, with a concomitant decrease in vessel number per unit leaf area with height growth. Selection maintaining constant conductance per unit leaf area with height growth (or at least minimizing drops in conductance) is likely a potent selective pressure shaping plant hydraulics, and crucially involved in the maintenance of photosynthetic productivity per leaf area across the terrestrial landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Echeverría
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Diana Soriano
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Conesa MÀ, Mus M, Galmés J. Leaf size as a key determinant of contrasting growth patterns in closely related Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) species. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 240:152984. [PMID: 31207461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the importance of leaf size on plant growth capacity among an array of closely related Limonium species, and its impact on the underlying determinants of growth reduction under extreme water deficit conditions. To do so, thirteen Balearic Limonium species with contrasting leaf size were grown under long-term well-watered (WW) and severe water-deficit (WD) conditions in a common garden experiment. Fundamental growth traits were measured, including relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf mass ratio (LMR). WD promoted small changes in leaf size, and species with larger leaves had higher RGR than species with smaller leaves, irrespective of the water treatment. Most RGR variation across species and treatments was explained by NAR, with comparatively much lower importance of LAR. The factorization of LAR underlying components denoted the importance of LMA in explaining RGR, whereas the impact of LMR on RGR was negligible in Limonium. Further, species with larger leaves had higher water consumption but also higher water use efficiency, especially under WD. Therefore, contrary to general trends in species from dry environments, increased leaf size is linked to increased growth capacity and also increased water use efficiency across closely related Limonium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel À Conesa
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia - INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Maurici Mus
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia - INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia - INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Olson ME, Pittermann J. Cheap and attractive: water relations and floral adaptation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:8-10. [PMID: 31032932 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tercer Circuito sin de CU, Mexico City, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Gan Y, Rong Y, Huang F, Hu L, Yu X, Duan P, Xiong S, Liu H, Peng J, Yuan X. Automatic hierarchy classification in venation networks using directional morphological filtering for hierarchical structure traits extraction. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:187-194. [PMID: 30974346 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of vein traits from venation networks is of great significance to the development of a variety of research fields, such as evolutionary biology. However, traditional studies normally target to the extraction of reticulate structure traits (ReSTs), which is not sufficient enough to distinguish the difference between vein orders. For hierarchical structure traits (HiSTs), only a few tools have made attempts with human assistance, and obviously are not practical for large-scale traits extraction. Thus, there is a necessity to develop the method of automated vein hierarchy classification, raising a new challenge yet to be addressed. We propose a novel vein hierarchy classification method based on directional morphological filtering to automatically classify vein orders. Different from traditional methods, our method classify vein orders from highly dense venation networks for the extraction of traits with ecological significance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to automatically classify vein hierarchy. To evaluate the performance of our method, we prepare a soybean transmission image dataset (STID) composed of 1200 soybean leaf images and the vein orders of these leaves are manually coarsely annotated by experts as ground truth. We apply our method to classify vein orders of each leaf in the dataset. Compared with ground truth, the proposed method achieves great performance, while the average deviation on major vein is less than 5 pixels and the average completeness on second-order veins reaches 54.28%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangjing Gan
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Hu
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Yu
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengwu Xiong
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Tibet, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Department of Computer and Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Zhong M, Castro-Díez P, Puyravaud JP, Sterck FJ, Cornelissen JHC. Convergent xylem widening among organs across diverse woody seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1873-1882. [PMID: 30742715 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylem conduit diameter (Dmax ) of woody angiosperm adults scales with plant size and widens from the stem apex downwards. We hypothesized that, notwithstanding relative growth rate (RGR), growth form or leaf habit, woody seedling conduit Dmax scales linearly with plant size across species; this scaling should be applicable to all vegetative organs, with consistent conduit widening from leaf via stem to main root and coupling with whole-leaf area and whole-stem xylem area. To test these hypotheses, organ-specific xylem anatomy traits and size-related traits in laboratory-grown seedlings were analyzed across 55 woody European species from cool-temperate and Mediterranean climates. As hypothesized, conduit Dmax of each organ showed similar scaling with plant size and consistent basipetal widening from the leaf midvein via the stem to the main root across species, independently of growth form, RGR and leaf habit. We also found a strong correlation between Dmax and average leaf area, and between stem xylem area and whole-plant leaf area. We conclude that seedlings of ecologically wide-ranging woody species converge in their allometric scaling of conduit diameters within and across plant organs. These relationships will contribute to modeling of water transport in woody vegetation that accounts for the whole life history from the trees' regeneration phase to adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhong
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
- Grassland Science Department, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pilar Castro-Díez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | | | - Frank J Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Centre for Ecosystems, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Barbosa MAM, Chitwood DH, Azevedo AA, Araújo WL, Ribeiro DM, Peres LEP, Martins SCV, Zsögön A. Bundle sheath extensions affect leaf structural and physiological plasticity in response to irradiance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1575-1589. [PMID: 30523629 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between structural and physiological traits is key to plants' responses to environmental fluctuations. In heterobaric leaves, bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) increase photosynthetic performance (light-saturated rates of photosynthesis, Amax ) and water transport capacity (leaf hydraulic conductance, Kleaf ). However, it is not clear how BSEs affect these and other leaf developmental and physiological parameters in response to environmental conditions. The obscuravenosa (obv) mutation, found in many commercial tomato varieties, leads to absence of BSEs. We examined structural and physiological traits of tomato heterobaric and homobaric (obv) near-isogenic lines grown at two different irradiance levels. Kleaf , minor vein density, and stomatal pore area index decreased with shading in heterobaric but not in homobaric leaves, which show similarly lower values in both conditions. Homobaric plants, on the other hand, showed increased Amax , leaf intercellular air spaces, and mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular airspace (Smes ) in comparison with heterobaric plants when both were grown in the shade. BSEs further affected carbon isotope discrimination, a proxy for long-term water-use efficiency. BSEs confer plasticity in traits related to leaf structure and function in response to irradiance levels and might act as a hub integrating leaf structure, photosynthetic function, and water supply and demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia M Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aristéa A Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Dry Season Irrigation Promotes Leaf Growth in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis under Fertilization. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leaves are essential for photosynthesis and gas exchange, and their growth characteristics are the key factors that influence the carbon budget. Eucalyptus is widely afforested in south China due to its fast-growing and high-yield features. Water and fertilizer are the main factors affecting plant growth. Studying the effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on the growth of Eucalyptus leaves under seasonal drought could further elucidate the optimal additions for Eucalyptus productivity. In this study, we investigated the leaf area, length, width, perimeter, and expansion rates of the commercial species E. urophylla × E. grandis under different treatments of dry season irrigation and fertilizer application to elucidate the growth dynamics of the leaves. The results indicated that both dry season irrigation and fertilizer could affect whole leaf expansion. Leaf area was largest when water and fertilizer were added at the same time. In this experiment, we found that fertilization had a significant effect on the leaf shape index of the Eucalyptus leaves. The leaf shape index was larger with the fertilizer treatment, which made the leaves slender. Dry season irrigation shorten the peak period of leaf growth and increase the leaf area. Our results help to further understand the mechanism of Eucalyptus productivity under seasonal drought and provide theoretical support for Eucalyptus production.
Collapse
|
80
|
Gavrilchenko T, Katifori E. Resilience in hierarchical fluid flow networks. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:012321. [PMID: 30780355 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.012321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of flow networks determines their function under normal conditions as well as their response to perturbative damage. Brain vasculature often experiences transient or permanent occlusions in the finest vessels, but it is not clear how these microclots affect the large-scale blood flow or to what extent they decrease functionality. Motivated by this, we investigate how flow is rerouted after the occlusion of a single edge in networks with a hierarchy in edge conductances. We find that in two-dimensional networks, vessels formed by highly conductive edges serve as barriers to contain the displacement of flow due to a localized perturbation. In this way, the vein provides shielding from damage to surrounding edges. We show that once the conductance of the vein surpasses an initial minimal value, further increasing the conductance can no longer extend the shielding provided by the vein. Rather, the length scale of the shielding is set by the network topology. Upon understanding the effects of a single vein, we investigate the global resilience of networks with complex hierarchical order. We find that a system of veins arranged in a grid is able to modestly increase the overall network resilience, outperforming a parallel vein pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Gavrilchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eleni Katifori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Baresch A, Crifò C, Boyce CK. Competition for epidermal space in the evolution of leaves with high physiological rates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:628-639. [PMID: 30216453 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaves with high photosynthetic capacity require high transpiration capacity. Consequently, hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and assimilation capacities should be positively correlated. These traits make independent demands on anatomical space, particularly due to the propensity for veins to have bundle sheath extensions that exclude stomata from the local epidermis. We measured density and area occupation of bundle sheath extensions, density and size of stomata and subsidiary cells, and venation density for a sample of extant angiosperms and fossil and living nonangiosperm tracheophytes. For most nonangiosperms, even modest increases in vein density and stomatal conductance would require substantial reconfigurations of anatomy. One characteristic of the angiosperm syndrome (e.g. small cell sizes, etc.) is hierarchical vein networks that allow expression of bundle sheath extensions in some, but not all veins, contrasting with all-or-nothing alternatives available with the single-order vein networks in most nonangiosperms. Bundle sheath modulation is associated with higher vein densities in three independent groups with hierarchical venation: angiosperms, Gnetum (gymnosperm) and Dipteris (fern). Anatomical and developmental constraints likely contribute to the stability in leaf characteristics - and ecophysiology - seen through time in different lineages and contribute to the uniqueness of angiosperms in achieving the highest vein densities, stomatal densities, and physiological rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baresch
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Camilla Crifò
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Plant leaves are differentiated organs that arise sequentially from a population of pluripotent stem cells at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). There is substantial diversity in leaf shape, much of which depends on the size and arrangement of outgrowths at the leaf margin. These outgrowths are generated by a patterning mechanism similar to the phyllotactic processes producing organs at the SAM, which involves the transcription factors CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON and the phytohormone auxin. In the leaf, this patterning mechanism creates sequential protrusions and indentations along the margin. The size, shape, and distribution of these protrusions also depend on the overall growth of the leaf lamina. Globally, growth is regulated by a complex genetic network controlling the distribution of cell proliferation and the timing of differentiation. Evolutionary changes in margin form arise from changes in two different classes of homeobox genes that modify the outcome of marginal patterning in diverse ways, and are under intense investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Medeiros CD, Scoffoni C, John GP, Bartlett MK, Inman‐Narahari F, Ostertag R, Cordell S, Giardina C, Sack L. An extensive suite of functional traits distinguishes Hawaiian wet and dry forests and enables prediction of species vital rates. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila D. Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Los Angeles California
| | - Grace P. John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Megan K. Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey
| | - Faith Inman‐Narahari
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawai'i
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Hilo Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Christian Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Cardoso AA, Randall JM, Jordan GJ, McAdam SAM. Extended differentiation of veins and stomata is essential for the expansion of large leaves in Rheum rhabarbarum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1967-1974. [PMID: 30475383 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The densities of veins and stomata govern leaf water supply and gas exchange. They are coordinated to avoid overproduction of either veins or stomata. In many species, where leaf area is greater at low light, this coordination is primarily achieved through differential cell expansion, resulting in lower stomatal and vein density in larger leaves. This mechanism would, however, create highly inefficient leaves in species in which leaf area is greater at high light. Here we investigate the role of cell expansion and differentiation as regulators of vein and stomatal density in Rheum rhabarbarum, which produces large leaves under high light. METHODS Rheum rhabarbarum plants were grown under full sunlight and 7% of full sunlight. Leaf area, stomatal density, and vein density were measured from leaves harvested at different intervals. KEY RESULTS Leaves of R. rhabarbarum expanded at high light were six times larger than leaves expanded at low light, yet vein and stomatal densities were similar. In high light-expanded leaves, minor veins were continuously initiated as the leaves expanded, while an extended period of stomatal initiation, compared to leaves expanded at low light, occurred early in leaf development. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that R. rhabarbarum adjusts the initiation of stomata and minor veins at high light, allowing for the production of larger leaves uncoupled from lower vein and stomatal densities. We also present evidence for an independent control of vein and stomatal initiation, suggesting that this adjustment must involve some unknown developmental mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joshua M Randall
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Li F, McCulloh KA, Sun S, Bao W. Linking leaf hydraulic properties, photosynthetic rates, and leaf lifespan in xerophytic species: a test of global hypotheses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1858-1868. [PMID: 30449045 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Leaf venation and its hierarchal traits are crucial to the hydraulic and mechanical properties of leaves, reflecting plant life-history strategies. However, there is an extremely limited understanding of how variation in leaf hydraulics affects the leaf economic spectrum (LES) or whether venation correlates more strongly with hydraulic conductance or biomechanical support among hierarchal orders. METHODS We examined correlations of leaf hydraulics, indicated by vein density, conduit diameter, and stomatal density with light-saturated photosynthetic rates, leaf lifespan (LLS), and leaf morpho-anatomical traits of 39 xerophytic species grown in a common garden. KEY RESULTS We found positive relationships between light-saturated, area-based photosynthetic rates, and vein densities, regardless of vein orders. Densities of leaf veins had positive correlations with stomatal density. We also found positive relationships between LLS and vein densities. Leaf area was negatively correlated with the density of major veins but not with minor veins. Most anatomical traits were not related to vein densities. CONCLUSIONS We developed a network diagram of the correlations among leaf hydraulics and leaf economics, which suggests functional trade-offs between hydraulic costs and lifetime carbon gain. Leaf hydraulics efficiency and carbon assimilation were coupled across species. Vein construction costs directly coordinated with the LLS. Our findings indicate that hierarchal orders of leaf veins did not differ in the strength of their correlations between hydraulic conductance and biomechanical support. These findings clarify how leaf hydraulics contributes to the LES and provide new insight into life-history strategies of these xerophytic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 610041
| | | | - Sujing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 610041
| | - Weikai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 610041
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Prabhakaran Mariyamma N, Clarke KJ, Yu H, Wilton EE, Van Dyk J, Hou H, Schultz EA. Members of the Arabidopsis FORKED1-LIKE gene family act to localize PIN1 in developing veins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4773-4790. [PMID: 29982821 PMCID: PMC6137986 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reticulate leaf vein pattern typical of angiosperms is proposed to have been a driving force for their evolutionary success. Vein pattern is established through auxin canalization via the auxin efflux protein PINFORMED1 (PIN1). During formation of vein loops, PIN1 cellular localization is increasingly restricted to either the basal side of cells in the lower domain or to the apical side in the upper domain. We previously identified the gene FORKED1 (FKD1) to be required for PIN1 asymmetric localization and for the formation of closed vein loops. FKD1 encodes a plant-specific protein with a domain of unknown function (DUF828) and a Pleckstrin-like homology domain. The Arabidopsis genome encodes eight similar proteins, which we term the FORKED1-LIKE (FL) gene family. Five FL family members localize primarily to the trans-Golgi network or the Golgi, and several co-localize with FKD1-green flourescent protein (GFP) and RABA1c, suggesting action in the secretory pathway. While single FL gene family mutations do not result in vein pattern defects, triple mutants with mutations in FKD1, FL2, and FL3 result in a more symmetric PIN1 localization and a highly disconnected vein pattern. Our data suggest that FL genes act redundantly with FKD1 in the secretory pathway to establish appropriate PIN1 localization in provascular tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurtis J Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Houlin Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Emily E Wilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jordan Van Dyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Olson ME, Soriano D, Rosell JA, Anfodillo T, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, León-Gómez C, Dawson T, Camarero Martínez JJ, Castorena M, Echeverría A, Espinosa CI, Fajardo A, Gazol A, Isnard S, Lima RS, Marcati CR, Méndez-Alonzo R. Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7551-7556. [PMID: 29967148 PMCID: PMC6055177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721728115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how plants survive drought and cold is increasingly important as plants worldwide experience dieback with drought in moist places and grow taller with warming in cold ones. Crucial in plant climate adaptation are the diameters of water-transporting conduits. Sampling 537 species across climate zones dominated by angiosperms, we find that plant size is unambiguously the main driver of conduit diameter variation. And because taller plants have wider conduits, and wider conduits within species are more vulnerable to conduction-blocking embolisms, taller conspecifics should be more vulnerable than shorter ones, a prediction we confirm with a plantation experiment. As a result, maximum plant size should be short under drought and cold, which cause embolism, or increase if these pressures relax. That conduit diameter and embolism vulnerability are inseparably related to plant size helps explain why factors that interact with conduit diameter, such as drought or warming, are altering plant heights worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico;
| | - Diana Soriano
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106;
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106
| | - Calixto León-Gómez
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Todd Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
| | - J Julio Camarero Martínez
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Alberto Echeverría
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Carlos I Espinosa
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto sn, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5951601 Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- Botany and Modelling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation Joint Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Rivete S Lima
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900 Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Marcati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 18603970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, 22860 Baja California, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Blackman CJ, Gleason SM, Cook AM, Chang Y, Laws CA, Westoby M. The links between leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought and key aspects of leaf venation and xylem anatomy among 26 Australian woody angiosperms from contrasting climates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:59-67. [PMID: 29668853 PMCID: PMC6025239 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The structural properties of leaf venation and xylem anatomy strongly influence leaf hydraulics, including the ability of leaves to maintain hydraulic function during drought. Here we examined the strength of the links between different leaf venation traits and leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought (expressed as P50leaf by rehydration kinetics) in a diverse group of 26 woody angiosperm species, representing a wide range of leaf vulnerabilities, from four low-nutrient sites with contrasting rainfall across eastern Australia. Methods For each species we measured key aspects of leaf venation design, xylem anatomy and leaf morphology. We also assessed for the first time the scaling relationships between hydraulically weighted vessel wall thickness (th) and lumen breadth (bh) across vein orders and habitats. Key Results Across species, variation in P50leaf was strongly correlated with the ratio of vessel wall thickness (th) to lumen breadth (bh) [(t/b)h; an index of conduit reinforcement] at each leaf vein order. Concomitantly, the scaling relationship between th and bh was similar across vein orders, with a log-log slope less than 1 indicating greater xylem reinforcement in smaller vessels. In contrast, P50leaf was not related to th and bh individually, to major vein density (Dvmajor) or to leaf size. Principal components analysis revealed two largely orthogonal trait groupings linked to variation in leaf size and drought tolerance. Conclusions Our results indicate that xylem conduit reinforcement occurs throughout leaf venation, and remains closely linked to leaf drought tolerance irrespective of leaf size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alicia M Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire A Laws
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Proteomics analysis reveals marker proteins for minor vein initiation in rice leaf. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:581-591. [PMID: 29748923 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Leaf veins play a critical role in resource supplication and photosynthate translocation; thus, it is considered as an important agricultural trait for crop breeding. The rice minor veins are parallelly grown along all the parts of the leaf from base to tip. To understand the process of minor vein development, anatomy analysis was performed to reveal the initiation and development of minor veins in rice leaf. The frequency of minor vein initiation follows a decreased tendency from leaf base to tip. An iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis was performed in rice leaf sections. Photosynthesis- and carbon fixation-related proteins accumulated a high level in the middle part of leaves. Furthermore, marker proteins involved in sucrose degradation and starch synthesis were accumulated into initiation and mature parts of minor veins, respectively. It suggests a different source-sink activity in the initiation and mature parts of minor veins in terms of photosynthate translocation. The identified proteins are candidate markers for small vein initiation in rice leaves.
Collapse
|
90
|
Leaf Venation Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Environmental Heterogeneity in Parrotia subaequalis (H. T. Chang) R. M. Hao et H. T. Wei, An Endemic and Endangered Tree Species from China. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
91
|
Meigel FJ, Alim K. Flow rate of transport network controls uniform metabolite supply to tissue. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180075. [PMID: 29720455 PMCID: PMC6000175 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Life and functioning of higher organisms depends on the continuous supply of metabolites to tissues and organs. What are the requirements on the transport network pervading a tissue to provide a uniform supply of nutrients, minerals or hormones? To theoretically answer this question, we present an analytical scaling argument and numerical simulations on how flow dynamics and network architecture control active spread and uniform supply of metabolites by studying the example of xylem vessels in plants. We identify the fluid inflow rate as the key factor for uniform supply. While at low inflow rates metabolites are already exhausted close to flow inlets, too high inflow flushes metabolites through the network and deprives tissue close to inlets of supply. In between these two regimes, there exists an optimal inflow rate that yields a uniform supply of metabolites. We determine this optimal inflow analytically in quantitative agreement with numerical results. Optimizing network architecture by reducing the supply variance over all network tubes, we identify patterns of tube dilation or contraction that compensate sub-optimal supply for the case of too low or too high inflow rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Meigel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karen Alim
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wright IJ, Dong N, Maire V, Prentice IC, Westoby M, Díaz S, Gallagher RV, Jacobs BF, Kooyman R, Law EA, Leishman MR, Niinemets Ü, Reich PB, Sack L, Villar R, Wang H, Wilf P. Global climatic drivers of leaf size. Science 2018; 357:917-921. [PMID: 28860384 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leaf size varies by over a 100,000-fold among species worldwide. Although 19th-century plant geographers noted that the wet tropics harbor plants with exceptionally large leaves, the latitudinal gradient of leaf size has not been well quantified nor the key climatic drivers convincingly identified. Here, we characterize worldwide patterns in leaf size. Large-leaved species predominate in wet, hot, sunny environments; small-leaved species typify hot, sunny environments only in arid conditions; small leaves are also found in high latitudes and elevations. By modeling the balance of leaf energy inputs and outputs, we show that daytime and nighttime leaf-to-air temperature differences are key to geographic gradients in leaf size. This knowledge can enrich "next-generation" vegetation models in which leaf temperature and water use during photosynthesis play key roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,Centre for Past Climate Change and School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6AH Reading, UK
| | - Vincent Maire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,AXA Chair in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rachael V Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bonnie F Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Robert Kooyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Law
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michelle R Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rafael Villar
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Esperón-Rodríguez M, Curran TJ, Camac JS, Hofmann RW, Correa-Metrio A, Barradas VL. Correlation of drought traits and the predictability of osmotic potential at full leaf turgor in vegetation from New Zealand. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Esperón-Rodríguez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Hawkesbury Campus; Bourke Street Richmond 2753 NSW Australia
| | - Timothy J. Curran
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln Canterbury New Zealand
| | - James S. Camac
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA); School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Rainer W. Hofmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln Canterbury New Zealand
| | | | - Víctor L. Barradas
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta-Atmósfera; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México City Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Cheng L, Karney BW. Organization and scaling in water supply networks. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:062317. [PMID: 29347385 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Public water supply is one of the society's most vital resources and most costly infrastructures. Traditional concepts of these networks capture their engineering identity as isolated, deterministic hydraulic units, but overlook their physics identity as related entities in a probabilistic, geographic ensemble, characterized by size organization and property scaling. Although discoveries of allometric scaling in natural supply networks (organisms and rivers) raised the prospect for similar findings in anthropogenic supplies, so far such a finding has not been reported in public water or related civic resource supplies. Examining an empirical ensemble of large number and wide size range, we show that water supply networks possess self-organized size abundance and theory-explained allometric scaling in spatial, infrastructural, and resource- and emission-flow properties. These discoveries establish scaling physics for water supply networks and may lead to novel applications in resource- and jurisdiction-scale water governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likwan Cheng
- Physical Science Department, City Colleges of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60601, USA
| | - Bryan W Karney
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Reconstructing Paleoclimate and Paleoecology Using Fossil Leaves. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
96
|
Stewart JJ, Polutchko SK, Adams WW, Demmig-Adams B. Acclimation of Swedish and Italian ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana to light intensity. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:215-229. [PMID: 28861679 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study addressed whether ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana from Sweden and Italy exhibited differences in foliar acclimation to high versus low growth light intensity, and compared CO2 uptake under growth conditions with light- and CO2-saturated intrinsic photosynthetic capacity and leaf morphological and vascular features. Differential responses between ecotypes occurred mainly at the scale of leaf architecture, with thicker leaves with higher intrinsic photosynthetic capacities and chlorophyll contents per leaf area, but no difference in photosynthetic capacity on a chlorophyll basis, in high light-grown leaves of the Swedish versus the Italian ecotype. Greater intrinsic photosynthetic capacity per leaf area in the Swedish ecotype was accompanied by a greater capacity of vascular infrastructure for sugar and water transport, but this was not associated with greater CO2 uptake rates under growth conditions. The Swedish ecotype with its thick leaves is thus constructed for high intrinsic photosynthetic and vascular flux capacity even under growth chamber conditions that may not permit full utilization of this potential. Conversely, the Swedish ecotype was less tolerant of low growth light intensity than the Italian ecotype, with smaller rosette areas and lesser aboveground biomass accumulation in low light-grown plants. Foliar vein density and stomatal density were both enhanced by high growth light intensity with no significant difference between ecotypes, and the ratio of water to sugar conduits was also similar between the two ecotypes during light acclimation. These findings add to the understanding of the foliar vasculature's role in plant photosynthetic acclimation and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Stewart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
| | - Stephanie K Polutchko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
| | - William W Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Gerlein-Safdi C, Gauthier PPG, Sinkler CJ, Caylor KK. Leaf water 18 O and 2 H maps show directional enrichment discrepancy in Colocasia esculenta. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2095-2108. [PMID: 28658718 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterns of leaf water isotopes are challenging to predict because of the intricate link between vein and lamina water. Many models have attempted to predict these patterns, but to date, most have focused on monocots with parallel veins. These provide a simple system to study, but do not represent the majority of plant species. Here, a new protocol is developed using a Picarro induction module coupled to a cavity ringdown spectrometer to obtain maps of the leaf water isotopes (18 O and 2 H). The technique is applied to Colocasia esculenta leaves. The results are compared with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In C. esculenta, a large enrichment in the radial direction is observed, but not in the longitudinal direction. The string-of-lakes model fails to predict the observed patterns, while the Farquhar-Gan model is more successful, especially when enrichment is accounted for along the radial direction. Our results show that reticulate-veined leaves experience a larger enrichment along the axis of the secondary veins than along the midrib. We hypothesize that this is due to the lower major/minor vein ratio that leads to longer pathways between major veins and sites of evaporation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gerlein-Safdi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Paul P G Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Craig James Sinkler
- Department of Geological, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA
- EarthRes Group Inc., Pipersville, PA, 18947, USA
| | - Kelly Krispin Caylor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Geography, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Baird AS, Anderegg LDL, Lacey ME, HilleRisLambers J, Van Volkenburgh E. Comparative leaf growth strategies in response to low-water and low-light availability: variation in leaf physiology underlies variation in leaf mass per area in Populus tremuloides. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1140-1150. [PMID: 28379516 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental phenotypic plasticity can allow plants to buffer the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental stressors. Therefore, it is vital to improve our understanding of how phenotypic plasticity in ecological functional traits is coordinated with variation in physiological performance in plants. To identify coordinated leaf responses to low-water (LW) versus low-light (LL) availability, we measured leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf anatomical characteristics and leaf gas exchange of juvenile Populus tremuloides Michx. trees. Spongy mesophyll tissue surface area (Asmes/A) was correlated with intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi: photosynthesis, (Aarea)/stomatal conductance (gs)). Under LW availability, these changes occurred at the cost of greater leaf tissue density and reduced expansive growth, as leaves were denser but were only 20% the final area of control leaves, resulting in elevated LMA and elevated WUEi. Low light resulted in reduced palisade mesophyll surface area (Apmes/A) while spongy mesophyll surface area was maintained (Asmes/A), with no changes to WUEi. These leaf morphological changes may be a plastic strategy to increase laminar light capture while maintaining WUEi. With reduced density and thickness, however, leaves were 50% the area of control leaves, ultimately resulting in reduced LMA. Our results illustrate that P. tremuloides saplings partially maintain physiological function in response to water and light limitation by inducing developmental plasticity in LMA with underlying anatomical changes. We discuss additional implications of these results in the context of developmental plasticity, growth trade-offs and the ecological impacts of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec S Baird
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melissa E Lacey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Rishmawi L, Bühler J, Jaegle B, Hülskamp M, Koornneef M. Quantitative trait loci controlling leaf venation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1429-1441. [PMID: 28252189 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leaf veins provide the mechanical support and are responsible for the transport of nutrients and water to the plant. High vein density is a prerequisite for plants to have C4 photosynthesis. We investigated the genetic variation and genetic architecture of leaf venation traits within the species Arabidopsis thaliana using natural variation. Leaf venation traits, including leaf vein density (LVD) were analysed in 66 worldwide accessions and 399 lines of the multi-parent advanced generation intercross population. It was shown that there is no correlation between LVD and photosynthesis parameters within A. thaliana. Association mapping was performed for LVD and identified 16 and 17 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the multi-parent advanced generation intercross and worldwide sets, respectively. There was no overlap between the identified QTLs suggesting that many genes can affect the traits. In addition, linkage mapping was performed using two biparental recombinant inbred line populations. Combining linkage and association mapping revealed seven candidate genes. For one of the candidate genes, RCI2c, we demonstrated its function in leaf venation patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louai Rishmawi
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Universitätsstrasse 1, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Bühler
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Jaegle
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Universitätsstrasse 1, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Universitätsstrasse 1, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Males J. Hydraulics link leaf shape and environmental niche in terrestrial bromeliads. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EA UK
| |
Collapse
|