51
|
Bennett MR, Thompson ML, Shepherd SA, Dunstan MS, Herbert AJ, Smith DRM, Cronin VA, Menon BRK, Levy C, Micklefield J. Structure and Biocatalytic Scope of Coclaurine
N
‐Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Bennett
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Mark L. Thompson
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Sarah A. Shepherd
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Mark S. Dunstan
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Abigail J. Herbert
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Duncan R. M. Smith
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Victoria A. Cronin
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Binuraj R. K. Menon
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Colin Levy
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Microbial production of novel sulphated alkaloids for drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7980. [PMID: 29789647 PMCID: PMC5964154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from plants are useful as lead compounds in drug discovery. Plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) exhibit various pharmaceutical activities. Although unidentified BIAs are expected to be of medicinal value, sufficient quantities of such BIAs, for biological assays, are sometimes difficult to obtain due to their low content in natural sources. Here, we showed that high productivity of BIAs in engineered Escherichia coli could be exploited for drug discovery. First, we improved upon the previous microbial production system producing (S)-reticuline, an important BIA intermediate, to obtain yields of around 160 mg/L, which was 4-fold higher than those of the previously reported highest production system. Subsequently, we synthesised non-natural BIAs (O-sulphated (S)-reticulines) by introducing human sulphotransferases into the improved (S)-reticuline production system. Analysis of human primary cells treated with these BIAs demonstrated that they affected a biomarker expression in a manner different from that by the parent compound (S)-reticuline, suggesting that simple side-chain modification altered the characteristic traits of BIA. These results indicated that highly productive microbial systems might facilitate the production of scarce or novel BIAs and enable subsequent evaluation of their biological activities. The system developed here could be applied to other rare natural products and might contribute to the drug-discovery process as a next-generation strategy.
Collapse
|
53
|
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of indirubin from glucose. J Biotechnol 2018; 267:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
54
|
Hori K, Yamada Y, Purwanto R, Minakuchi Y, Toyoda A, Hirakawa H, Sato F. Mining of the Uncharacterized Cytochrome P450 Genes Involved in Alkaloid Biosynthesis in California Poppy Using a Draft Genome Sequence. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:222-233. [PMID: 29301019 PMCID: PMC5913652 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Land plants produce specialized low molecular weight metabolites to adapt to various environmental stressors, such as UV radiation, pathogen infection, wounding and animal feeding damage. Due to the large variety of stresses, plants produce various chemicals, particularly plant species-specific alkaloids, through specialized biosynthetic pathways. In this study, using a draft genome sequence and querying known biosynthetic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme-encoding genes, we characterized the P450 genes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis in California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), as P450s are key enzymes involved in the diversification of specialized metabolism. Our in silico studies showed that all identified enzyme-encoding genes involved in BIA biosynthesis were found in the draft genome sequence of approximately 489 Mb, which covered approximately 97% of the whole genome (502 Mb). Further analyses showed that some P450 families involved in BIA biosynthesis, i.e. the CYP80, CYP82 and CYP719 families, were more enriched in the genome of E. californica than in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant that does not produce BIAs. CYP82 family genes were highly abundant, so we measured the expression of CYP82 genes with respect to alkaloid accumulation in different plant tissues and two cell lines whose BIA production differs to estimate the functions of the genes. Further characterization revealed two highly homologous P450s (CYP82P2 and CYP82P3) that exhibited 10-hydroxylase activities with different substrate specificities. Here, we discuss the evolution of the P450 genes and the potential for further genome mining of the genes encoding the enzymes involved in BIA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ratmoyo Purwanto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yohei Minakuchi
- National Institute for Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- National Institute for Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail,
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Yang H, Liu F, Li Y, Yu B. Reconstructing Biosynthetic Pathway of the Plant-Derived Cancer Chemopreventive-Precursor Glucoraphanin in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:121-131. [PMID: 29149798 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data confirmed a strong correlation between regular consumption of cruciferous vegetables and lower cancer risk. This cancer preventive property is mainly attributed to the glucosinolate products, such as glucoraphanin found in broccoli that is derived from methionine. Here we report the first successful reconstruction of the complete biosynthetic pathway of glucoraphanin from methionine in Escherichia coli via gene selection, pathway design, and protein engineering. We used branched-chain amino transferase 3 to catalyze two transamination steps to ensure the purity of precursor molecules and used cysteine as a sulfur donor to simplify the synthesis pathway. Two chimeric cytochrome P450 enzymes were engineered and expressed in E. coli functionally. The original plant C-S lyase was replaced by the Neurospora crassa hercynylcysteine sulfoxide lyase. Other pathway enzymes were successfully mined from Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea. Biosynthesis of glucoraphanin upon coexpression of the optimized enzymes in vivo was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. No other glucosinolate analogues (except for glucoiberin) were identified that could facilitate the downstream purification processes. Production of glucoraphanin in this study laid the foundation for microbial production of such health-beneficial glucosinolates in a large-scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feixia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Park SY, Yang D, Ha SH, Lee SY. Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms for the Production of Natural Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Park
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsoo Yang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hee Ha
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program); Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- BioInformatics Research Center; KAIST; Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Basson AR, Lam M, Cominelli F. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Strategies for Therapeutic Gut Microbiota Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and their Next-Generation Approaches. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:689-729. [PMID: 29173517 PMCID: PMC5909826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome exerts a major impact on human health and disease, and therapeutic gut microbiota modulation is now a well-advocated strategy in the management of many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Scientific and clinical evidence in support of complementary and alternative medicine, in targeting intestinal dysbiosis among patients with IBD, or other disorders, has increased dramatically over the past years. Delivery of "artificial" stool replacements for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could provide an effective, safer alternative to that of human donor stool. Nevertheless, optimum timing of FMT administration in IBD remains unexplored, and future investigations are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Minh Lam
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Green Routes for the Production of Enantiopure Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112464. [PMID: 29156609 PMCID: PMC5713430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are among the most important plant secondary metabolites, in that they include a number of biologically active substances widely employed as pharmaceuticals. Isolation of BIAs from their natural sources is an expensive and time-consuming procedure as they accumulate in very low levels in plant. Moreover, total synthesis is challenging due to the presence of stereogenic centers. In view of these considerations, green and scalable methods for BIA synthesis using fully enzymatic approaches are getting more and more attention. The aim of this paper is to review fully enzymatic strategies for producing the benzylisoquinoline central precursor, (S)-norcoclaurine and its derivatives. Specifically, we will detail the current status of synthesis of BIAs in microbial hosts as well as using isolated and recombinant enzymes.
Collapse
|
59
|
Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates are signals in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites - Pathways, transcription factors and applied aspects - A brief review. N Biotechnol 2017; 48:1-11. [PMID: 29017819 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are signals in plant stress responses and development. One of the first observed and prominent responses to JAs is the induction of biosynthesis of different groups of secondary compounds. Among them are nicotine, isoquinolines, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, benzophenanthridine alkaloids, artemisinin, and terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), such as vinblastine. This brief review describes modes of action of JAs in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin. After introducing JA biosynthesis, the central role of the SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor complex in JA perception and MYB-type and MYC-type transcription factors is described. Brief comments are provided on primary metabolites as precursors of secondary compounds. Pathways for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin are described with an emphasis on JA-dependent transcription factors, which activate or repress the expression of essential genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthesis of these secondary compounds. Applied aspects are discussed using the biotechnological formation of artemisinin as an example of JA-induced biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plant cell factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Purwanto R, Hori K, Yamada Y, Sato F. Unraveling Additional O-Methylation Steps in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1528-1540. [PMID: 28922749 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), a member of the Papaveraceae family, produces many biologically active benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), such as sanguinarine, macarpine and chelerythrine. Sanguinarine biosynthesis has been elucidated at the molecular level, and its biosynthetic genes have been isolated and used in synthetic biology approaches to produce BIAs in vitro. However, several genes involved in the biosynthesis of macarpine and chelerythrine have not yet been characterized. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel O-methyltransferase (OMT) involved in the biosynthesis of partially characterized BIAs, especially chelerythrine. A search of the RNA sequence database from NCBI and PhytoMetaSyn for the conserved OMT domain identified 68 new OMT-like sequences, of which the longest 22 sequences were selected based on sequence similarity. Based on their expression in cell lines with different macarpine/chelerythrine profiles, we selected three OMTs (G2, G3 and G11) for further characterization. G3 expression in Escherichia coli indicated O-methylation activity of the simple benzylisoquinolines, including reticuline and norreticuline, and the protoberberine scoulerine with dual regio-reactivities. G3 produced 7-O-methylated, 3'-O-methylated and dual O-methylated products from reticuline and norreticuline, and 9-O-methylated tetrahydrocolumbamine, 2-O-methylscoulerine and tetrahydropalmatine from scoulerine. Further enzymatic analyses suggested that G3 is a scoulerine-9-O-methyltransferase for the biosynthesis of chelerythrine in California poppy. In the present study, we discuss the physiological role of G3 in BIA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratmoyo Purwanto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hori
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Synthetic genetic circuits in crop plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:16-22. [PMID: 28772191 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The love affair between crop breeding and genetics began over a century ago and has continued unabated, from mass selection programs to targeted genome modifications. Synthetic genetic circuits, a recent development, are combinations of regulatory and coding DNA introduced into a crop plant to achieve a desired function. Genetic circuits could accelerate crop improvement, allowing complex traits to be rationally designed and requisite DNA parts delivered directly into a genome of interest. However, there is not yet a standardized pipeline from exploratory laboratory testing to crop trials, and bringing transgenic products to market remains a considerable barrier. We highlight successes so far and future developments necessary to make genetic circuits a viable crop improvement technology over this century.
Collapse
|
62
|
Liu X, Liu Y, Huang P, Ma Y, Qing Z, Tang Q, Cao H, Cheng P, Zheng Y, Yuan Z, Zhou Y, Liu J, Tang Z, Zhuo Y, Zhang Y, Yu L, Huang J, Yang P, Peng Q, Zhang J, Jiang W, Zhang Z, Lin K, Ro DK, Chen X, Xiong X, Shang Y, Huang S, Zeng J. The Genome of Medicinal Plant Macleaya cordata Provides New Insights into Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:975-989. [PMID: 28552780 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics in animal agriculture and medicine has caused a series of potential threats to public health. Macleaya cordata is a medicinal plant species from the Papaveraceae family, providing a safe resource for the manufacture of antimicrobial feed additive for livestock. The active constituents from M. cordata are known to include benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) such as sanguinarine (SAN) and chelerythrine (CHE), but their metabolic pathways have yet to be studied in this non-model plant. The active biosynthesis of SAN and CHE in M. cordata was first examined and confirmed by feeding 13C-labeled tyrosine. To gain further insights, we de novo sequenced the whole genome of M. cordata, the first to be sequenced from the Papaveraceae family. The M. cordata genome covering 378 Mb encodes 22,328 predicted protein-coding genes with 43.5% being transposable elements. As a member of basal eudicot, M. cordata genome lacks the paleohexaploidy event that occurred in almost all eudicots. From the genomics data, a complete set of 16 metabolic genes for SAN and CHE biosynthesis was retrieved, and 14 of their biochemical activities were validated. These genomics and metabolic data show the conserved BIA metabolic pathways in M. cordata and provide the knowledge foundation for future productions of SAN and CHE by crop improvement or microbial pathway reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Liu
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yisong Liu
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Veterinary Medicine College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Peng Huang
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yongshuo Ma
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Zhixing Qing
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qi Tang
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Huifen Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pi Cheng
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zejun Yuan
- Micolta Bioresource Inc., Changsha 410016, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhaoshan Tang
- Herbal Extract Engineering Research Center, Changsha 410331, China
| | - Yixiu Zhuo
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yancong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Linlan Yu
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jialu Huang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qiong Peng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kui Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yi Shang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China.
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China; Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China.
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Rai A, Saito K, Yamazaki M. Integrated omics analysis of specialized metabolism in medicinal plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:764-787. [PMID: 28109168 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a rich source of highly diverse specialized metabolites with important pharmacological properties. Until recently, plant biologists were limited in their ability to explore the biosynthetic pathways of these metabolites, mainly due to the scarcity of plant genomics resources. However, recent advances in high-throughput large-scale analytical methods have enabled plant biologists to discover biosynthetic pathways for important plant-based medicinal metabolites. The reduced cost of generating omics datasets and the development of computational tools for their analysis and integration have led to the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of several bioactive metabolites of plant origin. These discoveries have inspired synthetic biology approaches to develop microbial systems to produce bioactive metabolites originating from plants, an alternative sustainable source of medicinally important chemicals. Since the demand for medicinal compounds are increasing with the world's population, understanding the complete biosynthesis of specialized metabolites becomes important to identify or develop reliable sources in the future. Here, we review the contributions of major omics approaches and their integration to our understanding of the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive metabolites. We briefly discuss different approaches for integrating omics datasets to extract biologically relevant knowledge and the application of omics datasets in the construction and reconstruction of metabolic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Sivakumar
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ehrenworth AM, Peralta-Yahya P. Accelerating the semisynthesis of alkaloid-based drugs through metabolic engineering. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:249-258. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
66
|
Wang L, Ji D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Zhou YJ, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Synthetic Cofactor-Linked Metabolic Circuits for Selective Energy Transfer. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Institute
of Green Conversion of Biological Bioresource and Metabolic Engineering,
College of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Debin Ji
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuxue Liu
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yongjin J. Zhou
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wujun Liu
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zongbao K. Zhao
- Division
of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key
Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Matsumura E, Nakagawa A, Tomabechi Y, Koyanagi T, Kumagai H, Yamamoto K, Katayama T, Sato F, Minami H. Laboratory-scale production of (S)-reticuline, an important intermediate of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, using a bacterial-based method. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:396-402. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1243985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a group of plant secondary metabolites that have been identified as targets for drug discovery because of their diverse pharmaceutical activities. Well-known BIAs are relatively abundant in plants and have therefore been extensively studied. However, although unknown BIAs are also thought to have valuable activities, they are difficult to obtain because the raw materials are present at low abundance in nature. We have previously reported the fermentative production of an important intermediate (S)-reticuline from dopamine using Escherichia coli. However, the yield is typically limited. Here, we improved production efficiency by combining in vivo tetrahydropapaveroline production in E. coli with in vitro enzymatic synthesis of (S)-reticuline. Finally, 593 mg of pure (S)-reticuline was obtained from 1 L of the reaction mixture. Because this bacterial-based method is simple, it could be widely used for production of (S)-reticuline and related BIAs, thereby facilitating studies of BIAs for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eitaro Matsumura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Akira Nakagawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomabechi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Koyanagi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kumagai
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Minami
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Narcross L, Bourgeois L, Fossati E, Burton E, Martin VJJ. Mining Enzyme Diversity of Transcriptome Libraries through DNA Synthesis for Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Pathway Optimization in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1505-1518. [PMID: 27442619 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing quantity of data deposited to GenBank is a valuable resource for mining new enzyme activities. Falling costs of DNA synthesis enables metabolic engineers to take advantage of this resource for identifying superior or novel enzymes for pathway optimization. Previously, we reported synthesis of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid dihydrosanguinarine in yeast from norlaudanosoline at a molar conversion of 1.5%. Molar conversion could be improved by reduction of the side-product N-methylcheilanthifoline, a key bottleneck in dihydrosanguinarine biosynthesis. Two pathway enzymes, an N-methyltransferase and a cytochrome P450 of the CYP719A subfamily, were implicated in the synthesis of the side-product. Here, we conducted an extensive screen to identify enzyme homologues whose coexpression reduces side-product synthesis. Phylogenetic trees were generated from multiple sources of sequence data to identify a library of candidate enzymes that were purchased codon-optimized and precloned into expression vectors designed to facilitate high-throughput analysis of gene expression as well as activity assay. Simple in vivo assays were sufficient to guide the selection of superior enzyme homologues that ablated the synthesis of the side-product, and improved molar conversion of norlaudanosoline to dihydrosanguinarine to 10%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Narcross
- Department
of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre
for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Leanne Bourgeois
- Department
of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre
for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Euan Burton
- Department
of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre
for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Department
of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre
for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Shukla S, Hong SY, Chung SH, Kim M. Rapid Detection Strategies for the Global Threat of Zika Virus: Current State, New Hypotheses, and Limitations. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1685. [PMID: 27822207 PMCID: PMC5075579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current scenario regarding the widespread Zika virus (ZIKV) has resulted in numerous diagnostic studies, specifically in South America and in locations where there is frequent entry of travelers returning from ZIKV-affected areas, including pregnant women with or without clinical symptoms of ZIKV infection. The World Health Organization, WHO, announced that millions of cases of ZIKV are likely to occur in the USA in the near future. This situation has created an alarming public health emergency of international concern requiring the detection of this life-threatening viral candidate due to increased cases of newborn microcephaly associated with ZIKV infection. Hence, this review reports possible methods and strategies for the fast and reliable detection of ZIKV with particular emphasis on current updates, knowledge, and new hypotheses that might be helpful for medical professionals in poor and developing countries that urgently need to address this problem. In particular, we emphasize liposome-based biosensors. Although these biosensors are currently among the less popular tools for human disease detection, they have become useful tools for the screening and detection of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses because of their versatile advantageous features compared to other sensing devices. This review summarizes the currently available methods employed for the rapid detection of ZIKV and suggests an innovative approach involving the application of a liposome-based hypothesis for the development of new strategies for ZIKV detection and their use as effective biomedicinal tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Shukla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Hong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Chung
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Pardee K, Slomovic S, Nguyen PQ, Lee JW, Donghia N, Burrill D, Ferrante T, McSorley FR, Furuta Y, Vernet A, Lewandowski M, Boddy CN, Joshi NS, Collins JJ. Portable, On-Demand Biomolecular Manufacturing. Cell 2016; 167:248-259.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
71
|
Robin AY, Giustini C, Graindorge M, Matringe M, Dumas R. Crystal structure of norcoclaurine-6-O-methyltransferase, a key rate-limiting step in the synthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:641-53. [PMID: 27232113 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Growing pharmaceutical interest in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) coupled with their chemical complexity make metabolic engineering of microbes to create alternative platforms of production an increasingly attractive proposition. However, precise knowledge of rate-limiting enzymes and negative feedback inhibition by end-products of BIA metabolism is of paramount importance for this emerging field of synthetic biology. In this work we report the structural characterization of (S)-norcoclaurine-6-O-methyltransferase (6OMT), a key rate-limiting step enzyme involved in the synthesis of reticuline, the final intermediate to be shared between the different end-products of BIA metabolism, such as morphine, papaverine, berberine and sanguinarine. Four different crystal structures of the enzyme from Thalictrum flavum (Tf 6OMT) were solved: the apoenzyme, the complex with S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH), the complexe with SAH and the substrate and the complex with SAH and a feedback inhibitor, sanguinarine. The Tf 6OMT structural study provides a molecular understanding of its substrate specificity, active site structure and reaction mechanism. This study also clarifies the inhibition of Tf 6OMT by previously suggested feedback inhibitors. It reveals its high and time-dependent sensitivity toward sanguinarine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Y Robin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Giustini
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Graindorge
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Matringe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5168, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR 1417, 17, Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Suástegui M, Shao Z. Yeast factories for the production of aromatic compounds: from building blocks to plant secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1611-1624. [PMID: 27581441 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway is a source to a plethora of commercially relevant chemicals with very diverse industrial applications. Tremendous efforts in microbial engineering have led to the production of compounds ranging from small aromatic molecular building blocks all the way to intricate plant secondary metabolites. Particularly, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a great model organism given its superior capability to heterologously express long metabolic pathways, especially the ones containing cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review contains a collection of state-of-the-art metabolic engineering work devoted towards unraveling the mechanisms for enhancing the flux of carbon into the aromatic pathway. Some of the molecules discussed include the polymer precursor muconic acid, as well as important nutraceuticals (flavonoids and stilbenoids), and opium-derived drugs (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suástegui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Torres MA, Hoffarth E, Eugenio L, Savtchouk J, Chen X, Morris JS, Facchini PJ, Ng KKS. Structural and Functional Studies of Pavine N-Methyltransferase from Thalictrum flavum Reveal Novel Insights into Substrate Recognition and Catalytic Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23403-23415. [PMID: 27573242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are produced in a wide variety of plants and include many common analgesic, antitussive, and anticancer compounds. Several members of a distinct family of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent N-methyltransferases (NMTs) play critical roles in BIA biosynthesis, but the molecular basis of substrate recognition and catalysis is not known for NMTs involved in BIA metabolism. To address this issue, the crystal structure of pavine NMT from Thalictrum flavum was solved using selenomethionine-substituted protein (dmin = 2.8 Å). Additional structures were determined for the native protein (dmin = 2.0 Å) as well as binary complexes with SAM (dmin = 2.3 Å) or the reaction product S-adenosylhomocysteine (dmin = 1.6 Å). The structure of a complex with S-adenosylhomocysteine and two molecules of tetrahydropapaverine (THP; one as the S conformer and a second in the R configuration) (dmin = 1.8 Å) revealed key features of substrate recognition. Pavine NMT converted racemic THP to laudanosine, but the enzyme showed a preference for (±)-pavine and (S)-reticuline as substrates. These structures suggest the involvement of highly conserved residues at the active site. Mutagenesis of three residues near the methyl group of SAM and the nitrogen atom of the alkaloid acceptor decreased enzyme activity without disrupting the structure of the protein. The binding site for THP provides a framework for understanding substrate specificity among numerous NMTs involved in the biosynthesis of BIAs and other specialized metabolites. This information will facilitate metabolic engineering efforts aimed at producing medicinally important compounds in heterologous systems, such as yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Torres
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Elesha Hoffarth
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Luiz Eugenio
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Julia Savtchouk
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xue Chen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and
| | | | | | - Kenneth K-S Ng
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and .,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Kishimoto S, Sato M, Tsunematsu Y, Watanabe K. Evaluation of Biosynthetic Pathway and Engineered Biosynthesis of Alkaloids. Molecules 2016; 21:E1078. [PMID: 27548127 PMCID: PMC6274189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Varieties of alkaloids are known to be produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi and plants, as secondary metabolites that exhibit useful bioactivities. However, understanding of how those metabolites are biosynthesized still remains limited, because most of these compounds are isolated from plants and at a trace level of production. In this review, we focus on recent efforts in identifying the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of those nitrogen-containing natural products and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the biosynthetic processes. The alkaloids discussed in this review are ditryptophenaline (dimeric diketopiperazine alkaloid), saframycin (tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid), strictosidine (monoterpene indole alkaloid), ergotamine (ergot alkaloid) and opiates (benzylisoquinoline and morphinan alkaloid). This review also discusses the engineered biosynthesis of these compounds, primarily through heterologous reconstitution of target biosynthetic pathways in suitable hosts, such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans. Those heterologous biosynthetic systems can be used to confirm the functions of the isolated genes, economically scale up the production of the alkaloids for commercial distributions and engineer the biosynthetic pathways to produce valuable analogs of the alkaloids. In particular, extensive involvement of oxidation reactions catalyzed by oxidoreductases, such as cytochrome P450s, during the secondary metabolite biosynthesis is discussed in details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Diamond A, Desgagné-Penix I. Metabolic engineering for the production of plant isoquinoline alkaloids. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1319-1328. [PMID: 26503307 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several plant isoquinoline alkaloids (PIAs) possess powerful pharmaceutical and biotechnological properties. Thus, PIA metabolism and its fascinating molecules, including morphine, colchicine and galanthamine, have attracted the attention of both the industry and researchers involved in plant science, biochemistry, chemical bioengineering and medicine. Currently, access and availability of high-value PIAs [commercialized (e.g. galanthamine) or not (e.g. narciclasine)] is limited by low concentration in nature, lack of cultivation or geographic access, seasonal production and risk of overharvesting wild plant species. Nevertheless, most commercial PIAs are still extracted from plant sources. Efforts to improve the production of PIA have largely been impaired by the lack of knowledge on PIA metabolism. With the development and integration of next-generation sequencing technologies, high-throughput proteomics and metabolomics analyses and bioinformatics, systems biology was used to unravel metabolic pathways allowing the use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches to increase production of valuable PIAs. Metabolic engineering provides opportunity to overcome issues related to restricted availability, diversification and productivity of plant alkaloids. Engineered plant, plant cells and microbial cell cultures can act as biofactories by offering their metabolic machinery for the purpose of optimizing the conditions and increasing the productivity of a specific alkaloid. In this article, is presented an update on the production of PIA in engineered plant, plant cell cultures and heterologous micro-organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Diamond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Mirza N, Crocoll C, Erik Olsen C, Ann Halkier B. Engineering of methionine chain elongation part of glucoraphanin pathway in E. coli. Metab Eng 2016; 35:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
77
|
Baccile JA, Spraker JE, Le HH, Brandenburger E, Gomez C, Bok JW, Macheleidt J, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D, Keller NP, Schroeder FC. Plant-like biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:419-24. [PMID: 27065235 PMCID: PMC5049701 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery efforts have focused primarily on microbial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) containing large multi-modular PKSs and NRPSs; however, sequencing of fungal genomes has revealed a vast number of BGCs containing smaller NRPS-like genes of unknown biosynthetic function. Using comparative metabolomics, we show that a BGC in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus named fsq, which contains an NRPS-like gene lacking a condensation domain, produces several novel isoquinoline alkaloids, the fumisoquins. These compounds derive from carbon-carbon bond formation between two amino acid-derived moieties followed by a sequence that is directly analogous to isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. Fumisoquin biosynthesis requires the N-methyltransferase FsqC and the FAD-dependent oxidase FsqB, which represent functional analogs of coclaurine N-methyltransferase and berberine bridge enzyme in plants. Our results show that BGCs containing incomplete NRPS modules may reveal new biosynthetic paradigms and suggest that plant-like isoquinoline biosynthesis occurs in diverse fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Baccile
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joseph E Spraker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Henry H Le
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eileen Brandenburger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gomez
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Macheleidt
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Microbial Factories for the Production of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:228-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
79
|
Hori K, Okano S, Sato F. Efficient microbial production of stylopine using a Pichia pastoris expression system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22201. [PMID: 26923560 PMCID: PMC4770593 DOI: 10.1038/srep22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stylopine is a protoberberine-type alkaloid that has potential biological activities. Based on the successful microbial production of (S)-reticuline, we attempted to produce stylopine from (S)-reticuline by the reaction of berberine bridge enzyme, cheilanthifoline synthase (CYP719A5), and stylopine synthase (CYP719A2). Biosynthetic enzyme expression was examined in a methanol-utilizing yeast (Pichia pastoris), and both a “consolidated” system with all genes expressed in one cell and a “co-culture” system with three cell lines that each express a single gene were examined. Although both systems efficiently converted reticuline to stylopine, the consolidated system was more rapid and efficient than the co-culture system. However, substrate-feeding experiments revealed a decrease in the conversion efficiency in the consolidated system during successive cultures, whereas the conversion efficiency in the co-culture system remained constant. Thus, the final amount of stylopine produced from reticuline after successive feedings in the co-culture system was more than 150 nmoles from 750 nmoles of (R, S)-reticuline (375 nmoles of (S)-reticuline). The advantages and drawbacks of the “consolidated” system and the “co-culture” system are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hori
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Okano
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Total biosynthesis of opiates by stepwise fermentation using engineered Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10390. [PMID: 26847395 PMCID: PMC4748248 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Opiates such as morphine and codeine are mainly obtained by extraction from opium poppies. Fermentative opiate production in microbes has also been investigated, and complete biosynthesis of opiates from a simple carbon source has recently been accomplished in yeast. Here we demonstrate that Escherichia coli serves as an efficient, robust and flexible platform for total opiate synthesis. Thebaine, the most important raw material in opioid preparations, is produced by stepwise culture of four engineered strains at yields of 2.1 mg l(-1) from glycerol, corresponding to a 300-fold increase from recently developed yeast systems. This improvement is presumably due to strong activity of enzymes related to thebaine synthesis from (R)-reticuline in E. coli. Furthermore, by adding two genes to the thebaine production system, we demonstrate the biosynthesis of hydrocodone, a clinically important opioid. Improvements in opiate production in this E. coli system represent a major step towards the development of alternative opiate production systems.
Collapse
|
81
|
Schläger S, Dräger B. Exploiting plant alkaloids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 37:155-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
82
|
Larue K, Melgar M, Martin VJJ. Directed evolution of a fungal β-glucosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:52. [PMID: 26949413 PMCID: PMC4778352 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-glucosidases (BGLs) catalyze the hydrolysis of soluble cellodextrins to glucose and are a critical component of cellulase systems. In order to engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass, a BGL tailored to industrial bioconversions is needed. RESULTS We applied a directed evolution strategy to a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 (GH3) BGL from Aspergillus niger (BGL1) by expressing a library of mutated bgl1 genes in S. cerevisiae and used a two-step functional screen to identify improved enzymes. Twelve BGL variants that supported growth of S. cerevisiae on cellobiose and showed increased activity on the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside were identified and characterized. By performing kinetic experiments, we found that a Tyr → Cys substitution at position 305 of BGL1 dramatically reduced transglycosidation activity that causes inhibition of the hydrolytic reaction at high substrate concentrations. Targeted mutagenesis demonstrated that the position 305 residue is critical in GH3 BGLs and likely determines the extent to which transglycosidation reactions occur. We also found that a substitution at Gln(140) reduced the inhibitory effect of glucose and could be combined with the Y305C substitution to produce a BGL with decreased sensitivity to both the product and substrate. Using the crystal structure of a GH3 BGL from A. aculeatus, we mapped a group of beneficial mutations to the β/α domain of the molecule and postulate that this region modulates activity through subunit interactions. Six BGL variants were identified with substitutions in the MFα pre-sequence that was used to mediate secretion of the protein. Substitutions at Pro(21) or Val(22) of the MFα pre-sequence could produce up to a twofold increase in supernatant hydrolase activity and provides evidence that expression and/or secretion was an additional factor limiting hydrolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Using directed evolution on BGL1, we identified a key residue that controls hydrolytic and transglycosidation reactions in GH3 BGLs. We also found that several beneficial mutations could be combined and increased the hydrolytic activity for both synthetic and natural substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kane Larue
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Mindy Melgar
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Pyne M, Narcross L, Fossati E, Bourgeois L, Burton E, Gold N, Martin V. Reconstituting Plant Secondary Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Production of High-Value Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:195-224. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
84
|
Plug-and-Play Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthetic Gene Discovery in Engineered Yeast. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:143-78. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
85
|
Wang J, Guleria S, Koffas MA, Yan Y. Microbial production of value-added nutraceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:97-104. [PMID: 26716360 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are important natural bioactive compounds that confer health-promoting and medical benefits to humans. Globally growing demands for value-added nutraceuticals for prevention and treatment of human diseases have rendered nutraceuticals a multi-billion dollar market. However, supply limitations and extraction difficulties from natural sources such as plants, animals or fungi, restrict the large-scale use of nutraceuticals. Metabolic engineering via microbial production platforms has been advanced as an eco-friendly alternative approach for production of value-added nutraceuticals from simple carbon sources. Microbial platforms like the most widely used Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been engineered as versatile cell factories for production of diverse and complex value-added chemicals such as phytochemicals, prebiotics, polysaccaharides and poly amino acids. This review highlights the recent progresses in biological production of value-added nutraceuticals via metabolic engineering approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sanjay Guleria
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus Chatha-180009, Jammu, India
| | - Mattheos Ag Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8(th) Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8(th) Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | - Yajun Yan
- BioChemical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Ehrenworth AM, Sarria S, Peralta-Yahya P. Pterin-Dependent Mono-oxidation for the Microbial Synthesis of a Modified Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid. ACS Synth Biol 2015. [PMID: 26214239 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) have important therapeutic value, including as anticancer and antimalarial agents. Because of their chemical complexity, therapeutic MIAs, or advanced intermediates thereof, are often isolated from the native plants. The microbial synthesis of MIAs would allow for the rapid and scalable production of complex MIAs and MIA analogues for therapeutic use. Here, we produce the modified MIA hydroxystrictosidine from glucose and the monoterpene secologanin via a pterin-dependent mono-oxidation strategy. Specifically, we engineered the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the high-level synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin to mono-oxidize tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan, which, after decarboxylation to serotonin, is coupled to exogenously fed secologanin to produce 10-hydroxystrictosidine in an eight-enzyme pathway. We selected hydroxystrictosidine as our synthetic target because hydroxylation at the 10' position of the alkaloid core strictosidine provides a chemical handle for the future chemical semisynthesis of therapeutics. We show the generality of the pterin-dependent mono-oxidation strategy for alkaloid synthesis by hydroxylating tyrosine to L-DOPA-a key intermediate in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis-and, thereafter, further converting it to dopamine. Together, these results present the first microbial synthesis of a modified alkaloid, the first production of tetrahydrobiopterin in yeast, and the first use of a pterin-dependent mono-oxidation strategy for the synthesis of L-DOPA. This work opens the door to the scalable production of MIAs as well as the production of modified MIAs to serve as late intermediates in the semisynthesis of known and novel therapeutics. Further, the microbial strains in this work can be used as plant pathway discovery tools to elucidate known MIA biosynthetic pathways or to identify pathways leading to novel MIAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Ehrenworth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡School of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - S. Sarria
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡School of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - P. Peralta-Yahya
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡School of Chemical
and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. O'Connor
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Siegrist J, Aschwanden S, Mordhorst S, Thöny-Meyer L, Richter M, Andexer JN. Regiocomplementary O-Methylation of Catechols by Using Three-Enzyme Cascades. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2576-9. [PMID: 26437744 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent enzymes have great potential for selective alkylation processes. In this study we investigated the regiocomplementary O-methylation of catechols. Enzymatic methylation is often hampered by the need for a stoichiometric supply of SAM and the inhibitory effect of the SAM-derived byproduct on most methyltransferases. To counteract these issues we set up an enzyme cascade. Firstly, SAM was generated from l-methionine and ATP by use of an archaeal methionine adenosyltransferase. Secondly, 4-O-methylation of the substrates dopamine and dihydrocaffeic acid was achieved by use of SafC from the saframycin biosynthesis pathway in 40-70 % yield and high selectivity. The regiocomplementary 3-O-methylation was catalysed by catechol O-methyltransferase from rat. Thirdly, the beneficial influence of a nucleosidase on the overall conversion was demonstrated. The results of this study are important milestones on the pathway to catalytic SAM-dependent alkylation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Siegrist
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Aschwanden
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa. Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Linda Thöny-Meyer
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa. Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,AVSV, Blarerstrasse 2, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Richter
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa. Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Branch BioCat, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany.
| | - Jennifer N Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Chang L, Hagel JM, Facchini PJ. Isolation and Characterization of O-methyltransferases Involved in the Biosynthesis of Glaucine in Glaucium flavum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1127-40. [PMID: 26297140 PMCID: PMC4587479 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome resources for the medicinal plant Glaucium flavum were searched for orthologs showing identity with characterized O-methyltransferases (OMTs) involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Seven recombinant proteins were functionally tested using the signature alkaloid substrates for six OMTs: norlaudanosoline 6-OMT, 6-O-methyllaudanosoline 4'-OMT, reticuline 7-OMT, norreticuline 7-OMT, scoulerine 9-OMT, and tetrahydrocolumbamine OMT. A notable alkaloid in yellow horned poppy (G. flavum [GFL]) is the aporphine alkaloid glaucine, which displays C8-C6' coupling and four O-methyl groups at C6, C7, C3', and C4' as numbered on the 1-benzylisoquinoline scaffold. Three recombinant enzymes accepted 1-benzylisoquinolines with differential substrate and regiospecificity. GFLOMT2 displayed the highest amino acid sequence identity with norlaudanosoline 6-OMT, showed a preference for the 6-O-methylation of norlaudanosoline, and O-methylated the 3' and 4' hydroxyl groups of certain alkaloids. GFLOMT1 showed the highest sequence identity with 6-O-methyllaudanosoline 4'OMT and catalyzed the 6-O-methylation of norlaudanosoline, but more efficiently 4'-O-methylated the GFLOMT2 reaction product 6-O-methylnorlaudanosoline and its N-methylated derivative 6-O-methyllaudanosoline. GFLOMT1 also effectively 3'-O-methylated both reticuline and norreticuline. GFLOMT6 was most similar to scoulerine 9-OMT and efficiently catalyzed both 3'- and 7'-O-methylations of several 1-benzylisoquinolines, with a preference for N-methylated substrates. All active enzymes accepted scoulerine and tetrahydrocolumbamine. Exogenous norlaudanosoline was converted to tetra-O-methylated laudanosine using combinations of Escherichia coli producing (1) GFLOMT1, (2) either GFLOMT2 or GFLOMT6, and (3) coclaurine N-methyltransferase from Coptis japonica. Expression profiles of GFLOMT1, GFLOMT2, and GFLOMT6 in different plant organs were in agreement with the O-methylation patterns of alkaloids in G. flavum determined by high-resolution, Fourier-transform mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jillian M Hagel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Galanie S, Smolke CD. Optimization of yeast-based production of medicinal protoberberine alkaloids. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:144. [PMID: 26376732 PMCID: PMC4574094 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protoberberine alkaloids are bioactive molecules abundant in plant preparations for traditional medicines. Yeast engineered to express biosynthetic pathways for fermentative production of these compounds will further enable investigation of the medicinal properties of these molecules and development of alkaloid-based drugs with improved efficacy and safety. Here, we describe the optimization of a biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for conversion of rac-norlaudanosoline to the protoberberine alkaloid (S)-canadine. Results This yeast strain is engineered to express seven heterologous enzymes, resulting in protoberberine alkaloid production from a simple benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor. The seven enzymes include three membrane-bound enzymes: the flavin-dependent oxidase berberine bridge enzyme, the cytochrome P450 canadine synthase, and a cytochrome P450 reductase. A number of strategies were implemented to improve flux through the pathway, including enzyme variant screening, genetic copy number variation, and culture optimization, that led to an over 70-fold increase in canadine titer up to 1.8 mg/L. Increased canadine titers enable extension of the pathway to produce berberine, a major constituent of several traditional medicines, for the first time in a microbial host. We also demonstrate that this strain is viable at pilot scale. Conclusions By applying metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for increased conversion of simple benzylisoquinoline alkaloids to complex protoberberine alkaloids, this work will facilitate chemoenzymatic synthesis or de novo biosynthesis of these and other high-value compounds using a microbial cell factory. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0332-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Galanie
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Advancing metabolic engineering through systems biology of industrial microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:8-15. [PMID: 26318074 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of sustainable processes to produce bio-based compounds is necessary due to the severe environmental problems caused by the use of fossil resources. Metabolic engineering can facilitate the development of highly efficient cell factories to produce these compounds from renewable resources. The objective of systems biology is to gain a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of living cells and can hereby enhance our ability to characterize and predict cellular behavior. Systems biology of industrial microorganisms is therefore valuable for metabolic engineering. Here we review the application of systems biology tools for the identification of metabolic engineering targets which may lead to reduced development time for efficient cell factories. Finally, we present some perspectives of systems biology for advancing metabolic engineering further.
Collapse
|
92
|
Galanie S, Thodey K, Trenchard IJ, Filsinger Interrante M, Smolke CD. Complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Science 2015; 349:1095-100. [PMID: 26272907 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the primary drugs used in Western medicine for pain management and palliative care. Farming of opium poppies remains the sole source of these essential medicines, despite diverse market demands and uncertainty in crop yields due to weather, climate change, and pests. We engineered yeast to produce the selected opioid compounds thebaine and hydrocodone starting from sugar. All work was conducted in a laboratory that is permitted and secured for work with controlled substances. We combined enzyme discovery, enzyme engineering, and pathway and strain optimization to realize full opiate biosynthesis in yeast. The resulting opioid biosynthesis strains required the expression of 21 (thebaine) and 23 (hydrocodone) enzyme activities from plants, mammals, bacteria, and yeast itself. This is a proof of principle, and major hurdles remain before optimization and scale-up could be achieved. Open discussions of options for governing this technology are also needed in order to responsibly realize alternative supplies for these medically relevant compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Galanie
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kate Thodey
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Isis J Trenchard
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Luo Y, Li BZ, Liu D, Zhang L, Chen Y, Jia B, Zeng BX, Zhao H, Yuan YJ. Engineered biosynthesis of natural products in heterologous hosts. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5265-90. [PMID: 25960127 PMCID: PMC4510016 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products produced by microorganisms and plants are a major resource of antibacterial and anticancer drugs as well as industrially useful compounds. However, the native producers often suffer from low productivity and titers. Here we summarize the recent applications of heterologous biosynthesis for the production of several important classes of natural products such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyketides. In addition, we will discuss the new tools and strategies at multi-scale levels including gene, pathway, genome and community levels for highly efficient heterologous biosynthesis of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Venayak N, Anesiadis N, Cluett WR, Mahadevan R. Engineering metabolism through dynamic control. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 34:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
95
|
Trenchard IJ, Siddiqui MS, Thodey K, Smolke CD. De novo production of the key branch point benzylisoquinoline alkaloid reticuline in yeast. Metab Eng 2015; 31:74-83. [PMID: 26166409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biosynthesis for plant-based natural products, such as the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), has the potential to address limitations in plant-based supply of established drugs and make new molecules available for drug discovery. While yeast strains have been engineered to produce a variety of downstream BIAs including the opioids, these strains have relied on feeding an early BIA substrate. We describe the de novo synthesis of the major BIA branch point intermediate reticuline via norcoclaurine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Modifications were introduced into yeast central metabolism to increase supply of the BIA precursor tyrosine, allowing us to achieve a 60-fold increase in production of the early benzylisoquinoline scaffold from fed dopamine with no supply of exogenous tyrosine. Yeast strains further engineered to express a mammalian tyrosine hydroxylase, four mammalian tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and recycling enzymes, and a bacterial DOPA decarboxylase produced norcoclaurine de novo. We further increased production of early benzylisoquinoline scaffolds by 160-fold through introducing mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, an optimized plant norcoclaurine synthase variant, and optimizing culture conditions. Finally, we incorporated five additional plant enzymes--three methyltransferases, a cytochrome P450, and its reductase partner--to achieve de novo production of the key branch point molecule reticuline with a titer of 19.2 μg/L. These strains and reconstructed pathways will serve as a platform for the biosynthesis of diverse natural and novel BIAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isis J Trenchard
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Michael S Siddiqui
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Kate Thodey
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Peralta-Yahya P. Biosensor keeps DOPA on track. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:450-1. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
97
|
Gold ND, Gowen CM, Lussier FX, Cautha SC, Mahadevan R, Martin VJJ. Metabolic engineering of a tyrosine-overproducing yeast platform using targeted metabolomics. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:73. [PMID: 26016674 PMCID: PMC4458059 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-tyrosine is a common precursor for a wide range of valuable secondary metabolites, including benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) and many polyketides. An industrially tractable yeast strain optimized for production of L-tyrosine could serve as a platform for the development of BIA and polyketide cell factories. This study applied a targeted metabolomics approach to evaluate metabolic engineering strategies to increase the availability of intracellular L-tyrosine in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK. Our engineering strategies combined localized pathway engineering with global engineering of central metabolism, facilitated by genome-scale steady-state modelling. Results Addition of a tyrosine feedback resistant version of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase Aro4 from S. cerevisiae was combined with overexpression of either a tyrosine feedback resistant yeast chorismate mutase Aro7, the native pentafunctional arom protein Aro1, native prephenate dehydrogenase Tyr1 or cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase TyrC from Zymomonas mobilis. Loss of aromatic carbon was limited by eliminating phenylpyruvate decarboxylase Aro10. The TAL gene from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was used to produce coumarate as a simple test case of a heterologous by-product of tyrosine. Additionally, multiple strategies for engineering global metabolism to promote tyrosine production were evaluated using metabolic modelling. The T21E mutant of pyruvate kinase Cdc19 was hypothesized to slow the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and accumulate the former as precursor to the shikimate pathway. The ZWF1 gene coding for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was deleted to create an NADPH deficiency designed to force the cell to couple its growth to tyrosine production via overexpressed NADP+-dependent prephenate dehydrogenase Tyr1. Our engineered Zwf1− strain expressing TYRC ARO4FBR and grown in the presence of methionine achieved an intracellular L-tyrosine accumulation up to 520 μmol/g DCW or 192 mM in the cytosol, but sustained flux through this pathway was found to depend on the complete elimination of feedback inhibition and degradation pathways. Conclusions Our targeted metabolomics approach confirmed a likely regulatory site at DAHP synthase and identified another possible cofactor limitation at prephenate dehydrogenase. Additionally, the genome-scale metabolic model identified design strategies that have the potential to improve availability of erythrose 4-phosphate for DAHP synthase and cofactor availability for prephenate dehydrogenase. We evaluated these strategies and provide recommendations for further improvement of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0252-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Gold
- Department of Biology and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Christopher M Gowen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Francois-Xavier Lussier
- Department of Biology and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Sarat C Cautha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada. .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Department of Biology and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
|
99
|
DeLoache WC, Russ ZN, Narcross L, Gonzales AM, Martin VJJ, Dueber JE. An enzyme-coupled biosensor enables (S)-reticuline production in yeast from glucose. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:465-71. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
100
|
Engineering strategies for the fermentative production of plant alkaloids in yeast. Metab Eng 2015; 30:96-104. [PMID: 25981946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial hosts engineered for the biosynthesis of plant natural products offer enormous potential as powerful discovery and production platforms. However, the reconstruction of these complex biosynthetic schemes faces numerous challenges due to the number of enzymatic steps and challenging enzyme classes associated with these pathways, which can lead to issues in metabolic load, pathway specificity, and maintaining flux to desired products. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are prevalent in plant specialized metabolism and are particularly difficult to express heterologously. Here, we describe the reconstruction of the sanguinarine branch of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in microbial biosynthesis of protoberberine, protopine, and benzophenanthridine alkaloids through to the end-product sanguinarine, which we demonstrate can be efficiently produced in yeast in the absence of the associated biosynthetic enzyme. We achieved titers of 676 μg/L stylopine, 548 μg/L cis-N-methylstylopine, 252 μg/L protopine, and 80 μg/L sanguinarine from the engineered yeast strains. Through our optimization efforts, we describe genetic and culture strategies supporting the functional expression of multiple plant cytochrome P450 enzymes in the context of a large multi-step pathway. Our results also provided insight into relationships between cytochrome P450 activity and yeast ER physiology. We were able to improve the production of critical intermediates by 32-fold through genetic techniques and an additional 45-fold through culture optimization.
Collapse
|