51
|
Deguchi S, Kato A, Wu P, Hakamada M, Mabuchi M. Heterogeneous role of integrins in fibroblast response to small cyclic mechanical stimulus generated by a nanoporous gold actuator. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:418-430. [PMID: 33326880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand the effects of mechanical stimulation on cell behaviors for homeostasis. Many studies have been performed on cell responses to mechanical stimuli, but the mechanosensing mechanism is still under debate. In the present study, experiments employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations concerning the effects of cyclic mechanical stimulus on cell proliferation were performed based on the hypothesis that mechanosensing depends on integrin types. We used a nanoporous gold (NPG) actuator to prevent transfer of a mechanical stimulus via molecules other than integrins. Surprisingly, a small cyclic strain of only 0.5% enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts. α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins showed high sensitivity to the mechanical stimulus, whereas α1β1 and α2β1 integrins exhibited low mechanosensitivity. The MD simulations showed that different conformational changes of the integrin headpiece induced by binding to the ECM led to a difference in mechanosensitivity between αI and αI-less integrin types. Thus, the present study provides evidence to support the hypothesis and suggests the mechanism for the heterogeneous roles of integrins in mechanosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Deguchi
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Peizheng Wu
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Hakamada
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mabuchi
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Focus on time: dynamic imaging reveals stretch-dependent cell relaxation and nuclear deformation. Biophys J 2021; 120:764-772. [PMID: 33524370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the stimuli to which cells are exposed in vivo, it has been shown that tensile deformations induce specific cellular responses in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and stromal tissues. However, the early response of cells to sustained substrate-based stretch has remained elusive because of the short timescale at which it occurs. To measure the tensile mechanical properties of adherent cells immediately after the application of substrate deformations, we have developed a dynamic traction force microscopy method that enables subsecond temporal resolution imaging of transient subcellular events. The system employs a novel, to our knowledge, tracking approach with minimal computational overhead to compensate substrate-based, stretch-induced motion/drift of stretched single cells in real time, allowing capture of biophysical phenomena on multiple channels by fluorescent multichannel imaging on a single camera, thus avoiding the need for beam splitting with the associated loss of light. Using this tool, we have characterized the transient subcellular forces and nuclear deformations of single cells immediately after the application of equibiaxial strain. Our experiments reveal significant differences in the cell relaxation dynamics and in the intracellular propagation of force to the nuclear compartment in cells stretched at different strain rates and exposes the need for time control for the correct interpretation of dynamic cell mechanics experiments.
Collapse
|
53
|
Lucci G, Preziosi L. A nonlinear elastic description of cell preferential orientations over a stretched substrate. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:631-649. [PMID: 33449274 PMCID: PMC7979636 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The active response of cells to mechanical cues due to their interaction with the environment has been of increasing interest, since it is involved in many physiological phenomena, pathologies, and in tissue engineering. In particular, several experiments have shown that, if a substrate with overlying cells is cyclically stretched, they will reorient to reach a well-defined angle between their major axis and the main stretching direction. Recent experimental findings, also supported by a linear elastic model, indicated that the minimization of an elastic energy might drive this reorientation process. Motivated by the fact that a similar behaviour is observed even for high strains, in this paper we address the problem in the framework of finite elasticity, in order to study the presence of nonlinear effects. We find that, for a very large class of constitutive orthotropic models and with very general assumptions, there is a single linear relationship between a parameter describing the biaxial deformation and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\cos ^2\theta _{\mathrm{eq}}$$\end{document}cos2θeq, where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\theta _{\mathrm{eq}}$$\end{document}θeq is the orientation angle of the cell, with the slope of the line depending on a specific combination of four parameters that characterize the nonlinear constitutive equation. We also study the effect of introducing a further dependence of the energy on the anisotropic invariants related to the square of the Cauchy–Green strain tensor. This leads to departures from the linear relationship mentioned above, that are again critically compared with experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Lucci
- Department of Mathematical Sciences “G.L. Lagrange”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Mathematics “G. Peano”, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences “G.L. Lagrange” Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lin J, Li X, Yin J, Qian J. Effect of Cyclic Stretch on Neuron Reorientation and Axon Outgrowth. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:597867. [PMID: 33425865 PMCID: PMC7793818 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.597867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The directional alignment and outgrowth of neurons is a critical step of nerve regeneration and functional recovery of nerve systems, where neurons are exposed to a complex mechanical environment with subcellular structures such as stress fibers and focal adhesions acting as the key mechanical transducer. In this paper, we investigate the effects of cyclic stretch on neuron reorientation and axon outgrowth with a feasible stretching device that controls stretching amplitude and frequency. Statistical results indicate an evident frequency and amplitude dependence of neuron reorientation, that is, neurons tend to align away from stretch direction when stretching amplitude and frequency are large enough. On the other hand, axon elongation under cyclic stretch is very close to the reference case where neurons are not stretched. A mechanochemical framework is proposed by connecting the evolution of cellular configuration to the microscopic dynamics of subcellular structures, including stress fiber, focal adhesion, and microtubule, yielding theoretical predictions that are consistent with the experimental observations. The theoretical work provides an explanation of the neuron's mechanical response to cyclic stretch, suggesting that the contraction force generated by stress fiber plays an essential role in both neuron reorientation and axon elongation. This combined experimental and theoretical study on stretch-induced neuron reorientation may have potential applications in neurodevelopment and neuron regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Lin
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Boujemaa-Paterski R, Martins B, Eibauer M, Beales CT, Geiger B, Medalia O. Talin-activated vinculin interacts with branched actin networks to initiate bundles. eLife 2020; 9:e53990. [PMID: 33185186 PMCID: PMC7682986 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin plays a fundamental role in integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Activated by talin, it interacts with diverse adhesome components, enabling mechanical coupling between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Here we studied the interactions of activated full-length vinculin with actin and the way it regulates the organization and dynamics of the Arp2/3 complex-mediated branched actin network. Through a combination of surface patterning and light microscopy experiments we show that vinculin can bundle dendritic actin networks through rapid binding and filament crosslinking. We show that vinculin promotes stable but flexible actin bundles having a mixed-polarity organization, as confirmed by cryo-electron tomography. Adhesion-like synthetic design of vinculin activation by surface-bound talin revealed that clustered vinculin can initiate and immobilize bundles from mobile Arp2/3-branched networks. Our results provide a molecular basis for coordinate actin bundle formation at nascent adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Boujemaa-Paterski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Bruno Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Eibauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Charlie T Beales
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Shabi O, Natan S, Kolel A, Mukherjee A, Tchaicheeyan O, Wolfenson H, Kiryati N, Lesman A. Motion magnification analysis of microscopy videos of biological cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240127. [PMID: 33151976 PMCID: PMC7644077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that isolated cardiac muscle cells beat in a periodic manner. Recently, evidence indicates that other, non-muscle cells, also perform periodic motions that are either imperceptible under conventional lab microscope lens or practically not easily amenable for analysis of oscillation amplitude, frequency, phase of movement and its direction. Here, we create a real-time video analysis tool to visually magnify and explore sub-micron rhythmic movements performed by biological cells and the induced movements in their surroundings. Using this tool, we suggest that fibroblast cells perform small fluctuating movements with a dominant frequency that is dependent on their surrounding substrate and its stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shabi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Natan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Kolel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Oren Tchaicheeyan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nahum Kiryati
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Lesman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Irons L, Huang H, Owen MR, O'Dea RD, Meininger GA, Brook BS. Switching behaviour in vascular smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion during oscillatory loading. J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110387. [PMID: 32603668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Integrins regulate mechanotransduction between smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM). SMCs resident in the walls of airways or blood vessels are continuously exposed to dynamic mechanical forces due to breathing or pulsatile blood flow. However, the resulting effects of these forces on integrin dynamics and associated cell-matrix adhesion are not well understood. Here we present experimental results from atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, designed to study the integrin response to external oscillatory loading of varying amplitudes applied to live aortic SMCs, together with theoretical results from a mathematical model. In the AFM experiments, a fibronectin-coated probe was used cyclically to indent and retract from the surface of the cell. We observed a transition between states of firm adhesion and of complete detachment as the amplitude of oscillatory loading increased, revealed by qualitative changes in the force timecourses. Interestingly, for some of the SMCs in the experiments, switching behaviour between the two adhesion states is observed during single timecourses at intermediate amplitudes. We obtain two qualitatively similar adhesion states in the mathematical model, where we simulate the cell, integrins and ECM as an evolving system of springs, incorporating local integrin binding dynamics. In the mathematical model, we observe a region of bistability where both the firm adhesion and detachment states can occur depending on the initial adhesion state. The differences are seen to be a result of mechanical cooperativity of integrins and cell deformation. Switching behaviour is a phenomenon associated with bistability in a stochastic system, and bistability in our deterministic mathematical model provides a potential physical explanation for the experimental results. Physiologically, bistability provides a means for transient mechanical stimuli to induce long-term changes in adhesion dynamics-and thereby the cells' ability to transmit force-and we propose further experiments for testing this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Irons
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Huang Huang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Markus R Owen
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben D O'Dea
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bindi S Brook
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Alhudaithy S, Abdulmalik S, Kumbar SG, Hoshino K. Design, Fabrication, and Validation of a Petri Dish-Compatible PDMS Bioreactor for the Tensile Stimulation and Characterization of Microtissues. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E892. [PMID: 32993158 PMCID: PMC7650815 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on a novel biocompatible micromechanical bioreactor (actuator and sensor) designed for the in situ manipulation and characterization of live microtissues. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an application-targeted sterile bioreactor that is accessible, inexpensive, adjustable, and easily fabricated. Our method relies on a simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding technique for fabrication and is compatible with commonly-used laboratory equipment and materials. Our unique design includes a flexible thin membrane that allows for the transfer of an external actuation into the PDMS beam-based actuator and sensor placed inside a conventional 35 mm cell culture Petri dish. Through computational analysis followed by experimental testing, we demonstrated its functionality, accuracy, sensitivity, and tunable operating range. Through time-course testing, the actuator delivered strains of over 20% to biodegradable electrospun poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 85:15 non-aligned nanofibers (~91 µm thick). At the same time, the sensor was able to characterize time-course changes in Young's modulus (down to 10-150 kPa), induced by an application of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Furthermore, the actuator delivered strains of up to 4% to PDMS monolayers (~30 µm thick), simultaneously characterizing their elastic modulus up to ~2.2 MPa. The platform repeatedly applied dynamic (0.23 Hz) tensile stimuli to live Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) cells for 12 hours (h) and recorded the cellular reorientation towards two angle regimes, with averages of -58.85° and +56.02°. The device biocompatibility with live cells was demonstrated for one week, with no signs of cytotoxicity. We can conclude that our PDMS bioreactor is advantageous for low-cost tissue/cell culture micromanipulation studies involving mechanical actuation and characterization. Our device eliminates the need for an expensive experimental setup for cell micromanipulation, increasing the ease of live-cell manipulation studies by providing an affordable way of conducting high-throughput experiments without the need to open the Petri dish, reducing manual handling, cross-contamination, supplies, and costs. The device design, material, and methods allow the user to define the operational range based on their targeted samples/application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soliman Alhudaithy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sama Abdulmalik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Li A, Zhou J, Widelitz RB, Chow RH, Chuong CM. Integrating Bioelectrical Currents and Ca 2+ Signaling with Biochemical Signaling in Development and Pathogenesis. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:210-220. [PMID: 34476353 PMCID: PMC8370337 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of bioelectrical signals are increasingly recognized in excitable and nonexcitable non-neural tissues. Diverse ion-selective channels, pumps, and gap junctions participate in bioelectrical signaling, including those transporting calcium ions (Ca2+). Ca2+ is the most versatile transported ion, because it serves as an electrical charge carrier and a biochemical regulator for multiple molecular binding, enzyme, and transcription activities. We aspire to learn how bioelectrical signals crosstalk to biochemical/biomechanical signals. In this study, we review four recent studies showing how bioelectrical currents and Ca2+ signaling affect collective dermal cell migration during feather bud elongation, affect chondrogenic differentiation in limb development, couple with mechanical tension in aligning gut smooth muscle, and affect mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle atrophy. We observe bioelectrical signals involved in several developmental and pathological conditions in chickens and mice at multiple spatial scales: cellular, cellular collective, and subcellular. These examples inspire novel concept and approaches for future basic and translational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Song J, Jia X, Ariga K. Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for responsive cellular biosystems. Mater Today Bio 2020; 8:100075. [PMID: 33024954 PMCID: PMC7529844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The living cell can be regarded as an ideal functional material system in which many functional systems are working together with high efficiency and specificity mostly under mild ambient conditions. Fabrication of living cell-like functional materials is regarded as one of the final goals of the nanoarchitectonics approach. In this short review article, material-based approaches for regulation of living cell behaviors by external stimuli are discussed. Nanoarchitectonics strategies on cell regulation by various external inputs are first exemplified. Recent approaches on cell regulation with interfacial nanoarchitectonics are also discussed in two extreme cases using a very hard interface with nanoarchitected carbon arrays and a fluidic interface of the liquid-liquid interface. Importance of interfacial nanoarchitectonics in controlling living cells by mechanical and supramolecular stimuli from the interfaces is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Song
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Saito T, Huang W, Matsui TS, Kuragano M, Takahashi M, Deguchi S. What factors determine the number of nonmuscle myosin II in the sarcomeric unit of stress fibers? Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:155-166. [PMID: 32776260 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Actin stress fibers (SFs), a contractile apparatus in nonmuscle cells, possess a contractile unit that is apparently similar to the sarcomere of myofibrils in muscles. The function of SFs has thus often been addressed based on well-characterized properties of muscles. However, unlike the fixed number of myosin molecules in myofibrils, the number of nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) within the contractile sarcomeric unit in SFs is quite low and variable for some reason. Here we address what factors may determine the specific number of NMII in SFs. We suggest with a theoretical model that the number lies just in between the function of SFs for bearing cellular tension under static conditions and for promptly disintegrating upon forced cell shortening. We monitored shortening-induced disintegration of SFs in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells expressing mutants of myosin regulatory light chain that virtually regulates the interaction of NMII with actin filaments, and the behaviors observed were indeed consistent with the theoretical consequences. This situation-specific nature of SFs may allow nonmuscle cells to respond adaptively to mechanical stress to circumvent activation of pro-inflammatory signals as previously indicated, i.e., a behavior distinct from that of muscles that are basically specialized for exhibiting contractile activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Saito
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa S Matsui
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuragano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Schakenraad K, Ernst J, Pomp W, Danen EHJ, Merks RMH, Schmidt T, Giomi L. Mechanical interplay between cell shape and actin cytoskeleton organization. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6328-6343. [PMID: 32490503 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the mechanical interplay between the spatial organization of the actin cytoskeleton and the shape of animal cells adhering on micropillar arrays. Using a combination of analytical work, computer simulations and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that the orientation of the stress fibers strongly influences the geometry of the cell edge. In the presence of a uniformly aligned cytoskeleton, the cell edge can be well approximated by elliptical arcs, whose eccentricity reflects the degree of anisotropy of the cell's internal stresses. Upon modeling the actin cytoskeleton as a nematic liquid crystal, we further show that the geometry of the cell edge feeds back on the organization of the stress fibers by altering the length scale at which these are confined. This feedback mechanism is controlled by a dimensionless number, the anchoring number, representing the relative weight of surface-anchoring and bulk-aligning torques. Our model allows to predict both cellular shape and the internal structure of the actin cytoskeleton and is in good quantitative agreement with experiments on fibroblastoid (GDβ1, GDβ3) and epithelioid (GEβ1, GEβ3) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Schakenraad
- Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Huycke TR, Miller BM, Gill HK, Nerurkar NL, Sprinzak D, Mahadevan L, Tabin CJ. Genetic and Mechanical Regulation of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development. Cell 2020; 179:90-105.e21. [PMID: 31539501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is enveloped by concentric and orthogonally aligned layers of smooth muscle; however, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these muscles become patterned and aligned in the embryo has been lacking. We find that Hedgehog acts through Bmp to delineate the position of the circumferentially oriented inner muscle layer, whereas localized Bmp inhibition is critical for allowing formation of the later-forming, longitudinally oriented outer layer. Because the layers form at different developmental stages, the muscle cells are exposed to unique mechanical stimuli that direct their alignments. Differential growth within the early gut tube generates residual strains that orient the first layer circumferentially, and when formed, the spontaneous contractions of this layer align the second layer longitudinally. Our data link morphogen-based patterning to mechanically controlled smooth muscle cell alignment and provide a mechanistic context for potentially understanding smooth muscle organization in a wide variety of tubular organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hasreet K Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Cell Alignment and Mitochondrial Length Change under Cyclic Stretching in Lung Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114074. [PMID: 32517296 PMCID: PMC7312583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of death. Most previous studies have been based on traditional cell-culturing methods. However, lung cells are periodically subjected to mechanical forces during breathing. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the cyclic stretching induced in lung cells may be important for lung cancer therapy. Here, we applied cyclic stretching to stimulate the continual contraction that is present under physiological conditions in lung cells. We first uncovered the stretching-induced phosphoproteome in lung cancer cell line A549 and fibroblast cell line IMR-90. We identified 2048 and 2604 phosphosites corresponding to 837 and 1008 phosphoproteins in A549 and IMR-90, respectively. Furthermore, we combined our phosphoproteomics and public gene expression data to identify the biological functions in response to cyclic stretching. Interestingly, cytoskeletal and mitochondrial reorganization were enriched. We further used cell imaging analysis to validate the profiling results and found that this physical force changed cell alignment and mitochondrial length. This study not only reveals the molecular mechanism of cyclic stretching but also provides evidence that cell stretching causes cellular rearrangement and mitochondrial length change.
Collapse
|
65
|
Buskermolen AB, Ristori T, Mostert D, van Turnhout MC, Shishvan SS, Loerakker S, Kurniawan NA, Deshpande VS, Bouten CV. Cellular Contact Guidance Emerges from Gap Avoidance. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2020; 1:100055. [PMID: 32685934 PMCID: PMC7357833 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of anisotropic biochemical or topographical patterns, cells tend to align in the direction of these cues-a widely reported phenomenon known as "contact guidance." To investigate the origins of contact guidance, here, we created substrates micropatterned with parallel lines of fibronectin with dimensions spanning multiple orders of magnitude. Quantitative morphometric analysis of our experimental data reveals two regimes of contact guidance governed by the length scale of the cues that cannot be explained by enforced alignment of focal adhesions. Adopting computational simulations of cell remodeling on inhomogeneous substrates based on a statistical mechanics framework for living cells, we show that contact guidance emerges from anisotropic cell shape fluctuation and "gap avoidance," i.e., the energetic penalty of cell adhesions on non-adhesive gaps. Our findings therefore point to general biophysical mechanisms underlying cellular contact guidance, without the necessity of invoking specific molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonetta B.C. Buskermolen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Ristori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dylan Mostert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C. van Turnhout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Siamak S. Shishvan
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
| | - Vikram S. Deshpande
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlijn V.C. Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Ascolani G, Skerry TM, Lacroix D, Dall'Ara E, Shuaib A. Revealing hidden information in osteoblast's mechanotransduction through analysis of time patterns of critical events. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:114. [PMID: 32183690 PMCID: PMC7079370 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanotransduction in bone cells plays a pivotal role in osteoblast differentiation and bone remodelling. Mechanotransduction provides the link between modulation of the extracellular matrix by mechanical load and intracellular activity. By controlling the balance between the intracellular and extracellular domains, mechanotransduction determines the optimum functionality of skeletal dynamics. Failure of this relationship was suggested to contribute to bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis. RESULTS A hybrid mechanical and agent-based model (Mech-ABM), simulating mechanotransduction in a single osteoblast under external mechanical perturbations, was utilised to simulate and examine modulation of the activation dynamics of molecules within mechanotransduction on the cellular response to mechanical stimulation. The number of molecules and their fluctuations have been analysed in terms of recurrences of critical events. A numerical approach has been developed to invert subordination processes and to extract the direction processes from the molecular signals in order to derive the distribution of recurring events. These predict that there are large fluctuations enclosing information hidden in the noise which is beyond the dynamic variations of molecular baselines. Moreover, studying the system under different mechanical load regimes and altered dynamics of feedback loops, illustrate that the waiting time distributions of each molecule are a signature of the system's state. CONCLUSIONS The behaviours of the molecular waiting times change with the changing of mechanical load regimes and altered dynamics of feedback loops, presenting the same variation of patterns for similar interacting molecules and identifying specific alterations for key molecules in mechanotransduction. This methodology could be used to provide a new tool to identify potent molecular candidates to modulate mechanotransduction, hence accelerate drug discovery towards therapeutic targets for bone mass upregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ascolani
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Damien Lacroix
- Insigneo Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Enrico Dall'Ara
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Aban Shuaib
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Insigneo Institute of In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Broussard JA, Jaiganesh A, Zarkoob H, Conway DE, Dunn AR, Espinosa HD, Janmey PA, Green KJ. Scaling up single-cell mechanics to multicellular tissues - the role of the intermediate filament-desmosome network. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs228031. [PMID: 32179593 PMCID: PMC7097224 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues sense, respond to and translate mechanical forces into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction, which governs individual cell responses that drive gene expression, metabolic pathways and cell motility, and determines how cells work together in tissues. Mechanotransduction often depends on cytoskeletal networks and their attachment sites that physically couple cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. One way that cells associate with each other is through Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules called cadherins, which mediate cell-cell interactions through adherens junctions, thereby anchoring and organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This actin-based network confers dynamic properties to cell sheets and developing organisms. However, these contractile networks do not work alone but in concert with other cytoarchitectural elements, including a diverse network of intermediate filaments. This Review takes a close look at the intermediate filament network and its associated intercellular junctions, desmosomes. We provide evidence that this system not only ensures tissue integrity, but also cooperates with other networks to create more complex tissues with emerging properties in sensing and responding to increasingly stressful environments. We will also draw attention to how defects in intermediate filament and desmosome networks result in both chronic and acquired diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Banerjee S, Gardel ML, Schwarz US. The Actin Cytoskeleton as an Active Adaptive Material. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 2020; 11:421-439. [PMID: 33343823 PMCID: PMC7748259 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Actin is the main protein used by biological cells to adapt their structure and mechanics to their needs. Cellular adaptation is made possible by molecular processes that strongly depend on mechanics. The actin cytoskeleton is also an active material that continuously consumes energy. This allows for dynamical processes that are possible only out of equilibrium and opens up the possibility for multiple layers of control that have evolved around this single protein.Here we discuss the actin cytoskeleton from the viewpoint of physics as an active adaptive material that can build structures superior to man-made soft matter systems. Not only can actin be used to build different network architectures on demand and in an adaptive manner, but it also exhibits the dynamical properties of feedback systems, like excitability, bistability, or oscillations. Therefore, it is a prime example of how biology couples physical structure and information flow and a role model for biology-inspired metamaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Argatov I, Papangelo A, Ciavarella M. Elliptical adhesive contact under biaxial stretching. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190507. [PMID: 32082057 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesive contact of the Hertzian indenter with an incompressible elastic substrate bi-directionally stretched along the indenter principal planes of curvature is considered in the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theoretical framework. An approximate model is constructed by examining energy release rate conditions only on the edges of the minor and major axes of the contact ellipse. The effect of weak coupling between fracture modes I and II is introduced using a phenomenological mode-mixity function. This study was motivated by the need to model a passive-adhesive mechanism in cell mechanics on stretchable substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Argatov
- Faculty of Technology and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Papangelo
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy.,Hamburg University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 1, Hamburg 21073, Germany
| | - M Ciavarella
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy.,Hamburg University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 1, Hamburg 21073, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Abstract
AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to acquire surface topography upon different scanning modes and to quantify mechanical properties of a cell using single-point ramp force mode. However, these traditional measurements need massive force curves originating from multiple points of a cell to exclude the potential errors resulted from limited and factitious selections of testing points, making the measurements time-consuming and highly localized. PeakForce Quantitative NanoMechanics (PF QNM) is a high-speed (faster by 3–4 order of magnitude) and global surface mechanical property mapping method with high spatial resolution, overcoming the drawbacks of traditional ramp mode especially used for a live cell with high heterogeneity. In this protocol, we elaborated how to run PF QNM measurements for live cells and relevant modification may be needed when extending this method to other cell-like soft materials.
Collapse
|
72
|
Callens SJP, Uyttendaele RJC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Substrate curvature as a cue to guide spatiotemporal cell and tissue organization. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119739. [PMID: 31911284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence clearly shows that cells respond to various physical cues in their environments, guiding many cellular processes and tissue morphogenesis, pathology, and repair. One aspect that is gaining significant traction is the role of local geometry as an extracellular cue. Elucidating how geometry affects cell and tissue behavior is, indeed, crucial to design artificial scaffolds and understand tissue growth and remodeling. Perhaps the most fundamental descriptor of local geometry is surface curvature, and a growing body of evidence confirms that surface curvature affects the spatiotemporal organization of cells and tissues. While well-defined in differential geometry, curvature remains somewhat ambiguously treated in biological studies. Here, we provide a more formal curvature framework, based on the notions of mean and Gaussian curvature, and summarize the available evidence on curvature guidance at the cell and tissue levels. We discuss the involved mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between tensile forces and substrate curvature that forms the foundation of curvature guidance. Moreover, we show that relatively simple computational models, based on some application of curvature flow, are able to capture experimental tissue growth remarkably well. Since curvature guidance principles could be leveraged for tissue regeneration, the implications for geometrical scaffold design are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research opportunities are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands.
| | - Rafael J C Uyttendaele
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Straining 3D Hydrogels with Uniform Z-Axis Strains While Enabling Live Microscopy Imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:868-880. [PMID: 31802281 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
External forces play an important role in the development and regulation of many tissues. Such effects are often studied using specialized stretchers-standardized commercial and novel laboratory-designed. While designs for 2D stretchers are abundant, the range of available 3D stretcher designs is more limited, especially when live imaging is required. This work presents a novel method and a stretching device that allow straining of 3D hydrogels from their circumference, using a punctured elastic silicone strip as the sample carrier. The system was primarily constructed from 3D-printed parts and low-cost electronics, rendering it simple and cost-efficient to reproduce in other labs. To demonstrate the system functionality, > 100 μm thick soft fibrin gels (< 1 KPa) were stretched, while performing live confocal imaging. The subsequent strains and fiber alignment were analyzed and found to be relatively homogenous throughout the gel's thickness (Z axis). The uniform Z-response enabled by our approach was found to be in contrast to a previously reported approach that utilizes an underlying elastic substrate to convey strain to a 3D thick sample. This work advances the ability to study the role of external forces on biological processes under more physiological 3D conditions, and can contribute to the field of tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
74
|
Li Z, Gao C, Fan S, Zou J, Gu G, Dong M, Song J. Cell Nanomechanics Based on Dielectric Elastomer Actuator Device. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:98. [PMID: 34138039 PMCID: PMC7770812 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a frontier of biology, mechanobiology plays an important role in tissue and biomedical engineering. It is a common sense that mechanical cues under extracellular microenvironment affect a lot in regulating the behaviors of cells such as proliferation and gene expression, etc. In such an interdisciplinary field, engineering methods like the pneumatic and motor-driven devices have been employed for years. Nevertheless, such techniques usually rely on complex structures, which cost much but not so easy to control. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are well known as a kind of soft actuation technology, and their research prospect in biomechanical field is gradually concerned due to their properties just like large deformation (> 100%) and fast response (< 1 ms). In addition, DEAs are usually optically transparent and can be fabricated into small volume, which make them easy to cooperate with regular microscope to realize real-time dynamic imaging of cells. This paper first reviews the basic components, principle, and evaluation of DEAs and then overview some corresponding applications of DEAs for cellular mechanobiology research. We also provide a comparison between DEA-based bioreactors and current custom-built devices and share some opinions about their potential applications in the future according to widely reported results via other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Fan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zou
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Gilbert HTJ, Mallikarjun V, Dobre O, Jackson MR, Pedley R, Gilmore AP, Richardson SM, Swift J. Nuclear decoupling is part of a rapid protein-level cellular response to high-intensity mechanical loading. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4149. [PMID: 31515493 PMCID: PMC6742657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of cellular mechano-signaling have often utilized static models that do not fully replicate the dynamics of living tissues. Here, we examine the time-dependent response of primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to cyclic tensile strain (CTS). At low-intensity strain (1 h, 4% CTS at 1 Hz), cell characteristics mimic responses to increased substrate stiffness. As the strain regime is intensified (frequency increased to 5 Hz), we characterize rapid establishment of a broad, structured and reversible protein-level response, even as transcription is apparently downregulated. Protein abundance is quantified coincident with changes to protein conformation and post-translational modification (PTM). Furthermore, we characterize changes to the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex that bridges the nuclear envelope, and specifically to levels and PTMs of Sad1/UNC-84 (SUN) domain-containing protein 2 (SUN2). The result of this regulation is to decouple mechano-transmission between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, thus conferring protection to chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamish T J Gilbert
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Venkatesh Mallikarjun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oana Dobre
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mark R Jackson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Robert Pedley
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Andrew P Gilmore
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joe Swift
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Shuaib A, Motan D, Bhattacharya P, McNabb A, Skerry TM, Lacroix D. Heterogeneity in The Mechanical Properties of Integrins Determines Mechanotransduction Dynamics in Bone Osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13113. [PMID: 31511609 PMCID: PMC6739315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cells are exposed to dynamic mechanical stimulation that is transduced into cellular responses by mechanotransduction mechanisms. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a physical link between loading and bone cells, where mechanoreceptors, such as integrins, initiate mechanosensation. Though this relationship is well studied, the dynamic interplay between mechanosensation, mechanotransduction and cellular responses is unclear. A hybrid-multiscale model combining molecular, cellular and tissue interactions was developed to examine links between integrins’ mechanosensation and effects on mechanotransduction, ECM modulation and cell-ECM interaction. The model shows that altering integrin mechanosensitivity threshold (MT) increases mechanotransduction durations from hours to beyond 4 days, where bone formation starts. This is relevant to bone, where it is known that a brief stimulating period provides persistent influences for over 24 hours. Furthermore, the model forecasts that integrin heterogeneity, with respect to MT, would be able to induce sustained increase in pERK baseline > 15% beyond 4 days. This is analogous to the emergence of molecular mechanical memory signalling dynamics. Therefore, the model can provide a greater understanding of mechanical adaptation to differential mechanical responses at different times. Given reduction of bone sensitivity to mechanical stimulation with age, these findings may lead towards useful therapeutic targets for upregulation of bone mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aban Shuaib
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. .,Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Daniyal Motan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pinaki Bhattacharya
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alex McNabb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Damien Lacroix
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Comparative study of variations in mechanical stress and strain of human blood vessels: mechanical reference for vascular cell mechano-biology. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:519-531. [PMID: 31494790 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The diseases of human blood vessels are closely associated with local mechanical variations. A better understanding of the quantitative correlation in mechanical environment between the current mechano-biological studies and vascular physiological or pathological conditions in vivo is crucial for evaluating numerous existing results and exploring new factors for disease discovery. In this study, six representative human blood vessels with known experimental measurements were selected, and their stress and strain variations in vessel walls under different blood pressures were analyzed based on nonlinear elastic theory. The results suggest that conventional mechano-biological experiments seeking the different biological expressions of cells at high/low mechanical loadings are ambiguous as references for studying vascular diseases, because distinct "site-specific" characteristics appear in different vessels. The present results demonstrate that the inner surface of the vessel wall does not always suffer the most severe stretch under high blood pressures comparing to the outer surface. Higher tension on the outer surface of aortas supports the hypothesis of the outside-in inflammation dominated by aortic adventitial fibroblasts. These results indicate that cellular studies at different mechanical niches should be "disease-specific" as well. The present results demonstrate considerable stress gradients across the wall thickness, which indicate micro-scale mechanical variations existing around the vascular cells, and imply that the physiological or pathological changes are not static processes confined within isolated regions, but are coupled with dynamic cell behaviors such as migration. The results suggest that the stress gradients, as well as the mechanical stresses and strains, are key factors constituting the mechanical niches, which may shed new light on "factor-specific" experiments of vascular cell mechano-biology.
Collapse
|
78
|
Mierke CT. The Role of the Optical Stretcher Is Crucial in the Investigation of Cell Mechanics Regulating Cell Adhesion and Motility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:184. [PMID: 31552247 PMCID: PMC6736998 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells, tissues, and the surrounding extracellular matrix environment play important roles in the process of cell adhesion and migration. In physiological and pathological processes of the cells, such as wound healing and cancer, the capacity to migrate through the extracellular matrix is crucial. Hence biophysical techniques were used to determine the mechanical properties of cells that facilitate the various migratory capacities. Since the field of mechanobiology is rapidly growing, the reliable and reproducible characterization of cell mechanics is required that facilitates the adhesion and migration of cells. One of these cell mechanical techniques is the optical stretching device, which was originally developed to investigate the mechanical properties of cells, such as the deformation of single cells in suspension. After discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, the latest findings in optical stretching-based cell mechanics are presented in this review. Finally, the mechanical properties of cells are correlated with their migratory potential and it is pointed out how the inhibition of biomolecules that contribute to the to the maintenance of cytoskeletal structures in cells affect their mechanical deformability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Dasbiswas K, Hu S, Bershadsky AD, Safran SA. Registry Kinetics of Myosin Motor Stacks Driven by Mechanical Force-Induced Actin Turnover. Biophys J 2019; 117:856-866. [PMID: 31427069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments associated with myosin motors constitute the cytoskeletal force-generating machinery for many types of adherent cells. These actomyosin units are structurally ordered in muscle cells and, in particular, may be spatially registered across neighboring actin bundles. Such registry or stacking of myosin filaments have been recently observed in ordered actin bundles of even fibroblasts with super-resolution microscopy techniques. We introduce here a model for the dynamics of stacking arising from long-range mechanical interactions between actomyosin units through mutual contractile deformations of the intervening cytoskeletal network. The dynamics of registry involve two key processes: 1) polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments and 2) remodeling of cross-linker-rich actin adhesion zones, both of which are, in principle, mechanosensitive. By calculating the elastic forces that drive registry and their effect on actin polymerization rates, we estimate a characteristic timescale of tens of minutes for registry to be established, in agreement with experimentally observed timescales for individual kinetic processes involved in myosin stack formation, which we track and quantify. This model elucidates the role of actin turnover dynamics in myosin stacking and explains the loss of stacks seen when actin assembly or disassembly and cross-linking is experimentally disrupted in fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Dasbiswas
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California.
| | - Shiqiong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Samuel A Safran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Asmani M, Kotei C, Hsia I, Marecki L, Wang T, Zhou C, Zhao R. Cyclic Stretching of Fibrotic Microtissue Array for Evaluation of Anti-Fibrosis Drugs. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:529-540. [PMID: 31719931 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Progression of pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by the deterioration of lung tissue's mechanical properties, is affected by respiratory motion-induced dynamic loading. Since the development of anti-fibrosis drugs faces major hurdles in animal tests and human clinical trials, preclinical models that can recapitulate fibrosis progression under physiologically-relevant cyclic loading hold great promise. However, the integration of these two functions has not been achieved in existing models. Methods Recently we developed static human lung microtissue arrays that recapitulate the progressive changes in tissue mechanics during lung fibrogenesis. In the current study, we integrate the lung microtissue array with a membrane stretching system to enable dynamic loading to the microtissues. The effects of a pro-fibrotic agent and anti-fibrosis drugs were tested under cyclic stretching. Results Cyclic stretching that mimics respiratory motion was shown to affect the cytoskeletal organization and cellular orientation in the microtissue and cause the increase in microtissue contractility and stiffness. Fibrosis induction using TGF-β1 further promoted fibrosis-related mechanical activity of the lung microtissues. Using this system, we examined the therapeutic effects of two FDA approved anti-fibrotic drugs. Our results showed that Nintedanib was able to fully inhibit TGF-β1 induced force increase but only partially inhibited stretching induced force increase. In contrast, Pirfenidone was able to fully inhibit both TGF-β1 induced force increase and stretching-induced force increase. Conclusions Together, these results highlight the pathophysiologically-relevant modeling capability of the current fibrotic microtissue system and demonstrated the potential of this system to be used for anti-fibrosis drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadnabi Asmani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Christopher Kotei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Isaac Hsia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Leo Marecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Ruogang Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Bax NAM, Duim SN, Kruithof BPT, Smits AM, Bouten CVC, Goumans MJ. In vivo and in vitro Approaches Reveal Novel Insight Into the Ability of Epicardium-Derived Cells to Create Their Own Extracellular Environment. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:81. [PMID: 31275946 PMCID: PMC6594358 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epicardium-derived cells (hEPDCs) transplanted in the NOD-SCID mouse heart after myocardial infarction (MI) are known to improve cardiac function, most likely orchestrated by paracrine mechanisms that limit adverse remodeling. It is not yet known, however, if hEPDCs contribute to preservation of cardiac function via the secretion of matrix proteins and/or matrix proteases to reduce scar formation. This study describes the ability of hEPDCs to produce human collagen type I after transplantation into the infarct border zone, thereby creating their own extracellular environment. As the in vivo environment is too complex to investigate the mechanisms involved, we use an in vitro set-up, mimicking biophysical and biochemical cues from the myocardial tissue to unravel hEPDC-induced matrix remodeling. The in vivo contribution of hEPDCs to the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) was assessed in a historical dataset of the NOD-SCID murine model of experimentally induced MI and cell transplantation. Analysis showed that within 48 h after transplantation, hEPDCs produce human collagen type I. The build-up of the human collagen microenvironment was reversed within 6 weeks. To understand the hEPDCs response to the pathologic cardiac microenvironment, we studied the influence of cyclic straining and/or transforming growth beta (TGFβ) signaling in vitro. We revealed that 48 h of cyclic straining induced collagen type I production via the TGFβ/ALK5 signaling pathway. The in vitro approach enables further unraveling of the hEPDCs ability to secrete matrix proteins and matrix proteases and the potential to create and remodel the cardiac matrix in response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noortje A M Bax
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd N Duim
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Marie José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy and modeling have revealed that the adhesion molecule vinculin and F-actin form a catch bond that is dependent on the direction of forces along the actin filament. This may underlie the mechanisms by which cells sense directional physical cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Swaminathan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Campo M, Schnyder SK, Molina JJ, Speck T, Yamamoto R. Spontaneous spatiotemporal ordering of shape oscillations enhances cell migration. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4939-4946. [PMID: 31169857 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The migration of cells is relevant for processes such as morphogenesis, wound healing, and invasion of cancer cells. In order to move, single cells deform cyclically. However, it is not understood how these shape oscillations influence collective properties. Here we demonstrate, using numerical simulations, that the interplay of directed motion, shape oscillations, and excluded volume enables cells to locally "synchronize" their motion and thus enhance collective migration. Our model captures elongation and contraction of crawling ameboid cells controlled by an internal clock with a fixed period, mimicking the internal cycle of biological cells. We show that shape oscillations are crucial for local rearrangements that induce ordering of neighboring cells according to their internal clocks even in the absence of signaling and regularization. Our findings reveal a novel, purely physical mechanism through which the internal dynamics of cells influences their collective behavior, which is distinct from well known mechanisms like chemotaxis, cell division, and cell-cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Campo
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7-9, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Bernardi L, Giampietro C, Marina V, Genta M, Mazza E, Ferrari A. Adaptive reorientation of endothelial collectives in response to strain. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:527-538. [PMID: 30112523 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mature epithelial monolayers share the ability to coherently respond to external mechanical stimuli. Tissue remodeling requires cell shape changes and coordinated movements. Human endothelia provide an exquisite example of such emerging collective activities. As part of their function in maintaining body homeostasis under variable hemodynamic loadings, endothelial ensembles must dynamically adapt to wall shear stress and cyclic deformation. While the alignment of several types of cells, including fibroblasts, osteoblasts and epithelial tissues, in response to various flow conditions or wall shear stress levels has been described in detail, less is known about collective endothelial remodeling under pure wall deformation. Here, using a custom-developed bioreactor, we exposed mature human endothelia to two distinct physiological levels of cyclic loading, generating overlapping gradients of strain. Endothelial cells remodeled depending on the level of imposed strain yielding local variations of cell density. In particular, a collective cell orientation orthogonal to the main direction of strain was observed at low levels of wall deformation, while cells reoriented parallel to the main direction of strain at high levels of wall deformation. The tissue adaptation depended on the establishment of mature adherens junctions, which were reinforced by the polarized recruitment of the adaptor protein vinculin. The pivotal role of cell-to-cell junctions was confirmed by the biochemical inhibition of vascular endothelial cadherin homotypic contacts, which impaired the collective remodeling. Together, our data establish wall deformation as an independent determinant of endothelial architecture with direct implications in vascular physiopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernardi
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Qian W, Chen W. Probing Single-Cell Mechanical Allostasis Using Ultrasound Tweezers. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:415-427. [PMID: 31719924 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to external stress, cells alter their morphology, metabolic activity, and functions to mechanically adapt to the dynamic, local environment through cell allostasis. To explore mechanotransduction in cellular allostasis, we applied an integrated micromechanical system that combines an 'ultrasound tweezers'-based mechanical stressor and a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular force biosensor, termed "actinin-sstFRET," to monitor in situ single-cell allostasis in response to transient stimulation in real time. Methods The ultrasound tweezers utilize 1 Hz, 10-s transient ultrasound pulses to acoustically excite a lipid-encapsulated microbubble, which is bound to the cell membrane, and apply a pico- to nano-Newton range of forces to cells through an RGD-integrin linkage. The actinin-sstFRET molecular sensor, which engages the actin stress fibers in live cells, is used to map real-time actomyosin force dynamics over time. Then, the mechanosensitive behaviors were examined by profiling the dynamics in Ca2+ influx, actomyosin cytoskeleton (CSK) activity, and GTPase RhoA signaling to define a single-cell mechanical allostasis. Results By subjecting a 1 Hz, 10-s physical stress, single vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were observed to remodeled themselves in a biphasic mechanical allostatic manner within 30 min that caused them to adjust their contractility and actomyosin activities. The cellular machinery that underscores the vital role of CSK equilibrium in cellular mechanical allostasis, includes Ca2+ influx, remodeling of actomyosin CSK and contraction, and GTPase RhoA signaling. Mechanical allostasis was observed to be compromised in VSMCs from patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which could potentiate an allostatic maladaptation. Conclusions By integrating tools that simultaneously permit localized mechanical perturbation and map actomyosin forces, we revealed distinct cellular mechanical allostasis profiles in our micromechanical system. Our findings of cell mechanical allostasis and maladaptation provide the potential for mechanophenotyping cells to reveal their pathogenic contexts and their biophysical mediators that underlie multi-etiological diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, or aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Stretching cells – An approach for early cancer diagnosis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
87
|
Effect of Mechanical Stretch on the DNCB-induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5156. [PMID: 30914685 PMCID: PMC6435715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is exposed to various physico-chemical cues. Keratinocytes, a major component of the skin epidermis, directly interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix, and thus, biochemical and biophysical stimulations from the matrix regulate the function of keratinocytes. Although it was reported that inflammatory responses of skin were altered by an applied mechanical force, understanding how the keratinocytes sense the mechanical stimuli and regulate a cytokine secretion remains unclear. Here, we designed a device that is able to apply chemo-mechanical cues to keratinocytes and assess their proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 production. We showed that when chemical stimuli were applied with mechanical stimuli simultaneously, the IL-6 production markedly increased compared to that observed with a single stimulus. Quantitative structural analysis of cellular components revealed that the applied mechanical stretch transformed the cell morphology into an elongated shape, increased the cell size, and dictated the distribution of focal adhesion complex. Our results suggest that the mechanical cue-mediated modulation of focal adhesion proteins and actin cytoskeleton translates into intracellular signaling associated with the IL-6 production particularly in skin sensitization. Our study can be applied to understand proinflammatory responses of skin under altered biophysical environments of the skin.
Collapse
|
88
|
Molina JJ, Yamamoto R. Modeling the mechanosensitivity of fast-crawling cells on cyclically stretched substrates. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:683-698. [PMID: 30623962 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanosensitivity of cells, which determines how they are able to respond to mechanical signals, is crucial for the functioning of biological systems. Experimentally, this is investigated by studying the reorientation of cells on cyclically stretched substrates. The reorientation depends on the type of cell and on the stretching protocol, but the mechanisms responsible for the response are still not completely understood. Here, we introduce a computational model for fast crawling cells on cyclically stretched substrates that accounts for the sub-cellular elements responsible for cell shape and motility. This includes the dynamics of the cell membrane, the actin cytoskeleton, and the focal adhesions with the stretching substrate. These processes evolve over characteristic time scales that can vary by orders of magnitude and naturally give rise to the frequency dependent reorientation observed experimentally. Depending on which processes are being probed by the stretching and on the type of coupling with the substrate, our simulations predict either no reorientation, a bi-stability in the parallel and perpendicular directions, or a complete reorientation in either the parallel or perpendicular direction. In particular, we show that an asymmetry in the adhesion dynamics during the loading and unloading phases of the stretching, whether it comes from the response of the cell itself or from the precise stretching protocol, can be used to selectively align the cells. Our results provide further evidence for the importance of focal adhesion dynamics in determining the mechanosensitive response of cells, as well as a way to interpret recent experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Molina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Boulter E, Tissot FS, Dilly J, Pisano S, Féral CC. Cyclic uniaxial mechanical stretching of cells using a LEGO® parts-based mechanical stretcher system. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.234666. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues are essential to the regulation of cell and tissue physiology. Henceforth, it has become an utmost necessity for cell biologists to account for those mechanical parameters when investigating biological processes and they need devices to manipulate cells accordingly. Here, we report a simple mechanical cell stretching system that can generate uniaxial cyclic mechanical stretch on cells in tissue culture. This system is based upon a low-cost battery-powered uniaxial cyclic mechanical stretcher exclusively built out of LEGO® parts combined to a stretchable PDMS tissue culture plate in order to grow and stretch cells. We characterize the system and show that it can be used with a wide variety of downstream applications including immunofluorescence, Western blotting and biochemical assays. We also illustrate how this system can be useful in a study as we investigated the behavior of integrin adhesion complexes upon cell stretching. We therefore present a cost-effective, multipurpose cell stretching system that should help understand mechanical signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Boulter
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, 06107 Nice France
| | - Floriane S. Tissot
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, 06107 Nice France
- Imperial College London, London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London UK
| | - Julien Dilly
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, 06107 Nice France
| | - Sabrina Pisano
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, 06107 Nice France
| | - Chloé C. Féral
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, 06107 Nice France
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Chagnon-Lessard S, Godin M, Pelling AE. Time dependence of cellular responses to dynamic and complex strain fields. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:4-15. [PMID: 30778578 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposing cells to an unconventional sequence of physical cues can reveal subtleties of cellular sensing and response mechanisms. We investigated the mechanoresponse of cyclically stretched fibroblasts under a spatially non-uniform strain field which was subjected to repeated changes in stretching directions over 55 h. A polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic stretcher array optimized for complex staining procedures and imaging was developed to generate biologically relevant strain and strain gradient amplitudes. We demonstrated that cells can successfully reorient themselves repeatedly, as the main cyclical stretching direction is consecutively switched between two perpendicular directions every 11 h. Importantly, from one reorientation to the next, the extent to which cells reorient themselves perpendicularly to the local strain direction progressively decreases, while their tendency to align perpendicularly to the strain gradient direction increases. We demonstrate that these results are consistent with our finding that cellular responses to strains and strain gradients occur on two distinct time scales, the latter being slower. Overall, our results reveal the absence of major irreversible cellular changes that compromise the ability to sense and reorient to changing strain directions under the conditions of this experiment. On the other hand, we show how the history of strain field dynamics can influence the cellular realignment behavior, due to the interplay of complex time-dependent responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Godin
- Department of Physics, STEM Building 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Site Building, 800 King Edward Avenue, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew E Pelling
- Department of Physics, STEM Building 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biology, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institute for Science Society and Policy, Simard Hall, 60 University, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,SymbioticA, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Rosowski KA, Boltyanskiy R, Xiang Y, Van den Dries K, Schwartz MA, Dufresne ER. Vinculin and the mechanical response of adherent fibroblasts to matrix deformation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17967. [PMID: 30568231 PMCID: PMC6299284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to the mechanics of their environment. Mechanical cues include extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and deformation, which are primarily sensed through integrin-mediated adhesions. We investigated the impact of ECM deformation on cellular forces, measuring the time-evolution of traction forces of isolated mouse fibroblasts in response to stretch and release. Stretch triggered a marked increase of traction stresses and apparent stiffness. Expression of the focal adhesion protein vinculin not only increased baseline traction forces, but also increased dissipation of mechanical energy, which was correlated with the cells’ failure to recover baseline traction forces after release of stretch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Rosowski
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Rostislav Boltyanskiy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Yingjie Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Koen Van den Dries
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Departments of Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Martewicz S, Luni C, Serena E, Pavan P, Chen HSV, Rampazzo A, Elvassore N. Transcriptomic Characterization of a Human In Vitro Model of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Under Topological and Mechanical Stimuli. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:852-865. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
93
|
Landau S, Moriel A, Livne A, Zheng MH, Bouchbinder E, Levenberg S. Tissue-Level Mechanosensitivity: Predicting and Controlling the Orientation of 3D Vascular Networks. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7698-7708. [PMID: 30427693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanosensitivity of tissues is a fundamentally important problem having far-reaching implications for tissue engineering. Here we study vascular networks formed by a coculture of fibroblasts and endothelial cells embedded in three-dimensional biomaterials experiencing external, physiologically relevant forces. We show that cyclic stretching of the biomaterial orients the newly formed network perpendicular to the stretching direction, independent of the geometric aspect ratio of the biomaterial's sample. A two-dimensional theory explains this observation in terms of the network's stored elastic energy if the cell-embedded biomaterial features a vanishing effective Poisson's ratio, which we directly verify. We further show that under a static stretch, vascular networks orient parallel to the stretching direction due to force-induced anisotropy of the biomaterial polymer network. Finally, static stretching followed by cyclic stretching reveals a competition between the two mechanosensitive mechanisms. These results demonstrate tissue-level mechanosensitivity and constitute an important step toward developing enhanced tissue repair capabilities using well-oriented vascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Landau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , 3200002 , Israel
| | - Avraham Moriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Ariel Livne
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , 3200002 , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Jepsen ML, Nielsen LH, Boisen A, Almdal K, Dufva M. Characterization of thin gelatin hydrogel membranes with balloon properties for dynamic tissue engineering. Biopolymers 2018; 110:e23241. [PMID: 30536858 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell or tissue stretching and strain are present in any in vivo environment, but is difficult to reproduce in vitro. Here, we describe a simple method for casting a thin (about 500 μm) and soft (about 0.3 kPa) hydrogel of gelatin and a method for characterizing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel simply by changing pressure with a water column. The gelatin is crosslinked with mTransglutaminase and the area of the resulting hydrogel can be increased up 13-fold by increasing the radial water pressure. This is far beyond physiological stretches observed in vivo. Actuating the hydrogel with a radial force achieves both information about stiffness, stretchability, and contractability, which are relevant properties for tissue engineering purposes. Cells could be stretched and contracted using the gelatin membrane. Gelatin is a commonly used polymer for hydrogels in tissue engineering, and the discovered reversible stretching is particularly interesting for organ modeling applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Leth Jepsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Saw TB, Xi W, Ladoux B, Lim CT. Biological Tissues as Active Nematic Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802579. [PMID: 30156334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Live tissues can self-organize and be described as active materials composed of cells that generate active stresses through continuous injection of energy. In vitro reconstituted molecular networks, as well as single-cell cytoskeletons show that their filamentous structures can portray nematic liquid crystalline properties and can promote nonequilibrium processes induced by active processes at the microscale. The appearance of collective patterns, the formation of topological singularities, and spontaneous phase transition within the cell cytoskeleton are emergent properties that drive cellular functions. More integrated systems such as tissues have cells that can be seen as coarse-grained active nematic particles and their interaction can dictate many important tissue processes such as epithelial cell extrusion and migration as observed in vitro and in vivo. Here, a brief introduction to the concept of active nematics is provided, and the main focus is on the use of this framework in the systematic study of predominantly 2D tissue architectures and dynamics in vitro. In addition how the nematic state is important in tissue behavior, such as epithelial expansion, tissue homeostasis, and the atherosclerosis disease state, is discussed. Finally, how the nematic organization of cells can be controlled in vitro for tissue engineering purposes is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Beng Saw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Wang Xi
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health, Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Ren J, Zou Q. Modeling of Soft Sample Deformation in Atomic Force Microscope Imaging: Live Mammalian Cell Example. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Rutgers University Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Ho KKY, Wang YL, Wu J, Liu AP. Advanced Microfluidic Device Designed for Cyclic Compression of Single Adherent Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:148. [PMID: 30386779 PMCID: PMC6198036 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in our body experience different types of stress including compression, tension, and shear. It has been shown that some cells experience permanent plastic deformation after a mechanical tensile load was removed. However, it was unclear whether cells are plastically deformed after repetitive compressive loading and unloading. There have been few tools available to exert cyclic compression at the single cell level. To address technical challenges found in a previous microfluidic compression device, we developed a new single-cell microfluidic compression device that combines an elastomeric membrane block geometry to ensure a flat contact surface and microcontact printing to confine cell spreading within cell trapping chambers. The design of the block geometry inside the compression chamber was optimized by using computational simulations. Additionally, we have implemented step-wise pneumatically controlled cell trapping to allow more compression chambers to be incorporated while minimizing mechanical perturbation on trapped cells. Using breast epithelial MCF10A cells stably expressing a fluorescent actin marker, we successfully demonstrated the new device design by separately trapping single cells in different chambers, confining cell spreading on microcontact printed islands, and applying cyclic planar compression onto single cells. We found that there is no permanent deformation after a 0.5 Hz cyclic compressive load for 6 min was removed. Overall, the development of the single-cell compression microfluidic device opens up new opportunities in mechanobiology and cell mechanics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K. Y. Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ying Lin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Bredov D, Volodyaev I. Increasing complexity: Mechanical guidance and feedback loops as a basis for self-organization in morphogenesis. Biosystems 2018; 173:133-156. [PMID: 30292533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The article is devoted to physical views on embryo development as a combination of structurally stable dynamics and symmetry-breaking events in the general process of self-organization. The first corresponds to the deterministic aspect of embryo development. The second type of processes is associated with sudden increase of variability in the periods of symmetry-breaking, which manifests unstable dynamics. The biological basis under these considerations includes chemokinetics (a system of inductors, repressors, and interaction with their next surrounding) and morphomechanics (i.e. mechanotransduction, mechanosensing, and related feedback loops). Although the latter research area is evolving rapidly, up to this time the role of mechanical properties of embryonic tissues and mechano-dependent processes in them are integrated in the general picture of embryo development to a lesser extent than biochemical signaling. For this reason, the present article is mostly devoted to experimental data on morphomechanics in the process of embryo development, also including analysis of its limitations and possible contradictions. The general system of feedback-loops and system dynamics delineated in this review is in large part a repetition of the views of Lev Beloussov, who was one of the founders of the whole areas of morphomechanics and morphodynamics, and to whose memory this article is dedicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Bredov
- Laboratory of Developmental biophysics, Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Ilya Volodyaev
- Laboratory of Developmental biophysics, Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Cai P, Hu B, Leow WR, Wang X, Loh XJ, Wu YL, Chen X. Biomechano-Interactive Materials and Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800572. [PMID: 29882230 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reciprocal mechanical interaction of engineered materials with biointerfaces have long been observed and exploited in biomedical applications. It contributes to the rise of biomechano-responsive materials and biomechano-stimulatory materials, constituting the biomechano-interactive interfaces. Here, endogenous and exogenous biomechanical stimuli available for mechanoresponsive interfaces are briefed and their mechanistic responses, including deformation and volume change, mechanomanipulation of physical and chemical bonds, dissociation of assemblies, and coupling with thermoresponsiveness are summarized. The mechanostimulatory materials, however, are capable of delivering mechanical cues, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, geometrical constraints, and mechanical loads, to modulate physiological and pathological behaviors of living tissues through the adaptive cellular mechanotransduction. The biomechano-interactive materials and interfaces are widely implemented in such fields as mechanotriggered therapeutics and diagnosis, adaptive biophysical sensors, biointegrated soft actuators, and mechanorobust tissue engineering, which have offered unprecedented opportunities for precision and personalized medicine. Pending challenges are also addressed to shed a light on future advances with respect to translational implementations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Benhui Hu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Mechanical loading induces primary cilia disassembly in tendon cells via TGFβ and HDAC6. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11107. [PMID: 30038235 PMCID: PMC6056413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used isolated human tenocytes to test the hypothesis that cyclic mechanical strain directly stimulates primary cilia disassembly, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Cells were seeded onto flexible membranes and strained at 0–3%; 1 Hz, for up to 24 hours. Cilia length and prevalence progressively reduced with increasing strain duration but showed full recovery within 2 hours of strain removal. The response to loading was not influenced by actin organisation as seen in other cell types. However, the loading response could be recreated by treatment with TGFβ. Furthermore, treatment with the HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin, or a TGFβ receptor inhibitor both prevented strain induced cilia disassembly. These data are the first to describe primary cilia expression in isolated tenocytes, showing that mechanical strain regulates cilia expression independent of changes in tendon extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we show that cilia disassembly is mediated by the activation of TGFβ receptors leading to activation of HDAC6. Previous studies have shown that cilia are required for TGFβ signalling and that tendon mechanosignalling is mediated by TGFβ. The present study therefore suggests a novel feedback mechanism whereby cilia disassembly inhibits prolonged TGFβ activation in response to continuous cyclic loading.
Collapse
|