51
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Park CE. Evaluation of Pregnancy and Thyroid Function. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Molecular Diagnostics Research Institute, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
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52
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Eerdekens A, Langouche L, Güiza F, Verhaeghe J, Naulaers G, Vanhole C, Van den Berghe G. Maternal and placental responses before preterm birth: adaptations to increase fetal thyroid hormone availability? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2746-2757. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1449199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Eerdekens
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Güiza
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Vanhole
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
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53
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Zhu YD, Han Y, Huang K, Zhu BB, Yan SQ, Ge X, Zhou SS, Xu YY, Ren LI, Sheng J, Pan WJ, Hao JH, Zhu P, Tao FB. The impact of isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia on the incidence of large-for-gestational-age infants: the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort study. BJOG 2018; 125:1118-1125. [PMID: 29266657 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia (IMH) is associated with risks of small/large-for-gestational-age (SGA/LGA) infants. DESIGN Population-based prospective cohort study. SETTING Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics, China. POPULATION Pregnant women with singleton births (n = 3178). METHODS Descriptive statistics were calculated for the demographic characteristics of the mothers and their newborns. Linear regression was applied to estimate the association between thyroid hormone levels and birthweight. Logistic regression was performed to calculate the association between IMH and SGA/LGA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes included SGA/LGA. RESULTS The prevalence of IMH, defined as a free thyroxine value (FT4) lower than the 2.5th percentile with normal thyroid stimulating hormone, was 2.5% (78/3080) and 2.5% (74/2999) in the first and second trimesters, respectively. Additionally, 306 (9.6%) and 524 (16.5%) infants were defined as SGA and LGA, respectively. No evidence supported the notion that IMH is associated with an increased risk for SGA in either the first [odds ratio (OR): 1.762, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.759-4.089] or the second (OR: 0.763, 95% CI: 0.231-2.516) trimester. However, an increased risk of LGA was observed among IMH women in the second trimester (OR: 2.088, 95% CI: 1.193-3.654). Maternal TPO-Ab positivity in the second trimester increased the risk of SGA (OR: 2.094, 95% CI: 1.333-3.290). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that IMH is associated with LGA. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81330068). TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia may increase the risk of large-for-gestational-age infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-D Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Han
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - K Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - B-B Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - S-Q Yan
- Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinic, Ma'anshan, China
| | - X Ge
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S-S Zhou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y-Y Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - L-I Ren
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - J Sheng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - W-J Pan
- Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinic, Ma'anshan, China
| | - J-H Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - P Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - F-B Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
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54
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Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. The contribution of total and free iodothyronines to welfare maintenance and management stress coping in Ruminants and Equines: Physiological ranges and reference values. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:134-143. [PMID: 29428703 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to acquire a pattern of thyroid involvement in welfare maintenance in Ruminants and Equines, this review summarizes data concerning the reference values of total and free iodothyronines and their modifications in physiological conditions and in different management conditions (pregnancy, lactation, weaning, growth, isolation, restraint, shearing, confinement and transportation). Thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues efficiently respond to management practices, giving a differentiated contribution to circulating iodothyronine changes. The hormonal response could be mainly attributed to the intracellular deiodination of T4 to T3. Triiodothyronine (T3) and free iodothyronines (fT3 and fT4) result more responsive to management stress, showing different pattern with species and to various conditions, as to environmental conditions in which activities are performed. Intrinsic seasonal changes of iodothyronines and a significant pregnancy effect for T3 were recorded in mares. Higher, although not significant, T3 and T4 concentrations in barren than pregnant mares were observed in donkeys. A positive significant correlation between T3 and T4 was described only in pregnant donkeys. Moreover, a significant effect of season on T3 and fT3 changes was observed both in pregnant and barren donkeys. A significant lactating effect compared with nonlactating stage for T3 and T4 was recorded in mares. In growing foals, body weight (BW) and age were positively correlated with T3 and negatively correlated with T4, fT4 and fT3. Weaning effects were shown for T3 and fT4 concentrations, indicating that weaning represents a severe stress and the presence of conspecific does not reduce psychological stress in this phase. Lambs showed significant decreased T3 and elevated T4 concentrations two weeks after weaning, with higher concentrations in both males and females compared to 24 h. Significant positive correlations were observed between BW and T4, fT3 and fT4 concentrations in lambs. A T3 decrease was detected after isolation, such as induced by confinement and weaning in lambs. Higher T3 concentration after restraint and shearing than after isolation and significant increases in T4, fT3 and fT4 values after restraint and shearing were recorded. The basal concentrations of fT3 in both the inexperienced and experienced transported horses were significantly higher than in untransported experienced horses. Moreover, increases of T3, T4 and fT4 after short road transportation, and significant correlations between T3 and rectal temperature (RT), body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR), confirmed their important role in coping strategy. Thyroid responsiveness to short transport is similar in domestic donkeys and horses, with a preferential release of T3 in horses. A greatest and constant release of T3 and T4, although differentiated, after simulated transportation and after conventional transport of horses confirmed that the degree of stress induced by confinement and additional stressful stimuli associated to road transportation could differently influence the iodothyronine release. Temperamental Limousin young beef bulls showed lower T4 and fT4 concentrations after prolonged transportation than calm subjects, and a concomitant decrease of circulating ACTH, cortisol, T3 and fT3 concentrations, probably induced by down regulation of HPA axis and cortisol negative feedback. These data reinforce the importance of taking into account the evaluation of iodothyronines, and notably of T3, as markers of welfare and stress and their role in ensuring energy homeostasis and productive and reproductive performances in Ruminants and Equines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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55
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Determination of thyroid hormones in placenta using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1534:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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56
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Landers K, Richard K. Traversing barriers - How thyroid hormones pass placental, blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:22-28. [PMID: 28153799 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal human fetal growth and brain development. As the fetal thyroid does not secrete thyroid hormones until about 18 weeks gestation, early fetal brain development depends on passage of maternal hormone across the placenta into the fetal circulation. To reach the fetal brain, maternally derived and endogenously produced thyroid hormone has to cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. In this review we will discuss the complex biological barriers (involving membrane transporters, enzymes and distributor proteins) that must be overcome to ensure that the developing human brain has adequate exposure to thyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Landers
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Kerry Richard
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
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57
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Serrano-Nascimento C, Salgueiro RB, Vitzel KF, Pantaleão T, Corrêa da Costa VM, Nunes MT. Iodine excess exposure during pregnancy and lactation impairs maternal thyroid function in rats. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:510-521. [PMID: 28814477 PMCID: PMC5597975 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adequate maternal iodine consumption during pregnancy and lactation guarantees normal thyroid hormones (TH) production, which is crucial to the development of the fetus. Indeed, iodine deficiency is clearly related to maternal hypothyroidism and deleterious effects in the fetal development. Conversely, the effects of iodine excess (IE) consumption on maternal thyroid function are still controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of IE exposure during pregnancy and lactation periods on maternal hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. IE-exposed dams presented reduced serum TH concentration and increased serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels. Moreover, maternal IE exposure increased the hypothalamic expression of Trh and the pituitary expression of Trhr, Dio2, Tsha and Tshb mRNA, while reduced the Gh mRNA content. Additionally, IE-exposed dams presented thyroid morphological alterations, increased thyroid oxidative stress and decreased expression of thyroid genes/proteins involved in TH synthesis, secretion and metabolism. Furthermore, Dio1 mRNA expression and D1 activity were reduced in the liver and the kidney of IE-treated animals. Finally, the mRNA expression of Slc5a5 and Slc26a4 were reduced in the mammary gland of IE-exposed rats. The latter results are in accordance with the reduction of prolactin expression and serum levels in IE-treated dams. In summary, our study indicates that the exposure to IE during pregnancy and lactation induces primary hypothyroidism in rat dams and impairs iodide transfer to the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barrera Salgueiro
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaio Fernando Vitzel
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pantaleão
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Janssen BG, Byun HM, Roels HA, Gyselaers W, Penders J, Baccarelli AA, Nawrot TS. Regulating role of fetal thyroid hormones on placental mitochondrial DNA methylation: epidemiological evidence from the ENVIR ONAGE birth cohort study. Clin Epigenetics 2017. [PMID: 28649287 PMCID: PMC5479026 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal development largely depends on thyroid hormone availability and proper placental function with an important role played by placental mitochondria. The biological mechanisms by which thyroid hormones exert their effects on mitochondrial function are not well understood. We investigated the role of fetal thyroid hormones on placental mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and mtDNA methylation. We collected placental tissue and cord blood from 305 mother-child pairs that were enrolled between February 2010 and June 2014 in the ENVIRONAGE (ENVIRonmental influence ON early AGEing) birth cohort (province of Limburg, Belgium). Placental mtDNA content was determined by qPCR and placental mtDNA methylation by bisulfite-pyrosequencing in two regions, i.e., the D-loop control region and 12S ribosomal RNA (MT-RNR1). The levels of free thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in cord blood. RESULTS Cord blood FT3 and FT4 were inversely associated with placental mtDNA methylation at the MT-RNR1 (p ≤ 0.01) and D-loop (p ≤ 0.05) regions, whereas a positive association was observed for both hormones with placental mtDNA content (p ≤ 0.04). Assuming causality, we estimated that MT-RNR1 and D-loop methylation mediated, respectively, 77% [indirect effect +14.61% (95% CI 2.64 to 27.98%, p = 0.01)] and 47% [indirect effect +8.60% (95% CI 1.23 to 16.50%, p = 0.02] of the positive association between FT3 and placental mtDNA content. Mediation models with FT4 gave similar results but the estimated effect proportions were smaller compared with those of FT3 (54% and 24%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We showed that epigenetic modification at specific loci of the mitochondrial genome could intervene with the thyroid-dependent regulation of mitochondrial DNA copy numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram G Janssen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
| | - Harry A Roels
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Gyselaers
- Department of Obstetrics, East-Limburg Hospital, Genk, 3600 Belgium.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590 Belgium
| | - Joris Penders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590 Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Biology, East-Limburg Hospital, Genk, 3600 Belgium
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
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59
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Griffith OW, Brandley MC, Whittington CM, Belov K, Thompson MB. Comparative genomics of hormonal signaling in the chorioallantoic membrane of oviparous and viviparous amniotes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:19-29. [PMID: 27102939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In oviparous amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) lines the inside of the egg and acts as the living point of contact between the embryo and the outside world. In livebearing (viviparous) amniotes, communication during embryonic development occurs across placental tissues, which form between the uterine tissue of the mother and the CAM of the embryo. In both oviparous and viviparous taxa, the CAM is at the interface of the embryo and the external environment and can transfer signals from there to the embryo proper. To understand the evolution of placental hormone production in amniotes, we examined the expression of genes involved in hormone synthesis, metabolism, and hormone receptivity in the CAM of species across the amniote phylogeny. We collected transcriptome data for the chorioallantoic membranes of the chicken (oviparous), the lizards Lerista bougainvillii (both oviparous and viviparous populations) and Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii (viviparous), and the horse Equus caballus (viviparous). The viviparous taxa differ in their mechanisms of nutrient provisioning: L. bougainvillii is lecithotrophic (embryonic nourishment is provided via the yolk only), but P. entrecasteauxii and the horse are placentotrophic (embryos are nourished via placental transport). Of the 423 hormone-related genes that we examined, 91 genes are expressed in all studied species, suggesting that the chorioallantoic membrane ancestrally had an endocrine function. Therefore, the chorioallantoic membrane appears to be a highly hormonally active organ in all amniotes. No genes are expressed only in viviparous species, suggesting that the evolution of viviparity has not required the recruitment of any specific hormone-related genes. Our data suggest that the endocrine function of the CAM as a placental tissue evolved in part through co-option of ancestral gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Griffith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Matthew C Brandley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; New York University - Sydney, The Rocks, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Camilla M Whittington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael B Thompson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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60
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Kumar S, Chiinngaihlun T, Singh MR, Punyabati O. Correlation of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Thyroid Function in Euthyroid Pregnant Women in Manipur, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC13-CC15. [PMID: 28571134 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25258.9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Body Mass Index (BMI) is significantly increased during pregnancy due to gain of weight with normal progression of pregnancy. The exact influence of thyroid function on BMI are ill defined in euthyroid pregnant women. AIM To correlate serum levels of Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), Free Thyroxine (FT4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) level with BMI of participant normal pregnant women in all the three trimesters. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional comparative study, total of 210 healthy pregnant women comprising of 70 participants in each trimester, attending Obstetrics Outpatient Department (OPD) for antenatal check-up were consecutively selected. Estimation of serum FT3, FT4 and TSH level was done by ELISA based methods. The correlation of BMI with serum levels of FT3, FT4 and TSH was done using Pearson correlation test (r) by SPSS version 21.0 software. RESULTS TSH level of participant normal pregnant women showed significant positive correlation with BMI during first (r=0.254 and p=0.034) and second trimester (r=0.263 and p=0.028) of pregnancy. FT4 level showed significant negative correlation in second (r= -0.454 and p<0.001) and third trimester (r= -0.351 and p=0.003) of pregnancy. Correlation between BMI and FT3 level showed no significant association in any of the trimesters. CONCLUSION BMI correlates positively with TSH level in first and second trimesters while it correlates negatively with FT4 level in second and third trimesters, but, failed to demonstrate significant association with FT3 level in any of trimesters in euthyroid pregnant women. Serum TSH along with FT4 level appears more useful modality compared to serum TSH alone for targeted thyroid screening particularly in obese pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Physiology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - T Chiinngaihlun
- Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Physiology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - M Rameswar Singh
- Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - O Punyabati
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India
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61
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Wang B, Liu JJ, Wang Y, Fu L, Shen R, Yu Z, Wang H, Chen YH, Zhang C, Meng XH, Xu DX. Maternal Fenvalerate Exposure Induces Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction Through Disrupting Placental Thyroid Hormone Receptor Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:377-386. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Correlation between Prenatal Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Infant Birth Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis and an Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030268. [PMID: 28272363 PMCID: PMC5369104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Only a few epidemiological studies have focused on the correlation between prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and infant birth outcomes (IBO), and the results of these epidemiological studies are contradictory. The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between prenatal exposure to PBDEs (PEP) and IBO (i.e., birth weight) in an analysis of epidemiological studies and an experimental animals study. We searched databases of the medical literature (PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) for articles and pooled the results of the included epidemiological studies. In parallel, birth outcomes (i.e., birth weights of pups) were collected from female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in the diet from five weeks of age to delivery. A significant negative relationship was found between human PBDE burden and birth weight in the analysis of seven epidemiological studies based on a random-effects model (β = −50.598; 95% confidence interval (CI) −95.914, −5.282; I2 = 11.8%; p = 0.029). In the experimental animal study, a significant decrease in birth weight in the DecaBDE-treated group was also observed (5.26 ± 0.39 vs. 5.8 ± 0.58, p = 0.0132). The results of our study contribute to increasing evidence suggesting that PEP adversely impacts IBO, especially birth weight.
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63
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Johns LE, Ferguson KK, McElrath TF, Mukherjee B, Seely EW, Meeker JD. Longitudinal Profiles of Thyroid Hormone Parameters in Pregnancy and Associations with Preterm Birth. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169542. [PMID: 28060899 PMCID: PMC5217954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Overt thyroid disease in pregnancy is associated with numerous maternal and neonatal complications including preterm birth. Less is known about the contribution of trimester-specific subclinical alterations in individual thyroid hormones, especially in late gestation, on the risk of preterm birth. Herein, we examined the associations between subclinical changes in maternal thyroid hormone concentrations (TSH, total T3, free and total T4), measured at multiple time points in pregnancy, and the odds of preterm birth in pregnant women without clinical thyroid disease. Participants and Methods Data were obtained from pregnant women participating in a nested case-control study of preterm birth within on ongoing birth cohort study at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA (N = 439; 116 cases and 323 controls). We measured thyroid hormones in plasma collected at up to four time points in pregnancy (median = 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks). We used multivariate logistic regression models stratified by study visit of sample collection to examine associations. To reveal potential biological pathways, we also explored these relationships by obstetric presentation of preterm birth (e.g., spontaneous preterm delivery) that have been previously hypothesized to share common underlying mechanisms. Results In samples collected at median 10 and 26 weeks of gestation, we found inverse associations between FT4 and the odds of overall preterm birth (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33, 1.00; and OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.84, respectively). Positive associations were detected for total T3 at these same time points (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.20, 5.31; and OR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.56, 7.40, respectively). These effect estimates were stronger for spontaneous preterm birth. Conclusions Our results suggest that subclinical alterations in individual maternal thyroid hormones may influence the risk of preterm birth, and the strength of these associations vary by gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Johns
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Thomas F. McElrath
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ellen W. Seely
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- * E-mail:
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Leonetti C, Butt CM, Hoffman K, Hammel SC, Miranda ML, Stapleton HM. Brominated flame retardants in placental tissues: associations with infant sex and thyroid hormone endpoints. Environ Health 2016; 15:113. [PMID: 27884139 PMCID: PMC5123327 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in the placenta, but it remains unclear if they disrupt tissue thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism. Our primary goal was to investigate associations between placental BFRs, TH levels, Type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) activity and TH sulfotransferase (SULT) activities. METHODS Placenta samples collected from 95 women who delivered term (>37 weeks) infants in Durham, NC, USA (enrolled 2010-2011) were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), THs (T4, T3 and rT3), and DIO3 and TH SULT activities. RESULTS PBDEs and 2,4,6-TBP were detected in all placenta samples. PBDEs were higher in placental tissues from male infants compared to female infants, with 2,4,6-TBP and BDE-209 levels approximately twice as high. Among male infants, placental BDE-99 and BDE-209 were negatively associated with rT3 placental levels. For female infants, placental BDE-99 and 2,4,6-TBP were positively associated with T3 concentrations. DIO3 activity was also significantly higher in placental tissues from male infants compared to females, while 3,3'-T2 SULT activity was significantly higher in placental tissues from females compared to males. Among males, several PBDE congeners were positively correlated with T3 SULT, while BDE-99 was negatively associated with T3 SULT among females. Associations generally remained after adjustment for potential confounding by maternal age and gestational age at delivery. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest BFRs accumulate in the placenta and potentially alter TH function in a sex-specific manner, a possible mechanism to explain the sex-dependent impacts of environmental exposure on children's growth and development. More research is needed to elucidate the effects of BFRs on placenta function during pregnancy, as well as the biological consequences of exposure and thyroid disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Leonetti
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Craig M. Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | | | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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De Angelis M, Giesert F, Finan B, Clemmensen C, Müller TD, Vogt-Weisenhorn D, Tschöp MH, Schramm KW. Determination of thyroid hormones in mouse tissues by isotope-dilution microflow liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:413-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various physiological changes occur in maternal thyroid economy during pregnancy. This review focuses on the events taking place during gestation that together strongly influence maternal thyroid function. METHODS Scientific reports on maternal thyroid physiology in pregnancy. RESULTS During the 1st trimester, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induces a transient increase in free thyroxine (FT4) levels, which is mirrored by a lowering of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. Following this period, serum FT4 concentrations decrease of approximately 10 to 15%, and serum TSH values steadily return to normal. Also starting in early gestation, there is a marked increase in serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations, which peak around midgestation and are maintained thereafter. This event, in turn, is responsible for a significant rise in total T4 and triiodothyronine (T3). Finally, significant modifications in the peripheral metabolism of maternal thyroid hormones occur, due to the expression and activity of placental types 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2 and D3, respectively). CONCLUSION In line with these variations, both free thyroid hormone and TSH reference intervals change throughout pregnancy, and most scientific societies now recommend that method- and gestation-specific reference ranges be used for interpreting results in pregnancy.The maternal iodide pool reduces during pregnancy because of increased renal clearance of iodine and transfer of iodine to the feto-placental unit. This results in an additional requirement of iodine during pregnancy of ~100% as compared to nonpregnant adults. In accordance, the recommended iodine intake in pregnancy is 250 μg/day. A daily iodine intake below this threshold poses risks of various degrees of thyroid insufficiency for both the mother and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarla Moleti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Trimarchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Vermiglio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Wade B, Cummins M, Keyburn A, Crowley TM. Isolation and detection of microRNA from the egg of chickens. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:283. [PMID: 27215602 PMCID: PMC4877990 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The egg is a vital part of the chicken developmental process and an important protein source for humans. Despite the chicken egg being a subject of intense research little attention has been given to the role of microRNAs within the egg. Findings We report a method for the reproducible and reliable isolation of miRNA from the albumen and yolk of chicken eggs. We also report the detection via real-time PCR of a number of miRNAs from both of these biological fluids. Conclusions These findings provide an interesting look into the chicken egg and raise questions as to the role that miRNAs maybe playing in the chicken egg. This method of detecting miRNAs in chicken eggs will allow researchers to investigate the presence of an additional level of epigenetic programming in chick development previously unknown and also how this impacts the nutritional value of eggs for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wade
- School of Medicine, MMR, Bioinformatics Core Research Facility, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.,CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Michelle Cummins
- School of Medicine, MMR, Bioinformatics Core Research Facility, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.,CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Anthony Keyburn
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Tamsyn M Crowley
- School of Medicine, MMR, Bioinformatics Core Research Facility, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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Fazio E, Medica P, Trifiletti C, Ferlazzo A. The outcome of the first stages of pregnancy on mares' bloodstream thyroid hormones. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1036-1041. [PMID: 27125693 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare in detail the total and free iodothyronines' pattern of mares from the first ovulation of the year over an extended period of 12 weeks. A total of 20 mares were used in the study. The mares were classified into two groups: mares mated at the ovulation (n = 10) used as observational group and mares unmated at the ovulation (n = 10) used as control group. Serum total and free triiodothyronine (T3, fT3) and thyroxine (T4, fT4) levels were measured in baseline conditions at the first ovulation of year and once a week until 12 weeks later. For the experimental group, the first week of postovulation mating was considered as the first week of gestation. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of time over 12 weeks for T3 (F = 2.44; P = 0.007) in pregnant mares, with the higher levels at the seventh and 12th weeks (P < 0.05) than baseline values, and for fT3 (F = 2.36; P = 0.009), with the higher levels at the 11th week (P < 0.05) than baseline values. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant pregnancy effect compared with nonpregnancy stage for T3 (F = 15.82; P = 0.009), with the higher levels at the seventh and 12th weeks (P < 0.05) of pregnancy than that in nonpregnant values. Thus, it appears that, under similar environment, management and nutritional regime, the first trimester of pregnancy plays a dynamic role on the thyroid patterns by their anabolic activity; therefore, significant effects of time points on the T3 and fT3 concentrations probably may contribute to the control of early embryonic growth and development, before the onset of fetal thyroid activity. Considerable additional research, outwith the aim of this study, will be required to elucidate the mechanisms by which gestational age affects the physiological thyroid function in mares and/or fetus ratio in the first pregnancy stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - P Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - C Trifiletti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - A Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Casarini L, Brigante G, Simoni M, Santi D. Clinical Applications of Gonadotropins in the Female: Assisted Reproduction and Beyond. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:85-119. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lazarus J, Taylor P. HYPOTHYROXINAEMIA AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2016; 12:1-6. [PMID: 31258792 PMCID: PMC6586752 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to indicate the current position on the role of thyroxine (T4) and fetal brain development with particular relevance to the human situation. Adequate maternal iodine nutrition and maternal circulating thyroxine (T4) concentrations are essential to ensure optimum T4 placental passage which in turn will ensure transport of T4 into fetal brain cells. These processes are discussed and the role of thyroid hormone transporters is considered. The emphasis on isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia (IH) as an important factor affecting brain development is discussed from the animal experimental point of view as well as in the clinical setting. There is evidence of neurocognitive impairment as assessed by different modalities in children up to the age of 8 years and some suggestion of increased psychiatric disorder in older persons whose mothers had IH during gestation. Although international guidelines have not in general recommended thyroxine therapy for IH the recent demonstration of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia may warrant a revision of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.H. Lazarus
- Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - P.N. Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Stagnaro-Green
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, USA
| | - Joanne Rovet
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada
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Miranda ML, Anthopolos R, Wolkin A, Stapleton HM. Associations of birth outcomes with maternal polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid hormones during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:244-53. [PMID: 26431883 PMCID: PMC4648648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has linked polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure to poor birth outcomes and altered thyroid hormone levels. OBJECTIVES We examined whether maternal PBDE serum levels were associated with infant birth weight (g), head circumference (cm), birth length (cm), and birth weight percentile for gestational age. We explored the potential for a mediating role of thyroid hormone levels. METHODS During 2008-2010, we recruited 140 pregnant women in their third trimester as part of a larger clinical obstetrics study known as Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby. Blood samples were collected during a routine prenatal clinic visit. Serum was analyzed for PBDEs, phenolic metabolites, and thyroid hormones. Birth outcome information was abstracted from medical records. RESULTS In unadjusted models, a two-fold increase in maternal BDE 153 was associated with an average decrease in head circumference of 0.32cm (95% CI: -0.53, -0.12); however, this association was attenuated after control for maternal risk factors. BDE 47 and 99 were similarly negatively associated but with 95% confidence intervals crossing the null. Associations were unchanged in the presence of thyroid hormones. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a potential deleterious association between maternal PBDE levels and infant head circumference; however, confirmatory studies are needed in larger sample sizes. A mediating role of thyroid hormones was not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lynn Miranda
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Rebecca Anthopolos
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amy Wolkin
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Cheng SB, Nakashima A, Sharma S. Understanding Pre-Eclampsia Using Alzheimer's Etiology: An Intriguing Viewpoint. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:372-81. [PMID: 26585303 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation, pre-eclampsia (PE) is a major cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite being recognized for centuries, PE still lacks a reliable, early means of diagnosis or prediction, and a safe and effective therapy. We have recently reported that the event of toxic protein misfolding and aggregation is a critical etiological manifestation in PE. Using comparative proteomic analysis of gestational age-matched sera from PE and normal pregnancy, we identified several proteins that appeared to be dysregulated in PE. Our efforts so far have focused on transthyretin (TTR), a transporter of thyroxine and retinol, and amyloid precursor protein whose aggregates were detected in the PE placenta. Based on these results and detection of TTR aggregates in sera from PE patients, we proposed that PE could be a disease of protein misfolding and aggregation. Protein misfolding and aggregation have long been linked with many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, linkage of protein misfolding and aggregation with the PE pathogenesis is a new and novel concept. This review aims to understand the roles of aggregated proteins in PE using the cues from the Alzheimer's etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Lazarus JH. The importance of iodine in public health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:605-618. [PMID: 25663362 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iodine (I) deficiency has been known for more than a century and is known to cause cretinism at the extreme end of the spectrum but also, importantly, impaired development and neurocognition in areas of mild deficiency. The WHO has indicated that median urinary iodine of 100-199 μg/l in a population is regarded as indicative of an adequate iodine intake. The understanding of the spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders led to the formation of The International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders which has promulgated the use of household iodized salt and the use of such salt in food processing and manufacture. Iodine deficiency is particularly important in pregnancy as the fetus relies on maternal thyroxine (T4) exclusively during the first 14 weeks and also throughout gestation. As this hormone is critical to brain and nervous system maturation, low maternal T4 results in low child intelligence quotient. The recommendation for I intake in pregnancy is 250 μg/day to prevent fetal and child brain function impairment. During the past 25 years, the number of countries with I deficiency has reduced to 32; these still include many European developed countries. Sustainability of adequate iodine status must be achieved by continuous monitoring and where this has not been performed I deficiency has often recurred. More randomized controlled trials of iodine supplementation in pregnancy are required in mild iodine-deficient areas to inform public health strategy and subsequent government action on suitable provision of iodine to the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Lazarus
- Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,
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Thyroid diseases in pregnancy: a current and controversial topic on diagnosis and treatment over the past 20 years. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chan S, Boelaert K. Optimal management of hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinaemia and euthyroid TPO antibody positivity preconception and in pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:313-26. [PMID: 25200555 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Normal physiological changes of pregnancy warrant the need to employ gestation specific reference ranges for the interpretation of thyroid function tests. Thyroid hormones play crucial roles in foetal growth and neurodevelopment which are dependent on adequate supply of maternal thyroid hormones from early gestation onwards. The prevention of significant adverse obstetric and neurodevelopmental outcomes from hypothyroidism requires a strategy of empirical levothyroxine dose increases and predictive dose adjustments in pregnancy combined with regular thyroid function testing, starting before pregnancy and until the postpartum period. Subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss and neurocognitive deficits in children, especially when diagnosed before or during early pregnancy. Whilst trials of levothyroxine replacement for mild hypothyroidism in pregnancy have not indicated definite evidence of improvements in these outcomes, professional guidelines recommend treatment, especially if evidence of underlying thyroid autoimmunity is present. Studies of isolated hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy have shown conflicting evidence with regards to adverse obstetric and neurodevelopmental outcomes and no causative relationships have been determined. Treatment of this condition in pregnancy may be considered in those with underlying thyroid autoimmunity. Whilst the evidence for a link between the presence of anti-TPO antibodies and increased risks of pregnancy loss and infertility is compelling, the results of ongoing randomized trials of levothyroxine in euthyroid women with underlying autoimmunity are currently awaited. Further studies to define the selection of women who require levothyroxine replacement and to determine the benefits of a predictive dose adjustment strategy are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiao Chan
- Centre for Women's & Children's Health, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Most of our knowledge on the mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH) dependent brain development is based on clinical observations and animal studies of maternal/fetal hypothyroidism. THs play an essential role in brain development and hormone deficiency during critical phases in fetal life may lead to severe and permanent brain damage. Maternal hypothyroidism is considered the most common cause of fetal TH deficiency, but the problem may also arise in the fetus. In the case of congenital hypothyroidism due to defects in fetal thyroid gland development or hormone synthesis, clinical symptoms at birth are often mild as a result of compensatory maternal TH supply. TH transporters (THTs) and deiodinases (Ds) are important regulators of intracellular triiodothyronine (T3) availability and therefore contribute to the control of thyroid receptors (TRs)-dependent CNS development and early embryonic life. Defects in fetal THTs or Ds may have more impact on fetal brain since they can result in intracellular T3 deficiency despite sufficient maternal TH supply. One clear example is the recent discovery of mutations in the TH transporter (monocarboxylate transporter 8; MCT8) that could be linked to a syndrome of severe and non reversible psychomotor retardation. Even mild and transient changes in maternal TH levels can directly affect and alter the gene expression profile, and thus disturb fetal brain development. Animal studies are needed to increase our understanding of the exact role of THTs and Ds in prenatal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Ahmed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Saben J, Kang P, Zhong Y, Thakali KM, Gomez-Acevedo H, Borengasser SJ, Andres A, Badger TM, Shankar K. RNA-seq analysis of the rat placentation site reveals maternal obesity-associated changes in placental and offspring thyroid hormone signaling. Placenta 2014; 35:1013-20. [PMID: 25449029 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In animal models, maternal obesity (OB) leads to augmented risk of offspring OB. While placental function is influenced by maternal habitus, the effect of maternal obesity on the interacting zones of the placenta [the labyrinth (LZ), junctional (JZ) and metrial gland (MG)] remains unknown. METHODS Using a rat maternal obesity model, we conducted transcriptomic profiling of the utero-placental compartments and fetal liver (FL) at dpc 18.5, in conjunction with analyses of mRNA expression of key thyroid hormone (TH) signaling genes in the placenta, fetus and weanling offspring. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Gene expression analysis of placenta and offspring revealed that each utero-placental compartment responds distinctly to maternal OB with changes in inflammatory signaling, lipid metabolism and hormone stimulus being the predominant effects. OB-induced alterations in 17 genes were confirmed by qPCR, including reductions in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Trh) in JZ. We further characterized mRNA and protein expression of TH signaling regulators including deiodinases (Dio), TH receptors (Tr), and downstream targets (uncoupling proteins (Ucp)). A concerted down-regulation of multiple facets of thyroid hormone signaling in the JZ and FL was observed. JZ expression of thyroid hormone signaling components Trh, Dio2, Trα, and Ucp2 were negatively associated with maternal leptin. mRNA expression of TRH, TRβ and UCP1 were also decreased in term placenta from OB women. Finally, our studies identified persistent impairments in expression of TH related genes in tissues from offspring of obese dams. CONCLUSIONS The role of lower placental thyroid expression is worthy of further study as a possible pathway that leads to low energy metabolism and obesity in animals born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saben
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - P Kang
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Y Zhong
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - K M Thakali
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - H Gomez-Acevedo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S J Borengasser
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - A Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - T M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - K Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Berbel P, Navarro D, Román GC. An evo-devo approach to thyroid hormones in cerebral and cerebellar cortical development: etiological implications for autism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 25250016 PMCID: PMC4158880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological alterations of cortical lamination observed in mouse models of developmental hypothyroidism prompted the recognition that these experimental changes resembled the brain lesions of children with autism; this led to recent studies showing that maternal thyroid hormone deficiency increases fourfold the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), offering for the first time the possibility of prevention of some forms of ASD. For ethical reasons, the role of thyroid hormones on brain development is currently studied using animal models, usually mice and rats. Although mammals have in common many basic developmental principles regulating brain development, as well as fundamental basic mechanisms that are controlled by similar metabolic pathway activated genes, there are also important differences. For instance, the rodent cerebral cortex is basically a primary cortex, whereas the primary sensory areas in humans account for a very small surface in the cerebral cortex when compared to the associative and frontal areas that are more extensive. Associative and frontal areas in humans are involved in many neurological disorders, including ASD, attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and dyslexia, among others. Therefore, an evo-devo approach to neocortical evolution among species is fundamental to understand not only the role of thyroid hormones and environmental thyroid disruptors on evolution, development, and organization of the cerebral cortex in mammals but also their role in neurological diseases associated to thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gustavo C. Román
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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80
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Colicchia M, Campagnolo L, Baldini E, Ulisse S, Valensise H, Moretti C. Molecular basis of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone action during implantation and early development. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:884-904. [PMID: 24943836 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantation and early embryo development are finely regulated processes in which several molecules are involved. Evidence that thyroid hormones (TH: T4 and T3) might be part of this machinery is emerging. An increased demand for TH occurs during gestation, and any alteration in maternal thyroid physiology has significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. Not only overt but also subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with infertility as well as with obstetric complications, including disruptions and disorders of pregnancy, labor, delivery, and troubles in early neonatal life. METHODS We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for articles related to TH action on ovary, endometrium, trophoblast maturation and embryo implantation. In addition, articles on the regulation of TH activity at cellular level have been reviewed. The findings are hereby summarized and critically discussed. RESULTS TH have been shown to influence endometrial, ovarian and placental physiology. TH receptors (TR) and thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone: TSH) receptors (TSHR) are widely expressed in the feto-maternal unit during implantation, and both the endometrium and the trophoblast might be influenced by TH either directly or through TH effects on the synthesis and activity of implantation-mediating molecules. Interestingly, due to the multiplicity of mechanisms involved in TH action (e.g. differential expression of TR isoforms, heterodimeric receptor partners, interacting cellular proteins, and regulating enzymes), the TH concentration in blood is not always predictive of their cellular availability and activity at both genomic and nongenomic level. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the known role of TH on the hormonal milieu of the ovarian follicle cycle, which is essential for a woman's fertility, evidence is emerging on the importance of TH signaling during implantation and early pregnancy. Based on recent observations, a local action of TH on female reproductive organs and the embryo during implantation appears to be crucial for a successful pregnancy. Furthermore, an imbalance in the spatio-temporal expression of factors involved in TH activity might induce early arrest of pregnancy in women considered as euthyroid, based on their hormonal blood concentration. In conclusion, alterations of the highly regulated local activity of TH may play a crucial, previously underestimated, role in early pregnancy and pregnancy loss. Further studies elucidating this topic should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Colicchia
- Department of Systems' Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, UOC of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 'Isola Tiberina' 00187, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Campagnolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Enke Baldini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Herbert Valensise
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Fatebenefratelli Hospital 'Isola Tiberina', 00187 Rome, Italy
| | - Costanzo Moretti
- Department of Systems' Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, UOC of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 'Isola Tiberina' 00187, Rome, Italy
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81
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Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Veas C, Leiva A, Escudero C, Sobrevia L. Is a low level of free thyroxine in the maternal circulation associated with altered endothelial function in gestational diabetes? Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:136. [PMID: 24936187 PMCID: PMC4047677 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), in the human fetus starts from 17 to 19th weeks of gestation. Despite the majority of normal pregnant women reaching adequate levels of circulating thyroid hormones, in some cases, women with normal pregnancies have low level of free T4 during first trimester of pregnancy, suggesting that T4 action may be compromised in those women and their fetuses. In addition, pathological low levels of thyroid hormones are detected in isolated maternal hypothyroxemia (IMH) and clinical hypothyroidism. Nevertheless, human placenta regulates T3/T4 concentration in the fetal circulation by modulating the expression and activity of both thyroid hormone transporters (THT) and deiodinases. Then, placenta can control the availability of T3/T4 in the feto-placental circulation, and therefore may generate an adaptive response in cases where the mother courses with low levels of T4. In addition, T3/T4 might control vascular response in the placenta, in particularly endothelial cells may induce the synthesis and release of vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO) or vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1 mediated by these hormones. On the other hand, low levels of T4 have been associated with increase in gestational diabetes (GD) markers. Since GD is associated with impaired placental vascular function characterized by increased NO synthesis in placental arteries and veins, as well as elevated placental angiogenesis, it is unknown whether reduced T4 level at the maternal circulation could result in an altered placental endothelial function during GD. In this review, we analyze available information regarding thyroid hormones and endothelial dysfunction in GD; and propose that low maternal levels of T4 observed in GD may be compensated by increased placental availability of T3/T4 via elevation in the activity of THT and/or reduction in deiodinases in the feto-placental circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian Concepción, Chile ; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Veas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian Concepción, Chile ; Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland Herston, QL, Australia
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Abstract
The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for normal growth and development of the fetus. Their bioavailability in utero depends on development of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid gland axis and the abundance of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases that influence tissue levels of bioactive hormone. Fetal T4 and T3 concentrations are also affected by gestational age, nutritional and endocrine conditions in utero, and placental permeability to maternal thyroid hormones, which varies among species with placental morphology. Thyroid hormones are required for the general accretion of fetal mass and to trigger discrete developmental events in the fetal brain and somatic tissues from early in gestation. They also promote terminal differentiation of fetal tissues closer to term and are important in mediating the prepartum maturational effects of the glucocorticoids that ensure neonatal viability. Thyroid hormones act directly through anabolic effects on fetal metabolism and the stimulation of fetal oxygen consumption. They also act indirectly by controlling the bioavailability and effectiveness of other hormones and growth factors that influence fetal development such as the catecholamines and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). By regulating tissue accretion and differentiation near term, fetal thyroid hormones ensure activation of physiological processes essential for survival at birth such as pulmonary gas exchange, thermogenesis, hepatic glucogenesis, and cardiac adaptations. This review examines the developmental control of fetal T4 and T3 bioavailability and discusses the role of these hormones in fetal growth and development with particular emphasis on maturation of somatic tissues critical for survival immediately at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Forhead
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UKDepartment of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKDepartment of PhysiologyDevelopment and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UKDepartment of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UKDepartment of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 and monocarboxylate transporter 8 in the rat placental barrier and the compensatory response to thyroid dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96047. [PMID: 24763672 PMCID: PMC3999103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) must pass from mother to fetus for normal fetal development and require the expression of placental TH transporters. We investigate the compensatory effect of placental organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (Oatp1c1) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) on maternal thyroid dysfunction. We describe the expressions of these two transporters in placental barriers and trophoblastic cell populations in euthyroidism and thyroid dysfunction resulting from differential iodine nutrition at gestation day (GD) 16 and 20, that is, before and after the onset of fetal thyroid function. Immunohistochemistry revealed that in the blood-placenta barrier, these two TH transporters were strongly expressed in the villous interstitial substance and were weakly expressed in trophoblast cells. Levels of Oatp1c1 protein obviously increased in the placental fetal portion during maternal thyroid deficiency at GD16. Under maternal thyroid deficiency after the production of endogenous fetal TH, quantitative PCR analysis revealed down-regulation of Oatp1c1 occurred along with up-regulation of Mct8 in trophoblast cell populations isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM); this was consistent with the protein levels in the fetal portion of the placenta. In addition, decreased D3 mRNA at GD16 and increased D2 mRNA on two gestational days were observed in trophoblast cells with thyroid dysfunction. However, levels of Oatp1c1 mRNA at GD16 and D3 mRNA at GD20 were too low to be detectable in trophoblast cells. In conclusion, placental Oatp1c1 plays an essential compensatory role when the transplacental passage of maternal THs is insufficient at the stage before the fetal TH production. In addition, the coordinated effects of Oatp1c1, Mct8, D2 and D3 in the placental barrier may regulate both transplacental TH passage and the development of trophoblast cells during thyroid dysfunction throughout the pregnancy.
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84
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Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Richard S, Flamant F. Deciphering direct and indirect influence of thyroid hormone with mouse genetics. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:429-41. [PMID: 24617548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, binds nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of a large number of genes in many cell types. Unraveling the direct and indirect effect of this hormonal stimulation, and establishing links between these molecular events and the developmental and physiological functions of the hormone, is a major challenge. New mouse genetics tools, notably those based on Cre/loxP technology, are suitable to perform a multiscale analysis of T3 signaling and achieve this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picou
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale, Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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85
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Bestwick JP, John R, Maina A, Guaraldo V, Joomun M, Wald NJ, Lazarus JH. Thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine in pregnancy: Expressing concentrations as multiples of the median (MoMs). Clin Chim Acta 2014; 430:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schroeder AC, Privalsky ML. Thyroid hormones, t3 and t4, in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:40. [PMID: 24744751 PMCID: PMC3978256 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for fetal and post-natal nervous system development and also play an important role in the maintenance of adult brain function. Of the two major THs, T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine) is classically viewed as an pro-hormone that must be converted to T3 (3,5,3'-tri-iodo-l-thyronine) via tissue-level deiodinases for biological activity. THs primarily mediate their effects by binding to thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, predominantly TRα1 and TRβ1, which are expressed in different tissues and exhibit distinctive roles in endocrinology. Notably, the ability to respond to T4 and to T3 differs for the two TR isoforms, with TRα1 generally more responsive to T4 than TRβ1. TRα1 is also the most abundantly expressed TR isoform in the brain, encompassing 70-80% of all TR expression in this tissue. Conversion of T4 into T3 via deiodinase 2 in astrocytes has been classically viewed as critical for generating local T3 for neurons. However, deiodinase-deficient mice do not exhibit obvious defectives in brain development or function. Considering that TRα1 is well-established as the predominant isoform in brain, and that TRα1 responds to both T3 and T4, we suggest T4 may play a more active role in brain physiology than has been previously accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martin L. Privalsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Martin L. Privalsky, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail:
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87
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Loubière LS, Vasilopoulou E, Glazier JD, Taylor PM, Franklyn JA, Kilby MD, Chan SY. Expression and function of thyroid hormone transporters in the microvillous plasma membrane of human term placental syncytiotrophoblast. Endocrinology 2012; 153:6126-35. [PMID: 23087173 PMCID: PMC4192285 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transplacental passage of thyroid hormones (THs) from mother to fetus in humans has been deduced from observational clinical studies and is important for normal fetoplacental development. To investigate the transporters that regulate TH uptake by syncytiotrophoblast (the primary barrier to maternal-fetal exchange, which lies in direct contact with maternal blood), we isolated the microvillous plasma membrane (MVM) of human term syncytiotrophoblasts. We have demonstrated that MVM vesicles express plasma membrane TH transporter proteins, including system-L (L-type amino acid transporter 1 and CD98), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 8 and 10, organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1A2 and 4A1. We provide the first definitive evidence that the human syncytiotrophoblast MVM is capable of rapid, saturable T(4) and T(3) uptake at similar rates and in a Na(+)-independent manner. These two major forms of THs could not significantly inhibit each others' uptake, suggesting that each is mediated by largely different transporters. No single transporter was noted to play a dominant role in either T(4) or T(3) uptake. Using combinations of transporter inhibitors that had an additive effect on TH uptake, we provide evidence that 67% of saturable T(4) uptake is facilitated by system-L and MCT10 with a minor role played by organic anion-transporting polypeptides, whereas 87% of saturable T(3) uptake is mediated by MCT8 and MCT10. Our data demonstrate that syncytiotrophoblast may control the quantity and forms of THs taken up by the human placenta. Thus, syncytiotrophoblast could be critical in regulating transplacental TH supply from the mother to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Loubière
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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88
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Geysens S, Ferran JL, Van Herck SLJ, Tylzanowski P, Puelles L, Darras VM. Dynamic mRNA distribution pattern of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases during early embryonic chicken brain development. Neuroscience 2012; 221:69-85. [PMID: 22771619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal thyroid hormones (THs) are important in early brain development long before the onset of embryonic TH secretion, but information about the regulation of TH availability in the brain at these early stages is still limited. We therefore investigated in detail the mRNA distribution pattern of the TH activating type 2 and inactivating type 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3) and the TH transporters, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (Oatp1c1) and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8), in chicken embryonic brain as well as in retina and inner ear from day 3 to day 10 of development. Oatp1c1, Mct8 and D3 are expressed in the choroid plexus and its precursors allowing selective uptake of THs at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier with subsequent inactivation of excess hormone. In contrast, the developing blood-brain-barrier does not express Oatp1c1 or Mct8 but appears to be a site for TH activation by D2. Expression of D3 in several sensory brain centers may serve as protection against premature TH action. Expression of D2 and Mct8 but not D3 in the developing pituitary gland allows accumulation of active THs even at early stages. Mct8 is widely expressed in gray matter throughout the brain. This is the first comprehensive study on the dynamic distribution pattern of TH-transporters and deiodinases at stages of embryonic brain development when only maternal THs are available. It provides the essential background for further research aimed at understanding early developmental processes depending on maternal THs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geysens
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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89
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Chattergoon NN, Louey S, Stork P, Giraud GD, Thornburg KL. Mid-gestation ovine cardiomyocytes are vulnerable to mitotic suppression by thyroid hormone. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:642-9. [PMID: 22421446 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111432860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating fetal 3,3',5-tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T(3) ) is maintained at very low levels until a dramatic prepartum surge. 3,3',5-Tri-iodo-l-thyronine inhibits serum-stimulated proliferation in near-term ovine cardiomyocytes, but it is not known whether midgestation myocytes are also inhibited. Because early cessation of cardiomyocyte mitosis would result in an underendowed heart, we hypothesized that 0.67 gestation (100 of 145 days gestation) ovine cardiomyocytes would be insensitive to suppressive growth effects of T(3) . These younger cardiomyocytes were grown with T(3) in 10% serum-enriched media for 24 hours. Physiological (0.37, 0.75, and 1.5 nmol/L) concentrations of T(3) dramatically suppressed mitotic activity in cardiomyocytes (P < .001). 3,3',5-Tri-iodo-l-thyronine stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT (also known as Protein Kinase B [PKB]) signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the protein content of the cell cycle suppressor, p21, increased 2-fold (P < .05), and promoter, cyclin D1, decreased by 50%. Contrary to our hypothesis, elevated levels of T(3) powerfully inhibit proliferation of midgestation fetal cardiomyocytes. Thus, midgestation maternal hyperthyroidism might lead to an underendowed fetal myocardium.
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90
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Gómara B, Athanasiadou M, Quintanilla-López JE, González MJ, Bergman A. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in placenta from Madrid mothers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:139-147. [PMID: 21698361 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concentrations and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in placenta samples from a Madrid population (Spain) are reported. Structure dependent retentions of OH-PCBs are known to occur in both humans and wildlife, making it of interest to assess placental transfer of both parent compounds and their metabolites to the developing foetus. RESULTS The ΣPCB concentrations found in placenta samples were in the range 943-4,331 pg/g fresh weight (f.w.), and their hydroxylated metabolites showed a 20-time lower concentration level (53-261 pg/g f.w.). The PCB profiles were surprisingly dominated by CB-52 and CB-101 accounting for more than 44% of the total PCB concentration. This is indicating a source of exposure that is not yet identified. The OH-PCB profiles were dominated by 4-OH-CB187 and 4-OH-CB146, representing >50% of the ΣOH-PCB concentration of the placenta samples. Statistical analysis of the data revealed strong correlations between the PCB congeners, among some OH-PCBs, and between OH-PCB metabolites with a meta- and para- substitution pattern. Both PCB and OH-PCB concentrations presented homogeneous distribution, what allowed the establishment of a partial least squares model that correlated the concentrations of OH-PCB with those of PCBs in placenta samples. In addition, causal correlations were observed between the concentrations of OH-PCBs and those of their corresponding PCB precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Gómara
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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91
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Fang Q, Giordimaina AM, Dolan DF, Camper SA, Mustapha M. Genetic background of Prop1(df) mutants provides remarkable protection against hypothyroidism-induced hearing impairment. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2011; 13:173-184. [PMID: 22143287 PMCID: PMC3298611 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-011-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a cause of genetic and environmentally induced deafness. The sensitivity of cochlear development and function to thyroid hormone (TH) mandates understanding TH action in this sensory organ. Prop1(df) and Pou1f1(dw) mutant mice carry mutations in different pituitary transcription factors, each resulting in pituitary thyrotropin deficiency. Despite the same lack of detectable serum TH, these mutants have very different hearing abilities: Prop1(df) mutants are mildly affected, while Pou1f1(dw) mutants are completely deaf. Genetic studies show that this difference is attributable to the genetic backgrounds. Using embryo transfer, we discovered that factors intrinsic to the fetus are the major contributor to this difference, not maternal effects. We analyzed Prop1(df) mutants to identify processes in cochlear development that are disrupted in other hypothyroid animal models but protected in Prop1(df) mutants by the genetic background. The development of outer hair cell (OHC) function is delayed, but Prestin and KCNQ4 immunostaining appear normal in mature Prop1(df) mutants. The endocochlear potential and KCNJ10 immunostaining in the stria vascularis are indistinguishable from wild type, and no differences in neurofilament or synaptophysin staining are evident in Prop1(df) mutants. The synaptic vesicle protein otoferlin normally shifts expression from OHC to IHC as temporary afferent fibers beneath the OHC regress postnatally. Prop1(df) mutants exhibit persistent, abnormal expression of otoferlin in apical OHC, suggesting delayed maturation of synaptic function. Thus, the genetic background of Prop1(df) mutants is remarkably protective for most functions affected in other hypothyroid mice. The Prop1(df) mutant is an attractive model for identifying the genes that protect against deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 4945 Buhl, 1241 E Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Alicia M Giordimaina
- Health Behavior & Health Education Department, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David F Dolan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 4945 Buhl, 1241 E Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
| | - Mirna Mustapha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Feldt-Rasmussen U, Mathiesen ER. Endocrine disorders in pregnancy: physiological and hormonal aspects of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:875-84. [PMID: 22115163 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The endocrinology of pregnancy involves endocrine and metabolic changes as a consequence of physiological alterations at the foetoplacental boundary between mother and foetus. The vast changes in maternal hormones and their binding proteins complicate assessment of the normal level of most hormones during gestation. The neuroendocrine events and their timing in the placental, foetal and maternal compartments are critical for initiation and maintenance of pregnancy, for foetal growth and development, and for parturition. As pregnancy advances, the relative number of trophoblasts increase and the foeto-maternal exchange begins to be dominated by secretory function of the placenta. As gestation progresses toward term, the number of cytotrophoblasts again declines and the remaining syncytial layer becomes thin and barely visible. This arrangement facilitates transport of compounds including hormones and their precursors across the foeto-maternal interface. The endocrine system is the earliest system developing in foetal life, and it is functional from early intrauterine existence through old age. Regulation of the foetal endocrine system relies, to some extent, on precursors secreted by placenta and/or mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Dept. of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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93
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Chattergoon NN, Giraud GD, Louey S, Stork P, Fowden AL, Thornburg KL. Thyroid hormone drives fetal cardiomyocyte maturation. FASEB J 2011; 26:397-408. [PMID: 21974928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-179895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) suppresses the proliferation of near-term serum-stimulated fetal ovine cardiomyocytes in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that T(3) is a major stimulant of cardiomyocyte maturation in vivo. We studied 3 groups of sheep fetuses on gestational days 125-130 (term ∼145 d): a T(3)-infusion group, to mimic fetal term levels (plasma T(3) levels increased from ∼0.1 to ∼1.0 ng/ml; t(1/2)∼24 h); a thyroidectomized group, to produce low thyroid hormone levels; and a vehicle-infusion group, to serve as intact controls. At 130 d of gestation, sections of left ventricular freewall were harvested, and the remaining myocardium was enzymatically dissociated. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation (p21, cyclin D1), proliferation (ERK), and hypertrophy (mTOR) were measured in left ventricular tissue. Evidence that elevated T(3) augmented the maturation rate of cardiomyocytes included 14% increased width, 31% increase in binucleation, 39% reduction in proliferation, 150% reduction in cyclin D1 protein, and 500% increase in p21 protein. Increased expression of phospho-mTOR, ANP, and SERCA2a also suggests that T(3) promotes maturation and hypertrophy of fetal cardiomyocytes. Thyroidectomized fetuses had reduced cell cycle activity and binucleation. These findings support the hypothesis that T(3) is a prime driver of prenatal cardiomyocyte maturation.
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94
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Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Boas M, Bliddal S, Rasmussen AK, Main K, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Do Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals Influence Foetal Development during Pregnancy? J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:342189. [PMID: 21918727 PMCID: PMC3170895 DOI: 10.4061/2011/342189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal euthyroidism during pregnancy is crucial for normal development and, in particular, neurodevelopment of the foetus. Up to 3.5 percent of pregnant women suffer from hypothyroidism. Industrial use of various chemicals—endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)—has been shown to cause almost constant exposure of humans with possible harmful influence on health and hormone regulation. EDCs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis by different mechanisms, and though the effect of each chemical seems scarce, the added effects may cause inappropriate consequences on, for example, foetal neurodevelopment.
This paper focuses on thyroid hormone influence on foetal development in relation to the chemicals suspected of thyroid disrupting properties with possible interactions with maternal thyroid homeostasis. Knowledge of the effects is expected to impact the general debate on the use of these chemicals. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the issue, since human studies are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Hartoft-Nielsen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology PE-2131, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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95
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THYROID FUNCTION IN PREGNANCY: MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM AND SUBCLINICAL THYROID DYSFUNCTION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s096553951100009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important in the development of the fetus and the placenta as well as in maintaining maternal wellbeing. Thyroid disorders are common in the population as a whole, particularly in women, and therefore are common during pregnancy and the puerperium. Biochemical derangement of thyroid function tests are present in approximately 2.5–5% of pregnant women.
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96
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Chatonnet F, Picou F, Fauquier T, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone action in cerebellum and cerebral cortex development. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:145762. [PMID: 21765985 PMCID: PMC3134109 DOI: 10.4061/2011/145762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH, including the prohormone thyroxine (T4) and its active deiodinated derivative 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)) are important regulators of vertebrates neurodevelopment. Specific transporters and deiodinases are required to ensure T3 access to the developing brain. T3 activates a number of differentiation processes in neuronal and glial cell types by binding to nuclear receptors, acting directly on transcription. Only few T3 target genes are currently known. Deeper investigations are urgently needed, considering that some chemicals present in food are believed to interfere with T3 signaling with putative neurotoxic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Chatonnet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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97
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Shields BM, Knight BA, Hill A, Hattersley AT, Vaidya B. Fetal thyroid hormone level at birth is associated with fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E934-8. [PMID: 21411545 PMCID: PMC3100744 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid function is known to play an important role in fetal neurological development, but its role in regulating fetal growth is not well established. Overt maternal and fetal thyroid disorders are associated with reduced birth weight. We hypothesized that, even in the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction, maternal and fetal thyroid function influence fetal growth. AIM In normal, healthy pregnancies, we aimed to assess whether fetal thyroid hormone at birth (as measured in cord blood) is associated with fetal growth. We also aimed to study whether fetal thyroid hormone at birth is associated with maternal thyroid hormone in the third trimester. METHODS In 616 healthy mother-child pairs, TSH, free T(4) (FT4), and free T(3) (FT3) were measured in mothers at 28 wk gestation and in umbilical cord blood at birth. Birth weight, length, head circumference, and tricep and bicep skinfold thicknesses were measured on the babies. RESULTS Cord FT4 was associated with birth weight (r = 0.25; P < 0.001), length (r = 0.17; P < 0.001), and sum of skinfolds (r = 0.19; P < 0.001). There were no associations between birth measurements and either cord TSH or cord FT3. Maternal FT4 and cord FT4 were correlated (r = 0.14; P = 0.0004), and there were weaker negative associations between maternal TSH and cord FT4 (r = -0.08; P = 0.04) and FT3 (r = -0.10; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Associations between cord FT4 and birth size suggest that fetal thyroid function may be important in regulating fetal growth, both of skeletal size and fat. The correlation between third-trimester maternal FT4 and cord FT4 supports the belief that maternal T(4) crosses the placenta even in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley M Shields
- Peninsula National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
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98
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Patel J, Landers K, Li H, Mortimer RH, Richard K. Delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:164-70. [PMID: 21414798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an essential role in ensuring normal fetal development, particularly that of the central nervous system. Before 16 weeks gestation, the fetus relies solely on transplacental delivery of maternal T(4), and clinical studies suggest that even mild maternal thyroid hormone deficiency adversely affects the intellectual function of offspring. Maternofetal TH transfer is regulated by trophoblast cell membrane transporters, which mediate influx and efflux of THs, placental deiodinases D3 and D2, which control intraplacental TH levels, and TH-binding proteins (transthyretin), which provide transport roles in the placenta. This review discusses new information about mechanisms of transplacental delivery of T(4) to the fetus, providing insight into complex processes that are vitally important for normal fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Patel
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Brisbane, Australia.
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99
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Bliddal S, Rasmussen AK, Sundberg K, Brocks V, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Antithyroid drug-induced fetal goitrous hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:396-406. [PMID: 21403664 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal overtreatment with antithyroid drugs can induce fetal goitrous hypothyroidism. This condition can have a critical effect on pregnancy outcome, as well as on fetal growth and neurological development. The purpose of this Review is to clarify if and how fetal goitrous hypothyroidism can be prevented, and how to react when prevention has failed. Understanding the importance of pregnancy-related changes in maternal thyroid status when treating a pregnant woman is crucial to preventing fetal goitrous hypothyroidism. Maternal levels of free T(4) are the most consistent indication of maternal and fetal thyroid status. In patients with fetal goitrous hypothyroidism, intra-amniotic levothyroxine injections improve fetal outcome. The best way to avoid maternal overtreatment with antithyroid drugs is to monitor closely the maternal thyroid status, especially estimates of free T(4) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bliddal
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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100
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Oxygen concentration regulates expression and uptake of transthyretin, a thyroxine binding protein, in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells. Placenta 2011; 32:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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