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HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity 2018; 48:855-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Anti-HIV-1 B cell responses are dependent on B cell precursor frequency and antigen-binding affinity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4743-4748. [PMID: 29666227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803457115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that humans can produce potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to several different epitopes on the HIV-1 spike has reinvigorated efforts to develop an antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine. Antibody cloning from single cells revealed that nearly all bNAbs show unusual features that could help explain why it has not been possible to elicit them by traditional vaccination and instead would require a sequence of different immunogens. This idea is supported by experiments with genetically modified immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in mice. Sequential immunization with a series of specifically designed immunogens was required to shepherd the development of bNAbs. However, knock-in mice contain superphysiologic numbers of bNAb precursor-expressing B cells, and therefore how these results can be translated to a more physiologic setting remains to be determined. Here we make use of adoptive transfer experiments using knock-in B cells that carry a synthetic intermediate in the pathway to anti-HIV-1 bNAb development to examine how the relationship between B cell receptor affinity and precursor frequency affects germinal center (GC) B cell recruitment and clonal expansion. Immunization with soluble HIV-1 antigens can recruit bNAb precursor B cells to the GC when there are as few as 10 such cells per mouse. However, at low precursor frequencies, the extent of clonal expansion is directly proportional to the affinity of the antigen for the B cell receptor, and recruitment to GCs is variable and dependent on recirculation.
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Ringel O, Vieillard V, Debré P, Eichler J, Büning H, Dietrich U. The Hard Way towards an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Env Vaccine: Lessons from Other Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040197. [PMID: 29662026 PMCID: PMC5923491 DOI: 10.3390/v10040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses, such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease and has reduced the number of new infections worldwide, a vaccine against HIV-1 is still urgently needed. We discuss here the major reasons for the failure of “classical” vaccine approaches, which are mostly due to the biological properties of the virus itself. HIV-1 has developed multiple mechanisms of immune escape, which also account for vaccine failure. So far, no vaccine candidate has been able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against primary patient viruses from different clades. However, such antibodies were identified in a subset of patients during chronic infection and were shown to protect from infection in animal models and to reduce viremia in first clinical trials. Their detailed characterization has guided structure-based reverse vaccinology approaches to design better HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Furthermore, conserved Env epitopes have been identified, which are promising candidates in view of clinical applications. Together with new vector-based technologies, considerable progress has been achieved in recent years towards the development of an effective antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ringel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Patrice Debré
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Richardson SI, Chung AW, Natarajan H, Mabvakure B, Mkhize NN, Garrett N, Abdool Karim S, Moore PL, Ackerman ME, Alter G, Morris L. HIV-specific Fc effector function early in infection predicts the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006987. [PMID: 29630668 PMCID: PMC5908199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccination strategies, there is mounting evidence to suggest that antibodies with Fc effector function also contribute to protection against HIV infection. Here we investigated Fc effector functionality of HIV-specific IgG plasma antibodies over 3 years of infection in 23 individuals, 13 of whom developed bNAbs. Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), complement deposition (ADCD), cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) were detected in almost all individuals with levels of activity increasing over time. At 6 months post-infection, individuals with bNAbs had significantly higher levels of ADCD and ADCT that correlated with antibody binding to C1q and FcγRIIa respectively. In addition, antibodies from individuals with bNAbs showed more IgG subclass diversity to multiple HIV antigens which also correlated with Fc polyfunctionality. Germinal center activity represented by CXCL13 levels and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was found to be associated with neutralization breadth, Fc polyfunctionality and IgG subclass diversity. Overall, multivariate analysis by random forest classification was able to group bNAb individuals with 85% sensitivity and 80% specificity based on the properties of their antibody Fc early in HIV infection. Thus, the Fc effector function profile predicted the development of neutralization breadth in this cohort, suggesting that intrinsic immune factors within the germinal center provide a mechanistic link between the Fc and Fab of HIV-specific antibodies. Some HIV-infected individuals develop antibodies that are capable of neutralizing the majority of HIV strains, a highly desirable function mediated by the antibody Fab portion. While antibodies elicited by current vaccines have failed to recreate this activity, the partial protection seen in the RV144 vaccine trial has been attributed to antibody Fc-mediated effector functions such as cell killing. In this study, we found that HIV-infected individuals who show a diversified and potent Fc response early in infection were more likely to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies later on. Examination of B cell functions associated with good germinal center activity, provided evidence for a common mechanistic link between the regulation of the Fc and Fab mediated activities in these individuals. Our finding of an Fc effector function profile that arises early and predicts neutralization breadth could be used in the evaluation of vaccine candidates designed to generate neutralizing antibodies. Common immune determinants associated with both Fab and Fc function could furthermore be exploited for vaccine design to harness the full potential of HIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Batsirai Mabvakure
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Jin J, Park C, Cho SH, Chung J. The level of decoy epitope in PCV2 vaccine affects the neutralizing activity of sera in the immunized animals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:846-851. [PMID: 29374509 PMCID: PMC7092900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogens have evolved a wide range of tactics to evade host immune responses and thus propagate effectively. One efficient tactic is to divert host immune responses toward an immunodominant decoy epitope and to induce non-neutralizing antibodies toward this epitope. Therefore, it is expected that the amount of decoy epitope in a subunit vaccine can affect the level of neutralizing antibody in an immunized animal. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by generating an antibody specific to the decoy epitope on the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Using this antibody, we found that two commercial vaccines contained statistically different amounts of the decoy epitope. The vaccine with lower levels of decoy epitope induced a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody after immunization. This antibody can be used as an analytical tool to monitor the quality of a vaccine from batch to batch. We generated a novel antibody specific to an immunodominant decoy epitope of PCV2. Using this novel antibody, we measured levels of decoy epitope in PCV2 vaccine. Decoy epitope in PCV2 vaccine affected the neutralizing antibody titer induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 105-11 Sinjeong-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Cho
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 105-11 Sinjeong-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 00380, Republic of Korea.
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56
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Bissa M, Forlani G, Zanotto C, Tosi G, De Giuli Morghen C, Accolla RS, Radaelli A. Fowlpoxvirus recombinants coding for the CIITA gene increase the expression of endogenous MHC-II and Fowlpox Gag/Pro and Env SIV transgenes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190869. [PMID: 29385169 PMCID: PMC5791965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete eradication of an HIV infection has never been achieved by vaccination and the search for new immunogens that can induce long-lasting protective responses is ongoing. Avipoxvirus recombinants are host-restricted for replication to avian species and they do not have the undesired side effects induced by vaccinia recombinants. In particular, Fowlpox (FP) recombinants can express transgenes over long periods and can induce protective immunity in mammals, mainly due to CD4-dependent CD8+ T cells. In this context, the class II transactivator (CIITA) has a pivotal role in triggering the adaptive immune response through induction of the expression of class-II major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC-II), that can present antigens to CD4+ T helper cells. Here, we report on construction of novel FPgp and FPenv recombinants that express the highly immunogenic SIV Gag-pro and Env structural antigens. Several FP-based recombinants, with single or dual genes, were also developed that express CIITA, driven from H6 or SP promoters. These recombinants were used to infect CEF and Vero cells in vitro and determine transgene expression, which was evaluated by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Subcellular localisation of the different proteins was evaluated by confocal microscopy, whereas HLA-DR or MHC-II expression was measured by flow cytometry. Fowlpox recombinants were also used to infect syngeneic T/SA tumour cells, then injected into Balb/c mice to elicit MHC-II immune response and define the presentation of the SIV transgene products in the presence or absence of FPCIITA. Antibodies to Env were measured by ELISA. Our data show that the H6 promoter was more efficient than SP to drive CIITA expression and that CIITA can enhance the levels of the gag/pro and env gene products only when infection is performed by FP single recombinants. Also, CIITA expression is higher when carried by FP single recombinants than when combined with FPgp or FPenv constructs and can induce HLA-DR cell surface expression. However, in-vivo experiments did not show any significant increase in the humoral response. As CIITA already proved to elicit immunogenicity by improving antigen presentation, further in-vivo experiments should be performed to increase the immune responses. The use of prime/boost immunisation protocols and the oral administration route of the recombinants may enhance the immunogenicity of Env peptides presented by MHC-II and provide CD4+ T-cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Forlani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi 9, Varese, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tosi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi 9, Varese, Italy
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University “Our Lady of Good Counsel”, Rr. Dritan Hoxha, Tirana, Albania
| | - Roberto S. Accolla
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi 9, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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57
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Genetically Intact but Functionally Impaired HIV-1 Env Glycoproteins in the T-Cell Reservoir. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01684-17. [PMID: 29187544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected subjects under antiretroviral treatment (ART) harbor a persistent viral reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells, which accounts for the resurgence of HIV replication after ART interruption. A large majority of HIV reservoir genomes are genetically defective, but even among intact proviruses few seem able to generate infectious virus. To understand this phenomenon, we examined the function and expression of HIV envelope glycoproteins reactivated from the reservoir of four HIV-infected subjects under suppressive ART. We studied full-length genetically intact env sequences from both replicative viruses and cell-associated mRNAs. We found that these Env proteins varied extensively in fusogenicity and infectivity, with strongest functional defects found in Envs from cell-associated mRNAs. Env functional impairments were essentially explained by defects in Env protein expression. Our results support the idea that defects in HIV Env expression, preventing cytopathic or immune HIV clearance, contribute to the persistence of the HIV T-cell reservoir in vivoIMPORTANCE In most individuals, evolution of HIV infection is efficiently controlled on the long-term by combination antiviral therapies. These treatments, however, fail to eradicate HIV from the infected subjects, a failure that results both in resurgence of virus replication and in resumption of HIV pathogenicity when the treatment is stopped. HIV resurgence, in these instances, is widely assumed to emerge from a reservoir of silent virus integrated in the genomes of a small number of T lymphocytes. The silent HIV reservoir is mostly composed of heavily deleted or mutated HIV DNA. Moreover, among the seemingly intact remaining HIV, only very few are actually able to efficiently propagate in tissue culture. In this study, we find that intact HIV in the reservoir often carry strong defects in their capacity to promote fusion to neighboring cells and infection of target cells, a defect related to the function and expression of the HIV envelope glycoprotein. Impaired envelope glycoprotein expression and function could explain why cells harboring these viruses tend to remain undetected and unharmed in the reservoir.
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58
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Margolis
- From the University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Center for AIDS Research, and the Departments of Medicine (D.M.M., J.V.G.), Microbiology and Immunology (D.M.M., J.V.G.), and Epidemiology (D.M.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - J Victor Garcia
- From the University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Center for AIDS Research, and the Departments of Medicine (D.M.M., J.V.G.), Microbiology and Immunology (D.M.M., J.V.G.), and Epidemiology (D.M.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
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59
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Increasing the Clinical Potential and Applications of Anti-HIV Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1655. [PMID: 29234320 PMCID: PMC5712301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and early human clinical studies of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to prevent and treat HIV infection support the clinical utility and potential of bNAbs for prevention, postexposure prophylaxis, and treatment of acute and chronic infection. Observed and potential limitations of bNAbs from these recent studies include the selection of resistant viral populations, immunogenicity resulting in the development of antidrug (Ab) responses, and the potentially toxic elimination of reservoir cells in regeneration-limited tissues. Here, we review opportunities to improve the clinical utility of HIV Abs to address these challenges and further accomplish functional targets for anti-HIV Ab therapy at various stages of exposure/infection. Before exposure, bNAbs' ability to serve as prophylaxis by neutralization may be improved by increasing serum half-life to necessitate less frequent administration, delivering genes for durable in vivo expression, and targeting bNAbs to sites of exposure. After exposure and/or in the setting of acute infection, bNAb use to prevent/reduce viral reservoir establishment and spread may be enhanced by increasing the potency with which autologous adaptive immune responses are stimulated, clearing acutely infected cells, and preventing cell-cell transmission of virus. In the setting of chronic infection, bNAbs may better mediate viral remission or "cure" in combination with antiretroviral therapy and/or latency reversing agents, by targeting additional markers of tissue reservoirs or infected cell types, or by serving as targeting moieties in engineered cell therapy. While the clinical use of HIV Abs has never been closer, remaining studies to precisely define, model, and understand the complex roles and dynamics of HIV Abs and viral evolution in the context of the human immune system and anatomical compartmentalization will be critical to both optimize their clinical use in combination with existing agents and define further strategies with which to enhance their clinical safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K. Hua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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60
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Cohen MS, Corey L. Broadly neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV-1. Science 2017; 358:46-47. [PMID: 28983040 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Cohen
- The Division of Infectious Diseases and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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61
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Cai H, Orwenyo J, Giddens JP, Yang Q, Zhang R, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Wang LX. Synthetic Three-Component HIV-1 V3 Glycopeptide Immunogens Induce Glycan-Dependent Antibody Responses. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1513-1522.e4. [PMID: 29107699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses against HIV-1 is a major goal for a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine. One approach is to design immunogens based on known broadly neutralizing epitopes. Here we report the design and synthesis of an HIV-1 glycopeptide immunogen derived from the V3 domain. We performed glycopeptide epitope mapping to determine the minimal glycopeptide sequence as the epitope of V3-glycan-specific bNAbs PGT128 and 10-1074. We further constructed a self-adjuvant three-component immunogen that consists of a 33-mer V3 glycopeptide epitope, a universal T helper epitope P30, and a lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4) that serves as a ligand of Toll-like receptor 2. Rabbit immunization revealed that the synthetic self-adjuvant glycopeptide could elicit substantial glycan-dependent antibodies that exhibited broader recognition of HIV-1 gp120s than the non-glycosylated V3 peptide. These results suggest that the self-adjuvant synthetic glycopeptides can serve as an important component to elicit glycan-specific antibodies in HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jared Orwenyo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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62
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Chen Q, Nie J, Huang W, Jiao Y, Li L, Zhang T, Zhao J, Wu H, Wang Y. Development and optimization of a sensitive pseudovirus-based assay for HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies detection using A3R5 cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:199-208. [PMID: 28933644 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1373922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive assays for HIV-1 neutralizing antibody detection are urgently needed for vaccine immunogen optimization and identification of protective immune response levels. In this study, we developed an easy-to-use HIV-1 pseudovirus neutralization assay based on a human CD4+ lymphoblastoid cell line A3R5 by employing a high efficient pseudovirus production system. Optimal conditions for cell counts, infection time, virus dose and concentration of DEAE-dextran were tested and identified. For T-cell line-adapted tier 1 virus strains, significantly higher inhibitory efficiency was observed for both monoclonal neutralizing antibody (4 fold) and plasma (2 fold) samples in A3R5 than those in TZM-bl assay. For circulating tier 2 strains, the A3R5 pseudovirus assay showed even much higher sensitivity for both neutralizing antibody (10 fold) and plasma (9 fold) samples. When sequential neutralizing antibody seroconverting samples were tested in both A3R5 and TZM-bl assays, the seroconverting points could be detected earlier for tier 1 (15.7 weeks) and tier 2 (68.3 weeks) strains in A3R5 assay respectively. The high sensitive pseudovirus assay using more physiological target cells could serve as an alternative to the TZM-bl assay for evaluation of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies and identification of the correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing , China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing , China
| | - Weijin Huang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing , China
| | - Yanmei Jiao
- b Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Lan Li
- b Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Tong Zhang
- b Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Juan Zhao
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing , China
| | - Hao Wu
- b Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Youchun Wang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing , China
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63
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Rogers GL, Cannon PM. Gene Therapy Approaches to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Infectious Diseases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:883-895. [PMID: 28895854 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in gene therapy technologies, particularly in gene editing, are suggesting new avenues for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and other infectious diseases. This article outlines recent developments in antiviral gene therapies, including those based on the disruption of entry receptors or that target viral genomes using targeted nucleases, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In addition, new ways to express circulating antiviral factors, such as antibodies, and approaches to harness and engineer the immune system to provide an antiviral effect that is not naturally achieved are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 413A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 413A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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64
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Ahmed Y, Tian M, Gao Y. Development of an anti-HIV vaccine eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:50. [PMID: 28893278 PMCID: PMC5594608 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme HIV diversity posts a great challenge on development of an effective anti-HIV vaccine. To solve this problem, it is crucial to discover an appropriate immunogens and strategies that are able to prevent the transmission of the diverse viruses that are circulating in the world. Even though there have been a number of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs) been discovered in recent years, induction of such antibodies to date has only been observed in HIV-1 infection. Here, in this mini review, we review the progress in development of HIV vaccine in eliciting broad immune response, especially production of bNAbs, discuss possible strategies, such as polyvalent sequential vaccination, that facilitates B cell maturation leading to bNAb response.
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Martinez-Murillo P, Tran K, Guenaga J, Lindgren G, Àdori M, Feng Y, Phad GE, Vázquez Bernat N, Bale S, Ingale J, Dubrovskaya V, O'Dell S, Pramanik L, Spångberg M, Corcoran M, Loré K, Mascola JR, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Particulate Array of Well-Ordered HIV Clade C Env Trimers Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies that Display a Unique V2 Cap Approach. Immunity 2017; 46:804-817.e7. [PMID: 28514687 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of soluble envelope glycoprotein (Env) mimetics displaying ordered trimeric symmetry has ushered in a new era in HIV-1 vaccination. The recently reported native, flexibly linked (NFL) design allows the generation of native-like trimers from clinical isolates at high yields and homogeneity. As the majority of infections world-wide are of the clade C subtype, we examined responses in non-human primates to well-ordered subtype C 16055 trimers administered in soluble or high-density liposomal formats. We detected superior germinal center formation and enhanced autologous neutralizing antibodies against the neutralization-resistant (tier 2) 16055 virus following inoculation of liposome-arrayed trimers. Epitope mapping of the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) indicated major contacts with the V2 apex, and 3D electron microscopy reconstructions of Fab-trimer complexes revealed a horizontal binding angle to the Env spike. These vaccine-elicited mAbs target the V2 cap, demonstrating a means to accomplish tier 2 virus neutralization by penetrating the dense N-glycan shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Monika Àdori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Feng
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shridhar Bale
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jidnyasa Ingale
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Viktoriya Dubrovskaya
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lotta Pramanik
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Spångberg
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in immunotherapeutic approaches aiming at reducing the latent HIV reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1 establishes early during infection a pool of latently infected cells that persist long term and are largely undetectable to the immune system. Highly active antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the life expectancy and life quality of HIV-1-infected individuals, but is incapable of eliminating the pool of latently HIV-1-infected cells. Recent studies have started to test immunotherapeutic interventions in combination with latency reversing agents to reduce the latent HIV-1 reservoir, including approaches aimed at enhancing antiviral T-cell immunity, innate immunity, and virus-specific antibodies. SUMMARY The better understanding of virus-specific immunity and the pathways used by HIV-1 to evade host immune responses have enabled the development of new strategies focusing on targeting latently HIV-1-infected cells, with the goal to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir. Here, we will review recent advances in harnessing effector cells of the immune system, including CD8 T cells and natural killer cells, antiviral antibodies and new immunomodulatory molecules, to target HIV-1 persistence.
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Bonsignori M, Liao HX, Gao F, Williams WB, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF. Antibody-virus co-evolution in HIV infection: paths for HIV vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:145-160. [PMID: 28133802 PMCID: PMC5302796 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to date has only been observed in the setting of HIV-1 infection, and then only years after HIV transmission. Thus, the concept has emerged that one path to induction of bnAbs is to define the viral and immunologic events that occur during HIV-1 infection, and then to mimic those events with a vaccine formulation. This concept has led to efforts to map both virus and antibody events that occur from the time of HIV-1 transmission to development of bnAbs. This work has revealed that a virus-antibody "arms race" occurs in which a HIV-1 transmitted/founder (TF) Env induces autologous neutralizing antibodies that can not only neutralize the TF virus but also can select virus escape mutants that in turn select affinity-matured neutralizing antibodies. From these studies has come a picture of bnAb development that has led to new insights in host-pathogen interactions and, as well, led to insight into immunologic mechanisms of control of bnAb development. Here, we review the progress to date in elucidating bnAb B cell lineages in HIV-1 infection, discuss new research leading to understanding the immunologic mechanisms of bnAb induction, and address issues relevant to the use of this information for the design of new HIV-1 sequential envelope vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bonsignori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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68
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Ouyang Y, Yin Q, Li W, Li Z, Kong D, Wu Y, Hong K, Xing H, Shao Y, Jiang S, Ying T, Ma L. Escape from humoral immunity is associated with treatment failure in HIV-1-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6222. [PMID: 28740221 PMCID: PMC5524822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interindividual heterogeneity in the disease progression of HIV-1-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy suggests that some host-related factors may have limited treatment efficacy. To understand the nature of factors contributing to treatment failure, we performed a retrospective cohort study of 45 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals sharing a similar demographics and route of infection, compared the differences between virologically suppressed (VS) and treatment failure (TF) patients with respect to clinical, immunological and virological characteristics. We found that the baseline diversity of HIV-1 env quasispecies was the major difference between VS and TF group, and higher baseline diversity in TF patients. We further predicted TF-related env mutations using a selection pressure-based approach, followed by an analysis of these mutations based on the available three-dimensional structures of gp120/gp41 or their complexes with neutralizing antibodies. Notably, almost all of the identified residues could be mapped to the epitopes of known HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, especially the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies, and these mutations tended to compromise antibody-antigen interactions. These results indicate that the escape of HIV-1 from host humoral immunity may play a direct role in TF in long-term antiretroviral-experienced patients and that based on env gene sequence of the viruses in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China and Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunxue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, USA.
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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69
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the present review is to provide an update on the current development in the field of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) and their potential use in the prevention and therapeutic settings, and an evaluation of the B-cell abnormalities that may impair antibody responses in HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Major advances have been achieved in the characterization of bNabs directed against different vulnerable regions of HIV Envelope (Env). Recent observations have clearly demonstrated the ability of bNabs to prevent HIV infection in the nonhuman primate model of HIV infection and to suppress viremia in individuals with chronic HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, substantial advances have also been obtained in the development of HIV Env proteins and immunization strategies inducing bNabs in small animal models. Several studies have also shed light on the B-cell abnormalities associated with the viremic phase of HIV infection that cause impaired B-cell maturation and antibody responses. Of note, preliminary observations have provided evidence for a correlation between the expansion of a specific population of B cells, for example, germinal center B cells, the expansion of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), and the generation of neutralizing antibodies. SUMMARY The recent observations on the antiviral effects of bNabs in vivo indicate that bNabs may play a central role in both the prevention and the therapeutic settings. The identification of the role of germinal center B cells and Tfh cells as critical components of the immune response leading to the generation of neutralizing antibodies, will allow the development of specific immunization strategies for the stimulation of germinal center B cells and Tfh cells. A lot of work still remains to be done for the delineation of B-cell and Tfh cell biology from human lymphoid tissues and in the development of HIV Env proteins and immunization strategies leading to the generation of bNabs.
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70
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Erwin S, Ciupe SM. Germinal center dynamics during acute and chronic infection. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2017; 14:655-671. [PMID: 28092957 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2017037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to clear pathogens is limited during chronic virus infections where potent long-lived plasma and memory B-cells are produced only after germinal center B-cells undergo many rounds of somatic hypermutations. In this paper, we investigate the mechanisms of germinal center B-cell formation by developing mathematical models for the dynamics of B-cell somatic hypermutations. We use the models to determine how B-cell selection and competition for T follicular helper cells and antigen influences the size and composition of germinal centers in acute and chronic infections. We predict that the T follicular helper cells are a limiting resource in driving large numbers of somatic hypermutations and present possible mechanisms that can revert this limitation in the presence of non-mutating and mutating antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Erwin
- 460 McBryde Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States .
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71
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Humoral responses against HIV in male genital tract: role in sexual transmission and perspectives for preventive strategies. AIDS 2017; 31:1055-1064. [PMID: 28323750 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
: Most new HIV infections occur via sexual routes. The induction of protective anti-HIV antibodies in genital mucosa is an important step toward reducing HIV transmission. Mucosal anti-HIV antibodies may play a dual role by either protecting against HIV transmission or facilitating it. Protective properties against HIV of mucosal IgGs and IgAs exhibiting neutralizing or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities have been described in highly exposed seronegative individuals. Conversely, some IgGs may facilitate the crossing of HIV free-particles through epithelial barriers by transcytosis. Hence knowledge of the mechanisms underlying anti-HIV antibody production in the genital tract and their exact role in sexual transmission may help to develop appropriate preventive strategies based on passive immunization or mucosal vaccination approaches. Our review focuses on the characteristics of the humoral immune responses against HIV in the male genital tract and related prevention strategies.
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72
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Cheedarla N, Precilla KL, Babu H, Vijayan KKV, Ashokkumar M, Chandrasekaran P, Kailasam N, Sundaramurthi JC, Swaminathan S, Buddolla V, Vaniambadi SK, Ramanathan VD, Hanna LE. Broad and potent cross clade neutralizing antibodies with multiple specificities in the plasma of HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46557. [PMID: 28436427 PMCID: PMC5402285 DOI: 10.1038/srep46557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly Cross clade Neutralizing (BCN) antibodies are recognized as potential therapeutic tools and leads for the design of a vaccine that can protect human beings against various clades of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In the present study, we screened plasma of 88 HIV-1 infected ART naïve individuals for their neutralization potential using a standard panel of 18 pseudoviruses belonging to different subtypes and different levels of neutralization. We identified 12 samples with good breadth of neutralization (neutralized >90% of the viruses). Four of these samples neutralized even the difficult-to-neutralize tier-3 pseudoviruses with great potency (GMT > 600). Analysis of neutralization specificities indicated that four samples had antibodies with multiple epitope binding specificities, viz. CD4-binding site (CD4BS), glycans in the V1/V2 and V3 regions and membrane proximal external region (MPER). Our findings indicate the strong possibility of identifying highly potent bNAbs with known or novel specificities from HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals from India that can be exploited as therapeutic tools or lead molecules for the identification of potential epitopes for design of a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - K Lucia Precilla
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - K K Vidya Vijayan
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Manickam Ashokkumar
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | | | - Jagadish Chandrabose Sundaramurthi
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Viswanath Buddolla
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi- Do, 461701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - V D Ramanathan
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Clinical Research, Chennai, 600031, India
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73
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Dugast AS, Arnold K, Lofano G, Moore S, Hoffner M, Simek M, Poignard P, Seaman M, Suscovich TJ, Pereyra F, Walker BD, Lauffenburger D, Kwon DS, Keele BF, Alter G. Virus-driven Inflammation Is Associated With the Development of bNAbs in Spontaneous Controllers of HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:1098-1104. [PMID: 28158448 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanism(s) by which broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) emerge naturally following infection is crucial for the development of a protective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although previous studies have implicated high viremia and associated immune activation as potential drivers for the development of bNAbs, here we sought to unlink the effect of these 2 parameters by evaluating the key inflammatory predictors of bNAb development in HIV-infected individuals who spontaneously control HIV in the absence of antiretroviral therapy ("controllers"). Methods The breadth of antibody-mediated neutralization against 11 tier 2 or 3 viruses was assessed in 163 clade B spontaneous controllers of HIV. Plasma levels of 17 cytokines were screened in the same set of subjects. The relationship of the inflammatory signature was assessed in the context of viral blips or viral RNA levels in peripheral blood or gastrointestinal biopsies from aviremic controllers (<50 copies RNA/mL) and in the context of viral sequence diversity analysis in the plasma of viremic controllers (<50-2000 copies RNA/mL). Results A unique inflammatory profile, including high plasma levels of CXCL13, sCD40L, IP10, RANTES, and TNFα, was observed in HIV controllers who developed bNAbs. Interestingly, viral load and tissue viremia, but not intermittent viral blips, were associated with these cytokine profiles. However, viral diversity was not significantly associated with increased breadth in controllers. Conclusion These results suggest that low antigenic diversity in the setting of a unique inflammatory profile associated with antigen persistence may be linked to the evolution of neutralizing antibody breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Arnold
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lofano
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Moore
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Hoffner
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Simek
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pascal Poignard
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, USA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Doug Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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74
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Flow virometry analysis of envelope glycoprotein conformations on individual HIV virions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:948. [PMID: 28424455 PMCID: PMC5430429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope proteins (Envs) play a critical role in HIV infection. In a correct trimeric conformation, Env mediates virus–cell binding and fusion. Malfunctioning of this machinery renders virions incapable of infecting cells. Each HIV-1 virion carries 10–14 Envs, and therefore a defective Env may not necessarily render a HIV virion non-infectious, since other Env on the same virion may still be functional. Alternatively, it is possible that on a given virion either all the spikes are defective or all are functional. Here, we investigate Env conformations on individual virions using our new nanotechnology, “flow virometry”, and a panel of antibodies that discriminate between various Env conformations. We found that the majority of HIV-1 virions carry either only trimeric (“functional”) or only defective spikes. The relatively small subfraction of virions that carry both functional and nonfunctional Envs contributes little to HIV infection of human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. The observation that the majority of virions exclusively express either functional or nonfunctional forms of Env has important implications for understanding the role of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies in the immune control of HIV infection as well as for the development of effective prophylactic strategies.
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75
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Profiling the neutralizing antibody response in chronically HIV-1 CRF07_BC-infected intravenous drug users naïve to antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46308. [PMID: 28387330 PMCID: PMC5384219 DOI: 10.1038/srep46308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in individuals infected with diverse HIV-1 strains is necessary to reveal the novel targets for regional preventive and therapeutic strategies development. We evaluated the prevalence, breadth, and potency of NAb responses in 98 CRF07_BC-infected individuals using a large, multi-subtype panel of 30 tier 2-3 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Furthermore, we compared the neutralization pattern of CRF07_BC-infected people with that of subtype B’-infected individuals in China. Of the 98 plasma samples tested, 18% neutralized more than 80% of viruses in the panel, and 53% neutralized more than 50%, suggesting the presence of broadly NAbs in these individuals. A preferential intra-subtype neutralization of CRF07_BC was found. Notably, CRF07_BC-infected individuals generated higher neutralization titers against intra-subtype viruses than subtype B’-infected individuals with longer infection length. However, subtype B’-infected individuals mounted broader neutralization responses against inter-subtype viruses than CRF07_BC infection with shorter infection time, indicating the transition from narrow autologous to broad heterologous neutralization over time. Neutralization activity of the top six plasmas from each cohort was attributable to IgG fraction, and half of them developed CD4 binding site antibody reactivity. Heatmap analysis identified three statistically robust clusters of plasmas that offer valuable resources for further in-depth virological and immunological study.
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76
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Clark AJ, Gindin T, Zhang B, Wang L, Abel R, Murret CS, Xu F, Bao A, Lu NJ, Zhou T, Kwong PD, Shapiro L, Honig B, Friesner RA. Free Energy Perturbation Calculation of Relative Binding Free Energy between Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the gp120 Glycoprotein of HIV-1. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:930-947. [PMID: 27908641 PMCID: PMC5383735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Direct calculation of relative binding affinities between antibodies and antigens is a long-sought goal. However, despite substantial efforts, no generally applicable computational method has been described. Here, we describe a systematic free energy perturbation (FEP) protocol and calculate the binding affinities between the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 and three broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) of the VRC01 class. The protocol has been adapted from successful studies of small molecules to address the challenges associated with modeling protein-protein interactions. Specifically, we built homology models of the three antibody-gp120 complexes, extended the sampling times for large bulky residues, incorporated the modeling of glycans on the surface of gp120, and utilized continuum solvent-based loop prediction protocols to improve sampling. We present three experimental surface plasmon resonance data sets, in which antibody residues in the antibody/gp120 interface were systematically mutated to alanine. The RMS error in the large set (55 total cases) of FEP tests as compared to these experiments, 0.68kcal/mol, is near experimental accuracy, and it compares favorably with the results obtained from a simpler, empirical methodology. The correlation coefficient for the combined data set including residues with glycan contacts, R2=0.49, should be sufficient to guide the choice of residues for antibody optimization projects, assuming that this level of accuracy can be realized in prospective prediction. More generally, these results are encouraging with regard to the possibility of using an FEP approach to calculate the magnitude of protein-protein binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3178, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Tatyana Gindin
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingle Wang
- Schrodinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Robert Abel
- Schrodinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Colleen S Murret
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3178, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3178, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Amy Bao
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nina J Lu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Systems Biology, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, 1130 Street Nicholas Avenue, Room 815, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3178, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Steinbrecher T, Abel R, Clark A, Friesner R. Free Energy Perturbation Calculations of the Thermodynamics of Protein Side-Chain Mutations. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:923-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Behrens AJ, Seabright GE, Crispin M. Targeting Glycans of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins for Vaccine Design. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of the envelope spike of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered with a dense array of glycans, which is sufficient to impede the host antibody response while maintaining a window for receptor recognition. The glycan density significantly exceeds that typically observed on self glycoproteins and is sufficiently high to disrupt the maturation process of glycans, from oligomannose- to complex-type glycosylation, that normally occurs during glycoprotein transit through the secretory system. It is notable that this generates a degree of homogeneity not seen in the highly mutated protein moiety. The conserved, close glycan packing and divergences from default glycan processing give a window for immune recognition. Encouragingly, in a subset of individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been isolated that recognize these features and are protective in passive-transfer models. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the glycan shield of HIV and outline the strategies that are being pursued to elicit glycan-binding bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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Ahmed S, Shrivastava T, Kumar N, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Chakrabarti BK. Stabilization of a soluble, native-like trimeric form of an efficiently cleaved Indian HIV-1 clade C envelope glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8236-8243. [PMID: 28283570 PMCID: PMC5437231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing an effective HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogen for elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a challenging task because of the high sequence diversity, heavy glycosylation, and inherent meta-stability of Env. Based on the antigenic profile of recently isolated bNAbs, the rational approach to immunogen design is to make a stable version of the Env trimer, which mimics the native trimeric Env present on the viral surface. The SOSIP.664 form of a clade A Env, BG505, yields a homogeneous and well ordered prefusion trimeric form, which maintains structural integrity and desired antigenicity. Following the same approach, we attempted to stabilize a naturally occurring efficiently cleaved clade C Env, namely 4-2.J41, isolated from an Indian patient. Although the SOSIP form of 4-2.J41 failed to produce reasonably well ordered trimers, the 4-2.J41.SOSIP.664 Env could be stabilized in a native-like trimeric form by swapping a domain from BG505 Env to 4-2.J41 Env. Using various biochemical and biophysical means we confirmed that this engineered Env is cleaved, trimeric, and it retains its native-like quaternary conformation exposing mostly broadly neutralizing epitopes. Moreover, introduction of a disulfide bond in the bridging sheet region further stabilized the closed conformation of the Env. Thus, our 4-2.J41.SOSIP.664 Env adds to the increasing pool of potential immunogens for a HIV-1 vaccine, particularly for clade C, which is the most prevalent in India and many other countries. Besides, the approach used to stabilize the 4-2.J41 Env may be used successfully with Envs from other HIV-1 strains as well. Additionally, a soluble native trimeric form of an efficiently cleaved membrane-bound Env, 4-2.J41, may be beneficial for immunization studies using various prime-boost strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubbir Ahmed
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10004.
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Sack B, Kappe SHI, Sather DN. Towards functional antibody-based vaccines to prevent pre-erythrocytic malaria infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:403-414. [PMID: 28277097 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1295853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An effective malaria vaccine would be considered a milestone of modern medicine, yet has so far eluded research and development efforts. This can be attributed to the extreme complexity of the malaria parasites, presenting with a multi-stage life cycle, high genome complexity and the parasite's sophisticated immune evasion measures, particularly antigenic variation during pathogenic blood stage infection. However, the pre-erythrocytic (PE) early infection forms of the parasite exhibit relatively invariant proteomes, and are attractive vaccine targets as they offer multiple points of immune system attack. Areas covered: We cover the current state of and roadblocks to the development of an effective, antibody-based PE vaccine, including current vaccine candidates, limited biological knowledge, genetic heterogeneity, parasite complexity, and suboptimal preclinical models as well as the power of early stage clinical models. Expert commentary: PE vaccines will need to elicit broad and durable immunity to prevent infection. This could be achievable if recent innovations in studying the parasites' infection biology, rational vaccine selection and design as well as adjuvant formulation are combined in a synergistic and multipronged approach. Improved preclinical assays as well as the iterative testing of vaccine candidates in controlled human malaria infection trials will further accelerate this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sack
- a Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute) , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- a Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute) , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- a Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute) , Seattle , WA , USA
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81
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Witt KC, Castillo-Menendez L, Ding H, Espy N, Zhang S, Kappes JC, Sodroski J. Antigenic characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein precursor incorporated into nanodiscs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170672. [PMID: 28151945 PMCID: PMC5289478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) into host cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoproteins (Envs), which are derived by the proteolytic cleavage of a trimeric gp160 Env precursor. The mature Env trimer is a major target for entry inhibitors and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. Env interstrain variability, conformational flexibility and heavy glycosylation contribute to evasion of the host immune response, and create challenges for structural characterization and vaccine development. Here we investigate variables associated with reconstitution of the HIV-1 Env precursor into nanodiscs, nanoscale lipid bilayer discs enclosed by membrane scaffolding proteins. We identified detergents, as well as lipids similar in composition to the viral lipidome, that allowed efficient formation of Env-nanodiscs (Env-NDs). Env-NDs were created with the full-length Env precursor and with an Env precursor with the majority of the cytoplasmic tail intact. The self-association of Env-NDs was decreased by glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The Env-NDs exhibited an antigenic profile expected for the HIV-1 Env precursor. Env-NDs were recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Of note, neutralizing antibody epitopes in the gp41 membrane-proximal external region and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed on Env-NDs compared with Env expressed on cell surfaces. Most Env epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies were masked on the Env-NDs. This antigenic profile was stable for several days, exhibiting a considerably longer half-life than that of Env solubilized in detergents. Negative selection with weak neutralizing antibodies could be used to improve the antigenic profile of the Env-NDs. Finally, we show that lipid adjuvants can be incorporated into Env-NDs. These results indicate that Env-NDs represent a potentially useful platform for investigating the structural, functional and antigenic properties of the HIV-1 Env trimer in a membrane context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen C. Witt
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Luis Castillo-Menendez
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Haitao Ding
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Nicole Espy
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Doria-Rose NA, Altae-Tran HR, Roark RS, Schmidt SD, Sutton MS, Louder MK, Chuang GY, Bailer RT, Cortez V, Kong R, McKee K, O’Dell S, Wang F, Abdool Karim SS, Binley JM, Connors M, Haynes BF, Martin MA, Montefiori DC, Morris L, Overbaugh J, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Georgiev IS. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006148. [PMID: 28052137 PMCID: PMC5241146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational neutralization fingerprinting, NFP, is an efficient and accurate method for predicting the epitope specificities of polyclonal antibody responses to HIV-1 infection. Here, we present next-generation NFP algorithms that substantially improve prediction accuracy for individual donors and enable serologic analysis for entire cohorts. Specifically, we developed algorithms for: (a) selection of optimized virus neutralization panels for NFP analysis, (b) estimation of NFP prediction confidence for each serum sample, and (c) identification of sera with potentially novel epitope specificities. At the individual donor level, the next-generation NFP algorithms particularly improved the ability to detect multiple epitope specificities in a sample, as confirmed both for computationally simulated polyclonal sera and for samples from HIV-infected donors. Specifically, the next-generation NFP algorithms detected multiple specificities in twice as many samples of simulated sera. Further, unlike the first-generation NFP, the new algorithms were able to detect both of the previously confirmed antibody specificities, VRC01-like and PG9-like, in donor CHAVI 0219. At the cohort level, analysis of ~150 broadly neutralizing HIV-infected donor samples suggested a potential connection between clade of infection and types of elicited epitope specificities. Most notably, while 10E8-like antibodies were observed in infections from different clades, an enrichment of such antibodies was predicted for clade B samples. Ultimately, such large-scale analyses of antibody responses to HIV-1 infection can help guide the design of epitope-specific vaccines that are tailored to take into account the prevalence of infecting clades within a specific geographic region. Overall, the next-generation NFP technology will be an important tool for the analysis of broadly neutralizing polyclonal antibody responses against HIV-1. HIV-1 remains a significant global health threat, with no effective vaccine against the virus currently available. Since traditional vaccine design efforts have had limited success, much effort in recent years has focused on gaining a better understanding of the ways select individuals are able to effectively neutralize the virus upon natural infection, and to utilize that knowledge for the design of optimized vaccine candidates. Primary emphasis has been placed on characterizing the antibody arm of the immune system, and specifically on antibodies capable of neutralizing the majority of circulating HIV-1 strains. Various experimental techniques can be applied to map the epitope targets of these antibodies, but more recently, the development of computational methods has provided an efficient and accurate alternative for understanding the complex antibody responses to HIV-1 in a given individual. Here, we present the next generation of this computational technology, and show that these new methods have significantly improved accuracy and confidence, and that they enable the interrogation of biologically important questions that can lead to new insights for the design of an effective vaccine against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Han R. Altae-Tran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ryan S. Roark
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Sutton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Felicia Wang
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Salim S. Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - James M. Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chan SK, Lim TS. Immune Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:61-78. [PMID: 29549635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incident of two children in Europe who died of diphtheria due to a shortage of anti-toxin drugs has highlighted the need for alternative anti-toxins. Historically, antiserum produced from immunised horses have been used to treat diphtheria. Despite the potential of antiserum, the economical and medial concerns associated with the use of animal antiserum has led to its slow market demise. Over the years, new and emerging infectious diseases have grown to be a major global health threat. The emergence of drug-resistant superbugs has also pushed the boundaries of available therapeutics to deal with new infectious diseases. Antibodies have emerged as a possible alternative to combat the continuous onslaught of various infectious agents. The isolation of antibodies against pathogens of infectious diseases isolated from immune libraries utilising phage display has yielded promising results in terms of affinities and neutralizing activities. This chapter focuses on the concept of immune antibody libraries and highlights the application of immune antibody libraries to generate antibodies for various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khim Chan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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84
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Presti R, Pantaleo G. The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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85
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Kwong PD, Chuang G, DeKosky BJ, Gindin T, Georgiev IS, Lemmin T, Schramm CA, Sheng Z, Soto C, Yang A, Mascola JR, Shapiro L. Antibodyomics: bioinformatics technologies for understanding B-cell immunity to HIV-1. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:108-128. [PMID: 28133812 PMCID: PMC5516196 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous antibodies have been identified from HIV-1-infected donors that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1. These antibodies may provide the basis for a B cell-mediated HIV-1 vaccine. However, it has been unclear how to elicit similar antibodies by vaccination. To address this issue, we have undertaken an informatics-based approach to understand the genetic and immunologic processes controlling the development of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies. As DNA sequencing comprises the fastest growing database of biological information, we focused on incorporating next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts to determine the origin, maturation pathway, and prevalence of broadly neutralizing antibody lineages (Antibodyomics1, 2, 4, and 6). We also incorporated large-scale robotic analyses of serum neutralization to identify and quantify neutralizing antibodies in donor cohorts (Antibodyomics3). Statistical analyses furnish another layer of insight (Antibodyomics5), with physical characteristics of antibodies and their targets through molecular dynamics simulations (Antibodyomics7) and free energy perturbation analyses (Antibodyomics8) providing information-rich output. Functional interrogation of individual antibodies (Antibodyomics9) and synthetic antibody libraries (Antibodyomics10) also yields multi-dimensional data by which to understand and improve antibodies. Antibodyomics, described here, thus comprise resolution-enhancing tools, which collectively embody an information-driven discovery engine aimed toward the development of effective B cell-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiophysicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Gwo‐Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Tatyana Gindin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiophysicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Chaim A. Schramm
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiophysicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Systems BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiophysicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Systems BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - An‐Suei Yang
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiophysicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Systems BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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86
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Gilbert PB, Juraska M, deCamp AC, Karuna S, Edupuganti S, Mgodi N, Donnell DJ, Bentley C, Sista N, Andrew P, Isaacs A, Huang Y, Zhang L, Capparelli E, Kochar N, Wang J, Eshleman SH, Mayer KH, Magaret CA, Hural J, Kublin JG, Gray G, Montefiori DC, Gomez MM, Burns DN, McElrath J, Ledgerwood J, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Cohen M, Corey L. Basis and Statistical Design of the Passive HIV-1 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Test-of-Concept Efficacy Trials. STATISTICAL COMMUNICATIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 9:20160001. [PMID: 29218117 PMCID: PMC5714515 DOI: 10.1515/scid-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been developed as potential agents for prevention of HIV-1 infection. The HIV Vaccine Trials Network and the HIV Prevention Trials Network are conducting the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials to assess whether, and how, intravenous infusion of the anti-CD4 binding site bnAb, VRC01, prevents HIV-1 infection. These are the first test-of-concept studies to assess HIV-1 bnAb prevention efficacy in humans. METHODS The AMP trials are two parallel phase 2b HIV-1 prevention efficacy trials conducted in two cohorts: 2700 HIV-uninfected men and transgender persons who have sex with men in the United States, Peru, Brazil, and Switzerland; and 1500 HIV-uninfected sexually active women in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Participants are randomized 1:1:1 to receive an intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg VRC01, 30 mg/kg VRC01, or a control preparation every 8 weeks for a total of 10 infusions. Each trial is designed (1) to assess overall prevention efficacy (PE) pooled over the two VRC01 dose groups vs. control and (2) to assess VRC01 dose and laboratory markers as correlates of protection (CoPs) against overall and genotype- and phenotype-specific infection. RESULTS Each AMP trial is designed to have 90% power to detect PE > 0% if PE is ≥ 60%. The AMP trials are also designed to identify VRC01 properties (i.e., concentration and effector functions) that correlate with protection and to provide insight into mechanistic CoPs. CoPs are assessed using data from breakthrough HIV-1 infections, including genetic sequences and sensitivities to VRC01-mediated neutralization and Fc effector functions. CONCLUSIONS The AMP trials test whether VRC01 can prevent HIV-1 infection in two study populations. If affirmative, they will provide information for estimating the optimal dosage of VRC01 (or subsequent derivatives) and identify threshold levels of neutralization and Fc effector functions associated with high-level protection, setting a benchmark for future vaccine evaluation and constituting a bridge to other bnAb approaches for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe – University of California San Francisco Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Deborah J. Donnell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carter Bentley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Abby Isaacs
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edmund Capparelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan H. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Margarita M. Gomez
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David N. Burns
- Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Myron Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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87
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Escolano A, Dosenovic P, Nussenzweig MC. Progress toward active or passive HIV-1 vaccination. J Exp Med 2016; 214:3-16. [PMID: 28003309 PMCID: PMC5206506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is a preventable disease. Nevertheless, according to UNAIDS, 2.1 million individuals were infected with HIV-1 in 2015 worldwide. An effective vaccine is highly desirable. Most vaccines in clinical use today prevent infection because they elicit antibodies that block pathogen entry. Consistent with this general rule, studies in experimental animals have shown that broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 can prevent infection, suggesting that a vaccine that elicits such antibodies would be protective. However, despite significant efforts over the last 30 years, attempts to elicit broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by vaccination failed until recent experiments in genetically engineered mice were finally successful. Here, we review the key breakthroughs and remaining obstacles to the development of active and passive HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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88
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Astronomo RD, Santra S, Ballweber-Fleming L, Westerberg KG, Mach L, Hensley-McBain T, Sutherland L, Mildenberg B, Morton G, Yates NL, Mize GJ, Pollara J, Hladik F, Ochsenbauer C, Denny TN, Warrier R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Kaewkungwal J, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Xia SM, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, McElrath JM. Neutralization Takes Precedence Over IgG or IgA Isotype-related Functions in Mucosal HIV-1 Antibody-mediated Protection. EBioMedicine 2016; 14:97-111. [PMID: 27919754 PMCID: PMC5161443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection occurs primarily through mucosal transmission. Application of biologically relevant mucosal models can advance understanding of the functional properties of antibodies that mediate HIV protection, thereby guiding antibody-based vaccine development. Here, we employed a human ex vivo vaginal HIV-1 infection model and a rhesus macaque in vivo intrarectal SHIV challenge model to probe the protective capacity of monoclonal broadly-neutralizing (bnAb) and non-neutralizing Abs (nnAbs) that were functionally modified by isotype switching. For human vaginal explants, we developed a replication-competent, secreted NanoLuc reporter virus system and showed that CD4 binding site bnAbs b12 IgG1 and CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms potently blocked HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1Bal26 infection. However, IgG1 and IgA nnAbs, either alone or together, did not inhibit infection despite the presence of FcR-expressing effector cells in the tissue. In macaques, the CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms infused before high-dose SHIV challenge were completely to partially protective, respectively, while nnAbs (CH54 IgG1 and CH38 mIgA2) were non-protective. Importantly, in both mucosal models IgG1 isotype bnAbs were more protective than the IgA2 isotypes, attributable in part to greater neutralization activity of the IgG1 variants. These findings underscore the importance of potent bnAb induction as a primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katharine G Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Mildenberg
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgeanna Morton
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayapan
- Royal Thai Army Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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89
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Pahar B, Kenway-Lynch CS, Marx P, Srivastav SK, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Das A. Breadth and magnitude of antigen-specific antibody responses in the control of plasma viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques. Virol J 2016; 13:200. [PMID: 27903274 PMCID: PMC5131515 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests an unexpected potential for non-neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV infection. Consequently, identification of functional linear B-cell epitopes for HIV are important for developing preventative and therapeutic strategies. We therefore explored the role of antigen-specific immune responses in controlling plasma viremia in SIV infected rhesus macaques. Methods Thirteen rhesus macaques were inoculated either intravaginally or intrarectally with SIVMAC251. Peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells were quantified. Plasma was examined for viremia, antigen specific IgG, IgA and IgM binding responses and neutralizing antibodies. Regions containing binding epitopes for antigen-specific IgG, IgM and IgA responses were determined, and the minimum size of linear Envelope epitope responsible for binding antibodies was identified. Results The presence of neutralizing antibodies did not correlate the outcome of the disease. In a few SIV-infected macaques, antigen-specific IgG and IgM responses in plasma correlated with decreased plasma viremia. Early induction and the breadth of antigen-specific IgG responses were found to be significantly correlated with the control of plasma viral load. Immunoglobulin classes share similar functional linear B-cell epitopes. SIV-specific linear envelope B-cell epitopes were found to be 12 amino-acids in length. Conclusions Early induction of combination of peptide-specific IgG responses were found to be responsible for the control of plasma viral load and indicative of disease outcome in SIV-infected rhesus macaques and might be important for the development of therapeutic strategies for control or prevention of HIV/AIDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0652-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, 70112, LA, USA.
| | - Carys S Kenway-Lynch
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, 70433, LA, USA
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, LA, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, 70433, LA, USA
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90
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Yu C, Li X, Liu J, Diao W, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Wei H, Yu Y, Yu Y, Wang L. Replacing the decoy epitope of PCV2b capsid protein with a protective epitope enhances efficacy of PCV2b vaccine. Vaccine 2016; 34:6358-6366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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91
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Kesavardhana S, Das R, Citron M, Datta R, Ecto L, Srilatha NS, DiStefano D, Swoyer R, Joyce JG, Dutta S, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Flynn JA, Varadarajan R. Structure-based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:278-291. [PMID: 27879316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for HIV-1 vaccine development is an ability to elicit strong and durable broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses. The trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes on HIV-1 are known to contain multiple epitopes that are susceptible to bNAbs isolated from infected individuals. Nonetheless, all trimeric and monomeric Env immunogens designed to date have failed to elicit such antibodies. We report the structure-guided design of HIV-1 cyclically permuted gp120 that forms homogeneous, stable trimers, and displays enhanced binding to multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, and the quaternary epitope-specific bNAbs PGT145 and PGDM1400. Constructs that were cyclically permuted in the V1 loop region and contained an N-terminal trimerization domain to stabilize V1V2-mediated quaternary interactions, showed the highest homogeneity and the best antigenic characteristics. In guinea pigs, a DNA prime-protein boost regimen with these new gp120 trimer immunogens elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses against highly sensitive Tier 1A isolates and weaker neutralizing antibody responses with an average titer of about 115 against a panel of heterologous Tier 2 isolates. A modest fraction of the Tier 2 virus neutralizing activity appeared to target the CD4 binding site on gp120. These results suggest that cyclically permuted HIV-1 gp120 trimers represent a viable platform in which further modifications may be made to eventually achieve protective bNAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannula Kesavardhana
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Raksha Das
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Michael Citron
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Rohini Datta
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Linda Ecto
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | | | | | - Ryan Swoyer
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Joseph G Joyce
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Somnath Dutta
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | - David C Montefiori
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | | | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India,
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92
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Enhancing Virion Tethering by BST2 Sensitizes Productively and Latently HIV-infected T cells to ADCC Mediated by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37225. [PMID: 27853288 PMCID: PMC5112552 DOI: 10.1038/srep37225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of anti-HIV antibodies (Abs) to envelope (Env) glycoproteins on infected cells can mark them for elimination via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). BST2, a type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated restriction factor that anchors nascent Env-containing virions at the surface of infected cells has been shown to enhance ADCC functions. In a comprehensive analysis of ADCC potency by neutralizing anti-HIV Abs (NAbs), we show in this study that NAbs are capable of mediating ADCC against HIV-infected T cells with 3BNC117, PGT126 and PG9 being most efficient. We demonstrate that HIV-induced BST2 antagonism effectively attenuates Ab binding and ADCC responses mediated by all classes of NAbs that were tested. Interestingly, IFNα treatment can reverse this effect in a BST2-dependent manner. Importantly, while reactivated latent T cell lines display some susceptibility to ADCC mediated by broadly NAbs, inactivating BST2 viral countermeasures and/or exogenous IFNα augment their elimination. Overall, our findings support the notion that NAbs can induce ADCC. They highlight that while BST2 antagonism by HIV promotes ADCC evasion, strategies aimed at restoring BST2 restriction could improve anti-HIV responses and potentially provide a means to eliminate reactivated cells in latent reservoirs.
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93
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The first 24 h: targeting the window of opportunity for antibody-mediated protection against HIV-1 transmission. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:561-568. [PMID: 27559708 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW I will review evidence that antibodies protect against HIV-1 transmission in a short window of opportunity, involving neutralization, Fc-mediated effector function, or both. RECENT FINDINGS The last decade witnessed a dramatic progress in the understanding of antibody-mediated protection against HIV-1, including active and passive immunization studies in nonhuman primates; association between reduced infection risk and the specificities and function of antibodies in the RV144 clinical trial; identification of potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies; high-resolution structural studies of the HIV-1 envelope trimer; and an increasing appreciation that Fc-mediated effector function is critical to protection against transmission for neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. Less information is known about how antibodies protect in situ, except that they must do in the first 24 h after exposure. New evidence suggests that antibodies protect in an acute innate immune environment involving the NXLRX1 inflammasome and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) that favors infection and rapid dissemination of CCR6RORγ Th17 cells. SUMMARY These recent findings set the stage for understanding how antibodies can prevent the transmission of HIV-1. In this context, antibodies must prevent infection in an innate immune environment that strongly favors transmission. This information is key for the development of a vaccine against HIV-1.
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94
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Makhdoomi MA, Singh D, Nair Pananghat A, Lodha R, Kabra SK, Luthra K. Neutralization resistant HIV-1 primary isolates from antiretroviral naïve chronically infected children in India. Virology 2016; 499:105-113. [PMID: 27643887 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been extensively tested against pesudoviruses of diverse strains. We generated and characterized HIV-1 primary isolates from antiretroviral naïve infected Indian children, and determined their susceptibility to known NAbs. All the 8 isolates belonged to subtype-C and were R5 tropic. Majority of these viruses were resistant to neutralization by NAbs, suggesting that the bnAbs, known to efficiently neutralize pseudoviruses (adult and pediatric) of different strains, are less effective against pediatric primary isolates. Interestingly, AIIMS_329 isolate displayed high susceptibility to neutralization by PG9 and PG16bnAbs, with IC50 titer of 1.3 and 0.97μg/ml, suggesting exposure of this epitope on this virus. All isolates except AIIMS_506 were neutralized by contemporaneous plasma antibodies. Our findings suggest that primary isolates, due to close resemblance to viruses in natural infection, should be used to evaluate NAbs as effective vaccine candidates in both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ambili Nair Pananghat
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, 110062 New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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95
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Induction of Heterologous Tier 2 HIV-1-Neutralizing and Cross-Reactive V1/V2-Specific Antibodies in Rabbits by Prime-Boost Immunization. J Virol 2016; 90:8644-60. [PMID: 27440894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00853-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poxvirus prime-protein boost used in the RV144 trial remains the only immunization strategy shown to elicit a modest level of protection against HIV-1 acquisition in humans. Although neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were generated, they were against sensitive viruses, not the more resistant "tier 2" isolates that dominate circulating strains. Instead, risk reduction correlated with antibodies recognizing epitopes in the V1/V2 region of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here, we examined whether tier 2 virus NAb and V1/V2-specific non-NAb could be elicited by a poxvirus prime-gp120 boost strategy in a rabbit model. We studied two clade B Envs that differ in multiple parameters, including tissue origin, neutralization sensitivity, and presence of the N197 (N7) glycan that was previously shown to modulate the exposure of conserved epitopes on Env. We demonstrate that immunized rabbits generated cross-reactive neutralizing activities against >50% of the tier 2 global HIV-1 isolates tested. Some of these activities were directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4bs). These rabbits also generated antibodies that recognized protein scaffolds bearing V1/V2 sequences from diverse HIV-1 isolates and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, there are subtle differences in the specificities and the response rates of V1/V2-specific antibodies between animals immunized with different Envs, with or without the N7 glycan. These findings demonstrate that antibody responses that have been correlated with protection against HIV-1 acquisition in humans can be elicited in a preclinical model by a poxvirus prime-gp120 boost strategy and that improvements may be achievable by optimizing the nature of the priming and boosting immunogens. IMPORTANCE The only vaccine approach shown to elicit any protective efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition is based on a poxvirus prime-protein boost regimen (RV144 Thai trial). Reduction of risk was associated with nonneutralizing antibodies targeting the V1/V2 loops of the envelope protein gp120. However, the modest efficacy (31.2%) achieved in this trial highlights the need to examine approaches and factors that may improve vaccine-induced responses, including cross-reactive neutralizing activities. We show here that rabbits immunized with a novel recombinant vaccinia virus prime-gp120 protein boost regimen generated antibodies that recognize protein scaffolds bearing V1/V2 sequences from diverse HIV-1 isolates and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Importantly, immunized rabbits also showed neutralizing activities against heterologous tier 2 HIV-1 isolates. These findings may inform the design of prime-boost immunization approaches and help improve the protective efficacy of candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
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96
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Thermostability of Well-Ordered HIV Spikes Correlates with the Elicitation of Autologous Tier 2 Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005767. [PMID: 27487086 PMCID: PMC4972253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of HIV vaccine design and development, HIV-1 spike mimetics displaying a range of stabilities were evaluated to determine whether more stable, well-ordered trimers would more efficiently elicit neutralizing antibodies. To begin, in vitro analysis of trimers derived from the cysteine-stabilized SOSIP platform or the uncleaved, covalently linked NFL platform were evaluated. These native-like trimers, derived from HIV subtypes A, B, and C, displayed a range of thermostabilities, and were “stress-tested” at varying temperatures as a prelude to in vivo immunogenicity. Analysis was performed both in the absence and in the presence of two different adjuvants. Since partial trimer degradation was detected at 37°C before or after formulation with adjuvant, we sought to remedy such an undesirable outcome. Cross-linking (fixing) of the well-ordered trimers with glutaraldehyde increased overall thermostability, maintenance of well-ordered trimer integrity without or with adjuvant, and increased resistance to solid phase-associated trimer unfolding. Immunization of unfixed and fixed well-ordered trimers into animals revealed that the elicited tier 2 autologous neutralizing activity correlated with overall trimer thermostability, or melting temperature (Tm). Glutaraldehyde fixation also led to higher tier 2 autologous neutralization titers. These results link retention of trimer quaternary packing with elicitation of tier 2 autologous neutralizing activity, providing important insights for HIV-1 vaccine design. As the sole determinant exposed on the viral surface to the host B cells, development of native-like HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) functional spikes has been a major initial objective in HIV-1 vaccine design. As immunogens, these trimer mimetics should remain stable in a native-like conformation to preferentially present conserved neutralizing epitopes, as opposed to non-neutralizing epitopes, to better elicit neutralizing B cell responses and antibodies in vivo during the immune response. We assessed SOSIP or NFL trimers displaying a range of stabilities, including chemical fixation. We demonstrate that increased resistance to high temperature-induced unfolding correlated with enhanced elicitation of tier 2 autologous neutralizing antibodies that are capable of penetrating this well-shielded viral pathogen, an important consideration for HIV vaccine development.
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97
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Engineering broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:157-173. [PMID: 26827912 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of advances spanning from isolation to delivery of potent HIV-specific antibodies has begun to revolutionize understandings of antibody-mediated antiviral activity. As a result, the set of broadly neutralizing and highly protective antibodies has grown in number, diversity, potency, and breadth of viral recognition and neutralization. These antibodies are now being further enhanced by rational engineering of their anti-HIV activities and coupled to cutting edge gene delivery and strategies to optimize their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. As a result, the prospects for clinical use of HIV-specific antibodies to treat, clear, and prevent HIV infection are gaining momentum. Here we discuss the diverse methods whereby antibodies are being optimized for neutralization potency and breadth, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and effector function with the aim of revolutionizing HIV treatment and prevention options.
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98
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van den Kerkhof TLGM, de Taeye SW, Boeser-Nunnink BD, Burton DR, Kootstra NA, Schuitemaker H, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 27388013 PMCID: PMC4936165 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current HIV-1 immunogens are unable to induce antibodies that can neutralize a broad range of HIV-1 (broadly neutralizing antibodies; bNAbs). However, such antibodies are elicited in 10-30 % of HIV-1 infected individuals, and the co-evolution of the virus and the humoral immune responses in these individuals has attracted attention, because they can provide clues for vaccine design. RESULTS Here we characterized the NAb responses and envelope glycoprotein evolution in an HIV-1 infected "elite neutralizer" of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-1 infection and AIDS who developed an unusually potent bNAb response rapidly after infection. The NAb response was dependent on the N332-glycan and viral resistance against the N332-glycan dependent bNAb PGT135 developed over time but viral escape did not occur at or near this glycan. In contrast, the virus likely escaped by increasing V1 length, with up to 21 amino acids, accompanied by the introduction of 1-3 additional glycans, as well as 2-4 additional cysteine residues within V1. CONCLUSIONS In the individual studied here, HIV-1 escaped from N332-glycan directed NAb responses without changing the epitope itself, but by elongating a variable loop that shields this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L G M van den Kerkhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte D Boeser-Nunnink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 2333 CN, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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99
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Deshpande S, Patil S, Kumar R, Shrivastava T, Srikrishnan AK, Murugavel KG, Koff WC, Chakrabarti BK, Bhattacharya J. Association of mutations in V3/C3 domain with enhanced sensitivity of HIV-1 clade C primary envelopes to autologous broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies. Retrovirology 2016; 13:41. [PMID: 27307004 PMCID: PMC4910206 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 elicited in infected individuals evolves through shifts in their molecular specificities to viral envelope (Env) in the disease course. Recently, we showed that resistance of circulating HIV-1 clade C to the autologous plasma obtained from one Indian elite neutralizer is associated with mutations in V1 loop. In the present study, we examined the genetic attributes associated with exceptional sensitivity of pseudoviruses expressing an env gene obtained from the follow up visit contemporaneous plasma of the same donor. Results Examination of chimeric autologous Envs, we found that enhanced neutralization sensitivity is associated with mutations in the V3/C3 region. A positive association between V3/C3 mutation mediated enhanced autologous neutralization of autologous viruses with their sensitivity to both neutralizing and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies was found. Interestingly, we found that depletion of autologous plasma with trimeric and monomeric Envs conferred the sensitive Env with resistance indicating that mutations in V3/C3 region altered Env conformation towards optimal exposure of epitopes targeted by the neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion In summary, we found distinct vulnerabilities associated with evasion of circulating viruses to broadly neutralizing antibodies mounted in an Indian elite neutralizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprit Deshpande
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shilpa Patil
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | | | - Wayne C Koff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India. .,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA.
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100
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New concepts in HIV-1 vaccine development. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:39-46. [PMID: 27268856 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With 2 million people newly infected with HIV-1 in 2014, an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a major public health priority. HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials in humans, complemented by active and passive immunization studies in non-human primates, have identified several key vaccine-induced immunological responses that may correlate with protection against HIV-1 infection. Potential correlates of protection in these studies include V2-specific, polyfunctional, and broadly neutralizing antibody responses, as well as effector memory T cell responses. Here we review how these correlates of protection are guiding current approaches to HIV-1 vaccine development. These approaches include improvements on the ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX B/E vaccine regimen used in the RV144 clinical trial in Thailand, adenovirus serotype 26 vectors with gp140 boosting, intravenous infusions of bNAbs, and replicating viral vectors.
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