51
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Laliberté G, Othman R, Vaucher E. Mesoscopic Mapping of Stimulus-Selective Response Plasticity in the Visual Pathways Modulated by the Cholinergic System. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:38. [PMID: 32719589 PMCID: PMC7350895 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic potentiation of visual conditioning enhances visual acuity and discrimination of the trained stimulus. To determine if this also induces long-term plastic changes on cortical maps and connectivity in the visual cortex and higher associative areas, mesoscopic calcium imaging was performed in head-fixed awake GCaMP6s adult mice before and after conditioning. The conditioned stimulus (0.03 cpd, 30°, 100% contrast, 1 Hz-drifting gratings) was presented 10 min daily for a week. Saline or Donepezil (DPZ, 0.3 mg/kg, s.c.), a cholinesterase inhibitor that potentiates cholinergic transmission, were injected prior to each conditioning session and compared to a sham-conditioned group. Cortical maps of resting state and evoked response to the monocular presentation of conditioned or non-conditioned stimulus (30°, 50 and 75% contrast; 90°, 50, 75, and 100% contrast) were established. Amplitude, duration, and latency of the peak response, as well as size of activation were measured in the primary visual cortex (V1), secondary visual areas (AL, A, AM, PM, LM, RL), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and higher cortical areas. Visual stimulation increased calcium signaling in all primary and secondary visual areas, the RSC, but no other cortices. There were no significant effects of sham-conditioning or conditioning alone, but DPZ treatment during conditioning significantly decreased the integrated neuronal activity of superficial layers evoked by the conditioned stimulus in V1, AL, PM, and LM. The activity of downstream cortical areas was not changed. The size of the activated area was decreased in V1 and PM, and the signal-to-noise ratio was decreased in AL and PM. Interestingly, signal correlation was seen only between V1, the ventral visual pathway, and the RSC, and was decreased by DPZ administration. The resting state activity was slightly correlated and rarely affected by treatments, except between binocular and monocular V1 in both hemispheres. In conclusion, cholinergic potentiation of visual conditioning induced change in visual processing in the superficial cortical layers. This effect might be a key mechanism in the establishment of the fine cortical tuning in response to the conditioned visual stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Laliberté
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rahmeh Othman
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Départment de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elvire Vaucher
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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52
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Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling: Wired and Phasic, Not Tonic, and Causing Behavior. J Neurosci 2020; 40:712-719. [PMID: 31969489 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1305-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conceptualizations of cholinergic signaling as primarily spatially diffuse and slow-acting are based largely on measures of extracellular brain ACh levels that require several minutes to generate a single data point. In addition, most such studies inhibited the highly potent catalytic enzyme for ACh, AChE, to facilitate measurement of ACh. Absent such inhibition, AChE limits the presence of ambient ACh and thus renders it unlikely that ACh influences target regions via slow changes in extracellular ACh concentrations. We describe an alternative view by which forebrain signaling in cortex driving cognition is largely phasic (milliseconds to perhaps seconds), and unlikely to be volume-transmitted. This alternative is supported by new evidence from real-time amperometric recordings of cholinergic signaling indicating a specific function of rapid, phasic, transient cholinergic signaling in attentional contexts. Previous neurochemical evidence may be reinterpreted in terms of integrated phasic cholinergic activity that mediates specific behavioral and cognitive operations; this reinterpretation fits well with recent computational models. Optogenetic studies support a causal relationship between cholinergic transients and behavior. This occurs in part via transient-evoked muscarinic receptor-mediated high-frequency oscillations in cortical regions. Such oscillations outlast cholinergic transients and thus link transient ACh signaling with more sustained postsynaptic activity patterns to support relatively persistent attentional biases. Reconceptualizing cholinergic function as spatially specific, phasic, and modulating specific cognitive operations is theoretically powerful and may lead to pharmacologic treatments more effective than those based on traditional views.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Diverse Spatiotemporal Scales of Cholinergic Signaling in the Neocortex, by Anita A. Disney and Michael J. Higley.
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53
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Granger AJ, Wang W, Robertson K, El-Rifai M, Zanello AF, Bistrong K, Saunders A, Chow BW, Nuñez V, Turrero García M, Harwell CC, Gu C, Sabatini BL. Cortical ChAT + neurons co-transmit acetylcholine and GABA in a target- and brain-region-specific manner. eLife 2020; 9:57749. [PMID: 32613945 PMCID: PMC7360370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse cerebral cortex contains neurons that express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and are a potential local source of acetylcholine. However, the neurotransmitters released by cortical ChAT+ neurons and their synaptic connectivity are unknown. We show that the nearly all cortical ChAT+ neurons in mice are specialized VIP+ interneurons that release GABA strongly onto other inhibitory interneurons and acetylcholine sparsely onto layer 1 interneurons and other VIP+/ChAT+ interneurons. This differential transmission of ACh and GABA based on the postsynaptic target neuron is reflected in VIP+/ChAT+ interneuron pre-synaptic terminals, as quantitative molecular analysis shows that only a subset of these are specialized to release acetylcholine. In addition, we identify a separate, sparse population of non-VIP ChAT+ neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex with a distinct developmental origin that robustly release acetylcholine in layer 1. These results demonstrate both cortex-region heterogeneity in cortical ChAT+ interneurons and target-specific co-release of acetylcholine and GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Granger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Keiramarie Robertson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mahmoud El-Rifai
- Neurobiology Imaging Facility, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrea F Zanello
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Karina Bistrong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Arpiar Saunders
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Brian W Chow
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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54
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Sadahiro M, Demars MP, Burman P, Yevoo P, Zimmer A, Morishita H. Activation of Somatostatin Interneurons by Nicotinic Modulator Lypd6 Enhances Plasticity and Functional Recovery in the Adult Mouse Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5214-5227. [PMID: 32467358 PMCID: PMC7329312 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1373-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitation of plasticity in the adult brain impedes functional recovery later in life from brain injury or disease. This pressing clinical issue may be resolved by enhancing plasticity in the adult brain. One strategy for triggering robust plasticity in adulthood is to reproduce one of the hallmark physiological events of experience-dependent plasticity observed during the juvenile critical period: to rapidly reduce the activity of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons and disinhibit local excitatory neurons. This may be achieved through the enhancement of local inhibitory inputs, particularly those of somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons. However, to date the means for manipulating SST interneurons for enhancing cortical plasticity in the adult brain are not known. We show that SST interneuron-selective overexpression of Lypd6, an endogenous nicotinic signaling modulator, enhances ocular dominance plasticity in the adult primary visual cortex (V1). Lypd6 overexpression mediates a rapid experience-dependent increase in the visually evoked activity of SST interneurons as well as a simultaneous reduction in PV interneuron activity and disinhibition of excitatory neurons. Recapitulating this transient activation of SST interneurons using chemogenetics similarly enhanced V1 plasticity. Notably, we show that SST-selective Lypd6 overexpression restores visual acuity in amblyopic mice that underwent early long-term monocular deprivation. Our data in both male and female mice reveal selective modulation of SST interneurons and a putative downstream circuit mechanism as an effective method for enhancing experience-dependent cortical plasticity as well as functional recovery in adulthood.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The decline of cortical plasticity after closure of juvenile critical period consolidates neural circuits and behavior, but this limits functional recovery from brain diseases and dysfunctions in later life. Here we show that activation of cortical somatostatin (SST) interneurons by Lypd6, an endogenous modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, enhances experience-dependent plasticity and recovery from amblyopia in adulthood. This manipulation triggers rapid reduction of PV interneuron activity and disinhibition of excitatory neurons, which are known hallmarks of cortical plasticity during juvenile critical periods. Our study demonstrates modulation of SST interneurons by Lypd6 to achieve robust levels of cortical plasticity in the adult brain and may provide promising targets for restoring brain function in the event of brain trauma or disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Dominance, Ocular/genetics
- Evoked Potentials, Visual/genetics
- Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interneurons/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuronal Plasticity/genetics
- Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Recovery of Function/genetics
- Somatostatin/physiology
- Vision, Monocular/genetics
- Vision, Monocular/physiology
- Visual Acuity/genetics
- Visual Cortex/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Michael P Demars
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Poromendro Burman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Priscilla Yevoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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55
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Böhm E, Brunert D, Rothermel M. Input dependent modulation of olfactory bulb activity by HDB GABAergic projections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10696. [PMID: 32612119 PMCID: PMC7329849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal forebrain modulation of central circuits is associated with active sensation, attention, and learning. While cholinergic modulations have been studied extensively the effect of non-cholinergic basal forebrain subpopulations on sensory processing remains largely unclear. Here, we directly compare optogenetic manipulation effects of two major basal forebrain subpopulations on principal neuron activity in an early sensory processing area, i.e. mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) in the olfactory bulb. In contrast to cholinergic projections, which consistently increased MTC firing, activation of GABAergic fibers from basal forebrain to the olfactory bulb leads to differential modulation effects: while spontaneous MTC activity is mainly inhibited, odor-evoked firing is predominantly enhanced. Moreover, sniff-triggered averages revealed an enhancement of maximal sniff evoked firing amplitude and an inhibition of firing rates outside the maximal sniff phase. These findings demonstrate that GABAergic neuromodulation affects MTC firing in a bimodal, sensory-input dependent way, suggesting that GABAergic basal forebrain modulation could be an important factor in attention mediated filtering of sensory information to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Böhm
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Daniela Brunert
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
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56
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Li S, Zhou X, Constantinidis C, Qi XL. Plasticity of Persistent Activity and Its Constraints. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 32528254 PMCID: PMC7247814 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus information is maintained in working memory by action potentials that persist after the stimulus is no longer physically present. The prefrontal cortex is a critical brain area that maintains such persistent activity due to an intrinsic network with unique synaptic connectivity, NMDA receptors, and interneuron types. Persistent activity can be highly plastic depending on task demands but it also appears in naïve subjects, not trained or required to perform a task at all. Here, we review what aspects of persistent activity remain constant and what factors can modify it, focusing primarily on neurophysiological results from non-human primate studies. Changes in persistent activity are constrained by anatomical location, with more ventral and more anterior prefrontal areas exhibiting the greatest capacity for plasticity, as opposed to posterior and dorsal areas, which change relatively little with training. Learning to perform a cognitive task for the first time, further practicing the task, and switching between learned tasks can modify persistent activity. The ability of the prefrontal cortex to generate persistent activity also depends on age, with changes noted between adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Mean firing rates, variability and correlation of persistent discharges, but also time-varying firing rate dynamics are altered by these factors. Plastic changes in the strength of intrinsic network connections can be revealed by the analysis of synchronous spiking between neurons. These results are essential for understanding how the prefrontal cortex mediates working memory and intelligent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihai Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Xue-Lian Qi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
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57
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Milton R, Shahidi N, Dragoi V. Dynamic states of population activity in prefrontal cortical networks of freely-moving macaque. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1948. [PMID: 32327660 PMCID: PMC7181779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural responses in the cerebral cortex change dramatically between the 'synchronized' state during sleep and 'desynchronized' state during wakefulness. Our understanding of cortical state emerges largely from experiments performed in sensory areas of head-fixed or tethered rodents due to technical limitations of recording from larger freely-moving animals for several hours. Here, we report a system integrating wireless electrophysiology, wireless eye tracking, and real-time video analysis to examine the dynamics of population activity in a high-level, executive area - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of unrestrained monkey. This technology allows us to identify cortical substates during quiet and active wakefulness, and transitions in population activity during rest. We further show that narrow-spiking neurons exhibit stronger synchronized fluctuations in population activity than broad-spiking neurons regardless of state. Our results show that cortical state is controlled by behavioral demands and arousal by asymmetrically modulating the slow response fluctuations of local excitatory and inhibitory cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Milton
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Neda Shahidi
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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58
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Decker AL, Duncan K. Acetylcholine and the complex interdependence of memory and attention. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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59
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Jang HJ, Chung H, Rowland JM, Richards BA, Kohl MM, Kwag J. Distinct roles of parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons in gating the synchronization of spike times in the neocortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5333. [PMID: 32426459 PMCID: PMC7176419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization of precise spike times across multiple neurons carries information about sensory stimuli. Inhibitory interneurons are suggested to promote this synchronization, but it is unclear whether distinct interneuron subtypes provide different contributions. To test this, we examined single-unit recordings from barrel cortex in vivo and used optogenetics to determine the contribution of parvalbumin (PV)- and somatostatin (SST)-positive interneurons to the synchronization of spike times across cortical layers. We found that PV interneurons preferentially promote the synchronization of spike times when instantaneous firing rates are low (<12 Hz), whereas SST interneurons preferentially promote the synchronization of spike times when instantaneous firing rates are high (>12 Hz). Furthermore, using a computational model, we demonstrate that these effects can be explained by PV and SST interneurons having preferential contributions to feedforward and feedback inhibition, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that distinct subtypes of inhibitory interneurons have frequency-selective roles in the spatiotemporal synchronization of precise spike times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jae Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyowon Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - James M. Rowland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Blake A. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- Mila, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael M. Kohl
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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60
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Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:80-92. [PMID: 31911627 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal states, motor activity and neuromodulatory input. These influences converge to a common set of mechanisms for gain modulation, including GABAergic inhibition, synaptically driven fluctuations in membrane potential, changes in cellular conductance and changes in other biophysical neural properties. Recent work has identified GABAergic interneurons as targets of neuromodulatory input and mediators of state-dependent gain modulation. Here, we review the engagement and effects of gain modulation in the cortex. We highlight key recent findings that link phenomenological observations of gain modulation to underlying cellular and circuit-level mechanisms. Finally, we place these cellular and circuit interactions in the larger context of their impact on perception and cognition.
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61
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Sajedin A, Menhaj MB, Vahabie AH, Panzeri S, Esteky H. Cholinergic Modulation Promotes Attentional Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex- A Modeling Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20186. [PMID: 31882838 PMCID: PMC6934489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention greatly influences sensory neural processing by enhancing firing rates of neurons that represent the attended stimuli and by modulating their tuning properties. The cholinergic system is believed to partly mediate the attention contingent improvement of cortical processing by influencing neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and neural network characteristics. Here, we used a biophysically based model to investigate the mechanisms by which cholinergic system influences sensory information processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) layer 4C. The physiological properties and architectures of our model were inspired by experimental data and include feed-forward input from dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus that sets up orientation preference in V1 neural responses. When including a cholinergic drive, we found significant sharpening in orientation selectivity, desynchronization of LFP gamma power and spike-field coherence, decreased response variability and correlation reduction mostly by influencing intracortical interactions and by increasing inhibitory drive. Our results indicated that these effects emerged due to changes specific to the behavior of the inhibitory neurons. The behavior of our model closely resembles the effects of attention on neural activities in monkey V1. Our model suggests precise mechanisms through which cholinergic modulation may mediate the effects of attention in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Sajedin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Menhaj
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdol-Hossein Vahabie
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), 19395-5746, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Hossein Esteky
- Research Group for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
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62
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Γ-Aminobutyric acid in adult brain: an update. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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63
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Adamantidis AR, Gutierrez Herrera C, Gent TC. Oscillating circuitries in the sleeping brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:746-762. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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64
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Cell class-specific modulation of attentional signals by acetylcholine in macaque frontal eye field. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20180-20189. [PMID: 31527242 PMCID: PMC6778228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905413116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is critical to high-level cognition, and attentional deficits are a hallmark of cognitive dysfunction. A key transmitter for attentional control is acetylcholine, but its cellular actions in attention-controlling areas remain poorly understood. Here we delineate how muscarinic and nicotinic receptors affect basic neuronal excitability and attentional control signals in different cell types in macaque frontal eye field. We found that broad spiking and narrow spiking cells both require muscarinic and nicotinic receptors for normal excitability, thereby affecting ongoing or stimulus-driven activity. Attentional control signals depended on muscarinic, not nicotinic receptors in broad spiking cells, while they depended on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in narrow spiking cells. Cluster analysis revealed that muscarinic and nicotinic effects on attentional control signals were highly selective even for different subclasses of narrow spiking cells and of broad spiking cells. These results demonstrate that cholinergic receptors are critical to establish attentional control signals in the frontal eye field in a cell type-specific manner.
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65
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Functional flexibility in cortical circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 58:175-180. [PMID: 31585330 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortical networks receive a highly variable stream of inputs from internal and external influences, and must flexibly adapt their operations on a short timescale. Recent work has highlighted this state-dependent functional flexibility of cortical circuits and provided initial insights into underlying circuit-level mechanisms. Transitions from quiescent to aroused or task-engaged behavioral states are associated with common motifs of network activity, including changes in correlations and enhanced sensory encoding. Evidence points to a key role for selective activation of specific GABAergic interneuron populations in mediating mode-switching in cortical networks. Finally, inhibitory interneurons may function as a critical target for convergent state-dependent neuromodulatory sculpting of cortical circuits.
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66
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Faiq MA, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100767. [PMID: 31242454 PMCID: PMC6739176 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system has a crucial role to play in visual function. Although cholinergic drugs have been a focus of attention as glaucoma medications for reducing eye pressure, little is known about the potential modality for neuronal survival and/or enhancement in visual impairments. Citicoline, a naturally occurring compound and FDA approved dietary supplement, is a nootropic agent that is recently demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, memory disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in both humans and animal models. The mechanisms of its action appear to be multifarious including (i) preservation of cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and arachidonic acid contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, (ii) restoration of phosphatidylcholine, (iii) stimulation of glutathione synthesis, (iv) lowering glutamate concentrations and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity, (v) rescuing mitochondrial function thereby preventing oxidative damage and onset of neuronal apoptosis, (vi) synthesis of myelin leading to improvement in neuronal membrane integrity, (vii) improving acetylcholine synthesis and thereby reducing the effects of mental stress and (viii) preventing endothelial dysfunction. Such effects have vouched for citicoline as a neuroprotective, neurorestorative and neuroregenerative agent. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons with long myelinated axons which provide a strong rationale for citicoline use in visual pathway disorders. Since glaucoma is a form of neurodegeneration involving retinal ganglion cells, citicoline may help ameliorate glaucomatous damages in multiple facets. Additionally, trans-synaptic degeneration has been identified in humans and experimental models of glaucoma suggesting the cholinergic system as a new brain target for glaucoma management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Center for Neural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
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67
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Yu J, Hu H, Agmon A, Svoboda K. Recruitment of GABAergic Interneurons in the Barrel Cortex during Active Tactile Behavior. Neuron 2019; 104:412-427.e4. [PMID: 31466734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural computation involves diverse types of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that are integrated with excitatory (E) neurons into precisely structured circuits. To understand how each neuron type shapes sensory representations, we measured firing patterns of defined types of neurons in the barrel cortex while mice performed an active, whisker-dependent object localization task. Touch excited fast-spiking (FS) interneurons at short latency, followed by activation of E neurons and somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons. Touch only weakly modulated vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons. Voluntary whisker movement activated FS neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) target layers, a subset of SST neurons and a majority of VIP neurons. Together, FS neurons track thalamic input, mediating feedforward inhibition. SST neurons monitor local excitation, providing feedback inhibition. VIP neurons are activated by non-sensory inputs, disinhibiting E and FS neurons. Our data reveal rules of recruitment for interneuron types during behavior, providing foundations for understanding computation in cortical microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ariel Agmon
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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68
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Haga T, Fukai T. Extended Temporal Association Memory by Modulations of Inhibitory Circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:078101. [PMID: 31491118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.078101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hebbian learning of excitatory synapses plays a central role in storing activity patterns in associative memory models. Interstimulus Hebbian learning associates multiple items by converting temporal correlation to spatial correlation between attractors. Growing evidence suggests the importance of inhibitory plasticity in memory processing, but the consequence of such regulation in associative memory has not been understood. Noting that Hebbian learning of inhibitory synapses yields an anti-Hebbian effect, we show that the combination of Hebbian and anti-Hebbian learning can significantly increase the span of temporal association between correlated attractors as well as the sensitivity of these states to external input. Furthermore, these effects are regulated by changing the ratio of local and global recurrent inhibition after learning weights for excitation-inhibition balance. Our results suggest a nontrivial role of plasticity and modulation of inhibitory circuits in associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Haga
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukai
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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69
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Swanson OK, Maffei A. From Hiring to Firing: Activation of Inhibitory Neurons and Their Recruitment in Behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:168. [PMID: 31333413 PMCID: PMC6617984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of GABAergic inhibitory circuits has substantially expanded over the past few years. The development of new tools and technology has allowed investigators to classify many diverse groups of inhibitory neurons by several delineating factors: these include their connectivity motifs, expression of specific molecular markers, receptor diversity, and ultimately their role in brain function. Despite this progress, however, there is still limited understanding of how GABAergic neurons are recruited by their input and how their activity is modulated by behavioral states. This limitation is primarily due to the fact that studies of GABAergic inhibition are mainly geared toward determining how, once activated, inhibitory circuits regulate the activity of excitatory neurons. In this review article, we will outline recent work investigating the anatomical and physiological properties of inputs that activate cortical GABAergic neurons, and discuss how these inhibitory cells are differentially recruited during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Swanson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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70
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Abstract
Acetylcholine promotes cognitive function through the regulation of cortical circuits. In this issue of Neuron, Urban-Ciecko et al. (2018) demonstrate how this neuromodulator can rapidly boost synapses from pyramidal to somatostatin neurons, unlocking a new computational ability in the cortical microcircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Chevy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Adam Kepecs
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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71
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Nur T, Gautam SH, Stenken JA, Shew WL. Probing spatial inhomogeneity of cholinergic changes in cortical state in rat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9387. [PMID: 31253814 PMCID: PMC6598980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) plays an essential role in cortical information processing. Cholinergic changes in cortical state can fundamentally change how the neurons encode sensory input and motor output. Traditionally, ACh distribution in cortex and associated changes in cortical state have been assumed to be spatially diffuse. However, recent studies demonstrate a more spatially inhomogeneous structure of cholinergic projections to cortex. Moreover, many experimental manipulations of ACh have been done at a single spatial location, which inevitably results in spatially non-uniform ACh distribution. Such non-uniform application of ACh across the spatial extent of a cortical microcircuit could have important impacts on how the firing of groups of neurons is coordinated, but this remains largely unknown. Here we describe a method for applying ACh at different spatial locations within a single cortical circuit and measuring the resulting differences in population neural activity. We use two microdialysis probes implanted at opposite ends of a microelectrode array in barrel cortex of anesthetized rats. As a demonstration of the method, we applied ACh or neostigmine in different spatial locations via the microdialysis probes while we concomitantly recorded neural activity at 32 locations with the microelectrode array. First, we show that cholinergic changes in cortical state can vary dramatically depending on where the ACh was applied. Second, we show that cholinergic changes in cortical state can vary dramatically depending on where the state-change is measured. These results suggests that previous work with single-site recordings or single-site ACh application should be interpreted with some caution, since the results could change for different spatial locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazima Nur
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Graduate Program in Microelectronics and Photonics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Shree Hari Gautam
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Julie A Stenken
- Graduate Program in Microelectronics and Photonics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Woodrow L Shew
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
- Graduate Program in Microelectronics and Photonics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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72
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Riedemann T. Diversity and Function of Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Cerebral Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2952. [PMID: 31212931 PMCID: PMC6627222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons make up around 10-20% of the total neuron population in the cerebral cortex. A hallmark of inhibitory interneurons is their remarkable diversity in terms of morphology, synaptic connectivity, electrophysiological and neurochemical properties. It is generally understood that there are three distinct and non-overlapping interneuron classes in the mouse neocortex, namely, parvalbumin-expressing, 5-HT3A receptor-expressing and somatostatin-expressing interneuron classes. Each class is, in turn, composed of a multitude of subclasses, resulting in a growing number of interneuron classes and subclasses. In this review, I will focus on the diversity of somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SOM+ INs) in the cerebral cortex and elucidate their function in cortical circuits. I will then discuss pathological consequences of a malfunctioning of SOM+ INs in neurological disorders such as major depressive disorder, and present future avenues in SOM research and brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Riedemann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Biomedical Center, Physiological Genomics, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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73
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Hertäg L, Sprekeler H. Amplifying the redistribution of somato-dendritic inhibition by the interplay of three interneuron types. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006999. [PMID: 31095556 PMCID: PMC6541306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons play an important role in shaping the activity of excitatory pyramidal cells (PCs). How the various inhibitory cell types contribute to neuronal information processing, however, is not resolved. Here, we propose a functional role for a widespread network motif consisting of parvalbumin- (PV), somatostatin- (SOM) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons. Following the idea that PV and SOM interneurons control the distribution of somatic and dendritic inhibition onto PCs, we suggest that mutual inhibition between VIP and SOM cells translates weak inputs to VIP interneurons into large changes of somato-dendritic inhibition of PCs. Using a computational model, we show that the neuronal and synaptic properties of the circuit support this hypothesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that the SOM-VIP motif allows transient inputs to persistently switch the circuit between two processing modes, in which top-down inputs onto apical dendrites of PCs are either integrated or cancelled. Neurons in the brain can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory based on whether they activate or deactivate the cells to whom they send signals. Compared to their excitatory counterpart, inhibitory neurons present themselves as a wild diversity of cell classes. It is broadly believed that these classes serve different purposes, but as of now, those are poorly understood. In this article, we suggest how an intricate interplay of three inhibitory cell classes can control whether internal signals—such as predictions, memory signals or motor commands—are taken into account when sensory signals are interpreted. Using a mathematical model and computer simulations, we show that such internal signals can be shut down by regulating which inhibitory cell types are active, and that the interaction of different cell classes allows weak control signals to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Hertäg
- Modelling of Cognitive Processes, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Sprekeler
- Modelling of Cognitive Processes, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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74
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Colangelo C, Shichkova P, Keller D, Markram H, Ramaswamy S. Cellular, Synaptic and Network Effects of Acetylcholine in the Neocortex. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:24. [PMID: 31031601 PMCID: PMC6473068 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is densely innervated by basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons. Long-range axons of cholinergic neurons regulate higher-order cognitive function and dysfunction in the neocortex by releasing acetylcholine (ACh). ACh release dynamically reconfigures neocortical microcircuitry through differential spatiotemporal actions on cell-types and their synaptic connections. At the cellular level, ACh release controls neuronal excitability and firing rate, by hyperpolarizing or depolarizing target neurons. At the synaptic level, ACh impacts transmission dynamics not only by altering the presynaptic probability of release, but also the magnitude of the postsynaptic response. Despite the crucial role of ACh release in physiology and pathophysiology, a comprehensive understanding of the way it regulates the activity of diverse neocortical cell-types and synaptic connections has remained elusive. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art anatomical and physiological data to develop a functional map of the cellular, synaptic and microcircuit effects of ACh in the neocortex of rodents and non-human primates, and to serve as a quantitative reference for those intending to build data-driven computational models on the role of ACh in governing brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colangelo
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Srikanth Ramaswamy
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
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75
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Kobak D, Pardo-Vazquez JL, Valente M, Machens CK, Renart A. State-dependent geometry of population activity in rat auditory cortex. eLife 2019; 8:e44526. [PMID: 30969167 PMCID: PMC6491041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of the neural code depends on the relative embedding of signal and noise in the activity of neural populations. Despite a wealth of theoretical work on population codes, there are few empirical characterizations of the high-dimensional signal and noise subspaces. We studied the geometry of population codes in the rat auditory cortex across brain states along the activation-inactivation continuum, using sounds varying in difference and mean level across the ears. As the cortex becomes more activated, single-hemisphere populations go from preferring contralateral loud sounds to a symmetric preference across lateralizations and intensities, gain-modulation effectively disappears, and the signal and noise subspaces become approximately orthogonal to each other and to the direction corresponding to global activity modulations. Level-invariant decoding of sound lateralization also becomes possible in the active state. Our results provide an empirical foundation for the geometry and state-dependence of cortical population codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kobak
- Champalimaud Center for the UnknownLisbonPortugal
- Institute for Ophthalmic ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Jose L Pardo-Vazquez
- Champalimaud Center for the UnknownLisbonPortugal
- Neuroscience and Motor Control GroupUniversity of A CoruñaCoruñaSpain
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76
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Yaeger CE, Ringach DL, Trachtenberg JT. Neuromodulatory control of localized dendritic spiking in critical period cortex. Nature 2019; 567:100-104. [PMID: 30787434 PMCID: PMC6405296 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory experience in early postnatal life, during so-called critical periods, restructures neural circuitry to enhance information processing1. Why the cortex is susceptible to sensory instruction in early life and why this susceptibility wanes with age are unclear. Here we define a developmentally restricted engagement of inhibitory circuitry that shapes localized dendritic activity and is needed for vision to drive the emergence of binocular visual responses in the mouse primary visual cortex. We find that at the peak of the critical period for binocular plasticity, acetylcholine released from the basal forebrain during periods of heightened arousal directly excites somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons. Their inhibition of pyramidal cell dendrites and of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-expressing interneurons enhances branch-specific dendritic responses and somatic spike rates within pyramidal cells. By adulthood, this cholinergic sensitivity is lost, and compartmentalized dendritic responses are absent but can be re-instated by optogenetic activation of SST cells. Conversely, suppressing SST cell activity during the critical period prevents the normal development of binocular receptive fields by impairing the maturation of ipsilateral eye inputs. This transient cholinergic modulation of SST cells, therefore, seems to orchestrate two features of neural plasticity-somatic disinhibition and compartmentalized dendritic spiking. Loss of this modulation may contribute to critical period closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Yaeger
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dario L Ringach
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Trachtenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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77
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Boskovic Z, Meier S, Wang Y, Milne M, Onraet T, Tedoldi A, Coulson E. Regulation of cholinergic basal forebrain development, connectivity, and function by neurotrophin receptors. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20180066. [PMID: 32269831 PMCID: PMC7104233 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF) neurons are defined by their expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) neurotrophin receptors in addition to cholinergic markers. It is known that the neurotrophins, particularly nerve growth factor (NGF), mediate cholinergic neuronal development and maintenance. However, the role of neurotrophin signalling in regulating adult cBF function is less clear, although in dementia, trophic signalling is reduced and p75NTR mediates neurodegeneration of cBF neurons. Here we review the current understanding of how cBF neurons are regulated by neurotrophins which activate p75NTR and TrkA, B or C to influence the critical role that these neurons play in normal cortical function, particularly higher order cognition. Specifically, we describe the current evidence that neurotrophins regulate the development of basal forebrain neurons and their role in maintaining and modifying mature basal forebrain synaptic and cortical microcircuit connectivity. Understanding the role neurotrophin signalling plays in regulating the precision of cholinergic connectivity will contribute to the understanding of normal cognitive processes and will likely provide additional ideas for designing improved therapies for the treatment of neurological disease in which cholinergic dysfunction has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Boskovic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonja Meier
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- College of Forensic Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Michael R. Milne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tessa Onraet
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angelo Tedoldi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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78
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Poulet JFA, Crochet S. The Cortical States of Wakefulness. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 12:64. [PMID: 30670952 PMCID: PMC6331430 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons process information on a background of spontaneous, ongoing activity with distinct spatiotemporal profiles defining different cortical states. During wakefulness, cortical states alter constantly in relation to behavioral context, attentional level or general motor activity. In this review article, we will discuss our current understanding of cortical states in awake rodents, how they are controlled, their impact on sensory processing, and highlight areas for future research. A common observation in awake rodents is the rapid change in spontaneous cortical activity from high-amplitude, low-frequency (LF) fluctuations, when animals are quiet, to faster and smaller fluctuations when animals are active. This transition is typically thought of as a change in global brain state but recent work has shown variation in cortical states across regions, indicating the presence of a fine spatial scale control system. In sensory areas, the cortical state change is mediated by at least two convergent inputs, one from the thalamus and the other from cholinergic inputs in the basal forebrain. Cortical states have a major impact on the balance of activity between specific subtypes of neurons, on the synchronization between nearby neurons, as well as the functional coupling between distant cortical areas. This reorganization of the activity of cortical networks strongly affects sensory processing. Thus cortical states provide a dynamic control system for the moment-by-moment regulation of cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. A. Poulet
- Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center and Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Crochet
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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79
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Sarter M, Lustig C. Cholinergic double duty: cue detection and attentional control. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 29:102-107. [PMID: 30711909 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling in the cortex involves fast or transient signaling as well as a relatively slower neuromodulatory component. These two components of cholinergic activity mediate separate yet interacting aspects of cue detection and attentional control. The transient component appears to support the activation of cue-associated task or response sets, whereas the slower modulatory component stabilizes task-set and context representations, therefore potentially facilitating top-down control. Evidence from humans expressing genetic variants of the choline transporter as well as from patients with degenerating cholinergic systems supports the hypothesis that attentional control capacities depend on levels of cholinergic neuromodulation. Deficits in cholinergic-attentional control impact diverse cognitive functions, including timing, working memory, and complex movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Cindy Lustig
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Mitsuboshi N, Kouzuki M, Kobayashi Y, Tanaka M, Asada T, Morimoto K, Urakami K. Post-fracture Rehabilitation Effects on Brain Function in Older People. Yonago Acta Med 2019. [DOI: 10.33160/yam.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Mitsuboshi
- *Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
- †Yukoukai Kaikeonsen Hospital, Yonago 683-0002, Japan
| | - Minoru Kouzuki
- *Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | - Mieko Tanaka
- ‡Brain Functions Laboratory, Inc., Yokohama 230-0046, Japan
| | - Takashi Asada
- §Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | | | - Katsuya Urakami
- *Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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81
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Mitsuboshi N, Kouzuki M, Mochida S, Morimoto K, Urakami K. How the Post-Fracture Rehabilitation Choice Affects Brain Function in Older People? Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2019; 9:34-43. [PMID: 31043962 PMCID: PMC6477489 DOI: 10.1159/000495937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated how the type of rehabilitation affects brain function and antioxidant potential. METHODS Twenty-eight patients hospitalized for fall-related fractures were assigned to either a physical therapy group or an occupational therapy group. Cognition was assessed using the Touch Panel-type Dementia Assessment Scale (TDAS) and oxidative stress with serum pentosidine levels. Spectral analysis and coherence analysis were also performed. RESULTS Changes in TDAS scores and serum pentosidine levels did not differ significantly between the 2 therapies. Power spectral analysis revealed a significant intergroup difference in δ waves. Coherence analysis showed significant intergroup differences in the activities of δ waves and β waves. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive function and antioxidant potential did not differ between the 2 types of rehabilitation. However, the impact on cerebral neuronal activity may have differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Mitsuboshi
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- Yukoukai Kaikeonsen Hospital, Yonago, Japan
| | - Minoru Kouzuki
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | | | | | - Katsuya Urakami
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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82
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Williams SR, Fletcher LN. A Dendritic Substrate for the Cholinergic Control of Neocortical Output Neurons. Neuron 2018; 101:486-499.e4. [PMID: 30594427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ascending cholinergic system dynamically regulates sensory perception and cognitive function, but it remains unclear how this modulation is executed in neocortical circuits. Here, we demonstrate that the cholinergic system controls the integrative operations of neocortical principal neurons by modulating dendritic excitability. Direct dendritic recordings revealed that the optogenetic-evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh) transformed the pattern of dendritic integration in layer 5B pyramidal neurons, leading to the generation of dendritic plateau potentials which powerfully drove repetitive action potential output. In contrast, the synaptic release of ACh did not positively modulate axo-somatic excitability. Mechanistically, the transformation of dendritic integration was mediated by the muscarinic ACh receptor-dependent enhancement of dendritic R-type calcium channel activity, a compartment-dependent modulation which decisively controlled the associative computations executed by layer 5B pyramidal neurons. Our findings therefore reveal a biophysical mechanism by which the cholinergic system controls dendritic computations causally linked to perceptual detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Williams
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lee N Fletcher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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83
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Záborszky L, Gombkoto P, Varsanyi P, Gielow MR, Poe G, Role LW, Ananth M, Rajebhosale P, Talmage DA, Hasselmo ME, Dannenberg H, Minces VH, Chiba AA. Specific Basal Forebrain-Cortical Cholinergic Circuits Coordinate Cognitive Operations. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9446-9458. [PMID: 30381436 PMCID: PMC6209837 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1676-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent molecular genetics, as well as functional and quantitative anatomical studies, the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projections, once viewed as a diffuse system, are emerging as being remarkably specific in connectivity. Acetylcholine (ACh) can rapidly and selectively modulate activity of specific circuits and ACh release can be coordinated in multiple areas that are related to particular aspects of cognitive processing. This review discusses how a combination of multiple new approaches with more established techniques are being used to finally reveal how cholinergic neurons, together with other BF neurons, provide temporal structure for behavior, contribute to local cortical state regulation, and coordinate activity between different functionally related cortical circuits. ACh selectively modulates dynamics for encoding and attention within individual cortical circuits, allows for important transitions during sleep, and shapes the fidelity of sensory processing by changing the correlation structure of neural firing. The importance of this system for integrated and fluid behavioral function is underscored by its disease-modifying role; the demise of BF cholinergic neurons has long been established in Alzheimer's disease and recent studies have revealed the involvement of the cholinergic system in modulation of anxiety-related circuits. Therefore, the BF cholinergic system plays a pivotal role in modulating the dynamics of the brain during sleep and behavior, as foretold by the intricacies of its anatomical map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Záborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102,
| | - Peter Gombkoto
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102
| | - Peter Varsanyi
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102
| | - Matthew R Gielow
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark 07102
| | - Gina Poe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Prithviraj Rajebhosale
- Program in Neuroscience and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - Holger Dannenberg
- Center for Systems Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - Victor H Minces
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego 92093
| | - Andrea A Chiba
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego 92093
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84
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Membrane Potential Correlates of Network Decorrelation and Improved SNR by Cholinergic Activation in the Somatosensory Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10692-10708. [PMID: 30373769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1159-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus basalis (NB) projects cholinergic axons to the cortex, where they play a major role in arousal, attention, and learning. Cholinergic inputs shift cortical dynamics from synchronous to asynchronous and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sensory responses. However, the underlying mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. Using simultaneous extracellular and whole-cell patch recordings in layer 4 of the mouse barrel cortex, we show that electrical or optogenetic activation of the cholinergic system has a differential effect on ongoing and sensory evoked activities. Cholinergic activation profoundly reduced the large spontaneous fluctuations in membrane potential and decorrelated ongoing activity. However, NB stimulation had no effect on the response to whisker stimulation or on signal correlations. These effects of cholinergic activation provide a unified explanation for the increased SNR of sensory response and for the reduction in noise correlations and explain the shift into the desynchronized cortical state, which are the hallmarks of arousal and attention.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Attention increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of cortical sensory response, which may reflect either reduction in background firing rate or increased sensory response. Extracellular recordings showed that attention also reduces the correlation in network activity. These effects are partially mediated by cholinergic axons from the nucleus basalis projecting to the entire cortex. To reveal the cellular and synaptic correlates of these cholinergic effects, we performed simultaneous intracellular and LFP recordings in the somatosensory cortex. Global or local cholinergic activation increased the SNR of sensory response mainly by reducing the rate and amplitude of background synaptic activity and also reduced network correlations. Therefore, coding of sensory information is enhanced by the cholinergic system mainly due to a reduction in spontaneous activity.
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85
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James NM, Gritton HJ, Kopell N, Sen K, Han X. Muscarinic receptors regulate auditory and prefrontal cortical communication during auditory processing. Neuropharmacology 2018; 144:155-171. [PMID: 30352212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Much of our understanding about how acetylcholine modulates prefrontal cortical (PFC) networks comes from behavioral experiments that examine cortical dynamics during highly attentive states. However, much less is known about how PFC is recruited during passive sensory processing and how acetylcholine may regulate connectivity between cortical areas outside of task performance. To investigate the involvement of PFC and cholinergic neuromodulation in passive auditory processing, we performed simultaneous recordings in the auditory cortex (AC) and PFC in awake head fixed mice presented with a white noise auditory stimulus in the presence or absence of local cholinergic antagonists in AC. We found that a subset of PFC neurons were strongly driven by auditory stimuli even when the stimulus had no associative meaning, suggesting PFC monitors stimuli under passive conditions. We also found that cholinergic signaling in AC shapes the strength of auditory driven responses in PFC, by modulating the intra-cortical sensory response through muscarinic interactions in AC. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that cholinergic mechanisms have a continuous role in cortical gating through muscarinic receptors during passive processing and expand traditional views of prefrontal cortical function and the contributions of cholinergic modulation in cortical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M James
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Howard J Gritton
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Nancy Kopell
- Boston University, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Kamal Sen
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Xue Han
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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86
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Ramaswamy S, Colangelo C, Markram H. Data-Driven Modeling of Cholinergic Modulation of Neural Microcircuits: Bridging Neurons, Synapses and Network Activity. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:77. [PMID: 30356701 PMCID: PMC6189313 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators, such as acetylcholine (ACh), control information processing in neural microcircuits by regulating neuronal and synaptic physiology. Computational models and simulations enable predictions on the potential role of ACh in reconfiguring network activity. As a prelude into investigating how the cellular and synaptic effects of ACh collectively influence emergent network dynamics, we developed a data-driven framework incorporating phenomenological models of the physiology of cholinergic modulation of neocortical cells and synapses. The first-draft models were integrated into a biologically detailed tissue model of neocortical microcircuitry to investigate the effects of levels of ACh on diverse neuron types and synapses, and consequently on emergent network activity. Preliminary simulations from the framework, which was not tuned to reproduce any specific ACh-induced network effects, not only corroborate the long-standing notion that ACh desynchronizes spontaneous network activity, but also predict that a dose-dependent activation of ACh gives rise to a spectrum of neocortical network activity. We show that low levels of ACh, such as during non-rapid eye movement (nREM) sleep, drive microcircuit activity into slow oscillations and network synchrony, whereas high ACh concentrations, such as during wakefulness and REM sleep, govern fast oscillations and network asynchrony. In addition, spontaneous network activity modulated by ACh levels shape spike-time cross-correlations across distinct neuronal populations in strikingly different ways. These effects are likely due to the regulation of neurons and synapses caused by increasing levels of ACh, which enhances cellular excitability and decreases the efficacy of local synaptic transmission. We conclude by discussing future directions to refine the biological accuracy of the framework, which will extend its utility and foster the development of hypotheses to investigate the role of neuromodulators in neural information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ramaswamy
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Biotech Campus, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Colangelo
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Biotech Campus, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Biotech Campus, Geneva, Switzerland
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87
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Lateral inhibition by Martinotti interneurons is facilitated by cholinergic inputs in human and mouse neocortex. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4101. [PMID: 30291244 PMCID: PMC6173769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of inhibitory pathways encompassing different interneuron types shape activity of neocortical pyramidal neurons. While basket cells (BCs) mediate fast lateral inhibition between pyramidal neurons, Somatostatin-positive Martinotti cells (MCs) mediate a delayed form of lateral inhibition. Neocortical circuits are under control of acetylcholine, which is crucial for cortical function and cognition. Acetylcholine modulates MC firing, however, precisely how cholinergic inputs affect cortical lateral inhibition is not known. Here, we find that cholinergic inputs selectively augment and speed up lateral inhibition between pyramidal neurons mediated by MCs, but not by BCs. Optogenetically activated cholinergic inputs depolarize MCs through activation of ß2 subunit-containing nicotinic AChRs, not muscarinic AChRs, without affecting glutamatergic inputs to MCs. We find that these mechanisms are conserved in human neocortex. Cholinergic inputs thus enable cortical pyramidal neurons to recruit more MCs, and can thereby dynamically highlight specific circuit motifs, favoring MC-mediated pathways over BC-mediated pathways. Parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons mediate lateral inhibition between cortical neurons. Here the authors report the mechanisms by which acetylcholine from the basal forebrain selectively augments lateral inhibition via Martinotti cells and show that this is conserved in humans.
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88
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Batista-Brito R, Zagha E, Ratliff JM, Vinck M. Modulation of cortical circuits by top-down processing and arousal state in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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89
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Boskovic Z, Milne MR, Qian L, Clifton HD, McGovern AE, Turnbull MT, Mazzone SB, Coulson EJ. Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons regulate fear extinction consolidation through p75 neurotrophin receptor signaling. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:199. [PMID: 30242146 PMCID: PMC6154972 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF)-derived neurotransmission plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal function throughout the cortex, yet the mechanisms controlling cholinergic innervation to downstream targets have not been elucidated. Here we report that removing the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) from cBF neurons induces a significant impairment in fear extinction consolidation. We demonstrate that this is achieved through alterations in synaptic connectivity and functional activity within the medial prefrontal cortex. These deficits revert back to wild-type levels upon re-expression of the active domain of p75NTR in adult animals. These findings demonstrate a novel role for cholinergic neurons in fear extinction consolidation and suggest that neurotrophic signaling is a key regulator of cholinergic-cortical innervation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Boskovic
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael R Milne
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lei Qian
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hamish D Clifton
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice E McGovern
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Marion T Turnbull
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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90
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Differential inhibition of pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons along the rostrocaudal axis of anterior piriform cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8067-E8076. [PMID: 30087186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802428115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial representation of stimuli in sensory neocortices provides a scaffold for elucidating circuit mechanisms underlying sensory processing. However, the anterior piriform cortex (APC) lacks topology for odor identity as well as afferent and intracortical excitation. Consequently, olfactory processing is considered homogenous along the APC rostral-caudal (RC) axis. We recorded excitatory and inhibitory neurons in APC while optogenetically activating GABAergic interneurons along the RC axis. In contrast to excitation, we find opposing, spatially asymmetric inhibition onto pyramidal cells (PCs) and interneurons. PCs are strongly inhibited by caudal stimulation sites, whereas interneurons are strongly inhibited by rostral sites. At least two mechanisms underlie spatial asymmetries. Enhanced caudal inhibition of PCs is due to increased synaptic strength, whereas rostrally biased inhibition of interneurons is mediated by increased somatostatin-interneuron density. Altogether, we show differences in rostral and caudal inhibitory circuits in APC that may underlie spatial variation in odor processing along the RC axis.
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91
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Fernandez LMJ, Comte JC, Le Merre P, Lin JS, Salin PA, Crochet S. Highly Dynamic Spatiotemporal Organization of Low-Frequency Activities During Behavioral States in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5444-5462. [PMID: 27742711 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although low-frequency (LF < 10 Hz) activities have been considered as a hallmark of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, several studies have recently reported LF activities in the membrane potential of cortical neurons from different areas in awake mice. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal organization of LF activities across cortical areas during wakefulness and to what extent it differs during NREM sleep. We have thus investigated the dynamics of LF activities across cortical areas in awake and sleeping mice using chronic simultaneous local field potential recordings. We found that LF activities had higher amplitude in somatosensory and motor areas during quiet wakefulness and decreased in most areas during active wakefulness, resulting in a global state change that was overall correlated with motor activity. However, we also observed transient desynchronization of cortical states between areas, indicating a more local state regulation. During NREM sleep, LF activities had higher amplitude in all areas but slow-wave activity was only poorly correlated across cortical areas. Despite a maximal amplitude during NREM sleep, the coherence of LF activities between areas that are not directly connected dropped from wakefulness to NREM sleep, potentially reflecting a breakdown of long-range cortical integration associated with loss of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Team, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Comte
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics Team, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Biphoton Microscopy, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Pierre Le Merre
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Team, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Team, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France
| | - Paul-A Salin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics Team, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Biphoton Microscopy, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Sylvain Crochet
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Team, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 08 F-69000, France.,Laboratory of Sensory Processing, EPFL, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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92
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The State of the NIH BRAIN Initiative. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6427-6438. [PMID: 29921715 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3174-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRAIN Initiative arose from a grand challenge to "accelerate the development and application of new technologies that will enable researchers to produce dynamic pictures of the brain that show how individual brain cells and complex neural circuits interact at the speed of thought." The BRAIN Initiative is a public-private effort focused on the development and use of powerful tools for acquiring fundamental insights about how information processing occurs in the central nervous system (CNS). As the Initiative enters its fifth year, NIH has supported >500 principal investigators, who have answered the Initiative's challenge via hundreds of publications describing novel tools, methods, and discoveries that address the Initiative's seven scientific priorities. We describe scientific advances produced by individual laboratories, multi-investigator teams, and entire consortia that, over the coming decades, will produce more comprehensive and dynamic maps of the brain, deepen our understanding of how circuit activity can produce a rich tapestry of behaviors, and lay the foundation for understanding how its circuitry is disrupted in brain disorders. Much more work remains to bring this vision to fruition, and the National Institutes of Health continues to look to the diverse scientific community, from mathematics, to physics, chemistry, engineering, neuroethics, and neuroscience, to ensure that the greatest scientific benefit arises from this unique research Initiative.
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93
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Synaptic Release of Acetylcholine Rapidly Suppresses Cortical Activity by Recruiting Muscarinic Receptors in Layer 4. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5338-5350. [PMID: 29739869 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0566-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic afferents from the basal forebrain (BF) can influence cortical activity on rapid time scales, enabling sensory information processing and exploratory behavior. However, our understanding of how synaptically released acetylcholine (ACh) influences cellular targets in distinct cortical layers remains incomplete. Previous studies have shown that rapid changes in cortical dynamics induced by phasic BF activity can be mediated by the activation of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) expressed in distinct types of GABAergic interneurons. In contrast, muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) are assumed to be involved in slower and more diffuse ACh signaling following sustained increases in afferent activity. Here, we examined the mechanisms underlying fast cholinergic control of cortical circuit dynamics by pairing optical stimulation of cholinergic afferents with evoked activity in somatosensory cortical slices of mice of either sex. ACh release evoked by single stimuli led to a rapid and persistent suppression of cortical activity, mediated by mAChRs expressed in layer 4 and to a lesser extent, by nAChRs in layers 1-3. In agreement, we found that cholinergic inputs to layer 4 evoked short-latency and long-lasting mAChR-dependent inhibition of the large majority of excitatory neurons, whereas inputs to layers 1-3 primarily evoked nAChR-dependent excitation of different classes of interneurons. Our results indicate that the rapid cholinergic control of cortical network dynamics is mediated by both nAChRs and mAChRs-dependent mechanisms, which are expressed in distinct cortical layers and cell types.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acetylcholine (ACh) release from basal forebrain (BF) afferents to cortex influences a variety of cognitive functions including attention, sensory processing, and learning. Cholinergic control occurs on the time scale of seconds and is mediated by BF neurons that generate action potentials at low rates, indicating that ACh acts as a point-to-point neurotransmitter. Our findings highlight that even brief activation of cholinergic afferents can recruit both nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors expressed in several cell types, leading to modulation of cortical activity on distinct time scales. Furthermore, they indicate that the initial stages of cortical sensory processing are under direct cholinergic control.
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Pakan JM, Francioni V, Rochefort NL. Action and learning shape the activity of neuronal circuits in the visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:88-97. [PMID: 29727859 PMCID: PMC6562203 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arousal and locomotion modulate neuronal activity in primary visual cortex. Neurons in primary visual cortex respond to visuomotor mismatch. Experience shapes neuronal responses to familiar stimuli, reward and object location. Neuronal representations of visual stimuli are modulated according to the behavioural relevance of the stimuli. Neuromodulatory, top-down and thalamocortical inputs convey arousal-related and motor-related signals to primary visual cortex.
Nonsensory variables strongly influence neuronal activity in the adult mouse primary visual cortex. Neuronal responses to visual stimuli are modulated by behavioural state, such as arousal and motor activity, and are shaped by experience. This dynamic process leads to neural representations in the visual cortex that reflect stimulus familiarity, expectations of reward and object location, and mismatch between self-motion and visual-flow. The recent development of genetic tools and recording techniques in awake behaving mice has enabled the investigation of the circuit mechanisms underlying state-dependent and experience-dependent neuronal representations in primary visual cortex. These neuronal circuits involve neuromodulatory, top-down cortico-cortical and thalamocortical pathways. The functions of nonsensory signals at this early stage of visual information processing are now beginning to be unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Mp Pakan
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valerio Francioni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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95
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Sances S, Ho R, Vatine G, West D, Laperle A, Meyer A, Godoy M, Kay PS, Mandefro B, Hatata S, Hinojosa C, Wen N, Sareen D, Hamilton GA, Svendsen CN. Human iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells and Microengineered Organ-Chip Enhance Neuronal Development. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1222-1236. [PMID: 29576540 PMCID: PMC5998748 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived models of development and neurodegenerative diseases are challenged by cellular immaturity in vitro. Microengineered organ-on-chip (or Organ-Chip) systems are designed to emulate microvolume cytoarchitecture and enable co-culture of distinct cell types. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) share common signaling pathways with neurons early in development, but their contribution to human neuronal maturation is largely unknown. To study this interaction and influence of microculture, we derived both spinal motor neurons and BMECs from human induced pluripotent stem cells and observed increased calcium transient function and Chip-specific gene expression in Organ-Chips compared with 96-well plates. Seeding BMECs in the Organ-Chip led to vascular-neural interaction and specific gene activation that further enhanced neuronal function and in vivo-like signatures. The results show that the vascular system has specific maturation effects on spinal cord neural tissue, and the use of Organ-Chips can move stem cell models closer to an in vivo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sances
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Ritchie Ho
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gad Vatine
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dylan West
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alex Laperle
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Amanda Meyer
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Marlesa Godoy
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul S Kay
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; iPSC Core, The David Janet Polak Foundation Stem Cell Core Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Seigo Hatata
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chris Hinojosa
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Norman Wen
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; iPSC Core, The David Janet Polak Foundation Stem Cell Core Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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96
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Schmitz TW, Duncan J. Normalization and the Cholinergic Microcircuit: A Unified Basis for Attention. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:422-437. [PMID: 29576464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention alters three key properties of population neural activity - firing rate, rate variability, and shared variability between neurons. All three properties are well explained by a single canonical computation - normalization - that acts across hierarchically integrated brain systems. Combining data from rodents and nonhuman primates, we argue that cortical cholinergic modulation originating from the basal forebrain closely mimics the effects of directed attention on these three properties of population neural activity. Cholinergic modulation of the cortical microcircuit underlying normalization may represent a key biological basis for the rapid and flexible changes in population neuronal coding that are required by directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Schmitz
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - John Duncan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
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97
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McFarland DJ. How neuroscience can inform the study of individual differences in cognitive abilities. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:343-362. [PMID: 28195556 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Theories of human mental abilities should be consistent with what is known in neuroscience. Currently, tests of human mental abilities are modeled by cognitive constructs such as attention, working memory, and speed of information processing. These constructs are in turn related to a single general ability. However, brains are very complex systems and whether most of the variability between the operations of different brains can be ascribed to a single factor is questionable. Research in neuroscience suggests that psychological processes such as perception, attention, decision, and executive control are emergent properties of interacting distributed networks. The modules that make up these networks use similar computational processes that involve multiple forms of neural plasticity, each having different time constants. Accordingly, these networks might best be characterized in terms of the information they process rather than in terms of abstract psychological processes such as working memory and executive control.
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98
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Busse L. The influence of locomotion on sensory processing and its underlying neuronal circuits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/nf-2017-a046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProcessing of sensory information can be modulated in both cortex and thalamus by behavioral context, such as locomotion. During active behaviors, coding of sensory stimuli and perception are improved, in particular during physical activity of moderate intensity. These locomotion-related modulations seem to arise from a combination of mechanisms, including neuromodulation, the recruitment of inhibitory interneurons, and specific top-down or motor-related inputs. The application of new experimental methods in mice during walking under head-fixation on treadmills made it possible to study the circuit and cellular basis underlying modulations by behavioral context with unprecedented detail. This article reviews the current state of these studies and highlights some important open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Busse
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, LMU Munich, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, Phone: 49 (0) 89 218074305
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99
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Urban-Ciecko J, Jouhanneau JS, Myal SE, Poulet JFA, Barth AL. Precisely Timed Nicotinic Activation Drives SST Inhibition in Neocortical Circuits. Neuron 2018; 97:611-625.e5. [PMID: 29420933 PMCID: PMC6588401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep, waking, locomotion, and attention are associated with cell-type-specific changes in neocortical activity. The effect of brain state on circuit output requires understanding of how neuromodulators influence specific neuronal classes and their synapses, with normal patterns of neuromodulator release from endogenous sources. We investigated the state-dependent modulation of a ubiquitous feedforward inhibitory motif in mouse sensory cortex, local pyramidal (Pyr) inputs onto somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons. Paired whole-cell recordings in acute brain slices and in vivo showed that Pyr-to-SST synapses are remarkably weak, with failure rates approaching 80%. Pharmacological screening revealed that cholinergic agonists uniquely enhance synaptic efficacy. Brief, optogenetically gated acetylcholine release dramatically enhanced Pyr-to-SST input, via nicotinic receptors and presynaptic PKA signaling. Importantly, endogenous acetylcholine release preferentially activated nicotinic, not muscarinic, receptors, thus differentiating drug effects from endogenous neurotransmission. Brain state- and synapse-specific unmasking of synapses may be a powerful way to functionally rewire cortical circuits dependent on behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Urban-Ciecko
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur str. 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean-Sebastien Jouhanneau
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie E Myal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James F A Poulet
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison L Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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100
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Pfeffer T, Avramiea AE, Nolte G, Engel AK, Linkenkaer-Hansen K, Donner TH. Catecholamines alter the intrinsic variability of cortical population activity and perception. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003453. [PMID: 29420565 PMCID: PMC5821404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascending modulatory systems of the brain stem are powerful regulators of global brain state. Disturbances of these systems are implicated in several major neuropsychiatric disorders. Yet, how these systems interact with specific neural computations in the cerebral cortex to shape perception, cognition, and behavior remains poorly understood. Here, we probed into the effect of two such systems, the catecholaminergic (dopaminergic and noradrenergic) and cholinergic systems, on an important aspect of cortical computation: its intrinsic variability. To this end, we combined placebo-controlled pharmacological intervention in humans, recordings of cortical population activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG), and psychophysical measurements of the perception of ambiguous visual input. A low-dose catecholaminergic, but not cholinergic, manipulation altered the rate of spontaneous perceptual fluctuations as well as the temporal structure of "scale-free" population activity of large swaths of the visual and parietal cortices. Computational analyses indicate that both effects were consistent with an increase in excitatory relative to inhibitory activity in the cortical areas underlying visual perceptual inference. We propose that catecholamines regulate the variability of perception and cognition through dynamically changing the cortical excitation-inhibition ratio. The combined readout of fluctuations in perception and cortical activity we established here may prove useful as an efficient and easily accessible marker of altered cortical computation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfeffer
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arthur-Ervin Avramiea
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Nolte
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias H. Donner
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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