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Lim D, Blanchette M. EvoLSTM: context-dependent models of sequence evolution using a sequence-to-sequence LSTM. Bioinformatics 2021; 36:i353-i361. [PMID: 32657367 PMCID: PMC7355264 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Accurate probabilistic models of sequence evolution are essential for a wide variety of bioinformatics tasks, including sequence alignment and phylogenetic inference. The ability to realistically simulate sequence evolution is also at the core of many benchmarking strategies. Yet, mutational processes have complex context dependencies that remain poorly modeled and understood. Results We introduce EvoLSTM, a recurrent neural network-based evolution simulator that captures mutational context dependencies. EvoLSTM uses a sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory model trained to predict mutation probabilities at each position of a given sequence, taking into consideration the 14 flanking nucleotides. EvoLSTM can realistically simulate mammalian and plant DNA sequence evolution and reveals unexpectedly strong long-range context dependencies in mutation probabilities. EvoLSTM brings modern machine-learning approaches to bear on sequence evolution. It will serve as a useful tool to study and simulate complex mutational processes. Availability and implementation Code and dataset are available at https://github.com/DongjoonLim/EvoLSTM. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Lim
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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Guiblet WM, Cremona MA, Harris RS, Chen D, Eckert KA, Chiaromonte F, Huang YF, Makova KD. Non-B DNA: a major contributor to small- and large-scale variation in nucleotide substitution frequencies across the genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1497-1516. [PMID: 33450015 PMCID: PMC7897504 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 13% of the human genome can fold into non-canonical (non-B) DNA structures (e.g. G-quadruplexes, Z-DNA, etc.), which have been implicated in vital cellular processes. Non-B DNA also hinders replication, increasing errors and facilitating mutagenesis, yet its contribution to genome-wide variation in mutation rates remains unexplored. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of nucleotide substitution frequencies at non-B DNA loci within noncoding, non-repetitive genome regions, their ±2 kb flanking regions, and 1-Megabase windows, using human-orangutan divergence and human single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Functional data analysis at single-base resolution demonstrated that substitution frequencies are usually elevated at non-B DNA, with patterns specific to each non-B DNA type. Mirror, direct and inverted repeats have higher substitution frequencies in spacers than in repeat arms, whereas G-quadruplexes, particularly stable ones, have higher substitution frequencies in loops than in stems. Several non-B DNA types also affect substitution frequencies in their flanking regions. Finally, non-B DNA explains more variation than any other predictor in multiple regression models for diversity or divergence at 1-Megabase scale. Thus, non-B DNA substantially contributes to variation in substitution frequencies at small and large scales. Our results highlight the role of non-B DNA in germline mutagenesis with implications to evolution and genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried M Guiblet
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Penn State University, UniversityPark, PA 16802, USA
| | - Marzia A Cremona
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Operations and Decision Systems, Université Laval, Canada
- CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center, Canada
| | - Robert S Harris
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, UniversityPark, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kristin A Eckert
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park and Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park and Hershey, PA, USA
- EMbeDS, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park and Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kateryna D Makova
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park and Hershey, PA, USA
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53
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Giles KA, Gould CM, Achinger-Kawecka J, Page SG, Kafer GR, Rogers S, Luu PL, Cesare AJ, Clark SJ, Taberlay PC. BRG1 knockdown inhibits proliferation through multiple cellular pathways in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:37. [PMID: 33596994 PMCID: PMC7888175 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRG1 (encoded by SMARCA4) is a catalytic component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, with key roles in modulating DNA accessibility. Dysregulation of BRG1 is observed, but functionally uncharacterised, in a wide range of malignancies. We have probed the functions of BRG1 on a background of prostate cancer to investigate how BRG1 controls gene expression programmes and cancer cell behaviour. Results Our investigation of SMARCA4 revealed that BRG1 is over-expressed in the majority of the 486 tumours from The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate cohort, as well as in a complementary panel of 21 prostate cell lines. Next, we utilised a temporal model of BRG1 depletion to investigate the molecular effects on global transcription programmes. Depleting BRG1 had no impact on alternative splicing and conferred only modest effect on global expression. However, of the transcriptional changes that occurred, most manifested as down-regulated expression. Deeper examination found the common thread linking down-regulated genes was involvement in proliferation, including several known to increase prostate cancer proliferation (KLK2, PCAT1 and VAV3). Interestingly, the promoters of genes driving proliferation were bound by BRG1 as well as the transcription factors, AR and FOXA1. We also noted that BRG1 depletion repressed genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication, but intriguingly, these pathways operated independently of AR and FOXA1. In agreement with transcriptional changes, depleting BRG1 conferred G1 arrest. Conclusions Our data have revealed that BRG1 promotes cell cycle progression and DNA replication, consistent with the increased cell proliferation associated with oncogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Giles
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Joanna Achinger-Kawecka
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Scott G Page
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Phuc-Loi Luu
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia.
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54
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Zhuo X, Du AY, Pehrsson EC, Li D, Wang T. Epigenomic differences in the human and chimpanzee genomes are associated with structural variation. Genome Res 2021; 31:279-290. [PMID: 33303495 PMCID: PMC7849402 DOI: 10.1101/gr.263491.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Structural variation (SV), including insertions and deletions (indels), is a primary mechanism of genome evolution. However, the mechanism by which SV contributes to epigenome evolution is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the association between lineage-specific indels and epigenome differences between human and chimpanzee to investigate how SVs might have shaped the epigenetic landscape. By intersecting medium-to-large human-chimpanzee indels (20 bp-50 kb) with putative promoters and enhancers in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and repressed regions in induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs), we found that 12% of indels overlap putative regulatory and repressed regions (RRRs), and 15% of these indels are associated with lineage-biased RRRs. Indel-associated putative enhancer and repressive regions are approximately 1.3 times and approximately three times as likely to be lineage-biased, respectively, as those not associated with indels. We found a twofold enrichment of medium-sized indels (20-50 bp) in CpG island (CGI)-containing promoters than expected by chance. Lastly, from human-specific transposable element insertions, we identified putative regulatory elements, including NR2F1-bound putative CNCC enhancers derived from SVAs and putative iPSC promoters derived from LTR5s. Our results show that different types of indels are associated with specific epigenomic diversity between human and chimpanzee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhuo
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Alan Y Du
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Erica C Pehrsson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- McDonell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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55
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Akdemir KC, Le VT, Kim JM, Killcoyne S, King DA, Lin YP, Tian Y, Inoue A, Amin SB, Robinson FS, Nimmakayalu M, Herrera RE, Lynn EJ, Chan K, Seth S, Klimczak LJ, Gerstung M, Gordenin DA, O'Brien J, Li L, Deribe YL, Verhaak RG, Campbell PJ, Fitzgerald R, Morrison AJ, Dixon JR, Andrew Futreal P. Somatic mutation distributions in cancer genomes vary with three-dimensional chromatin structure. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1178-1188. [PMID: 33020667 PMCID: PMC8350746 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations in driver genes may ultimately lead to the development of cancer. Understanding how somatic mutations accumulate in cancer genomes and the underlying factors that generate somatic mutations is therefore crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies. To understand the interplay between spatial genome organization and specific mutational processes, we studied 3,000 tumor-normal-pair whole-genome datasets from 42 different human cancer types. Our analyses reveal that the change in somatic mutational load in cancer genomes is co-localized with topologically-associating-domain boundaries. Domain boundaries constitute a better proxy to track mutational load change than replication timing measurements. We show that different mutational processes lead to distinct somatic mutation distributions where certain processes generate mutations in active domains, and others generate mutations in inactive domains. Overall, the interplay between three-dimensional genome organization and active mutational processes has a substantial influence on the large-scale mutation-rate variations observed in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir C Akdemir
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Victoria T Le
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Kim
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sarah Killcoyne
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Center, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Devin A King
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanyan Tian
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akira Inoue
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Frederick S Robinson
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manjunath Nimmakayalu
- Graduate Program in Diagnostic Genetics and Genomics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Erica J Lynn
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kin Chan
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sahil Seth
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leszek J Klimczak
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Dmitry A Gordenin
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John O'Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Life Science Institute, Zhejiiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonathan Lissanu Deribe
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roel G Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Center, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jesse R Dixon
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a unique population of cells with the remarkable ability to replenish themselves through self-renewal and to give rise to differentiated cell lineages. Though having been discovered more than 50 years ago, and having been widely used in bone marrow transplantation to treat blood disorders including leukemia, expansion of HSCs remains an unmet task, thus affecting its more effective usage in clinical practice. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review article is to summarize past efforts in ex-vivo HSC expansion and to compare recent advances in expanding murine and human HSCs by targeting the N-methyladenosine (mA) pathway. RECENT FINDINGS Unlike past many efforts that mainly target single or limited pathways and often lead to lineage bias or expansion of progenitor cells or limited long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs), the blocking the degradation of mA pathway has an advantage of stabilizing hundreds of key factors required for maintaining HSCs, thus resulting in expansion of functional LT-HSCs. SUMMARY The new approach of targeting the mA pathway has a promising application in clinical HSC-based transplantation.
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57
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Torres DE, Oggenfuss U, Croll D, Seidl MF. Genome evolution in fungal plant pathogens: looking beyond the two-speed genome model. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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58
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Liu J, Ali M, Zhou Q. Establishment and evolution of heterochromatin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1476:59-77. [PMID: 32017156 PMCID: PMC7586837 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is packaged into transcriptionally active euchromatin and silent heterochromatin, with most studies focused on the former encompassing the majority of protein-coding genes. The recent development of various sequencing techniques has refined this classic dichromatic partition and has better illuminated the composition, establishment, and evolution of this genomic and epigenomic "dark matter" in the context of topologically associated domains and phase-separated droplets. Heterochromatin includes genomic regions that can be densely stained by chemical dyes, which have been shown to be enriched for repetitive elements and epigenetic marks, including H3K9me2/3 and H3K27me3. Heterochromatin is usually replicated late, concentrated at the nuclear periphery or around nucleoli, and usually lacks highly expressed genes; and now it is considered to be as neither genetically inert nor developmentally static. Heterochromatin guards genome integrity against transposon activities and exerts important regulatory functions by targeting beyond its contained genes. Both its nucleotide sequences and regulatory proteins exhibit rapid coevolution between species. In addition, there are dynamic transitions between euchromatin and heterochromatin during developmental and evolutionary processes. We summarize here the ever-changing characteristics of heterochromatin and propose models and principles for the evolutionary transitions of heterochromatin that have been mainly learned from studies of Drosophila and yeast. Finally, we highlight the role of sex chromosomes in studying heterochromatin evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Molecular Evolution and DevelopmentUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mujahid Ali
- Department of Molecular Evolution and DevelopmentUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Qi Zhou
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Molecular Evolution and DevelopmentUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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59
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Lei H, Tao K. Somatic mutations in colorectal cancer are associated with the epigenetic modifications. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11828-11836. [PMID: 32865336 PMCID: PMC7579689 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) mostly arises from progressive accumulation of somatic mutations within cells. Most commonly mutated genes like TP53, APC and KRAS can promote survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Although the molecular alterations and landscape of some specific mutations in CRC are well known, the presence of a somatic mutation signature related to genomic regions and epigenetic markers remain unclear. To find the signatures from a random distribution of somatic mutations in CRCs, we carried out enrichment analysis in different genomic regions and identified peaks of epigenetic markers. We validated that the mutation frequency in miRNA is dramatically higher than in flanking genomic regions. Moreover, we observed that somatic mutations in CRC and colon cancer cell lines are significantly enriched in CTCF binding sites. We also found these mutations are enriched for H3K27me3 in both normal sigmoid colon and colon cancer cell lines. Taken together, our findings suggest that there are some common somatic mutations signatures which provide new directions to study CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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60
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Singh VK, Rastogi A, Hu X, Wang Y, De S. Mutational signature SBS8 predominantly arises due to late replication errors in cancer. Commun Biol 2020; 3:421. [PMID: 32747711 PMCID: PMC7400754 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a majority of somatic mutations in cancer are passengers, their mutational signatures provide mechanistic insights into mutagenesis and DNA repair processes. Mutational signature SBS8 is common in most cancers, but its etiology is debated. Incorporating genomic, epigenomic, and cellular process features for multiple cell-types we develop genome-wide composite epigenomic context-maps relevant for mutagenesis and DNA repair. Analyzing somatic mutation data from multiple cancer types in their epigenomic contexts, we show that SBS8 preferentially occurs in gene-poor, lamina-proximal, late replicating heterochromatin domains. While SBS8 is uncommon among mutations in non-malignant tissues, in tumor genomes its proportions increase with replication timing and speed, and checkpoint defects further promote this signature - suggesting that SBS8 probably arises due to uncorrected late replication errors during cancer progression. Our observations offer a potential reconciliation among different perspectives in the debate about the etiology of SBS8 and its relationship with other mutational signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Singh
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Arnav Rastogi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoju Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yaqun Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Chromatin Structure and Drug Resistance in Candida spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030121. [PMID: 32751495 PMCID: PMC7559719 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the most serious threats to global human health and, appropriately, research to tackle AMR garnishes significant investment and extensive attention from the scientific community. However, most of this effort focuses on antibiotics, and research into anti-fungal resistance (AFR) is vastly under-represented in comparison. Given the growing number of vulnerable, immunocompromised individuals, as well as the positive impact global warming has on fungal growth, there is an immediate urgency to tackle fungal disease, and the disturbing rise in AFR. Chromatin structure and gene expression regulation play pivotal roles in the adaptation of fungal species to anti-fungal stress, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue to tackle AFR. In this review we discuss both the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms by which chromatin structure can dictate AFR mechanisms and will present evidence of how pathogenic yeast, specifically from the Candida genus, modify chromatin structure to promote survival in the presence of anti-fungal drugs. We also discuss the mechanisms by which anti-chromatin therapy, specifically lysine deacetylase inhibitors, influence the acquisition and phenotypic expression of AFR in Candida spp. and their potential as effective adjuvants to mitigate against AFR.
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Abstract
MOTIVATION The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression. Its alteration has been shown to coincide with the occurrence of cancer. A key challenge is in understanding the role of chromatin structure (CS) in cellular processes and its implications in diseases. RESULTS We propose a comparative pipeline to analyze CSs and apply it to study chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We model the chromatin of the affected and control cells as networks and analyze the network topology by state-of-the-art methods. Our results show that CSs are a rich source of new biological and functional information about DNA elements and cells that can complement protein-protein and co-expression data. Importantly, we show the existence of structural markers of cancer-related DNA elements in the chromatin. Surprisingly, CLL driver genes are characterized by specific local wiring patterns not only in the CS network of CLL cells, but also of healthy cells. This allows us to successfully predict new CLL-related DNA elements. Importantly, this shows that we can identify cancer-related DNA elements in other cancer types by investigating the CS network of the healthy cell of origin, a key new insight paving the road to new therapeutic strategies. This gives us an opportunity to exploit chromosome conformation data in healthy cells to predict new drivers. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Our predicted CLL genes and RNAs are provided as a free resource to the community at https://life.bsc.es/iconbi/chromatin/index.html. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malod-Dognin
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - V Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse 31037, France
- University Paul Sabatier III, Toulouse 31330, France
| | - A Valencia
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Coordination Node, Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute, ELIXIR-Spain (INB, ELIXIR-ES), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - N Pržulj
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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Natural cryptic variation in epigenetic modulation of an embryonic gene regulatory network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13637-13646. [PMID: 32482879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920343117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that direct animal embryogenesis must respond to varying environmental and physiological conditions to ensure robust construction of organ systems. While GRNs are evolutionarily modified by natural genomic variation, the roles of epigenetic processes in shaping plasticity of GRN architecture are not well understood. The endoderm GRN in Caenorhabditis elegans is initiated by the maternally supplied SKN-1/Nrf2 bZIP transcription factor; however, the requirement for SKN-1 in endoderm specification varies widely among distinct C. elegans wild isotypes, owing to rapid developmental system drift driven by accumulation of cryptic genetic variants. We report here that heritable epigenetic factors that are stimulated by transient developmental diapause also underlie cryptic variation in the requirement for SKN-1 in endoderm development. This epigenetic memory is inherited from the maternal germline, apparently through a nuclear, rather than cytoplasmic, signal, resulting in a parent-of-origin effect (POE), in which the phenotype of the progeny resembles that of the maternal founder. The occurrence and persistence of POE varies between different parental pairs, perduring for at least 10 generations in one pair. This long-perduring POE requires piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) function and the germline nuclear RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, as well as MET-2 and SET-32, which direct histone H3K9 trimethylation and drive heritable epigenetic modification. Such nongenetic cryptic variation may provide a resource of additional phenotypic diversity through which adaptation may facilitate evolutionary changes and shape developmental regulatory systems.
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64
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Biwer C, Kawam B, Chapelle V, Silvestre F. The Role of Stochasticity in the Origin of Epigenetic Variation in Animal Populations. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1544-1557. [PMID: 32470118 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation modulate gene expression in a complex fashion are consequently recognized as among the most important contributors to phenotypic variation in natural populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Interactions between genetics and epigenetics are multifaceted and epigenetic variation stands at the crossroad between genetic and environmental variance, which make these mechanisms prominent in the processes of adaptive evolution. DNA methylation patterns depend on the genotype and can be reshaped by environmental conditions, while transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has been reported in various species. On the other hand, DNA methylation can influence the genetic mutation rate and directly affect the evolutionary potential of a population. The origin of epigenetic variance can be attributed to genetic, environmental, or stochastic factors. Generally less investigated than the first two components, variation lacking any predictable order is nevertheless present in natural populations and stochastic epigenetic variation, also referred to spontaneous epimutations, can sustain phenotypic diversity. Here, potential sources of such stochastic epigenetic variability in animals are explored, with a focus on DNA methylation. To this day, quantifying the importance of stochasticity in epigenetic variability remains a challenge. However, comparisons between the mutation and the epimutation rates showed a high level of the latter, suggesting a significant role of spontaneous epimutations in adaptation. The implications of stochastic epigenetic variability are multifold: by affecting development and subsequently phenotype, random changes in epigenetic marks may provide additional phenotypic diversity, which can help natural populations when facing fluctuating environments. In isogenic lineages and asexually reproducing organisms, poor or absent genetic diversity can hence be tolerated. Further implication of stochastic epigenetic variability in adaptation is found in bottlenecked invasive species populations and populations using a bet-hedging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F Silvestre
- Institute of Earth, Life and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium
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65
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Extreme differences between human germline and tumor mutation densities are driven by ancestral human-specific deviations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2512. [PMID: 32427823 PMCID: PMC7237693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations do not accumulate uniformly across the genome. Human germline and tumor mutation density correlate poorly, and each is associated with different genomic features. Here, we use non-human great ape (NHGA) germlines to determine human germline- and tumor-specific deviations from an ancestral-like great ape genome-wide mutational landscape. Strikingly, we find that the distribution of mutation densities in tumors presents a stronger correlation with NHGA than with human germlines. This effect is driven by human-specific differences in the distribution of mutations at non-CpG sites. We propose that ancestral human demographic events, together with the human-specific mutation slowdown, disrupted the human genome-wide distribution of mutation densities. Tumors partially recover this distribution by accumulating preneoplastic-like somatic mutations. Our results highlight the potential utility of using NHGA population data, rather than human controls, to establish the expected mutational background of healthy somatic cells.
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66
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Golicz AA, Bhalla PL, Edwards D, Singh MB. Rice 3D chromatin structure correlates with sequence variation and meiotic recombination rate. Commun Biol 2020; 3:235. [PMID: 32398676 PMCID: PMC7217851 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes of many eukaryotic species have a defined three-dimensional architecture critical for cellular processes. They are partitioned into topologically associated domains (TADs), defined as regions of high chromatin inter-connectivity. While TADs are not a prominent feature of A. thaliana genome organization, they have been reported for other plants including rice, maize, tomato and cotton and for which TAD formation appears to be linked to transcription and chromatin epigenetic status. Here we show that in the rice genome, sequence variation and meiotic recombination rate correlate with the 3D genome structure. TADs display increased SNP and SV density and higher recombination rate compared to inter-TAD regions. We associate the observed differences with the TAD epigenetic landscape, TE composition and an increased incidence of meiotic crossovers. Golicz et al. report an increase in single nucleotide polymorphisms and structural variations across and within Topologically Associated Domains (TADs) in the rice genome, which is different to the pattern observed in the human genome. They show that this may be due to epigenetic modifications, transposable elements composition, and meiotic crossovers in the TAD regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Golicz
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Prem L Bhalla
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mohan B Singh
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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67
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Mokhtar MM, Atia MAM. SSRome: an integrated database and pipelines for exploring microsatellites in all organisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D244-D252. [PMID: 30365025 PMCID: PMC6323889 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, many databases focusing on microsatellite mining on a genomic scale were released online with at least one of the following major deficiencies: (i) lacking the classification of microsatellites as genic or non-genic, (ii) not comparing microsatellite motifs at both genic and non-genic levels in order to identify unique motifs for each class or (iii) missing SSR marker development. In this study, we have developed ‘SSRome’ as a web-based, user-friendly, comprehensive and dynamic database with pipelines for exploring microsatellites in 6533 organisms. In the SSRome database, 158 million microsatellite motifs are identified across all taxa, in addition to all the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes and expressed sequence tags available from NCBI. Moreover, 45.1 million microsatellite markers were developed and classified as genic or non-genic. All the stored motif and marker datasets can be downloaded freely. In addition, SSRome provides three user-friendly tools to identify, classify and compare motifs on either a genome- or transcriptome-wide scale. With the implementation of PHP, HTML and JavaScript, users can upload their data for analysis via a user-friendly GUI. SSRome represents a powerful database and mega-tool that will assist researchers in developing and dissecting microsatellite markers on a high-throughput scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad M Mokhtar
- Molecular Genetics and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Genome Mapping Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Atia
- Molecular Genetics and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Genome Mapping Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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68
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Yoshida K, Ravinet M, Makino T, Toyoda A, Kokita T, Mori S, Kitano J. Accumulation of Deleterious Mutations in Landlocked Threespine Stickleback Populations. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:479-492. [PMID: 32232440 PMCID: PMC7197494 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of new habitats often reduces population sizes and may result in the accumulation of deleterious mutations by genetic drift. Compared with the genomic basis for adaptation to new environments, genome-wide analysis of deleterious mutations in isolated populations remains limited. In the present study, we investigated the accumulation of deleterious mutations in five endangered freshwater populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the central part of the mainland of Japan. Using whole-genome resequencing data, we first conducted phylogenomic analysis and confirmed at least two independent freshwater colonization events in the central mainland from ancestral marine ecotypes. Next, analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms showed a substantial reduction of heterozygosity in freshwater populations compared with marine populations. Reduction in heterozygosity was more apparent at the center of each chromosome than the peripheries and on X chromosomes compared with autosomes. Third, bioinformatic analysis of deleterious mutations showed increased accumulation of putatively deleterious mutations in the landlocked freshwater populations compared with marine populations. For the majority of populations examined, the frequencies of putatively deleterious mutations were higher on X chromosomes than on autosomes. The interpopulation comparison indicated that the majority of putatively deleterious mutations may have accumulated independently. Thus, whole-genome resequencing of endangered populations can help to estimate the accumulation of deleterious mutations and inform us of which populations are the most severely endangered. Furthermore, analysis of variation among chromosomes can give insights into whether any particular chromosomes are likely to accumulate deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Yoshida
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Norway.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kokita
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Biological Laboratories, Gifu-kyoritsu University, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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69
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Li C, Luscombe NM. Nucleosome positioning stability is a modulator of germline mutation rate variation across the human genome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1363. [PMID: 32170069 PMCID: PMC7070026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosome organization has been suggested to affect local mutation rates in the genome. However, the lack of de novo mutation and high-resolution nucleosome data has limited the investigation of this hypothesis. Additionally, analyses using indirect mutation rate measurements have yielded contradictory and potentially confounding results. Here, we combine data on >300,000 human de novo mutations with high-resolution nucleosome maps and find substantially elevated mutation rates around translationally stable (‘strong’) nucleosomes. We show that the mutational mechanisms affected by strong nucleosomes are low-fidelity replication, insufficient mismatch repair and increased double-strand breaks. Strong nucleosomes preferentially locate within young SINE/LINE transposons, suggesting that when subject to increased mutation rates, transposons are then more rapidly inactivated. Depletion of strong nucleosomes in older transposons suggests frequent positioning changes during evolution. The findings have important implications for human genetics and genome evolution. Nucleosome organization has been suggested to affect local mutation rates in the genome. Here, the authors analyse data on >300,000 human de novo mutations and high-resolution nucleosome maps and provide evidence that nucleosome positioning stability modulates germline mutation rate variation across the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK. .,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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70
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Cytosine Methylation Affects the Mutability of Neighboring Nucleotides in Germline and Soma. Genetics 2020; 214:809-823. [PMID: 32079595 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylated cytosines deaminate at higher rates than unmethylated cytosines, and the lesions they produce are repaired less efficiently. As a result, methylated cytosines are mutational hotspots. Here, combining rare polymorphism and base-resolution methylation data in humans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and rice (Oryza sativa), we present evidence that methylation state affects mutation dynamics not only at the focal cytosine but also at neighboring nucleotides. In humans, contrary to prior suggestions, we find that nucleotides in the close vicinity (±3 bp) of methylated cytosines mutate less frequently. Reduced mutability around methylated CpGs is also observed in cancer genomes, considering single nucleotide variants alongside tissue-of-origin-matched methylation data. In contrast, methylation is associated with increased neighborhood mutation risk in A. thaliana and rice. The difference in neighborhood mutation risk is less pronounced further away from the focal CpG and modulated by regional GC content. Our results are consistent with a model where altered risk at neighboring bases is linked to lesion formation at the focal CpG and subsequent long-patch repair. Our findings indicate that cytosine methylation has a broader mutational footprint than is commonly assumed.
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71
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Gonzalez-Perez A, Sabarinathan R, Lopez-Bigas N. Local Determinants of the Mutational Landscape of the Human Genome. Cell 2020; 177:101-114. [PMID: 30901533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale chromatin features, such as replication time and accessibility influence the rate of somatic and germline mutations at the megabase scale. This article reviews how local chromatin structures -e.g., DNA wrapped around nucleosomes, transcription factors bound to DNA- affect the mutation rate at a local scale. It dissects how the interaction of some mutagenic agents and/or DNA repair systems with these local structures influence the generation of mutations. We discuss how this local mutation rate variability affects our understanding of the evolution of the genomic sequence, and the study of the evolution of organisms and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India.
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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72
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Kessler MD, Loesch DP, Perry JA, Heard-Costa NL, Taliun D, Cade BE, Wang H, Daya M, Ziniti J, Datta S, Celedón JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Weiss ST, Barnes K, Redline SS, Vasan RS, Johnson AD, Mathias RA, Hernandez R, Wilson JG, Nickerson DA, Abecasis G, Browning SR, Zöllner S, O'Connell JR, Mitchell BD, O'Connor TD. De novo mutations across 1,465 diverse genomes reveal mutational insights and reductions in the Amish founder population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2560-2569. [PMID: 31964835 PMCID: PMC7007577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902766117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo mutations (DNMs), or mutations that appear in an individual despite not being seen in their parents, are an important source of genetic variation whose impact is relevant to studies of human evolution, genetics, and disease. Utilizing high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data as part of the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program, we called 93,325 single-nucleotide DNMs across 1,465 trios from an array of diverse human populations, and used them to directly estimate and analyze DNM counts, rates, and spectra. We find a significant positive correlation between local recombination rate and local DNM rate, and that DNM rate explains a substantial portion (8.98 to 34.92%, depending on the model) of the genome-wide variation in population-level genetic variation from 41K unrelated TOPMed samples. Genome-wide heterozygosity does correlate with DNM rate, but only explains <1% of variation. While we are underpowered to see small differences, we do not find significant differences in DNM rate between individuals of European, African, and Latino ancestry, nor across ancestrally distinct segments within admixed individuals. However, we did find significantly fewer DNMs in Amish individuals, even when compared with other Europeans, and even after accounting for parental age and sequencing center. Specifically, we found significant reductions in the number of C→A and T→C mutations in the Amish, which seem to underpin their overall reduction in DNMs. Finally, we calculated near-zero estimates of narrow sense heritability (h2), which suggest that variation in DNM rate is significantly shaped by nonadditive genetic effects and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kessler
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Douglas P Loesch
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - James A Perry
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Michelle Daya
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John Ziniti
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Soma Datta
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Manuel E Soto-Quiros
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños, 10103 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lydiana Avila
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños, 10103 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kathleen Barnes
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Susan S Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Andrew D Johnson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ryan Hernandez
- Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A OG4, Canada
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | | | - Goncalo Abecasis
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sharon R Browning
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Timothy D O'Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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73
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Identification of cancer driver genes based on nucleotide context. Nat Genet 2020; 52:208-218. [PMID: 32015527 PMCID: PMC7031046 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer genomes contain large numbers of somatic mutations, but few of these mutations drive tumor development. Current approaches identify driver genes based on mutational recurrence, or they approximate the functional consequences of nonsynonymous mutations using bioinformatic scores. While passenger mutations are enriched in characteristic nucleotide contexts, driver mutations occur in functional positions, which are not necessarily surrounded by a particular nucleotide context. We observed that mutations in contexts that deviate from the characteristic contexts around passenger mutations provide a signal in favor of driver genes. We therefore developed a method that combines this feature with the signals traditionally used for driver gene identification. We applied our method to whole-exome sequencing data from 11,873 tumor-normal pairs and identified 460 driver genes that clustered into 21 cancer-related pathways. Our study provides a resource of driver genes across 28 tumor types with additional driver genes identified based on mutations in unusual nucleotide contexts.
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74
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Pal LR, Kundu K, Yin Y, Moult J. Matching whole genomes to rare genetic disorders: Identification of potential causative variants using phenotype-weighted knowledge in the CAGI SickKids5 clinical genomes challenge. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:347-362. [PMID: 31680375 PMCID: PMC7182498 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precise identification of causative variants from whole-genome sequencing data, including both coding and noncoding variants, is challenging. The Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation 5 SickKids clinical genome challenge provided an opportunity to assess our ability to extract such information. Participants in the challenge were required to match each of the 24 whole-genome sequences to the correct phenotypic profile and to identify the disease class of each genome. These are all rare disease cases that have resisted genetic diagnosis in a state-of-the-art pipeline. The patients have a range of eye, neurological, and connective-tissue disorders. We used a gene-centric approach to address this problem, assigning each gene a multiphenotype-matching score. Mutations in the top-scoring genes for each phenotype profile were ranked on a 6-point scale of pathogenicity probability, resulting in an approximately equal number of top-ranked coding and noncoding candidate variants overall. We were able to assign the correct disease class for 12 cases and the correct genome to a clinical profile for five cases. The challenge assessor found genes in three of these five cases as likely appropriate. In the postsubmission phase, after careful screening of the genes in the correct genome, we identified additional potential diagnostic variants, a high proportion of which are noncoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika R. Pal
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kunal Kundu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Genomics, Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yizhou Yin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - John Moult
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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75
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Auboeuf D. Physicochemical Foundations of Life that Direct Evolution: Chance and Natural Selection are not Evolutionary Driving Forces. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10020007. [PMID: 31973071 PMCID: PMC7175370 DOI: 10.3390/life10020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current framework of evolutionary theory postulates that evolution relies on random mutations generating a diversity of phenotypes on which natural selection acts. This framework was established using a top-down approach as it originated from Darwinism, which is based on observations made of complex multicellular organisms and, then, modified to fit a DNA-centric view. In this article, it is argued that based on a bottom-up approach starting from the physicochemical properties of nucleic and amino acid polymers, we should reject the facts that (i) natural selection plays a dominant role in evolution and (ii) the probability of mutations is independent of the generated phenotype. It is shown that the adaptation of a phenotype to an environment does not correspond to organism fitness, but rather corresponds to maintaining the genome stability and integrity. In a stable environment, the phenotype maintains the stability of its originating genome and both (genome and phenotype) are reproduced identically. In an unstable environment (i.e., corresponding to variations in physicochemical parameters above a physiological range), the phenotype no longer maintains the stability of its originating genome, but instead influences its variations. Indeed, environment- and cellular-dependent physicochemical parameters define the probability of mutations in terms of frequency, nature, and location in a genome. Evolution is non-deterministic because it relies on probabilistic physicochemical rules, and evolution is driven by a bidirectional interplay between genome and phenotype in which the phenotype ensures the stability of its originating genome in a cellular and environmental physicochemical parameter-depending manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Auboeuf
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, F-69007, Lyon, France
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76
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Zu W, Zhang H, Lan X, Tan X. Genome-wide evolution analysis reveals low CpG contents of fast-evolving genes and identifies antiviral microRNAs. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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77
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Ishikawa A, Kabeya N, Ikeya K, Kakioka R, Cech JN, Osada N, Leal MC, Inoue J, Kume M, Toyoda A, Tezuka A, Nagano AJ, Yamasaki YY, Suzuki Y, Kokita T, Takahashi H, Lucek K, Marques D, Takehana Y, Naruse K, Mori S, Monroig O, Ladd N, Schubert CJ, Matthews B, Peichel CL, Seehausen O, Yoshizaki G, Kitano J. A key metabolic gene for recurrent freshwater colonization and radiation in fishes. Science 2019; 364:886-889. [PMID: 31147520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of new ecological niches has triggered large adaptive radiations. Although some lineages have made use of such opportunities, not all do so. The factors causing this variation among lineages are largely unknown. Here, we show that deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential ω-3 fatty acid, can constrain freshwater colonization by marine fishes. Our genomic analyses revealed multiple independent duplications of the fatty acid desaturase gene Fads2 in stickleback lineages that subsequently colonized and radiated in freshwater habitats, but not in close relatives that failed to colonize. Transgenic manipulation of Fads2 in marine stickleback increased their ability to synthesize DHA and survive on DHA-deficient diets. Multiple freshwater ray-finned fishes also show a convergent increase in Fads2 copies, indicating its key role in freshwater colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Ikeya
- Gifu World Freshwater Aquarium, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jennifer N Cech
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naoki Osada
- Graduate School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miguel C Leal
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Jun Inoue
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kume
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Yo Y Yamasaki
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kokita
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Marques
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Biological Laboratory, Gifu Kyoritsu University, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Oscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Nemiah Ladd
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, ETH-Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Carsten J Schubert
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan. .,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
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78
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Tharp D, Nandana S. How Prostate Cancer Cells Use Strategy Instead of Brute Force to Achieve Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121928. [PMID: 31817000 PMCID: PMC6966655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Akin to many other cancers, metastasis is the predominant cause of lethality in prostate cancer (PCa). Research in the past decade or so has revealed that although metastatic manifestation is a multi-step and complex process that is orchestrated by distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms, the process in itself is an extremely inefficient one. It is now becoming increasingly evident that PCa cells employ a plethora of strategies to make the most of this inefficient process. These strategies include priming the metastatic sites ahead of colonization, devising ways to metastasize to specific organs, outsmarting the host defense surveillance, lying in a dormant state at the metastatic site for prolonged periods, and widespread reprogramming of the gene expression to suit their needs. Based on established, recent, and evolving lines of research, this review is an attempt to understand PCa metastasis from the perspective of military combat, wherein strategic maneuvering instead of brute force often plays a decisive role in the outcome.
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79
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Xie J, Cai Y, Li H, Wu J, Zhao X, Luo K, Sharma A, Xie J, Sun X, Liu H. DNMHMM: An approach to identify the differential nucleosome regions in multiple cell types based on a Hidden Markov Model. Biosystems 2019; 185:104033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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80
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Yoshioka KI, Matsuno Y, Hyodo M, Fujimori H. Genomic-Destabilization-Associated Mutagenesis and Clonal Evolution of Cells with Mutations in Tumor-Suppressor Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111643. [PMID: 31653100 PMCID: PMC6895985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is driven by genomic instability and mutations. In general, cancer develops via multiple steps. Each step involves the clonal evolution of cells with abrogated defense systems, such as cells with mutations in cancer-suppressor genes. However, it remains unclear how cellular defense systems are abrogated and the associated clonal evolution is triggered and propagated. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding mutagenesis associated with genomic destabilization and its relationship with the clonal evolution of cells over the course of cancer development, focusing especially on mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Yoshioka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Matsuno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Mai Hyodo
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.
| | - Haruka Fujimori
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.
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81
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Meucci S, Keilholz U, Heim D, Klauschen F, Cacciatore S. Somatic genome alterations in relation to age in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2091-2099. [PMID: 30859574 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common cause of global cancer-related mortality and the major risk factor is smoking consumption. By analyzing 486 LUAD samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we detected a higher mutational burden among younger patients in the global cohort as well as in the TP53-mutated subcohort. The interaction effect of patient age and TP53 mutations significantly affected the mutational rate of younger TP53-mutated patients. Furthermore, we detected a significant enrichment of the smoking-related signature SI4 (SI4) among younger TP53-mutated patients, meanwhile the age-related Signature 1 (SI1) significantly increased in proportion to patient age. Although present and past smoking is reported in the TP53 wild-type patients, we observed a lower average number of somatic mutations, with no correlation with patient age. Overall, TP53 mutations were significantly higher in younger patients and mainly characterized by SI4 and Signature 24 (SI24). Therefore, TP53 seemed to acquire a particular sensitivity to smoking related C>A mutations in younger patients. We hypothesize that TP53 mutations at a younger age might be a crucial factor enhancing the sensitivity to smoking-related mutations leading to a burst of somatic alterations. The mutational profile of cancer cell might reflect the mutational processes operative in aging in a given tissue. Therefore, TP53-mutated and TP53 wild-type patient groups might represent phenotypes which endure aging-related mutational processes with different strength. Our study provides indications of age-dependent differences in mutational backgrounds that might be relevant for cancer prevention and age-adjusted treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Meucci
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Heim
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité University Hospital, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Cacciatore
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Division of the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, W120NN, United Kingdom.,Cancer Genomics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
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82
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Drinnenberg IA, Berger F, Elsässer SJ, Andersen PR, Ausió J, Bickmore WA, Blackwell AR, Erwin DH, Gahan JM, Gaut BS, Harvey ZH, Henikoff S, Kao JY, Kurdistani SK, Lemos B, Levine MT, Luger K, Malik HS, Martín-Durán JM, Peichel CL, Renfree MB, Rutowicz K, Sarkies P, Schmitz RJ, Technau U, Thornton JW, Warnecke T, Wolfe KH. EvoChromo: towards a synthesis of chromatin biology and evolution. Development 2019; 146:146/19/dev178962. [PMID: 31558570 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, interest in chromatin and its evolution has grown. To further advance these interests, we organized a workshop with the support of The Company of Biologists to debate the current state of knowledge regarding the origin and evolution of chromatin. This workshop led to prospective views on the development of a new field of research that we term 'EvoChromo'. In this short Spotlight article, we define the breadth and expected impact of this new area of scientific inquiry on our understanding of both chromatin and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines A Drinnenberg
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3664, Paris 75005, France
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Peter R Andersen
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - James M Gahan
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Brandon S Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zachary H Harvey
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Division of Basic Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joyce Y Kao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Siavash K Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mia T Levine
- Department of Biology, Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, CU Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Kinga Rutowicz
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sarkies
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Sciences, IMperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Robert J Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Joseph W Thornton
- Department of Human Genetics, and Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Tobias Warnecke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Sciences, IMperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kenneth H Wolfe
- Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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83
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Duan J, Sanders AR, Gejman PV. From Schizophrenia Genetics to Disease Biology: Harnessing New Concepts and Technologies. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2019; 4:e190014. [PMID: 31555746 PMCID: PMC6760308 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disorder afflicting around 1% of the population. It is highly heritable but with complex genetics. Recent research has unraveled a plethora of risk loci for SZ. Accordingly, our conceptual understanding of SZ genetics has been rapidly evolving, from oligogenic models towards polygenic or even omnigenic models. A pressing challenge to the field, however, is the translation of the many genetic findings of SZ into disease biology insights leading to more effective treatments. Bridging this gap requires the integration of genetic findings and functional genomics using appropriate cellular models. Harnessing new technologies, such as the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and the CRISPR/Cas-based genome/epigenome editing approach are expected to change our understanding of SZ disease biology to a fundamentally higher level. Here, we discuss some new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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84
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Yehuda Y, Blumenfeld B, Mayorek N, Makedonski K, Vardi O, Cohen-Daniel L, Mansour Y, Baror-Sebban S, Masika H, Farago M, Berger M, Carmi S, Buganim Y, Koren A, Simon I. Germline DNA replication timing shapes mammalian genome composition. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:8299-8310. [PMID: 29986092 PMCID: PMC6144785 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian DNA replication is a highly organized and regulated process. Large, Mb-sized regions are replicated at defined times along S-phase. Replication Timing (RT) is thought to play a role in shaping the mammalian genome by affecting mutation rates. Previous analyses relied on somatic RT profiles. However, only germline mutations are passed on to offspring and affect genomic composition. Therefore, germ cell RT information is necessary to evaluate the influences of RT on the mammalian genome. We adapted the RT mapping technique for limited amounts of cells, and measured RT from two stages in the mouse germline - primordial germ cells (PGCs) and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). RT in germline cells exhibited stronger correlations to both mutation rate and recombination hotspots density than those of RT in somatic tissues, emphasizing the importance of using correct tissues-of-origin for RT profiling. Germline RT maps exhibited stronger correlations to additional genetic features including GC-content, transposable elements (SINEs and LINEs), and gene density. GC content stratification and multiple regression analysis revealed independent contributions of RT to SINE, gene, mutation, and recombination hotspot densities. Together, our results establish a central role for RT in shaping multiple levels of mammalian genome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishai Yehuda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Bioinformatics, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Britny Blumenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nina Mayorek
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kirill Makedonski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oriya Vardi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonor Cohen-Daniel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yousef Mansour
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shulamit Baror-Sebban
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Masika
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marganit Farago
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Berger
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Carmi
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Koren
- Deptartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Itamar Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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85
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Malhotra S, Alsulami AF, Heiyun Y, Ochoa BM, Jubb H, Forbes S, Blundell TL. Understanding the impacts of missense mutations on structures and functions of human cancer-related genes: A preliminary computational analysis of the COSMIC Cancer Gene Census. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219935. [PMID: 31323058 PMCID: PMC6641202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics and genome screening are proving central to the study of cancer. However, a good appreciation of the protein structures coded by cancer genes is also invaluable, especially for the understanding of functions, for assessing ligandability of potential targets, and for designing new drugs. To complement the wealth of information on the genetics of cancer in COSMIC, the most comprehensive database for cancer somatic mutations available, structural information obtained experimentally has been brought together recently in COSMIC-3D. Even where structural information is available for a gene in the Cancer Gene Census, a list of genes in COSMIC with substantial evidence supporting their impacts in cancer, this information is quite often for a single domain in a larger protein or for a single protomer in a multiprotein assembly. Here, we show that over 60% of the genes included in the Cancer Gene Census are predicted to possess multiple domains. Many are also multicomponent and membrane-associated molecular assemblies, with mutations recorded in COSMIC affecting such assemblies. However, only 469 of the gene products have a structure represented in the PDB, and of these only 87 structures have 90-100% coverage over the sequence and 69 have less than 10% coverage. As a first step to bridging gaps in our knowledge in the many cases where individual protein structures and domains are lacking, we discuss our attempts of protein structure modelling using our pipeline and investigating the effects of mutations using two of our in-house methods (SDM2 and mCSM) and identifying potential driver mutations. This allows us to begin to understand the effects of mutations not only on protein stability but also on protein-protein, protein-ligand and protein-nucleic acid interactions. In addition, we consider ways to combine the structural information with the wealth of mutation data available in COSMIC. We discuss the impacts of COSMIC missense mutations on protein structure in order to identify and assess the molecular consequences of cancer-driving mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ali F. Alsulami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Heiyun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harry Jubb
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Forbes
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L. Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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86
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Hwang T, Mathios D, McDonald KL, Daris I, Park SH, Burger PC, Kim S, Dho YS, Carolyn H, Bettegowda C, Shin JH, Lim M, Park CK. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation suggests down-regulation of oncogenic pathways and reduced somatic mutation rates in survival outliers of glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:88. [PMID: 31159876 PMCID: PMC6545689 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of survival outliers of glioblastoma can provide important clues on gliomagenesis as well as on the ways to alter clinical course of this almost uniformly lethal cancer type. However, there has been little consensus on genetic and epigenetic signatures of the long-term survival outliers of glioblastoma. Although the two classical molecular markers of glioblastoma including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH1/2) mutation and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation are associated with overall survival rate of glioblastoma patients, they are not specific to the survival outliers. In this study, we compared the two groups of survival outliers of glioblastoma with IDH wild-type, consisting of the glioblastoma patients who lived longer than 3 years (n = 17) and the patients who lived less than 1 year (n = 12) in terms of genome-wide DNA methylation profile. Statistical analyses were performed to identify differentially methylated sites between the two groups. Functional implication of DNA methylation patterns specific to long-term survivors of glioblastoma were investigated by comprehensive enrichment analyses with genomic and epigenomic features. We found that the genome of long-term survivors of glioblastoma is differentially methylated relative to short-term survivor patients depending on CpG density: hypermethylation near CpG islands (CGIs) and hypomethylation far from CGIs. Interestingly, these two patterns are associated with distinct oncogenic aspects in gliomagenesis. In the long-term survival glioblastoma-specific sites distant from CGI, somatic mutations of glioblastoma are enriched with higher DNA methylation, suggesting that the hypomethylation in long-term survival glioblastoma can contribute to reduce the rate of somatic mutation. On the other hand, the hypermethylation near CGIs associates with transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in cancer progression pathways. Using independent cohorts of IDH1/2- wild type glioblastoma, we also showed that these two patterns of DNA methylation can be used as molecular markers of long-term survival glioblastoma. Our results provide extended understanding of DNA methylation, especially of DNA hypomethylation, in cancer genome and reveal clinical importance of DNA methylation pattern as prognostic markers of glioblastoma.
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87
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Krumm A, Duan Z. Understanding the 3D genome: Emerging impacts on human disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 90:62-77. [PMID: 29990539 PMCID: PMC6329682 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent burst of new technologies that allow for quantitatively delineating chromatin structure has greatly expanded our understanding of how the genome is organized in the three-dimensional (3D) space of the nucleus. It is now clear that the hierarchical organization of the eukaryotic genome critically impacts nuclear activities such as transcription, replication, as well as cellular and developmental events such as cell cycle, cell fate decision and embryonic development. In this review, we discuss new insights into how the structural features of the 3D genome hierarchy are established and maintained, how this hierarchy undergoes dynamic rearrangement during normal development and how its perturbation will lead to human disease, highlighting the accumulating evidence that links the diverse 3D genome architecture components to a multitude of human diseases and the emerging mechanisms by which 3D genome derangement causes disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Krumm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, USA.
| | - Zhijun Duan
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA.
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88
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Bartold K, Pietrzyk-Le A, D'Souza F, Kutner W. Oligonucleotide Analogs and Mimics for Sensing Macromolecular Biocompounds. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1051-1062. [PMID: 31109738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms create life-sustaining macromolecular biocompounds including biopolymers. Artificial polymers can selectively recognize biocompounds and are more resistant to harsh physical, chemical, and physiological conditions than biopolymers are. Due to recognition at a molecular level, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) provide powerful tools to correlate structure with biological functionality and are often used to build next-generation chemosensors. We envision an increasing emergence of nucleic acid analogs (NAAs) or biorelevant monomers built into nature-mimicking polymers. For example, if nucleobases bearing monomers arranged by a complementary template are polymerized to form NAAs, the resulting MIPs will open up novel perspectives for synthesizing NAAs. Despite their usefulness, it is still challenging to use MIPs to devise adaptive biomaterials and to implement them in point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bartold
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pietrzyk-Le
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, 1155, Union, Circle, #305070, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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89
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Law CT, Wei L, Tsang FHC, Chan CYK, Xu IMJ, Lai RKH, Ho DWH, Lee JMF, Wong CCL, Ng IOL, Wong CM. HELLS Regulates Chromatin Remodeling and Epigenetic Silencing of Multiple Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2019; 69:2013-2030. [PMID: 30516846 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most lethal cancer worldwide. Increasing evidence shows that epigenetic alterations play an important role in human carcinogenesis. Deregulation of DNA methylation and histone modifications have recently been characterized in HCC, but the significance of chromatin remodeling in liver carcinogenesis remains to be explored. In this study, by systematically analyzing the expression of chromatin remodeling genes in human HCCs, we found that helicase, lymphoid-specific (HELLS), an SWI2/SNF2 chromatin remodeling enzyme, was remarkably overexpressed in HCC. Overexpression of HELLS correlated with more aggressive clinicopathological features and poorer patient prognosis compared to patients with lower HELLS expression. We further showed that up-regulation of HELLS in HCC was conferred by hyperactivation of transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1). To investigate the functions of HELLS in HCC, we generated both gain-of-function and loss-of-function models by the CRISPR activation system, lentiviral short hairpin RNA, and the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. We demonstrated that overexpression of HELLS augmented HCC cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, depletion of HELLS reduced HCC growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, inactivation of HELLS led to metabolic reprogramming and reversed the Warburg effect in HCC cells. Mechanistically, by integrating analysis of RNA sequencing and micrococcal nuclease sequencing, we revealed that overexpression of HELLS increased nucleosome occupancy, which obstructed the accessibility of enhancers and hindered formation of the nucleosome-free region (NFR) at the transcription start site. Though this mechanism, up-regulation of HELLS mediated epigenetic silencing of multiple tumor suppressor genes including E-cadherin, FBP1, IGFBP3, XAF1 and CREB3L3 in HCC. Conclusion: Our data reveal that HELLS is a key epigenetic driver of HCC; by altering the nucleosome occupancy at the NFR and enhancer, HELLS epigenetically suppresses multiple tumor suppressor genes to promote HCC progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- DNA Helicases/genetics
- DNA Helicases/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Nucleosomes/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Ting Law
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Felice Ho-Ching Tsang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cerise Yuen-Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Iris Ming-Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Robin Kit-Ho Lai
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Wai-Hung Ho
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joyce Man-Fong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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90
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Kanduri C, Bock C, Gundersen S, Hovig E, Sandve GK. Colocalization analyses of genomic elements: approaches, recommendations and challenges. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:1615-1624. [PMID: 30307532 PMCID: PMC6499241 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Many high-throughput methods produce sets of genomic regions as one of their main outputs. Scientists often use genomic colocalization analysis to interpret such region sets, for example to identify interesting enrichments and to understand the interplay between the underlying biological processes. Although widely used, there is little standardization in how these analyses are performed. Different practices can substantially affect the conclusions of colocalization analyses. RESULTS Here, we describe the different approaches and provide recommendations for performing genomic colocalization analysis, while also discussing common methodological challenges that may influence the conclusions. As illustrated by concrete example cases, careful attention to analysis details is needed in order to meet these challenges and to obtain a robust and biologically meaningful interpretation of genomic region set data. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakravarthi Kanduri
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sveinung Gundersen
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Elixir Norway, Oslo Node, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Elixir Norway, Oslo Node, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway, UK
| | - Geir Kjetil Sandve
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
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91
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Oluwadare O, Highsmith M, Cheng J. An Overview of Methods for Reconstructing 3-D Chromosome and Genome Structures from Hi-C Data. Biol Proced Online 2019; 21:7. [PMID: 31049033 PMCID: PMC6482566 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, methods for predicting three-dimensional (3-D) chromosome and genome structures have proliferated. This has been primarily due to the development of high-throughput, next-generation chromosome conformation capture (3C) technologies, which have provided next-generation sequencing data about chromosome conformations in order to map the 3-D genome structure. The introduction of the Hi-C technique-a variant of the 3C method-has allowed researchers to extract the interaction frequency (IF) for all loci of a genome at high-throughput and at a genome-wide scale. In this review we describe, categorize, and compare the various methods developed to map chromosome and genome structures from 3C data-particularly Hi-C data. We summarize the improvements introduced by these methods, describe the approach used for method evaluation, and discuss how these advancements shape the future of genome structure construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Oluwadare
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Max Highsmith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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92
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Danchin É, Pocheville A, Huneman P. Early in life effects and heredity: reconciling neo-Darwinism with neo-Lamarckism under the banner of the inclusive evolutionary synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180113. [PMID: 30966884 PMCID: PMC6460090 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries show that early in life effects often have long-lasting influences, sometimes even spanning several generations. Such intergenerational effects of early life events appear not easily reconcilable with strict genetic inheritance. However, an integrative evolutionary medicine of early life effects needs a sound view of inheritance in development and evolution. Here, we show how to articulate the gene-centred and non-gene-centred visions of inheritance. We first recall the coexistence of two gene concepts in scientific discussions, a statistical one (focused on patterns of parent-offspring resemblance, and implicitly including non-DNA-sequence-based resemblance), and a molecular one (based on the DNA sequence). We then show how all the different mechanisms of inheritance recently discovered can be integrated into an inclusive theory of evolution where different mechanisms would enable adaptation to changing environments at different timescales. One surprising consequence of this integrative vision of inheritance is that early in life effects start much earlier than fertilization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Danchin
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R1, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Pocheville
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R1, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Department of Philosophy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Philippe Huneman
- Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
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93
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Mack SC, Singh I, Wang X, Hirsch R, Wu Q, Villagomez R, Bernatchez JA, Zhu Z, Gimple RC, Kim LJY, Morton A, Lai S, Qiu Z, Prager BC, Bertrand KC, Mah C, Zhou W, Lee C, Barnett GH, Vogelbaum MA, Sloan AE, Chavez L, Bao S, Scacheri PC, Siqueira-Neto JL, Lin CY, Rich JN. Chromatin landscapes reveal developmentally encoded transcriptional states that define human glioblastoma. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1071-1090. [PMID: 30948495 PMCID: PMC6504206 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mack et al. defined active chromatin landscapes of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and primary tumor specimens, revealing novel transcriptional regulatory circuits and therapeutic targets. Super-enhancers identified essential transcription factors that underlie GSC identity and intertumoral diversity, potentially informing precision medicine. Glioblastoma is an incurable brain cancer characterized by high genetic and pathological heterogeneity. Here, we mapped active chromatin landscapes with gene expression, whole exomes, copy number profiles, and DNA methylomes across 44 patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), 50 primary tumors, and 10 neural stem cells (NSCs) to identify essential super-enhancer (SE)–associated genes and the core transcription factors that establish SEs and maintain GSC identity. GSCs segregate into two groups dominated by distinct enhancer profiles and unique developmental core transcription factor regulatory programs. Group-specific transcription factors enforce GSC identity; they exhibit higher activity in glioblastomas versus NSCs, are associated with poor clinical outcomes, and are required for glioblastoma growth in vivo. Although transcription factors are commonly considered undruggable, group-specific enhancer regulation of the MAPK/ERK pathway predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition. These data demonstrate that transcriptional identity can be leveraged to identify novel dependencies and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Irtisha Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Rachel Hirsch
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Quilian Wu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Rosie Villagomez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jean A Bernatchez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Leo J Y Kim
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrew Morton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sisi Lai
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Briana C Prager
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kelsey C Bertrand
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Clarence Mah
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Wenchao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christine Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gene H Barnett
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael A Vogelbaum
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Seidman Cancer Center & University Hospitals - Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Shideng Bao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX .,Therapeutic Innovation Center, Verna and Marrs McClean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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94
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Braadland PR, Urbanucci A. Chromatin reprogramming as an adaptation mechanism in advanced prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R211-R235. [PMID: 30844748 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor evolution is based on the ability to constantly mutate and activate different pathways under the selective pressure of targeted therapies. Epigenetic alterations including those of the chromatin structure are associated with tumor initiation, progression and drug resistance. Many cancers, including prostate cancer, present enlarged nuclei, and chromatin appears altered and irregular. These phenotypic changes are likely to result from epigenetic dysregulation. High-throughput sequencing applied to bulk samples and now to single cells has made it possible to study these processes in unprecedented detail. It is therefore timely to review the impact of chromatin relaxation and increased DNA accessibility on prostate cancer growth and drug resistance, and their effects on gene expression. In particular, we focus on the contribution of chromatin-associated proteins such as the bromodomain-containing proteins to chromatin relaxation. We discuss the consequence of this for androgen receptor transcriptional activity and briefly summarize wider gain-of-function effects on other oncogenic transcription factors and implications for more effective prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, Forskningsparken, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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95
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Hung S, Saiakhova A, Faber ZJ, Bartels CF, Neu D, Bayles I, Ojo E, Hong ES, Pontius WD, Morton AR, Liu R, Kalady MF, Wald DN, Markowitz S, Scacheri PC. Mismatch repair-signature mutations activate gene enhancers across human colorectal cancer epigenomes. eLife 2019; 8:40760. [PMID: 30759065 PMCID: PMC6374075 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly-mutated genes have been found for many cancers, but less is known about mutations in cis-regulatory elements. We leverage gains in tumor-specific enhancer activity, coupled with allele-biased mutation detection from H3K27ac ChIP-seq data, to pinpoint potential enhancer-activating mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC). Analysis of a genetically-diverse cohort of CRC specimens revealed that microsatellite instable (MSI) samples have a high indel rate within active enhancers. Enhancers with indels show evidence of positive selection, increased target gene expression, and a subset is highly recurrent. The indels affect short homopolymer tracts of A/T and increase affinity for FOX transcription factors. We further demonstrate that signature mismatch-repair (MMR) mutations activate enhancers using a xenograft tumor metastasis model, where mutations are induced naturally via CRISPR/Cas9 inactivation of MLH1 prior to tumor cell injection. Our results suggest that MMR signature mutations activate enhancers in CRC tumor epigenomes to provide a selective advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevephen Hung
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Alina Saiakhova
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Zachary J Faber
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Cynthia F Bartels
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Devin Neu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ian Bayles
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Evelyn Ojo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ellen S Hong
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - W Dean Pontius
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Andrew R Morton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ruifu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Matthew F Kalady
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - David N Wald
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Sanford Markowitz
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
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96
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Mutational and Antigenic Landscape in Tumor Progression and Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:396-416. [PMID: 30765144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evolving neoplasms accumulate non-synonymous mutations at a high rate, potentially enabling the expression of antigenic epitopes that can be recognized by the immune system. Since they are not covered by central tolerance, such tumor neoantigens (TNAs) should be under robust immune control as they surge. However, genetic defects that impair cancer cell eradication by the immune system coupled with the establishment of local immunosuppression can enable TNA accumulation, which is generally associated with improved clinical sensitivity to various immunotherapies. Here, we explore how tumor-intrinsic factors and immunological processes shape the mutational and antigenic landscape of evolving neoplasms to influence clinical responses to immunotherapy, and propose strategies to achieve robust immunological control of the disease despite disabled immunosurveillance.
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97
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Tanaka M. Ecology, Evolution and Development. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:3-4. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Yokohama Japan
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98
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Yang J, Wei X, Tufan T, Kuscu C, Unlu H, Farooq S, Demirtas E, Paschal BM, Adli M. Recurrent mutations at estrogen receptor binding sites alter chromatin topology and distal gene expression in breast cancer. Genome Biol 2018; 19:190. [PMID: 30404658 PMCID: PMC6223090 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutational processes underlying non-coding cancer mutations and their biological significance in tumor evolution are poorly understood. To get better insights into the biological mechanisms of mutational processes in breast cancer, we integrate whole-genome level somatic mutations from breast cancer patients with chromatin states and transcription factor binding events. RESULTS We discover that a large fraction of non-coding somatic mutations in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are confined to ER binding sites. Notably, the highly mutated estrogen receptor binding sites are associated with more frequent chromatin loop contacts and the associated distal genes are expressed at higher level. To elucidate the functional significance of these non-coding mutations, we focus on two of the recurrently mutated estrogen receptor binding sites. Our bioinformatics and biochemical analysis suggest loss of DNA-protein interactions due to the recurrent mutations. Through CRISPR interference, we find that the recurrently mutated regulatory element at the LRRC3C-GSDMA locus impacts the expression of multiple distal genes. Using a CRISPR base editor, we show that the recurrent C→T conversion at the ZNF143 locus results in decreased TF binding, increased chromatin loop formation, and increased expression of multiple distal genes. This single point mutation mediates reduced response to estradiol-induced cell proliferation but increased resistance to tamoxifen-induced growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ER binding is associated with localized accumulation of somatic mutations, some of which affect chromatin architecture, distal gene expression, and cellular phenotypes in ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Turan Tufan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Hayrunnisa Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Saadia Farooq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Elif Demirtas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Bryce M Paschal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Center for Cell Signalling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Room: 6228, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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99
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Guiblet WM, Cremona MA, Cechova M, Harris RS, Kejnovská I, Kejnovsky E, Eckert K, Chiaromonte F, Makova KD. Long-read sequencing technology indicates genome-wide effects of non-B DNA on polymerization speed and error rate. Genome Res 2018; 28:1767-1778. [PMID: 30401733 PMCID: PMC6280752 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241257.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA conformation may deviate from the classical B-form in ∼13% of the human genome. Non-B DNA regulates many cellular processes; however, its effects on DNA polymerization speed and accuracy have not been investigated genome-wide. Such an inquiry is critical for understanding neurological diseases and cancer genome instability. Here, we present the first simultaneous examination of DNA polymerization kinetics and errors in the human genome sequenced with Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) technology. We show that polymerization speed differs between non-B and B-DNA: It decelerates at G-quadruplexes and fluctuates periodically at disease-causing tandem repeats. Analyzing polymerization kinetics profiles, we predict and validate experimentally non-B DNA formation for a novel motif. We demonstrate that several non-B motifs affect sequencing errors (e.g., G-quadruplexes increase error rates), and that sequencing errors are positively associated with polymerase slowdown. Finally, we show that highly divergent G4 motifs have pronounced polymerization slowdown and high sequencing error rates, suggesting similar mechanisms for sequencing errors and germline mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried M Guiblet
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Marzia A Cremona
- Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Monika Cechova
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert S Harris
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Iva Kejnovská
- Department of Biophysics of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kejnovsky
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristin Eckert
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.,Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kateryna D Makova
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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100
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Houle AA, Gibling H, Lamaze FC, Edgington HA, Soave D, Fave MJ, Agbessi M, Bruat V, Stein LD, Awadalla P. Aberrant PRDM9 expression impacts the pan-cancer genomic landscape. Genome Res 2018; 28:1611-1620. [PMID: 30341163 PMCID: PMC6211651 DOI: 10.1101/gr.231696.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The binding of PRDM9 to chromatin is a key step in the induction of DNA double-strand breaks associated with meiotic recombination hotspots; it is normally expressed solely in germ cells. We interrogated 1879 cancer samples in 39 different cancer types and found that PRDM9 is unexpectedly expressed in 20% of these tumors even after stringent gene homology correction. The expression levels of PRDM9 in tumors are significantly higher than those found in healthy neighboring tissues and in healthy nongerm tissue databases. Recurrently mutated regions located within 5 Mb of the PRDM9 loci, as well as differentially expressed genes in meiotic pathways, correlate with PRDM9 expression. In samples with aberrant PRDM9 expression, structural variant breakpoints frequently neighbor the DNA motif recognized by PRDM9, and there is an enrichment of structural variants at sites of known meiotic PRDM9 activity. This study is the first to provide evidence of an association between aberrant expression of the meiosis-specific gene PRDM9 with genomic instability in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armande Ang Houle
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Heather Gibling
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Fabien C Lamaze
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hilary A Edgington
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Soave
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Fave
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Mawusse Agbessi
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Vanessa Bruat
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philip Awadalla
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Computational Biology, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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