51
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Lee JK, Koo SY, Nam HM, Lee JB, Ko J, Kim KM, Park EJ, Kim TJ, Lee H, Go H, Lee CW. Ssu72 is a T-cell receptor-responsive modifier that is indispensable for regulatory T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1395-1411. [PMID: 33850312 PMCID: PMC8166877 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic balance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial for adaptive immunity; however, epigenetic programs that inhibit phosphorylation to regulate Treg development, peripheral expression, and suppressive activity are elusive. Here, we found that the Ssu72 phosphatase is activated by various T-cell receptor signaling pathways, including the T-cell receptor and IL-2R pathways, and localizes at the cell membrane. Deletion of Ssu72 in T cells disrupts CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Tregs in the periphery via the production of high levels of the effector cytokines IL-2 and IFNγ, which induce CD4+ T-cell activation and differentiation into effector cell lineages. We also found a close correlation between downregulation of Ssu72 and severe defects in mucosal tolerance in patients. Interestingly, Ssu72 forms a complex with PLCγ1, which is an essential effector molecule for T-cell receptor signaling as well as Treg development and function. Ssu72 deficiency impairs PLCγ1 downstream signaling and results in failure of Foxp3 induction. Thus, our studies show that the Ssu72-mediated cytokine response coordinates the differentiation and function of Treg cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kwan Lee
- Research Institute, Curogen Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young Koo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Nam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Jee-Boong Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Ko
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Research Institute, Curogen Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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52
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First-in-human phase 1 trial of induced regulatory T cells for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in HLA-matched siblings. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1425-1436. [PMID: 33666654 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD4+25- T cells cultured in interleukin 2 (IL-2), rapamycin, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) along with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-loaded artificial antigen-presenting cells generate FoxP3+ induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) with potent suppressive function. We performed a phase 1, single-center, dose-escalation study to determine the safety profile of iTregs in adults with high-risk malignancy treated with reduced-intensity conditioning and mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) from HLA-identical sibling donors. Sixteen patients were enrolled and 14 were treated (2 productions failed to meet desired doses). One patient each received 3.0 × 106/kg, 3.0 × 107/kg, and 3.0 × 108/kg iTregs with corresponding T-conventional-to-iTreg ratios of 86:1, 8:1, and 1:2. After 3 patients received 3.0 × 108/kg in the presence of cyclosporine (CSA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with no dose-limiting toxicities, subsequent patients were to receive iTregs in the presence of sirolimus/MMF that favors Foxp3 stability based on preclinical modeling. However, 2 of 2 developed grade 3 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), resulting in suspension of the sirolimus/MMF. An additional 7 patients received 3.0 × 108/kg iTregs with CSA/MMF. In the 14 patients treated with iTregs and CSA/MMF, there were no severe infusional toxicities with all achieving neutrophil recovery (median, day 13). Of 10 patients who received 3.0 × 108/kg iTregs and CSA/MMF, 7 had no aGVHD, 2 had grade 2, and 1 had grade 3. Circulating Foxp3+ iTregs were detectable through day 14. In summary, iTregs in the context of CSA/MMF can be delivered safely at doses as high as 3 × 108/kg. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01634217.
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Mesenchymal stromal cell mitochondrial transfer to human induced T-regulatory cells mediates FOXP3 stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10676. [PMID: 34021231 PMCID: PMC8140113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The key obstacle to clinical application of human inducible regulatory T cells (iTreg) as an adoptive cell therapy in autoimmune disorders is loss of FOXP3 expression in an inflammatory milieu. Here we report human iTreg co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) during short-term ex vivo expansion enhances the stability of iTreg FOXP3 expression and suppressive function in vitro and in vivo, and further that a key mechanism of action is MSC mitochondrial (mt) transfer via tunneling nanotubules (TNT). MSC mt transfer is driven by mitochondrial metabolic function (CD39/CD73 signaling) in proliferating iTreg and promotes iTreg expression of FOXP3 stabilizing factors BACH2 and SENP3. These results elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human MSC mt transfer to proliferating cells. MSC mt transfer stabilizes FOXP3 expression in iTregs, thereby enhancing and sustaining their suppressive function in inflammatory conditions in vitro and in vivo.
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54
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Waldmann H. Regulatory T cells and transplantation tolerance: Emerging from the darkness? Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1580-1591. [PMID: 33961297 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of patients with failing organs. Its success, thus far, has depended on combinations of immunosuppressive drugs that damp host immunity, while also imposing numerous unwanted side-effects. There is a longstanding recognition that better treatment outcomes, will come from replacing these drugs, fully or in part, by taking advantage of tractable physiological mechanisms of self-tolerance. The past 50 years have seen many advances in the field of self-tolerance, but perhaps, the most tractable of these has been the more recent discovery of a subset T-cells (Treg) whose role is to regulate or damp immunity. This article is intended to first provide the reader with some historical background to explain why we have been slow to identify these cells, despite numerous clues to their existence, and also to indicate how little we know about how they achieve their regulatory function in averting transplant rejection. However, as is often the case in immunology, the therapeutic needs often dictate that our advances move to translation even before detailed explanations of the science are available. The final part of the article will briefly summarize how Treg are being harnessed as agents to interface with or perhaps, replace current drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
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55
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Yagi H, Nakaguro M, Ito M, Okumura Y, Takahashi S, Aoshima Y, Enomoto Y, Meguro S, Kawasaki H, Kosugi I, Shimoyama Y, Ogawa H, Tateyama H, Iwashita T. Difference in the distribution of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and FOXP3+ T cells between micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma and micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Pathol Int 2021; 71:453-462. [PMID: 33819365 PMCID: PMC8359975 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma (MNT) is a rare thymic epithelial neoplasm subtype characterized by a micronodular tumor cell growth pattern and abundant lymphoid stroma. Micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (MNCA) is considered as a malignant counterpart of MNT and exhibits a growth pattern similar to that of MNT but has histologic features reminiscent of thymic squamous cell carcinoma, such as cytologic atypia and CD5 and CD117 immunoexpression. Although both MNT and MNCA are characterized by abundant lymphoid stroma, it remains unknown whether there are differences in infiltrating lymphocytes between MNT and MNCA. We analyzed the immune microenvironment profile in eight MNT and three MNCA cases. The cell density of CD8‐positive T cells was significantly higher in MNT than in MNCA, whereas that of FOXP3‐positive T cells was significantly higher in MNCA than in MNT. There was no significant difference in the cell density of programmed death protein 1‐positive T cells and programmed death ligand 1 expression between the MNT and MNCA cases. Our findings indicated that the immune microenvironment of MNCA differed from that of MNT and, compared with the T‐cell profile of MNT, that of MNCA was more suppressive to patients′ antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Yagi
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Nakaguro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross, Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Okumura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seishiro Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Aoshima
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Enomoto
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shiori Meguro
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Institute for NanoSuit Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Isao Kosugi
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshie Shimoyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tateyama
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Toshihide Iwashita
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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56
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Jiang Q, Yang G, Liu Q, Wang S, Cui D. Function and Role of Regulatory T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626193. [PMID: 33868244 PMCID: PMC8047316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease with symmetrical polyarthritis as its critical clinical manifestation. The basic cause of autoimmune diseases is the loss of tolerance to self or harmless antigens. The loss or functional deficiency of key immune cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, has been confirmed in human autoimmune diseases. The pathogenesis of RA is complex, and the dysfunction of Tregs is one of the proposed mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to the progression of RA. Treg cells are a vital component of peripheral immune tolerance, and the transcription factor Foxp3 plays a major immunosuppressive role. Clinical treatment for RA mainly utilizes drugs to alleviate the progression of disease and relieve disease activity, and the ideal treatment strategy should be to re-induce self-tolerance before obvious tissue injury. Treg cells are one of the ideal options. This review will introduce the classification, mechanism of action, and characteristics of Treg cells in RA, which provides insights into clinical RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Guocan Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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57
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Ntontsi P, Photiades A, Zervas E, Xanthou G, Samitas K. Genetics and Epigenetics in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052412. [PMID: 33673725 PMCID: PMC7957649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common respiratory disease that affects both children and adults worldwide, with diverse phenotypes and underlying pathogenetic mechanisms poorly understood. As technology in genome sequencing progressed, scientific efforts were made to explain and predict asthma’s complexity and heterogeneity, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) quickly became the preferred study method. Several gene markers and loci associated with asthma susceptibility, atopic and childhood-onset asthma were identified during the last few decades. Markers near the ORMDL3/GSDMB genes were associated with childhood-onset asthma, interleukin (IL)33 and IL1RL1 SNPs were associated with atopic asthma, and the Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) gene was identified as protective against the risk to TH2-asthma. The latest efforts and advances in identifying and decoding asthma susceptibility are focused on epigenetics, heritable characteristics that affect gene expression without altering DNA sequence, with DNA methylation being the most described mechanism. Other less studied epigenetic mechanisms include histone modifications and alterations of miR expression. Recent findings suggest that the DNA methylation pattern is tissue and cell-specific. Several studies attempt to describe DNA methylation of different types of cells and tissues of asthmatic patients that regulate airway remodeling, phagocytosis, and other lung functions in asthma. In this review, we attempt to briefly present the latest advancements in the field of genetics and mainly epigenetics concerning asthma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Ntontsi
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Andreas Photiades
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Eleftherios Zervas
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Samitas
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.N.); (A.P.); (E.Z.)
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-778-1720
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58
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Vasco M, Benincasa G, Fiorito C, Faenza M, De Rosa P, Maiello C, Santangelo M, Vennarecci G, Napoli C. Clinical epigenetics and acute/chronic rejection in solid organ transplantation: An update. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2021; 35:100609. [PMID: 33706201 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2021.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a precise stratification algorithm for predicting patients at high risk of graft rejection challenges the current solid organ transplantation (SOT) clinical setting. In fact, the established biomarkers for transplantation outcomes are unable to accurately predict the onset time and severity of graft rejection (acute or chronic) as well as the individual response to immunosuppressive drugs. Thus, identifying novel molecular pathways underlying early immunological responses which can damage transplant integrity is needed to reach precision medicine and personalized therapy of SOT. Direct epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms, mainly DNA methylation and histone modifications, may play a relevant role for immune activation and long-term effects (e.g., activation of fibrotic processes) which may be translated in new non-invasive biomarkers and drug targets. In particular, the measure of DNA methylation by using the blood-based "epigenetic clock" system may be an added value to the donor eligibility criteria providing an estimation of the heart biological age as well as a predictive biomarkers. Besides, monitoring of DNA methylation changes may aid to predict acute vs chronic graft damage in kidney transplantation (KT) patients. For example, hypermethylation of genes belonging to the Notch and Wnt pathways showed a higher predictive value for chronic injury occurring at 12 months post-KT with respect to established clinical parameters. Detecting higher circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments carrying hepatocyte-specific unmethylated loci in the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), insulin like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), and vitronectin (VTN) genes may be useful to predict acute graft injury after liver transplantation (LT) in serum samples. Furthermore, hypomethylation in the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene may serve as a marker of infiltrating natural Treg percentage in the graft providing the ability to predict acute rejection events after heart transplantation (HTx). We aim to update on the possible clinical relevance of DNA methylation changes regulating immune-related pathways underlying acute or chronic graft rejection in KT, LT, and HTx which might be useful to prevent, monitor, and treat solid organ rejection at personalized level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasco
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmela Fiorito
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Faenza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical Surgical and Dental Sciences-Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paride De Rosa
- General Surgery and Transplantation Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona" University Hospital, Scuola Medica Salernitana, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ciro Maiello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplants, Monaldi Hospital, Azienda dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Santangelo
- General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation Unit, "Federico II" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vennarecci
- Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, AO Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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59
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Hwang JH, Piao H, Jang JY, Lee SK, Han D, Lee GM, Go C, Kim Y, Oh KI, Kang JS, Yan JJ, Yang J. Suppressive effects of vitamin C-treated induced-regulatory T cells on heart allograft rejection under vitamin C-deficient or -sufficient conditions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246967. [PMID: 33577562 PMCID: PMC7880463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3 stability of vitamin C-treated induced-regulatory T cells (V-iTregs) is superior to that of conventional iTregs (C-iTregs). However, the role of V-iTregs in allograft rejection under vitamin C-deficient conditions, such as those seen in humans, remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the role of vitamin C treatment on generation and maintenance of iTregs from gulo knockout (Gulo-KO) mice as well as wild type (WT) mice, and in vitro and in vivo suppressive effects of V-iTregs on heart allograft rejection in either Gulo-KO or WT recipient mice. Conversion efficiency of iTregs was similar between C- and V-iTregs in both WT and Gulo-KO mice. V-iTregs from WT or Gulo-KO mice showed better in vitro Foxp3 stability than C-iTregs, although there was no difference between WT V-iTregs and Gulo-KO V-iTregs. Furthermore, V-iTregs from WT or Gulo-KO mice suppressed in vitro T cell proliferation better than C-iTregs. Heterotrophic heart transplantation from BALB/c mice to WT or vitamin C-deficient Gulo-KO C57BL/6J mice was performed following adoptive transfer of C- or V-iTregs. V-iTregs as well as C-iTregs prolonged heart allograft survival in WT and Gulo-KO mice. However, there was no difference between the C- and V-iTreg groups. Supplementation of low- or high-dose vitamin C did not induce significant changes in heart allograft survival in Gulo-KO recipients that had received V-iTregs. In conclusion, V-iTregs do not exert better suppressive effects on heart allograft survival than C-iTregs in either WT or vitamin C-deficient recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Hwang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Honglin Piao
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Jang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyu Han
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Min Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhyeon Go
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Ik Oh
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of surgery, Seoul National University hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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60
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Kressler C, Gasparoni G, Nordström K, Hamo D, Salhab A, Dimitropoulos C, Tierling S, Reinke P, Volk HD, Walter J, Hamann A, Polansky JK. Targeted De-Methylation of the FOXP3-TSDR Is Sufficient to Induce Physiological FOXP3 Expression but Not a Functional Treg Phenotype. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609891. [PMID: 33488615 PMCID: PMC7817622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key mediators of immunological tolerance and promising effector cells for immuno-suppressive adoptive cellular therapy to fight autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. Their functional stability is critical for their clinical utility and has been correlated to the demethylated state of the TSDR/CNS2 enhancer element in the Treg lineage transcription factor FOXP3. However, proof for a causal contribution of the TSDR de-methylation to FOXP3 stability and Treg induction is so far lacking. We here established a powerful transient-transfection CRISPR-Cas9-based epigenetic editing method for the selective de-methylation of the TSDR within the endogenous chromatin environment of a living cell. The induced de-methylated state was stable over weeks in clonal T cell proliferation cultures even after expression of the editing complex had ceased. Epigenetic editing of the TSDR resulted in FOXP3 expression, even in its physiological isoform distribution, proving a causal role for the de-methylated TSDR in FOXP3 regulation. However, successful FOXP3 induction was not associated with a switch towards a functional Treg phenotype, in contrast to what has been reported from FOXP3 overexpression approaches. Thus, TSDR de-methylation is required, but not sufficient for a stable Treg phenotype induction. Therefore, targeted demethylation of the TSDR may be a critical addition to published in vitro Treg induction protocols which so far lack FOXP3 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kressler
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Immuno-Epigenetics, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Karl Nordström
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dania Hamo
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Immuno-Epigenetics, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sascha Tierling
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- Immuno-Epigenetics, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Immuno-Epigenetics, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kolb HR, Borcherding N, Zhang W. Understanding and Targeting Human Cancer Regulatory T Cells to Improve Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:229-256. [PMID: 33523451 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical in maintaining immune homeostasis under various pathophysiological conditions. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that Tregs play an important role in cancer progression and that they do so by suppressing cancer-directed immune responses. Tregs have been targeted for destruction by exploiting antibodies against and small-molecule inhibitors of several molecules that are highly expressed in Tregs-including immune checkpoint molecules, chemokine receptors, and metabolites. To date, these strategies have had only limited antitumor efficacy, yet they have also created significant risk of autoimmunity because most of them do not differentiate Tregs in tumors from those in normal tissues. Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but the resistance to ICI is common and the elevation of Tregs is one of the most important mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies that can selectively eliminate Tregs in the tumor (i.e. therapies that do not run the risk of causing autoimmunity by affecting normal tissue), are urgently needed for the development of cancer immunotherapies. This chapter discusses specific properties of human Tregs under the context of cancer and the various ways to target Treg for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Grover P, Goel PN, Piccirillo CA, Greene MI. FOXP3 and Tip60 Structural Interactions Relevant to IPEX Development Lead to Potential Therapeutics to Increase FOXP3 Dependent Suppressor T Cell Functions. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:607292. [PMID: 33614551 PMCID: PMC7888439 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.607292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and are critical mediators of immune tolerance. The Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) protein acts as a regulator for Treg development and function. Mutations in the FOXP3 gene can lead to autoimmune diseases such as Immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked (IPEX) syndrome in humans, often resulting in death within the first 2 years of life and a scurfy like phenotype in Foxp3 mutant mice. We discuss biochemical features of the FOXP3 ensemble including its regulation at various levels (epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational modifications) and molecular functions. The studies also highlight the interactions of FOXP3 and Tat-interacting protein 60 (Tip60), a principal histone acetylase enzyme that acetylates FOXP3 and functions as an essential subunit of the FOXP3 repression ensemble complex. Lastly, we have emphasized the role of allosteric modifiers that help stabilize FOXP3:Tip60 interactions and discuss targeting this interaction for the therapeutic manipulation of Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Grover
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peeyush N Goel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark I Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Martinez-Cibrian N, Zeiser R, Perez-Simon JA. Graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis: Pathophysiology-based review on current approaches and future directions. Blood Rev 2020; 48:100792. [PMID: 33386151 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) was first described in 1959, since then major efforts have been made in order to understand its physiopathology and animal models have played a key role. Three steps, involving different pathways, have been recognised in either acute and chronic GvHD, identifying them as two distinct entities. In order to reduce GvHD incidence and severity, prophylactic measures were added to transplant protocols. The combination of a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) plus an antimetabolite remains the standard of care. Better knowledge of GvHD pathophysiology has moved this field forward and nowadays different drugs are being used on a daily basis. Improving GvHD prophylaxis is a major goal as it would translate into less non-relapse mortality and better overall survival. As compared to CNI plus methotrexate the combination of CNI plus mycophenolate mophetil (MMF) allows us to obtain similar results in terms of GvHD incidence but a lower toxicity rate in terms of neutropenia or mucositis. The use of ATG has been related to a lower risk of acute and chronic GvHD in prospective randomized trials as well as the use of posttransplant Cyclophosphamide, with no or marginal impact on overall survival but with an improvement in GvHD-relapse free survival (GRFS). The use of sirolimus has been related to a lower risk of acute GvHD and significantly influenced overall survival in one prospective randomized trial. Other prospective trials have evaluated the use of receptors such as CCR5 or α4β7 to avoid T-cells trafficking into GvHD target organs, cytokine blockers or immune check point agonists. Also, epigenetic modifiers have shown promising results in phase II trials. Attention should be paid to graft-versus-leukemia, infections and immune recovery before bringing new prophylactic strategies to clinical practice. Although the list of novel agents for GvHD prophylaxis is growing, randomized trials are still lacking for many of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martinez-Cibrian
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose A Perez-Simon
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC/CIBERONC), Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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Duggleby RC, Tsang HP, Strange K, McWhinnie A, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, Hernandez D, Madrigal JA, Danby RD. Enumerating regulatory T cells in cryopreserved umbilical cord blood samples using FOXP3 methylation specific quantitative PCR. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240190. [PMID: 33095809 PMCID: PMC7584164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a curative therapy for severe haematological disorders. However, it carries significant risk of morbidity and mortality. To improve patient outcomes, better graft selection strategies are needed, incorporating HLA matching with clinically important graft characteristics. Studies have shown that the cellular content of HCT grafts, specifically higher ratios of T regulatory (Tregs)/T cells, are important factors influencing outcomes when using adult peripheral blood mobilised grafts. So far, no equivalent study exists in umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation due to the limitations of cryopreserved CB samples. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To establish the most robust and efficient way to measure the Treg content of previously cryopreserved CB units, we compared the enumeration of Treg and CD3+ cells using flow cytometry and an epigenetic, DNA-based methodology. The two methods were assessed for their agreement, consistency and susceptibility to error when enumerating Treg and CD3+ cell numbers in both fresh and cryopreserved CB samples. RESULTS Epigenetic enumeration gave consistent and comparable results in both fresh and frozen CB samples. By contrast, assessment of Tregs and CD3+ cells by flow cytometry was only possible in fresh samples due to significant cell death following cryopreservation and thawing. CONCLUSION Epigenetic assessment offers significant advantages over flow cytometry for analysing cryopreserved CB; similar cell numbers were observed both in fresh and frozen samples. Furthermore, multiple epigenetic assessments can be performed from DNA extracted from small cryopreserved CB segments; often the only CB sample available for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Duggleby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hoi Pat Tsang
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Strange
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abigail A. Lamikanra
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Roberts
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Danby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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65
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Li H, Ryu MH, Rider CF, Tse W, Clifford RL, Aristizabal MJ, Wen W, Carlsten C. Predominant DNMT and TET mediate effects of allergen on the human bronchial epithelium in a controlled air pollution exposure study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1671-1682. [PMID: 33069714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data show that traffic-related air pollution contributes to the increasing prevalence and severity of asthma. DNA methylation (DNAm) changes may elucidate adverse health effects of environmental exposures. OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the effects of allergen and diesel exhaust (DE) exposures on global DNAm and its regulation enzymes in human airway epithelium. METHODS A total of 11 participants, including 7 with and 4 without airway hyperresponsiveness, were recruited for a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Each participant had 3 exposures: filtered air + saline, filtered air + allergen, and DE + allergen. Forty-eight hours postexposure, endobronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavages were collected. Levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were determined by immunohistochemistry. Cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavages were measured by electrochemiluminescence multiplex assays. RESULTS Predominant DNMT (the most abundant among DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) and predominant TET (the most abundant among TET1, TET2, and TET3) were participant-dependent. 5-Methylcytosine and its regulation enzymes differed between participants with and without airway hyperresponsiveness at baseline (filtered air + saline) and in response to allergen challenge (regardless of DE exposure). Predominant DNMT and predominant TET correlated with lung function. Allergen challenge effect on IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavages was modified by TET2 baseline levels in the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Response to allergen challenge is associated with key DNAm regulation enzymes. This relationship is generally unaltered by DE coexposure but is rather dependent on airway hyperresponsiveness status. These enzymes therefore warranted further inquiry regarding their potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Min Hyung Ryu
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rider
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wayne Tse
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel L Clifford
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J Aristizabal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weiping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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66
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Park J, Yang HS, Song MK, Kim DI, Lee K. Formaldehyde exposure induces regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression via calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17023. [PMID: 33046725 PMCID: PMC7550593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of Formaldehyde (FA) exposure on splenic immune responses wherein helper T cells become activated and differentiate into effector T and regulatory T cells. BALB/c mice were exposed to two FA concentrations (1.38 mg/m3 and 5.36 mg/m3) for 4 h/day and 5 days/week for 2 weeks. FA-induced immune responses were examined by the production of cytokines, expression of mRNAs, and distributions of helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Moreover, expression of calcineurin and NFATs, regulatory T cell-related signalling proteins, were evaluated. FA exposure suppressed Th2-, Th1-, and Th17-related splenic cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA expression of splenic cytokines was also decreased by FA exposure, which correlated with decreased cytokine expression. In parallel, FA exposure promoted T cell differentiation into regulatory T cells in a dose-dependent manner supported by the expression of calcineurin and NFAT1. Taken together, our results indicated that FA exposure increases the number of regulatory T cells via calcineurin-NFAT signalling, thereby leading to effector T cell activity suppression with decreased T cell-related cytokine secretion and mRNA expression. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of FA and accordingly have general implications for human health, particularly in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Yang
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Im Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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67
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Wu Y, Zhao Y, Xu T, You L, Zhang H, Liu F. Alzheimer's Disease Affects Severity of Asthma Through Methylation Control of Foxp3 Promoter. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:121-129. [PMID: 31127789 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that severity of asthma can be modulated by neuropsychiatric conditions, while the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here, we used ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma in APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), or in their wildtype control C57BL/6J mice. We found that all hallmarks of asthma by OVA were significantly attenuated in APP/PS1 mice, compared to age- and gender-matched C57BL/6J mice. Interestingly, significantly higher number of regulatory T cells (Treg) was detected in the APP/PS1 mouse lung, compared to those in the C57BL/6J mouse lung. Since Foxp3 is crucial for differentiation of naive T cells into Treg and is the most important marker for Treg, we examined the Foxp3 levels in the T cells from the lung of these mice. We found that the Foxp3 levels in the APP/PS1 mouse lung were significantly higher than those in the C57BL/6J mouse lung, likely resulting from reduced Foxp3 promoter methylation. Thus, our study suggests that AD may affect severity of asthma through methylation control of Foxp3 promoter in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, the Affiliated East Hospital of TongJi University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, the Affiliated East Hospital of TongJi University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to the SMMU, Shanghai, China
| | - LiWen You
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, the Affiliated East Hospital of TongJi University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, the Affiliated East Hospital of TongJi University, Shanghai, China
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68
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Zhu L, Liu M, Zhang S, Ou Y, Chen Y, Wei J, Su F, Chen H, Zhang J. Foxp3 TSDR Hypermethylation Is Correlated with Decreased Tregs in Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:470-478. [PMID: 32839941 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A decline of T regulatory cell (Treg) number and function is associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). However, the mechanism of downregulation of Tregs in URSA patients is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the changes of Tregs in URSA patients and the epigenetic regulation for these changes. Venous blood samples were collected from 20 patients with URSA and 20 healthy control subjects. Treg number and inhibitory capacity, and Foxp3 mRNA expression and Foxp3 TSDR methylation were compared between the 2 groups. Correlations between Treg frequency and inhibitory function and TSDR methylation status were examined by Spearman's correlation. The proportion of Tregs within the population of CD4+ T cells and the expression of Foxp3 mRNA was significantly lower in URSA patients than in healthy control subjects. Tregs from URSA patients and healthy controls both significantly inhibited the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells toward K562 targets; however, the inhibitory ability of Tregs from URSA patients was significantly lower than that from healthy controls. The methylation level of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) in the Foxp3 gene was significantly greater in URSA patients than in the controls, and the level of methylation was inversely correlated with the proportion of Tregs and Foxp3 mRNA expression in the peripheral blood. However, the methylation level was not correlated with the inhibitory function of Tregs. A decrease of Treg number and function may be related to the pathogenesis of URSA, and Foxp3 hypermethylation may be associated with the decreased Treg number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Meilan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Suning Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhua Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Lin Bai-Xin Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Su
- Lin Bai-Xin Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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Rhodes KR, Meyer RA, Wang J, Tzeng SY, Green JJ. Biomimetic tolerogenic artificial antigen presenting cells for regulatory T cell induction. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:136-148. [PMID: 32522714 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg)-based therapeutics are receiving increased attention for their potential to treat autoimmune disease and prevent transplant rejection. Adoptively transferred Tregs have shown promise in early clinical trials, but cell-based therapies are expensive and complex to implement, and "off-the-shelf" alternatives are needed. Here, we investigate the potential of artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) fabricated from a blend of negatively charged biodegradable polymer (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA) and cationic biodegradable polymer (poly(beta-amino ester), PBAE) with incorporation of extracellular protein signals 1 and 2 and a soluble released signal 3 to convert naïve T cells to induced Foxp3+ Treg-like suppressor cells (iTregs) both in vitro and in vivo in a biomimetic manner. The addition of PBAE to the aAPC core increased the conjugation efficiency of signal proteins to the particle surface and resulted in enhanced ability to bind to naïve T cells and induce iTregs with potent suppressive function. Furthermore, PLGA/PBAE tolerogenic aAPCs (TolAPCs) supported the loading and sustained release of signal 3 cytokine TGF-β. A single dose of TolAPCs administered intravenously to C57BL/6 J mice resulted in an increased percentage of Foxp3+ cells in the lymph nodes. Thus, PLGA/PBAE TolAPCs show potential as an "off-the-shelf" biomimetic material for tolerance induction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are promising for basic research and translational medicine as they can induce tolerance and have the potential to treat autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. As cell-based therapies are expensive and difficult to manufacture and implement, non-cellular methods of engineering endogenous Tregs are needed. The research reported here describes a new type of biomimetic particle, tolerogenic artificial antigen presenting cells (TolAPCs) fabricated from a blend of negatively charged biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and positively charged biodegradable polymer, poly(beta-amino ester), along with key biomolecular signals: extracellularly presented protein signals 1 and 2 and a soluble released signal 3. These TolAPCs bind to naïve T cells and induce Foxp3+ Treg-like suppressor cells with potent suppressive function. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, it is shown that this non-cellular approach is useful to induce tolerance.
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70
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Zhai X, Wang X, Wang L, Xiu L, Wang W, Pang X. Treating Different Diseases With the Same Method-A Traditional Chinese Medicine Concept Analyzed for Its Biological Basis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:946. [PMID: 32670064 PMCID: PMC7332878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) implies that when different diseases have the same pathogen, the syndromes of these individual diseases will be the same. “Treating different diseases with the same method” is a TCM principle suggesting that when different diseases have similar pathological changes during different stages of their development, the same method of treatment can be applied. Our study aims to analyze the concept “treating different diseases with the same method” from a molecular perspective, in order to clarify its biological basis and to objectively standardize future TCM syndrome research. Objective The TCM syndromes Qi deficiency and blood stasis have similar pathogenesis in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. We aim to use big data technology and complex network theory to mine the genes specifically relevant to these TCM syndromes. This study aims to explore the correlation between the biological indicators of CHD and stroke from a scientific perspective. Methods Mining the relevant neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) genes by means of gene entity recognition, complex network construction, network integration, and decomposition to categorize relevant syndrome terms and establish a digital dictionary of gene specifically related to individual diseases. We analyzed the biological basis of “treating different diseases with the same method” from a molecular level using the TCMIP v2.0 platform in order to categorize the TCM syndromes most relevant to CHD and stroke. Results We found 46 genes were involved in the TCM syndromes of Qi deficiency and blood stasis of CHD and stroke. The same genes and their molecular mechanism also appeared to be in close relation to inflammatory response, apoptosis, and proliferation. Conclusion By using information extraction and complex network technology, we discovered the biological indicators of the TCM syndromes Qi deficiency and blood stasis of CHD and stroke. In the era of big data, our results can provide a new method for the researchers of TCM syndrome differentiation, as well as an effective and specific methodology for standardization of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhai
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Humanities,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Xiu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weilu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Pang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Ozay EI, Shanthalingam S, Torres JA, Osborne BA, Tew GN, Minter LM. Protein Kinase C Theta Modulates PCMT1 through hnRNPL to Regulate FOXP3 Stability in Regulatory T Cells. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2220-2236. [PMID: 32592691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor signaling, together with cytokine-induced signals, can differentially regulate RNA processing to influence T helper versus regulatory T cell fate. Protein kinase C family members have been shown to function in alternative splicing and RNA processing in various cell types. T cell-specific protein kinase C theta, a molecular regulator of T cell receptor downstream signaling, has been shown to phosphorylate splicing factors and affect post-transcriptional control of T cell gene expression. In this study, we explored how using a synthetic cell-penetrating peptide mimic for intracellular anti-protein kinase C theta delivery fine-tunes differentiation of induced regulatory T cells through its differential effects on RNA processing. We identified protein kinase C theta signaling as a critical modulator of two key RNA regulatory factors, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) and protein-l-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase-1 (PCMT1), and loss of protein kinase C theta function initiated a "switch" in post-transcriptional organization in induced regulatory T cells. More interestingly, we discovered that protein-l-isoaspartate O- methyltransferase-1 acts as an instability factor in induced regulatory T cells, by methylating the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) promoter. Targeting protein-l-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase-1 using a cell-penetrating antibody revealed an efficient means of modulating RNA processing to confer a stable regulatory T cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ilker Ozay
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sudarvili Shanthalingam
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Joe A Torres
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Rojas C, Campos-Mora M, Cárcamo I, Villalón N, Elhusseiny A, Contreras-Kallens P, Refisch A, Gálvez-Jirón F, Emparán I, Montoya-Riveros A, Vernal R, Pino-Lagos K. T regulatory cells-derived extracellular vesicles and their contribution to the generation of immune tolerance. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:813-824. [PMID: 32531824 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0420-533rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells have a major role in the maintenance of immune tolerance against self and foreign antigens through the control of harmful inflammation. Treg cells exert immunosuppressive function by several mechanisms, which can be distinguished as contact dependent or independent. Recently, the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by Treg cells has been reported as a novel suppressive mechanism capable of modulating immunity in a cell-contact independent and targeted manner, which has been identified in different pathologic scenarios. EVs are cell-derived membranous structures involved in physiologic and pathologic processes through protein, lipid, and genetic material exchange, which allow intercellular communication. In this review, we revise and discuss current knowledge on Treg cells-mediated immune tolerance giving special attention to the production and release of EVs. Multiple studies support that Treg cells-derived EVs represent a refined intercellular exchange device with the capacity of modulating immune responses, thus creating a tolerogenic microenvironment in a cell-free manner. The mechanisms proposed encompass miRNAs-induced gene silencing, the action of surface proteins and the transmission of enzymes. These observations gain relevance by the fact that Treg cells are susceptible to converting into effector T cells after exposition to inflammatory environments. Yet, in contrast to their cells of origin, EVs are unlikely to be modified under inflammatory conditions, highlighting the advantage of their use. Moreover, we speculate in the possibility that Treg cells may contribute to infectious tolerance via vesicle secretion, intervening with CD4+ T cells differentiation and/or stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rojas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Campos-Mora
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Cárcamo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Villalón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ahmed Elhusseiny
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamina Contreras-Kallens
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aarón Refisch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gálvez-Jirón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivana Emparán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andro Montoya-Riveros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
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73
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Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S. Transcriptional and epigenetic basis of Treg cell development and function: its genetic anomalies or variations in autoimmune diseases. Cell Res 2020; 30:465-474. [PMID: 32367041 PMCID: PMC7264322 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally arising regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the transcription factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a T-cell subpopulation specialized for immune suppression, playing a key role in maintaining immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. FoxP3 is required for Treg function, especially for its suppressive activity. However, FoxP3 expression per se is not necessary for Treg cell lineage commitment in the thymus and insufficient for full Treg-type gene expression in mature Treg cells. It is Treg-specific epigenetic changes such as CpG demethylation and histone modification that can confer a stable and heritable pattern of Treg type gene expression on developing Treg cells in a FoxP3-independent manner. Anomalies in the formation of Treg-specific epigenome, in particular, Treg-specific super-enhancers, which largely include Treg-specific DNA demethylated regions, are indeed able to cause autoimmune diseases in rodents. Furthermore, in humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms in Treg-specific DNA demethylated regions associated with Treg signature genes, such as IL2RA (CD25) and CTLA4, can affect the development and function of naïve Treg cells rather than effector T cells. Such genetic variations are therefore causative of polygenic common autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis via affecting endogenous natural Treg cells. These findings on the transcription factor network with FoxP3 at a key position as well as Treg-specific epigenetic landscape facilitate our understanding of Treg cell development and function, and can be exploited to prepare functionally stable FoxP3-expressing Treg cells from antigen-specific conventional T cells to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naganari Ohkura
- Experimental immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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74
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Liu Q, Du F, Huang W, Ding X, Wang Z, Yan F, Wu Z. Epigenetic control of Foxp3 in intratumoral T-cells regulates growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2343-2351. [PMID: 31006654 PMCID: PMC6520002 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Capability of tumor cells to impede immune response are largely associated with their interaction and regulation of CD4+CD25+ forkhead box transcription factor (Foxp)3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, which suppress cytotoxic T cell-mediated immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Foxp3 level is critical for development and phenotypic maintenance of Treg, and is regulated by transcriptional control and epigenetic modification. Here, we showed that higher percentage of intratumoral Treg cells was positively correlated with lower Foxp3 promoter methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and both of them were associated with higher tumor grade, larger tumors, and poor prognosis of the patients. We used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying either DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) or shDNMT1 under a CD4 promoter (AAV-pCD4-DNMT1, AAV-pCD4-shDNMT1) to successfully target T-cells and alter the levels of DNMT1. Intratumoral injection of AAV- pCD4-DNMT1 significantly reduced tumor growth in mice, while intratumoral injection of AAV- pCD4-DNMT1 significantly induced tumor growth, compared to injection of control AAV. Finally, the effects of altering DNMT1 levels in T-cells seemed to affect tumor growth through alteration of methylation status of Foxp3 on promoter and CpG regions. Together, these data suggest that epigenetic control of Foxp3 in intratumoral T cells regulates growth of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Du
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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75
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Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Schneider P, Graca L, Bühler L, Perez-Simon JA, del Rio ML. The Role of TNFR2 and DR3 in the In Vivo Expansion of Tregs in T Cell Depleting Transplantation Regimens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3347. [PMID: 32397343 PMCID: PMC7247540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of tolerance to self and non-self through cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Peripheral Tregs survival and clonal expansion largely depend on IL-2 and access to co-stimulatory signals such as CD28. Engagement of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily members, in particular TNFR2 and DR3, contribute to promote peripheral Tregs expansion and sustain their survival. This property can be leveraged to enhance tolerance to allogeneic transplants by tipping the balance of Tregs over conventional T cells during the course of immune reconstitution. This is of particular interest in peri-transplant tolerance induction protocols in which T cell depletion is applied to reduce the frequency of alloreactive T cells or in conditioning regimens that allow allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. These conditioning regimens are being implemented to limit long-term side effects of continuous immunosuppression and facilitate the establishment of a state of donor-specific tolerance. Lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation in response to cytoreductive conditioning is a window of opportunity to enhance preferential expansion of Tregs during homeostatic proliferation that can be potentiated by agonist stimulation of TNFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology, School of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Luis Graca
- School of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Leo Bühler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Jose-Antonio Perez-Simon
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology, School of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
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76
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Goodwin M, Lee E, Lakshmanan U, Shipp S, Froessl L, Barzaghi F, Passerini L, Narula M, Sheikali A, Lee CM, Bao G, Bauer CS, Miller HK, Garcia-Lloret M, Butte MJ, Bertaina A, Shah A, Pavel-Dinu M, Hendel A, Porteus M, Roncarolo MG, Bacchetta R. CRISPR-based gene editing enables FOXP3 gene repair in IPEX patient cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0571. [PMID: 32494707 PMCID: PMC7202871 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The prototypical genetic autoimmune disease is immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, a severe pediatric disease with limited treatment options. IPEX syndrome is caused by mutations in the forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) gene, which plays a critical role in immune regulation. As a monogenic disease, IPEX is an ideal candidate for a therapeutic approach in which autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor (HSPC) cells or T cells are gene edited ex vivo and reinfused. Here, we describe a CRISPR-based gene correction permitting regulated expression of FOXP3 protein. We demonstrate that gene editing preserves HSPC differentiation potential, and that edited regulatory and effector T cells maintain their in vitro phenotype and function. Additionally, we show that this strategy is suitable for IPEX patient cells with diverse mutations. These results demonstrate the feasibility of gene correction, which will be instrumental for the development of therapeutic approaches for other genetic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Goodwin
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E. Lee
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - U. Lakshmanan
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S. Shipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - L. Froessl
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - F. Barzaghi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Passerini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Narula
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A. Sheikali
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Lee
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - G. Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C. S. Bauer
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - M. Garcia-Lloret
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. J. Butte
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A. Bertaina
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A. Shah
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M. Pavel-Dinu
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A. Hendel
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - M. Porteus
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M. G. Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R. Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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77
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Garg G, Muschaweckh A, Moreno H, Vasanthakumar A, Floess S, Lepennetier G, Oellinger R, Zhan Y, Regen T, Hiltensperger M, Peter C, Aly L, Knier B, Palam LR, Kapur R, Kaplan MH, Waisman A, Rad R, Schotta G, Huehn J, Kallies A, Korn T. Blimp1 Prevents Methylation of Foxp3 and Loss of Regulatory T Cell Identity at Sites of Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1854-1868.e5. [PMID: 30759395 PMCID: PMC6389594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells restrict immune pathology in inflamed tissues; however, an inflammatory environment presents a threat to Treg cell identity and function. Here, we establish a transcriptional signature of central nervous system (CNS) Treg cells that accumulate during experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and identify a pathway that maintains Treg cell function and identity during severe inflammation. This pathway is dependent on the transcriptional regulator Blimp1, which prevents downregulation of Foxp3 expression and “toxic” gain-of-function of Treg cells in the inflamed CNS. Blimp1 negatively regulates IL-6- and STAT3-dependent Dnmt3a expression and function restraining methylation of Treg cell-specific conserved non-coding sequence 2 (CNS2) in the Foxp3 locus. Consequently, CNS2 is heavily methylated when Blimp1 is ablated, leading to a loss of Foxp3 expression and severe disease. These findings identify a Blimp1-dependent pathway that preserves Treg cell stability in inflamed non-lymphoid tissues. Most Foxp3+ Treg cells in the inflamed CNS express Blimp1 Blimp1 inhibits Dnmt3a and prevents methylation of the Foxp3 locus IL-6 contributes to methylation of the Foxp3 locus in a Dnmt3a-dependent manner Blimp1 counteracts the IL-6-driven destabilization of Treg cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Garg
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Moreno
- Biomedical Center (BMC) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gildas Lepennetier
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Yifan Zhan
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Hiltensperger
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Peter
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lilian Aly
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Knier
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Reddy Palam
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Biomedical Center (BMC) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne Victoria 3000, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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78
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Kouakanou L, Peters C, Sun Q, Floess S, Bhat J, Huehn J, Kabelitz D. Vitamin C supports conversion of human γδ T cells into FOXP3-expressing regulatory cells by epigenetic regulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6550. [PMID: 32300237 PMCID: PMC7162875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells are potent cytotoxic effector cells, produce a variety of cytokines, and can acquire regulatory activity. Induction of FOXP3, the key transcription factor of regulatory T cells (Treg), by TGF-β in human Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells has been previously reported. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and acts as multiplier of DNA hydroxymethylation. Here we have investigated the effect of the more stable phospho-modified Vitamin C (pVC) on TGF-β-induced FOXP3 expression and the resulting regulatory activity of highly purified human Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. pVC significantly increased the TGF-β-induced FOXP3 expression and stability and also increased the suppressive activity of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. Importantly, pVC induced hypomethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) in the FOXP3 gene. Genome-wide methylation analysis by Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing additionally revealed differentially methylated regions in several important genes upon pVC treatment of γδ T cells. While Vitamin C also enhances effector functions of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells in the absence of TGF-β, our results demonstrate that pVC potently increases the suppressive activity and FOXP3 expression in TGF-β-treated Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells by epigenetic modification of the FOXP3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Qiwei Sun
- BGI Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jaydeep Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
- Metabolic Programming, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich (TUM), 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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79
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de Wolf ACMT, Herberts CA, Hoefnagel MHN. Dawn of Monitoring Regulatory T Cells in (Pre-)clinical Studies: Their Relevance Is Slowly Recognised. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:91. [PMID: 32300597 PMCID: PMC7142310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a prominent role in the control of immune homeostasis. Pharmacological impact on their activity or balance with effector T cells could contribute to (impaired) clinical responses or adverse events. Monitoring treatment-related effects on T cell subsets may therefore be part of (pre-)clinical studies for medicinal products. However, the extent of immune monitoring performed in studies for marketing authorisation and the degree of correspondence with data available in the public domain is not known. We evaluated the presence of T cell immunomonitoring in 46 registration dossiers of monoclonal antibodies indicated for immune-related disorders and published scientific papers. We found that the depth of Treg analysis in registration dossiers was rather small. Nevertheless, data on treatment-related Treg effects are available in public academia-driven studies (post-registration) and suggest that Tregs may act as a biomarker for clinical responses. However, public data are fragmented and obtained with heterogeneity of experimental approaches from a diversity of species and tissues. To reveal the potential added value of T cell (and particular Treg) evaluation in (pre-)clinical studies, more cell-specific data should be acquired, at least for medicinal products with an immunomodulatory mechanism. Therefore, extensive analysis of T cell subset contribution to clinical responses and the relevance of treatment-induced changes in their levels is needed. Preferably, industry and academia should work together to obtain these data in a standardised manner and to enrich our knowledge about T cell activity in disease pathogenesis and therapies. This will ultimately elucidate the necessity of T cell subset monitoring in the therapeutic benefit-risk assessment.
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80
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Toyoda A, Kozaki T, Ishii K, Taniishi M, Hattori M, Matsuda H, Yoshida T. Comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression in orally tolerized T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229042. [PMID: 32097442 PMCID: PMC7041840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell anergy is known to be a crucial mechanism for various types of immune tolerance, including oral tolerance. The expression of several anergy-specific genes was reportedly up-regulated in anergic T cells, and played important roles in the cells. However, how the genes were up-regulated has not been understood. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the altered gene expression and DNA methylation status in T cells tolerized by oral antigen in vivo. Our results showed that many genes were significantly up-regulated in the orally tolerized T cells, and most of the genes found in this study have not been reported previously as anergy related genes; for example, ribosomal protein L41 (FC = 3.54E06, p = 3.70E-09: Fisher's exact test; the same applies hereinafter) and CD52 (FC = 2.18E05, p = 3.44E-06). Furthermore, we showed that the DNA methylation statuses of many genes; for example, enoyl-coenzyme A delta isomerase 3 (FC = 3.62E-01, p = 3.01E-02) and leucine zipper protein 1 (FC = 4.80E-01, p = 3.25E-02), including the ones distinctly expressed in tolerized T cells; for example, latexin (FC = 3.85E03, p = 4.06E-02 for expression; FC = 7.75E-01, p = 4.13E-01 for DNA methylation) and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide F (FC = 3.12E04, p = 4.46E-04 for expression; FC = 8.56E-01, p = 5.15E-01 for DNA methylation), changed during tolerization, suggesting that the distinct expression of some genes was epigenetically regulated in the tolerized T cells. This study would contribute to providing a novel clue to the fine understanding of the mechanism for T cell anergy and oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Toyoda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kozaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Momoka Taniishi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Division of Animal Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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81
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Colamatteo A, Carbone F, Bruzzaniti S, Galgani M, Fusco C, Maniscalco GT, Di Rella F, de Candia P, De Rosa V. Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Foxp3 Expression in Health and Autoimmunity: From Epigenetic to Post-translational Regulation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3136. [PMID: 32117202 PMCID: PMC7008726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the transcription factor Forkhead box-p3 (Foxp3) has shed fundamental insights into the understanding of the molecular determinants leading to generation and maintenance of T regulatory (Treg) cells, a cell population with a key immunoregulatory role. Work over the past few years has shown that fine-tuned transcriptional and epigenetic events are required to ensure stable expression of Foxp3 in Treg cells. The equilibrium between phenotypic plasticity and stability of Treg cells is controlled at the molecular level by networks of transcription factors that bind regulatory sequences, such as enhancers and promoters, to regulate Foxp3 expression. Recent reports have suggested that specific modifications of DNA and histones are required for the establishment of the chromatin structure in conventional CD4+ T (Tconv) cells for their future differentiation into the Treg cell lineage. In this review, we discuss the molecular events that control Foxp3 gene expression and address the associated alterations observed in human diseases. Also, we explore how Foxp3 influences the gene expression programs in Treg cells and how unique properties of Treg cell subsets are defined by other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco
- Dipartimento di Neurologia, Centro Regionale Sclerosi Multipla, Azienda Ospedaliera "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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82
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Kabesch M, Tost J. Recent findings in the genetics and epigenetics of asthma and allergy. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:43-60. [PMID: 32060620 PMCID: PMC7066293 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In asthma and allergy genetics, a trend towards a few main topics developed over the last 2 years. First, a number of studies have been published recently which focus on overlapping and/or very specific phenotypes: within the allergy spectrum but also reaching beyond, looking for common genetic traits shared between different diseases or disease entities. Secondly, an urgently needed focus has been put on asthma and allergy genetics in populations genetically different from European ancestry. This acknowledges that the majority of new asthma patients today are not white and asthma is a truly worldwide disease. In epigenetics, recent years have seen several large-scale epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) being published and a further focus was on the interaction between the environment and epigenetic signatures. And finally, the major trends in current asthma and allergy genetics and epigenetics comes from the field of pharmacogenetics, where it is necessary to understand the susceptibility for and mechanisms of current asthma and allergy therapies while at the same time, we need to have scientific answers to the recent availability of novel drugs that hold the promise for a more individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, St. Hedwig's Hospital of the order of St. John, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Steinmetzstr. 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000, Evry, France
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83
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Huang Q, Liu X, Zhang Y, Huang J, Li D, Li B. Molecular feature and therapeutic perspectives of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:17-26. [PMID: 32081609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subtype of immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells, are vital for maintaining immune homeostasis in healthy people. Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3), a member of the forkhead-winged-helix family, is the pivotal transcriptional factor of Treg cells. The expression, post-translational modifications, and protein complex of FOXP3 present a great impact on the functional stability and immune plasticity of Treg cells in vivo. In particular, the mutation of FOXP3 can result in immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, which is a rare genetic disease mostly diagnosed in early childhood and can soon be fatal. IPEX syndrome is related to several manifestations, including dermatitis, enteropathy, type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, and so on. Here, we summarize some recent findings on FOXP3 regulation and Treg cell function. We also review the current knowledge about the underlying mechanism of FOXP3 mutant-induced IPEX syndrome and some latest clinical prospects. At last, this review offers a novel insight into the role played by the FOXP3 complex in potential therapeutic applications in IPEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingyao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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84
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Huang J, Wang S, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Dai X, Li B. Targeting FOXP3 complex ensemble in drug discovery. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 121:143-168. [PMID: 32312420 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) is a key transcriptional regulator of regulatory T cells (Tregs), especially for its function of immune suppression. The special immune suppression function of Tregs plays an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis, and is related to several diseases including cancer, and autoimmune diseases. At the same time, FOXP3 takes a place in a large transcriptional complex, whose stability and functions can be controlled by various post-translational modification. More and more researches have suggested that targeting FOXP3 or its partners might be a feasible solution to immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on the transcription factor FOXP3 in Tregs, Treg functions in diseases and the FOXP3 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuoyang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyu Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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85
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Sambucci M, Gargano F, Guerrera G, Battistini L, Borsellino G. One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand: T Regulatory Cells' Multiple Identities in Neuroimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2947. [PMID: 31956323 PMCID: PMC6955595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello wrote in his novels, identities can be evanescent. Although a quarter of a century has passed since regulatory T cells (Treg) were first described, new studies continue to reveal surprising and contradictory features of this lymphocyte subset. Treg cells are the core of the immunological workforce engaged in the restraint of autoimmune or inflammatory reactions, and their characterization has revealed substantial heterogeneity and complexity in the phenotype and gene expression profiles, proving them to be a most versatile and adaptive cell type, as exemplified by their plasticity in fine-tuning immune responses. Defects in Treg function are associated with several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, which is caused by an inappropriate immune reaction toward brain components; conversely, the beneficial effects of immunomodulating therapies on disease progression have been shown to partly act upon the biology of these cells. Both in animals and in humans the pool of circulating Treg cells is a mixture of natural (nTregs) and peripherally-induced Treg (pTregs). Particularly in humans, circulating Treg cells can be phenotypically subdivided into different subpopulations, which so far are not well-characterized, particularly in the context of autoimmunity. Recently, Treg cells have been rediscovered as mediators of tissue healing, and have also shown to be involved in organ homeostasis. Moreover, stability of the Treg lineage has recently been addressed by several conflicting reports, and immune-suppressive abilities of these cells have been shown to be dynamically regulated, particularly in inflammatory conditions, adding further levels of complexity to the study of this cell subset. Finally, Treg cells exert their suppressive function through different mechanisms, some of which—such as their ectoenzymatic activity—are particularly relevant in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we will review the phenotypically and functionally discernible Treg cell subpopulations in health and in multiple sclerosis, touching also upon the effects on this cell type of immunomodulatory drugs used for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Sambucci
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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86
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Sasidharan Nair V, Toor SM, Taouk G, Pfister G, Ouararhni K, Alajez NM, Elkord E. Pembrolizumab Interferes with the Differentiation of Human FOXP3+–Induced T Regulatory Cells, but Not with FOXP3 Stability, through Activation of mTOR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:199-211. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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87
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Critical role for TRIM28 and HP1β/γ in the epigenetic control of T cell metabolic reprograming and effector differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25839-25849. [PMID: 31776254 PMCID: PMC6925996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901639116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are major regulators of immune responses against both self and pathogens. Understanding pathways that govern CD4 T cell differentiation and regulation are thus key for the discovery of new immunoregulatory drug targets. Here, we have identified an epigenetic pathway that regulates the expression of a set of proteins that determine T cell responsiveness. By silencing enhancers distal to a set of genes known to be involved in regulatory T cell function, the epigenetic modifiers TRIM28 and HP1β/γ regulate T cell receptor signaling. This leads to defective metabolic reprograming and inefficient effector differentiation of naive T cells. This mechanism provides an exciting opportunity to regulate T cell responsivity in both autoimmunity and T cell-based immunodeficiencies. Naive CD4+ T lymphocytes differentiate into different effector types, including helper and regulatory cells (Th and Treg, respectively). Heritable gene expression programs that define these effector types are established during differentiation, but little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms that install and maintain these programs. Here, we use mice defective for different components of heterochromatin-dependent gene silencing to investigate the epigenetic control of CD4+ T cell plasticity. We show that, upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, naive and regulatory T cells defective for TRIM28 (an epigenetic adaptor for histone binding modules) or for heterochromatin protein 1 β and γ isoforms (HP1β/γ, 2 histone-binding factors involved in gene silencing) fail to effectively signal through the PI3K–AKT–mTOR axis and switch to glycolysis. While differentiation of naive TRIM28−/− T cells into cytokine-producing effector T cells is impaired, resulting in reduced induction of autoimmune colitis, TRIM28−/− regulatory T cells also fail to expand in vivo and to suppress autoimmunity effectively. Using a combination of transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses for H3K9me3, H3K9Ac, and RNA polymerase II, we show that reduced effector differentiation correlates with impaired transcriptional silencing at distal regulatory regions of a defined set of Treg-associated genes, including, for example, NRP1 or Snai3. We conclude that TRIM28 and HP1β/γ control metabolic reprograming through epigenetic silencing of a defined set of Treg-characteristic genes, thus allowing effective T cell expansion and differentiation into helper and regulatory phenotypes.
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88
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Yang IV, Konigsberg I, MacPhail K, Li L, Davidson EJ, Mroz PM, Hamzeh N, Gillespie M, Silveira LJ, Fingerlin TE, Maier LA. DNA Methylation Changes in Lung Immune Cells Are Associated with Granulomatous Lung Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:96-105. [PMID: 30141971 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0177oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic marks are likely to explain variability of response to antigen in granulomatous lung disease. The objective of this study was to identify DNA methylation and gene expression changes associated with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and sarcoidosis in lung cells obtained by BAL. BAL cells from CBD (n = 8), beryllium-sensitized (n = 8), sarcoidosis (n = 8), and additional progressive sarcoidosis (n = 9) and remitting (n = 15) sarcoidosis were profiled on the Illumina 450k methylation and Affymetrix/Agilent gene expression microarrays. Statistical analyses were performed to identify DNA methylation and gene expression changes associated with CBD, sarcoidosis, and disease progression in sarcoidosis. DNA methylation array findings were validated by pyrosequencing. We identified 52,860 significant (P < 0.005 and q < 0.05) CpGs associated with CBD; 2,726 CpGs near 1,944 unique genes have greater than 25% methylation change. A total of 69% of differentially methylated genes are significantly (q < 0.05) differentially expressed in CBD, with many canonical inverse relationships of methylation and expression in genes critical to T-helper cell type 1 differentiation, chemokines and their receptors, and other genes involved in immunity. Testing of these CBD-associated CpGs in sarcoidosis reveals that methylation changes only approach significance, but are methylated in the same direction, suggesting similarities between the two diseases with more heterogeneity in sarcoidosis that limits power with the current sample size. Analysis of progressive versus remitting sarcoidosis identified 15,215 CpGs (P < 0.005 and q < 0.05), but only 801 of them have greater than 5% methylation change, demonstrating that DNA methylation marks of disease progression changes are more subtle. Our study highlights the significance of epigenetic marks in lung immune response in granulomatous lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana V Yang
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado.,3 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health
| | - Iain Konigsberg
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Li Li
- 4 Department of Medicine, and
| | - Elizabeth J Davidson
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,3 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health.,5 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and.,6 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and
| | - Lisa A Maier
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,4 Department of Medicine, and.,7 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
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89
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Hudon Thibeault AA, Laprise C. Cell-Specific DNA Methylation Signatures in Asthma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E932. [PMID: 31731604 PMCID: PMC6896152 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex trait, often associated with atopy. The genetic contribution has been evidenced by familial occurrence. Genome-wide association studies allowed for associating numerous genes with asthma, as well as identifying new loci that have a minor contribution to its phenotype. Considering the role of environmental exposure on asthma development, an increasing amount of literature has been published on epigenetic modifications associated with this pathology and especially on DNA methylation, in an attempt to better understand its missing heritability. These studies have been conducted in different tissues, but mainly in blood or its peripheral mononuclear cells. However, there is growing evidence that epigenetic changes that occur in one cell type cannot be directly translated into another one. In this review, we compare alterations in DNA methylation from different cells of the immune system and of the respiratory tract. The cell types in which data are obtained influences the global status of alteration of DNA methylation in asthmatic individuals compared to control (an increased or a decreased DNA methylation). Given that several genes were cell-type-specific, there is a great need for comparative studies on DNA methylation from different cells, but from the same individuals in order to better understand the role of epigenetics in asthma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Hudon Thibeault
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada;
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada
- Quebec Respiratory Health Network, Quebec, G1V 4G5 QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada;
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, G7H 2B1 QC, Canada
- Quebec Respiratory Health Network, Quebec, G1V 4G5 QC, Canada
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90
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Korn T, Muschaweckh A. Stability and Maintenance of Foxp3 + Treg Cells in Non-lymphoid Microenvironments. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2634. [PMID: 31798580 PMCID: PMC6868061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ Treg cells are indispensable for maintaining self-tolerance in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). However, Treg cells are also recruited to non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs) during inflammation. Recent advances in the understanding of Treg cell biology provided us with molecular mechanisms-both transcriptional and epigenetic-that enable Treg cells to retain their identity in an inflammatory milieu that is per se hostile to sustained expression of high levels of Foxp3. While Treg cells are recruited to sites of inflammation in order to resolve inflammation and re-establish appropriate organ function, it is increasingly recognized that a series of inflammatory (but also non-inflammatory) perturbations of organ function lead to the constitution of relatively long lived populations of Treg cells in NLTs. NLT Treg cells are heterogeneous according to their respective site of residence and it will be an important goal of future investigations to determine how these NLT Treg cells are maintained, e.g., what the role of antigen recognition by NLT Treg cells is and which growth factors are responsible for their self-renewal in the relative deficiency of IL-2. Finally, it is an open question what functions NLT Treg cells have besides their role in maintaining immunologic tolerance. In this review, we will highlight and summarize major ideas on the biology of NLT Treg cells (in the central nervous system but also at other peripheral sites) during inflammation and in steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Korn
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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91
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Tost J. A translational perspective on epigenetics in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:715-726. [PMID: 30195377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of epigenetic modifications in allergic diseases has recently attracted substantial interest because epigenetic modifications can mediate the effects of the environment on the development of or protection from allergic diseases. Furthermore, recent research has provided evidence for an altered epigenomic landscape in disease-relevant cell populations. Although still in the early phase, epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation and microRNAs, might have potential for assisting in the stratification of patients for treatment and complement or replace in the future biochemical or clinical tests. The first epigenetic biomarkers correlating with the successful outcome of immunotherapy have been reported, and with personalized treatment options being rolled out, epigenetic modifications might well play a role in monitoring or even predicting the response to tailored therapy. However, further studies in larger cohorts with well-defined phenotypes in specific cell populations need to be performed before their implementation. Furthermore, the epigenome provides an interesting target for therapeutic intervention, with microRNA mimics, inhibitors, and antisense oligonucleotides being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with other diseases. Selection or engineering of populations of extracellular vesicles and epigenetic editing represent novel tools for modulation of the cellular phenotype and responses, although further technological improvements are required. Moreover, interactions between the host epigenome and the microbiome are increasingly recognized, and interventions of the microbiome could contribute to modulation of the epigenome with a potential effect on the overall goal of prevention of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France.
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92
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Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a sight-threatening, rare disease, potentially leading to blindness. Uveitis is a synonym for intraocular inflammation, presenting as various clinical phenotypes with different underlying immune responses in patients, whereas different animal models usually represent one certain clinical and immunological type of uveitis due to genetic uniformity and the method of disease induction. T cells recognizing intraocular antigens initiate the disease, recruiting inflammatory cells (granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages) to the eyes, which cause the damage of the tissue. The treatment of uveitis so far aims at downregulation of inflammation to protect the ocular tissues from damage, and at immunosuppression to stop fueling T cell reactivity. Uveitis is usually prevented by specific mechanisms of the ocular immune privilege and the blood-eye-barriers, but once the disease is induced, mechanisms of the immune privilege as well as a variety of novel regulatory features including new Treg cell populations and suppressive cytokines are induced to downregulate the ocular inflammation and T cell responses and to avoid relapses and chronicity. Here we describe mechanisms of regulation observed in experimental animal models as well as detected in studies with peripheral lymphocytes from patients.
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93
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Zou Y, Hu X, Schewitz-Bowers LP, Stimpson M, Miao L, Ge X, Yang L, Li Y, Bible PW, Wen X, Li JJ, Liu Y, Lee RWJ, Wei L. The DNA Methylation Inhibitor Zebularine Controls CD4 + T Cell Mediated Intraocular Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1950. [PMID: 31475011 PMCID: PMC6706956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell mediated uveitis is conventionally treated with systemic immunosuppressive agents, including corticosteroids and biologics targeting key inflammatory cytokines. However, their long-term utility is limited due to various side effects. Here, we investigated whether DNA methylation inhibitor zebularine can target CD4+ T cells and control intraocular inflammation. Our results showed that zebularine restrained the expression of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 in both human and murine CD4+ T cells in vitro. Importantly, it also significantly alleviated intraocular inflammation and retinal tissue damage in the murine experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model in vivo, suggesting that the DNA methylation inhibitor zebularine is a candidate new therapeutic agent for uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lauren P Schewitz-Bowers
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Stimpson
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul W Bible
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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94
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Zhu L, Jia L, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yuan Z, Hui R. Elevated Methylation of FOXP3 (Forkhead Box P3)-TSDR (Regulatory T-Cell-Specific Demethylated Region) Is Associated With Increased Risk for Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Hypertension 2019; 74:581-589. [PMID: 31327269 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Demethylation of the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) corresponds with stability of FOXP3 expression and immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Previous studies have demonstrated that reduction in Tregs is associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between methylation level of FOXP3-TSDR (Treg-specific demethylated region) and clinical outcomes of ACS. We first evaluated the prognostic significance of methylation levels of FOXP3-TSDR in patients with ACS (n=171). Then, we explored the possible mechanism of methylation levels of FOXP3-TSDR on clinical outcomes of ACS in vivo. We analyzed methylation of FOXP3-TSDR, percentage of Tregs in total peripheral blood, and atherosclerotic lesions in aortic root in ApoE-/- mice (n=48; 6 groups). During the follow-up of 4.5±0.8 years, survival free of major adverse cardiovascular events was the lowest in the highest tertile of FOXP3-TSDR methylation (log-rank P=0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that FOXP3-TSDR methylation was independently and positively related to major adverse cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.21-3.75; P=0.009). We observed a duration-dependent increase in the methylation levels of FOXP3-TSDR in mice fed with Western diet at a period of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 weeks. Elevated methylation levels of FOXP3-TSDR were significantly correlated of severity of atherosclerosis. We further found that FOXP3-TSDR methylation was inversely related to the percentages of Treg TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) and IL (interleukin)-10 levels. Our results indicate that elevated methylation levels of FOXP3-TSDR are associated with increased risk for adverse outcomes in patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, China (L.Z., Z.L., Y.Z., J.W.)
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (L.J., R.H.)
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, China (L.Z., Z.L., Y.Z., J.W.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, China (L.Z., Z.L., Y.Z., J.W.)
| | - Junkui Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, China (L.Z., Z.L., Y.Z., J.W.)
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Rutai Hui
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (L.J., R.H.)
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95
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Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Sakowska J, Zieliński M, Ławrynowicz U, Trzonkowski P. Regulatory T cells: the future of autoimmune disease treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:777-789. [PMID: 31104510 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1620602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described as the most potent immunosuppressive cells in the human body. They have been found to control autoimmunity, and clinical attempts have been made to apply them to treat autoimmune diseases. Some specific pathways utilized by Tregs in the regulation of immune response or Tregs directly as cellular products are tested in the clinic. Areas covered: Here, we present recent advances in the research on the biology and clinical applications of Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Expert opinion: Regulatory T cells seem to be a promising tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The development of both cell-based therapies and modern pharmacotherapies which affect Tregs may strongly improve the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Growing knowledge about Treg biology together with the latest biotechnology tools may give an opportunity for personalized therapies in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ryba-Stanisławowska
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Justyna Sakowska
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Maciej Zieliński
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Urszula Ławrynowicz
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
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96
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Cai HB, Fan ZZ, Tian T, Zhao CC, Ge ZM. Epigenetic Control of CDK5 Promoter Regulates Diabetes-Associated Development of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 69:743-750. [PMID: 31156174 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Cai
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Tian
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chon-Chon Zhao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Ge
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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97
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Yao Y, Wang D, Ma H, Li C, Chang X, Low P, Hammond SK, Turyk ME, Wang J, Liu S. The impact on T-regulatory cell related immune responses in rural women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in household air pollution in Gansu, China: A pilot investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:306-317. [PMID: 30951957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found associations between impairments of immune functions and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air pollution in the U. S. and China. However, the results remain inconclusive due to the limitations of these studies. In this study, we aimed to examine the direction and magnitude of immune changes related to PAH exposure from household air pollution among rural women living in Gansu, China. Healthy village women (n = 34) were recruited and enrolled in the study. Questionnaires were administered. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed during non-heating (September 2017, "summer") and heating (January 2018, "winter") seasons. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was quantified as the biomarker of PAH exposure. To evaluate Treg cell related immune functions, we examined immunoglobulin E (IgE), percent of T-regulatory (Treg) cells, and gene expression of following: forkhead box transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interleukin 35 (IL-35), composed of interleukin-12 alpha (IL-12α) and Epstein-Barr-virus-induced gene 3 (EBi3). Urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was measured to evaluate oxidative DNA damage. The results showed that the concentration of 1-OHP increased from 0.90 to 17.4 μmol mol-Cr -1 from summer to winter (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, average percent of Treg cells decreased from 5.01% to 1.15% (p < 0.001); IgE and mRNA expressions of Foxp3, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-12α and EBi3 all significantly decreased (p < 0.001); Urinary 8-OHdG increased from 12.7 to 30.3 ng mg-Cr -1 (p < 0.001). The changes in 8-OHdG, Foxp3 and TGF-β were significantly associated with the increase of 1-OHP. The results suggested that we observed a substantial increase of PAH exposure in winter, which was significantly associated with the repression on Treg cell function and oxidative DNA damage. Exposure to PAHs in household air pollution possibly induced immune impairments among rural women in northwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Yao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoru Chang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Patrick Low
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Turyk
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Sa Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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98
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Attias M, Al-Aubodah T, Piccirillo CA. Mechanisms of human FoxP3 + T reg cell development and function in health and disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:36-51. [PMID: 30864147 PMCID: PMC6591147 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent an essential component of peripheral tolerance. Given their potently immunosuppressive functions that is orchestrated by the lineage‐defining transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), clinical modulation of these cells in autoimmunity and cancer is a promising therapeutic target. However, recent evidence in mice and humans indicates that Treg cells represent a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneic population. Indeed, both suppressive and non‐suppressive Treg cells exist in human blood that are otherwise indistinguishable from one another using classical Treg cell markers such as CD25 and FoxP3. Moreover, murine Treg cells display a degree of plasticity through which they acquire the trafficking pathways needed to home to tissues containing target effector T (Teff) cells. However, this plasticity can also result in Treg cell lineage instability and acquisition of proinflammatory Teff cell functions. Consequently, these dysfunctional CD4+FoxP3+ T cells in human and mouse may fail to maintain peripheral tolerance and instead support immunopathology. The mechanisms driving human Treg cell dysfunction are largely undefined, and obscured by the scarcity of reliable immunophenotypical markers and the disregard paid to Treg cell antigen‐specificity in functional assays. Here, we review the mechanisms controlling the stability of the FoxP3+ Treg cell lineage phenotype. Particular attention will be paid to the developmental and functional heterogeneity of human Treg cells, and how abrogating these mechanisms can lead to lineage instability and Treg cell dysfunction in diseases like immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X‐linked (IPEX) syndrome, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Attias
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - T Al-Aubodah
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - C A Piccirillo
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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99
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Autophagy in regulatory T cells: A double-edged sword in disease settings. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:43-50. [PMID: 30852245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that directs cytoplasmic proteins, organelles and microbes to lysosomes for degradation. It not only represents an essential cell-intrinsic mechanism to protect against internal and external stresses but also shapes both innate and adaptive immunity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a developmentally and functionally distinct T cell subpopulation engaged in sustaining immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. There is compelling evidence that autophagy is actively regulated in Tregs and serves as a central signal-dependent controller for Tregs by restraining excessive apoptotic and metabolic activities. In this review, we discuss how autophagy modulates the stability and functionality of Tregs in different disease settings, and provide a perspective on how manipulation of autophagy enables better control of immune response by targeting the generation of Tregs and the maintenance of their stability.
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100
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Thangavelu G, Blazar BR. Achievement of Tolerance Induction to Prevent Acute Graft-vs.-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:309. [PMID: 30906290 PMCID: PMC6419712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) limits the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), a main therapy to treat various hematological disorders. Despite rapid progress in understanding GVHD pathogenesis, broad immunosuppressive agents are most often used to prevent and remain the first line of therapy to treat GVHD. Strategies enhancing immune tolerance in allo-HSCT would permit reductions in immunosuppressant use and their associated undesirable side effects. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms responsible for GVHD and advancement in strategies to achieve immune balance and tolerance thereby avoiding GVHD and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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