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Cattrini C, Zanardi E, Vallome G, Cavo A, Cerbone L, Di Meglio A, Fabbroni C, Latocca MM, Rizzo F, Messina C, Rubagotti A, Barboro P, Boccardo F. Targeting androgen-independent pathways: new chances for patients with prostate cancer? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 118:42-53. [PMID: 28917268 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PC). Most patients eventually progress to a condition known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), characterized by lack of response to ADT. Although new androgen receptor signaling (ARS) inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents have been introduced to overcome resistance to ADT, many patients progress because of primary or acquired resistance to these agents. This comprehensive review aims at exploring the mechanisms of resistance and progression of PC, with specific focus on alterations which lead to the activation of androgen receptor (AR)-independent pathways of survival. Our work integrates available clinical and preclinical data on agents which target these pathways, assessing their potential clinical implication in specific settings of patients. Given the rising interest of the scientific community in cancer immunotherapy strategies, further attention is dedicated to the role of immune evasion in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cattrini
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - E Zanardi
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Vallome
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Cavo
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Cerbone
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Di Meglio
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Fabbroni
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - M M Latocca
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Rizzo
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Messina
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Rubagotti
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Barboro
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Boccardo
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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Chen WY, Tsai YC, Yeh HL, Suau F, Jiang KC, Shao AN, Huang J, Liu YN. Loss of SPDEF and gain of TGFBI activity after androgen deprivation therapy promote EMT and bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaam6826. [PMID: 28811384 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) targeting the androgen receptor (AR) is a standard therapeutic regimen for treating prostate cancer. However, most tumors progress to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after ADT. We identified the type 1, 2, and 4 collagen-binding protein transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced protein (TGFBI) as an important factor in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant progression of prostate cancer. In prostate cancer cell lines, AR signaling stimulated the activity of the transcription factor SPDEF, which repressed the expression of TGFBI ADT, AR antagonism, or overexpression of TGFBI inhibited the activity of SPDEF and enhanced the proliferation rates of prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of TGFBI suppressed migration and proliferation in cultured cells and reduced prostate tumor growth and brain and bone metastasis in xenograft models, extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Analysis of prostate tissue samples collected before and after ADT from the same patients showed that ADT reduced the nuclear abundance of SPDEF and increased the production of TGFBI. Our findings suggest that induction of TGFBI promotes prostate cancer growth and metastasis and can be caused by dysregulation or therapeutic inhibition of AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Yeh
- Institute of Information System and Applications, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Florent Suau
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - Kuo-Ching Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ning Shao
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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53
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Interaction of prostate carcinoma-associated fibroblasts with human epithelial cell lines in vivo. Differentiation 2017; 96:40-48. [PMID: 28779656 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interactions play a crucial and poorly understood role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions have a long history of research in relation to the development of organs. Models designed to study development are often also applicable to studies of benign and malignant disease. Tumor stroma is a complex mixture of cells that includes a fibroblastic component often referred to as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), desmoplasia or "reactive" stroma. Here we discuss the history of, and approaches to, understanding these interactions with particular reference to prostate cancer and to in vivo modeling using human cells and tissues. A series of studies have revealed a complex mixture of signaling molecules acting both within the stromal tissue and between the stromal and epithelial tissues. We are starting to understand the interactions of some of these pathways, however the work is still ongoing. This area of research provide a basis for new medical approaches aimed at stabilizing early stage cancers rendering them chronic rather than acute problems. Such work is especially relevant to slow growing tumors found in older patients, a class that would include many prostate cancers.
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Asslaber M, Schauer S, Gogg-Kamerer M, Bernhart E, Quehenberger F, Haybaeck J. Native Oligodendrocytes in Astrocytomas Might Inhibit Tumor Proliferation by WIF1 Expression. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:16-26. [PMID: 28040794 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant astrocytoma remains incurable and rapidly fatal despite multimodal therapy. In particular, accelerated tumor cell heterogeneity often overcomes therapeutic effects of molecular protein targeting. This study aimed at identifying a gene with therapeutic potential that was consistently downregulated with astrocytoma progression. Analysis of the "Rembrandt" gene expression data revealed Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) gene as the most promising candidate with tumor suppressor function. Consequently, 288 randomly selected tissue regions of astrocytoma specimens were investigated immunohistochemically with the aid of image analysis. This in situ approach identified tumor areas with numerous single cells strongly expressing Wif-1. In diffuse and anaplastic astrocytoma, the proliferation index was independent of the generally weak Wif-1 expression in tumor cells but was significantly correlated with the density of Wif-1-expressing single cells, subsequently characterized as native and non-neoplastic oligodendrocytes. Because these cells may contribute to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by paracrine signaling, the endogenous protein Wif-1 may represent a promising therapeutic agent with expected minimal side effects. Moreover, we suggest that immunohistochemistry for Wif might be useful for discriminating between astrocytic tumors and reactive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Asslaber
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Gogg-Kamerer
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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55
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Nandana S, Tripathi M, Duan P, Chu CY, Mishra R, Liu C, Jin R, Yamashita H, Zayzafoon M, Bhowmick NA, Zhau HE, Matusik RJ, Chung LWK. Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Can Be Therapeutically Targeted at the TBX2-WNT Signaling Axis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1331-1344. [PMID: 28108510 PMCID: PMC5783646 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of factors that mediate visceral and bone metastatic spread and subsequent bone remodeling events is highly relevant to successful therapeutic intervention in advanced human prostate cancer. TBX2, a T-box family transcription factor that negatively regulates cell-cycle inhibitor p21, plays critical roles during embryonic development, and recent studies have highlighted its role in cancer. Here, we report that TBX2 is overexpressed in human prostate cancer specimens and bone metastases from xenograft mouse models of human prostate cancer. Blocking endogenous TBX2 expression in PC3 and ARCaPM prostate cancer cell models using a dominant-negative construct resulted in decreased tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion in vitro Blocking endogenous TBX2 in human prostate cancer mouse xenografts decreased invasion and abrogation of bone and soft tissue metastasis. Furthermore, blocking endogenous TBX2 in prostate cancer cells dramatically reduced bone-colonizing capability through reduced tumor cell growth and bone remodeling in an intratibial mouse model. TBX2 acted in trans by promoting transcription of the canonical WNT (WNT3A) promoter. Genetically rescuing WNT3A levels in prostate cancer cells with endogenously blocked TBX2 partially restored the TBX2-induced prostate cancer metastatic capability in mice. Conversely, WNT3A-neutralizing antibodies or WNT antagonist SFRP-2 blocked TBX2-induced invasion. Our findings highlight TBX2 as a novel therapeutic target upstream of WNT3A, where WNT3A antagonists could be novel agents for the treatment of metastasis and for skeletal complications in prostate cancer patients. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1331-44. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nandana
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Manisha Tripathi
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peng Duan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Renjie Jin
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert J Matusik
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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56
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Knockdown of FOXR2 suppresses the tumorigenesis, growth and metastasis of prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:471-475. [PMID: 28068638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fork-head box R2 (FOXR2), a member of FOX protein family, was reported to play important roles in the development and progression of cancers. However, the expression and function of FOXR2 in prostate cancer remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FOXR2 in prostate cancer and cancer progression including the molecular mechanism that drives FOXR2-mediated oncogenesis. Our results showed that FOXR2 was overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of FOXR2 significantly repressed the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments indicated that knockdown of FOXR2 significantly attenuated prostate cancer growth. Finally, knockdown of FOXR2 significantly down-regulated the protein expression levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and c-Myc in DU-145 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated for the first time that FOXR2 plays a critical role in cell proliferation and invasion, at least in part, through inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during prostate cancer progression. Thus, FOXR2 may be an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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57
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Hammarsten P, Dahl Scherdin T, Hägglöf C, Andersson P, Wikström P, Stattin P, Egevad L, Granfors T, Bergh A. High Caveolin-1 Expression in Tumor Stroma Is Associated with a Favourable Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patients Managed by Watchful Waiting. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164016. [PMID: 27764093 PMCID: PMC5072718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have investigated whether Caveolin-1 expression in non-malignant and malignant prostate tissue is a potential prognostic marker for outcome in prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. Caveolin-1 was measured in prostate tissues obtained through transurethral resection of the prostate from 395 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. The majority of the patients (n = 298) were followed by watchful waiting after diagnosis. Tissue microarrays constructed from malignant and non-malignant prostate tissue were stained with an antibody against Caveolin-1. The staining pattern was scored and related to clinicopathologic parameters and outcome. Microdissection and qRT-PCR analysis of Cav-1 was done of the prostate stroma from non-malignant tissue and stroma from Gleason 3 and 4 tumors. Cav-1 RNA expression was highest in non-malignant tissue and decreased during cancer progression. High expression of Caveolin-1 in tumor stroma was associated with significantly longer cancer specific survival in prostate cancer patients. This association remained significant when Gleason score and local tumor stage were combined with Caveolin-1 in a Cox regression model. High stromal Caveolin-1 immunoreactivity in prostate tumors is associated with a favourable prognosis in prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. Caveolin-1 could possibly become a useful prognostic marker for prostate cancer patients that are potential candidates for active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Tove Dahl Scherdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Hägglöf
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Andersson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Doldi V, Callari M, Giannoni E, D'Aiuto F, Maffezzini M, Valdagni R, Chiarugi P, Gandellini P, Zaffaroni N. Integrated gene and miRNA expression analysis of prostate cancer associated fibroblasts supports a prominent role for interleukin-6 in fibroblast activation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31441-60. [PMID: 26375444 PMCID: PMC4741617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment coevolves with and simultaneously sustains cancer progression. In prostate carcinoma (PCa), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) have been shown to fuel tumor development and metastasis by mutually interacting with tumor cells. Molecular mechanisms leading to activation of CAFs from tissue-resident fibroblasts, circulating bone marrow-derived fibroblast progenitors or mesenchymal stem cells are largely unknown. Through integrated gene and microRNA expression profiling, we showed that PCa-derived CAF transcriptome strictly resembles that of normal fibroblasts stimulated in vitro with interleukin-6 (IL6), thus proving evidence, for the first time, that the cytokine is able per se to induce most of the transcriptional changes characteristic of patient-derived CAFs. Comparison with publicly available datasets, however, suggested that prostate CAFs may be alternatively characterized by IL6 and TGFβ-related signatures, indicating that either signal, depending on the context, may concur to fibroblast activation. Our analyses also highlighted novel pathways potentially relevant for induction of a reactive stroma. In addition, we revealed a role for muscle-specific miR-133b as a soluble factor secreted by activated fibroblasts to support paracrine activation of non-activated fibroblasts or promote tumor progression. Overall, we provided insights into the molecular mechanisms driving fibroblast activation in PCa, thus contributing to identify novel hits for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the crucial interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Doldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Callari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Aiuto
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Maffezzini
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Prostate Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Gandellini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Shearer JJ, Wold EA, Umbaugh CS, Lichti CF, Nilsson CL, Figueiredo ML. Inorganic Arsenic-Related Changes in the Stromal Tumor Microenvironment in a Prostate Cancer Cell-Conditioned Media Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1009-15. [PMID: 26588813 PMCID: PMC4937864 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of cancer by mediating stromal-epithelial paracrine signaling, which can aberrantly modulate cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Exposure to environmental toxicants, such as inorganic arsenic (iAs), has also been implicated in the progression of prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE The role of iAs exposure in stromal signaling in the tumor microenvironment has been largely unexplored. Our objective was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of iAs-induced changes to stromal signaling by an enriched prostate tumor microenvironment cell population, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASCs). RESULTS ASC-conditioned media (CM) collected after 1 week of iAs exposure increased prostate cancer cell viability, whereas CM from ASCs that received no iAs exposure decreased cell viability. Cytokine array analysis suggested changes to cytokine signaling associated with iAs exposure. Subsequent proteomic analysis suggested a concentration-dependent alteration to the HMOX1/THBS1/TGFβ signaling pathway by iAs. These results were validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, confirming a concentration-dependent increase in HMOX1 and a decrease in THBS1 expression in ASC following iAs exposure. Subsequently, we used a TGFβ pathway reporter construct to confirm a decrease in stromal TGFβ signaling in ASC following iAs exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a concentration-dependent alteration of stromal signaling: specifically, attenuation of stromal-mediated TGFβ signaling following exposure to iAs. Our results indicate iAs may enhance prostate cancer cell viability through a previously unreported stromal-based mechanism. These findings indicate that the stroma may mediate the effects of iAs in tumor progression, which may have future therapeutic implications. CITATION Shearer JJ, Wold EA, Umbaugh CS, Lichti CF, Nilsson CL, Figueiredo ML. 2016. Inorganic arsenic-related changes in the stromal tumor microenvironment in a prostate cancer cell-conditioned media model. Environ Health Perspect 124:1009-1015; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510090.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Shearer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S. Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl F. Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Carol L. Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Marxa L. Figueiredo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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60
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Millena AC, Vo BT, Khan SA. JunD Is Required for Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells and Plays a Role in Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)-induced Inhibition of Cell Proliferation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17964-76. [PMID: 27358408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β inhibits proliferation of prostate epithelial cells. However, prostate cancer cells in advanced stages become resistant to inhibitory effects of TGF-β. The intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in differential effects of TGF-β during different stages are largely unknown. Using cell line models, we have shown that TGF-β inhibits proliferation in normal (RWPE-1) and prostate cancer (DU145) cells but does not have any effect on proliferation of prostate cancer (PC3) cells. We have investigated the role of Jun family proteins (c-Jun, JunB, and JunD) in TGF-β effects on cell proliferation. Jun family members were expressed at different levels and responded differentially to TGF-β treatment. TGF-β effects on JunD protein levels, but not mRNA levels, correlated with its effects on cell proliferation. TGF-β induced significant reduction in JunD protein in RWPE-1 and DU145 cells but not in PC3 cells. Selective knockdown of JunD expression using siRNA in DU145 and PC3 cells resulted in significant reduction in cell proliferation, and forced overexpression of JunD increased the proliferation rate. On the other hand, knockdown of c-Jun or JunB had little, if any, effect on cell proliferation; overexpression of c-Jun and JunB decreased the proliferation rate in DU145 cells. Further studies showed that down-regulation of JunD in response to TGF-β treatment is mediated via the proteasomal degradation pathway. In conclusion, we show that specific Jun family members exert differential effects on proliferation in prostate cancer cells in response to TGF-β, and inhibition of cell proliferation by TGF-β requires degradation of JunD protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecilia Millena
- From the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
| | - BaoHan T Vo
- From the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- From the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
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61
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Ma F, Ye H, He HH, Gerrin SJ, Chen S, Tanenbaum BA, Cai C, Sowalsky AG, He L, Wang H, Balk SP, Yuan X. SOX9 drives WNT pathway activation in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1745-58. [PMID: 27043282 DOI: 10.1172/jci78815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX9 is critical for prostate development, and dysregulation of SOX9 is implicated in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the SOX9-dependent genes and pathways involved in both normal and neoplastic prostate epithelium are largely unknown. Here, we performed SOX9 ChIP sequencing analysis and transcriptome profiling of PCa cells and determined that SOX9 positively regulates multiple WNT pathway genes, including those encoding WNT receptors (frizzled [FZD] and lipoprotein receptor-related protein [LRP] family members) and the downstream β-catenin effector TCF4. Analyses of PCa xenografts and clinical samples both revealed an association between the expression of SOX9 and WNT pathway components in PCa. Finally, treatment of SOX9-expressing PCa cells with a WNT synthesis inhibitor (LGK974) reduced WNT pathway signaling in vitro and tumor growth in murine xenograft models. Together, our data indicate that SOX9 expression drives PCa by reactivating the WNT/β-catenin signaling that mediates ductal morphogenesis in fetal prostate and define a subgroup of patients who would benefit from WNT-targeted therapy.
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Yang K, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Nan G, Li Y, Zhang F, Mohammed MK, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Bi Y, He TC. The evolving roles of canonical WNT signaling in stem cells and tumorigenesis: implications in targeted cancer therapies. J Transl Med 2016; 96:116-36. [PMID: 26618721 PMCID: PMC4731283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway governs a myriad of biological processes underlying the development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis, including regulation of stem cell self-renewal, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. WNTs are secreted lipid-modified glycoproteins that act as short-range ligands to activate receptor-mediated signaling pathways. The hallmark of the canonical pathway is the activation of β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity. Canonical WNTs control the β-catenin dynamics as the cytoplasmic level of β-catenin is tightly regulated via phosphorylation by the 'destruction complex', consisting of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), casein kinase 1α (CK1α), the scaffold protein AXIN, and the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Aberrant regulation of this signaling cascade is associated with varieties of human diseases, especially cancers. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of canonical WNT signaling. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of WNT signaling at the extracellular, cytoplasmic membrane, and intracellular/nuclear levels, including the emerging knowledge of cross-talk with other pathways. Recent progresses in developing novel WNT pathway-targeted therapies will also be reviewed. Thus, this review is intended to serve as a refresher of the current understanding about the physiologic and pathogenic roles of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, and to outline potential therapeutic opportunities by targeting the canonical WNT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guoxin Nan
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yasha Li
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fugui Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maryam K. Mohammed
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang Bi
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Corresponding authors T.-C. He, MD, PhD, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel. (773) 702-7169; Fax (773) 834-4598, , Yang Bi, MD, PhD, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China, Tel. 011-86-23-63633113; Fax: 011-86-236362690,
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, Corresponding authors T.-C. He, MD, PhD, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3079, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel. (773) 702-7169; Fax (773) 834-4598, , Yang Bi, MD, PhD, Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China, Tel. 011-86-23-63633113; Fax: 011-86-236362690,
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Strand DW, Goldstein AS. The many ways to make a luminal cell and a prostate cancer cell. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T187-97. [PMID: 26307022 PMCID: PMC4893788 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of stem/progenitor cells has led to the identification of multiple stem-like cell populations implicated in prostate homeostasis and cancer initiation. Given that there are multiple cells that can regenerate prostatic tissue and give rise to prostate cancer, our focus should shift to defining the signaling mechanisms that drive differentiation and progenitor self-renewal. In this article, we will review the literature, present the evidence and raise important unanswered questions that will help guide the field forward in dissecting critical mechanisms regulating stem-cell differentiation and tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Miles FL, Kurtoglu S, Ahmer C, Soori M, Favate JS, Sikes RA. Transforming growth factor-β signaling induced during prostate cancer cell death and neuroendocrine differentiation is mediated by bone marrow stromal cells. Prostate 2015; 75:1802-13. [PMID: 26392321 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer that has metastasized to bone undergoes critical interactions with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), ultimately promoting tumor survival. Previous studies have shown that BMSCs secrete factors that promote prostate cancer apoptosis or neuroendocrine differentiation. Because of the significance of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family cytokines in cytostasis and bone metastasis, the role of TGF-β signaling in the context of prostate cancer-BMSC interactions was investigated. METHODS The role of TGF-β family signaling in BMSC-induced apoptosis of lineage-related prostate cancer cells was investigated in live/dead assays. SMAD phosphorylation or activity during apoptosis and neuroendocrine differentiation was investigated using immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and luciferase reporter assays, along with the ALK-4, -5, -7 kinase inhibitor, SB-431542. RESULTS Treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells with SB-431542 resulted in significant reduction of apoptosis mediated by HS-5 BMSCs, supporting the involvement of TGF-β/SMAD signaling during this event. Interestingly, however, pre-treatment of BMSCs with TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) yielded a conditioned medium that elicited a marked reduction in prostate cancer death. Phosphorylated-SMAD2 (P-SMAD2) was activated in BMSC-triggered transdifferentiated prostate cancer cells, as demonstrated through immunoblotting and luciferase reporter assays. However, SB-431542 did not restore androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen levels down-regulated by BMSC-secreted factors. Prostate cancer cells induced to undergo neuroendocrine differentiation in a BMSC-independent mechanism also showed elevated levels of P-SMAD2. DISCUSSION Collectively, our findings indicate that: (1) TGF-β family cytokines or regulated factors secreted from BMSCs are involved in prostate cancer apoptosis; (2) TGF-β signaling in prostate cancer cells is induced during neuroendocrine differentiation; and (3) TGF-β1 stimulation of BMSCs alters paracrine signaling to create a permissive environment for prostate cancer survival, suggesting a mechanism for prostate cancer-mediated colonization of bone. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β signaling resulting in activation of SMAD2 in prostate cancer may be an indicator of cellular stress in the presence of toxic paracrine factors released from the bone marrow stroma, ultimately fostering prostate cancer colonization of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Senem Kurtoglu
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Chris Ahmer
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Mehrnoosh Soori
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - John S Favate
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Robert A Sikes
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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He S, Lu Y, Liu X, Huang X, Keller ET, Qian CN, Zhang J. Wnt3a: functions and implications in cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:554-62. [PMID: 26369691 PMCID: PMC4593336 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt3a, one of Wnt family members, plays key roles in regulating pleiotropic cellular functions, including self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Accumulating evidence has suggested that Wnt3a promotes or suppresses tumor progression via the canonical Wnt signaling pathway depending on cancer type. In addition, the roles of Wnt3a signaling can be inhibited by multiple proteins or chemicals. Herein, we summarize the latest findings on Wnt3a as an important therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha He
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 51006, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Meng X, Vander Ark A, Lee P, Hostetter G, Bhowmick NA, Matrisian LM, Williams BO, Miranti CK, Li X. Myeloid-specific TGF-β signaling in bone promotes basic-FGF and breast cancer bone metastasis. Oncogene 2015; 35:2370-8. [PMID: 26279296 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) bone metastases cause osteolytic bone lesions, which result from the interactions of metastatic BCa cells with osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts differentiate from myeloid lineage cells. To understand the cell-specific role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in the myeloid lineage, in BCa bone metastases, MDA-MB-231 BCa cells were intra-tibially or intra-cardially injected into LysM(Cre)/Tgfbr2(floxE2/floxE2) knockout (LysM(Cre)/Tgfbr2 KO) or Tgfbr2(floxE2/floxE2) mice. Metastatic bone lesion development was compared by analysis of both lesion number and area. We found that LysM(Cre)/Tgfbr2 knockout significantly decreased MDA-MB-231 bone lesion development in both the cardiac and tibial injection models. LysM(Cre)/Tgfbr2 knockout inhibited the tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis of the metastatic bones. Cytokine array analysis showed that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was downregulated in MDA-MB-231-injected tibiae from the LysM(Cre)/Tgfbr2 KO group, and intravenous injection of the recombinant bFGF to LysM(Cre)/Tgfbr2 KO mice rescued the inhibited metastatic bone lesion development. The mechanism by which bFGF rescued the bone lesion development was by promotion of tumor cell proliferation through the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-cFos pathway after binding to the FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1). Consistent with animal studies, we found that in human BCa bone metastatic tissues, TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) and p-Smad2 were expressed in osteoclasts and tumor cells, and were correlated with the expression of FGFR1. Our studies suggest that myeloid-specific TGF-β signaling-mediated bFGF in the bone promotes BCa bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Meng
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - A Vander Ark
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - P Lee
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - G Hostetter
- Pathology and Biorepository Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - N A Bhowmick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L M Matrisian
- Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Washington, DC, USA
| | - B O Williams
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - C K Miranti
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - X Li
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Takebe N, Miele L, Harris PJ, Jeong W, Bando H, Kahn M, Yang SX, Ivy SP. Targeting Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt pathways in cancer stem cells: clinical update. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:445-64. [PMID: 25850553 PMCID: PMC4520755 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been increasingly identified in many malignancies. Although the origin and plasticity of these cells remain controversial, tumour heterogeneity and the presence of small populations of cells with stem-like characteristics is established in most malignancies. CSCs display many features of embryonic or tissue stem cells, and typically demonstrate persistent activation of one or more highly conserved signal transduction pathways involved in development and tissue homeostasis, including the Notch, Hedgehog (HH), and Wnt pathways. CSCs generally have slow growth rates and are resistant to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Thus, new treatment strategies targeting these pathways to control stem-cell replication, survival and differentiation are under development. Herein, we provide an update on the latest advances in the clinical development of such approaches, and discuss strategies for overcoming CSC-associated primary or acquired resistance to cancer treatment. Given the crosstalk between the different embryonic developmental signalling pathways, as well as other pathways, designing clinical trials that target CSCs with rational combinations of agents to inhibit possible compensatory escape mechanisms could be of particular importance. We also share our views on the future directions for targeting CSCs to advance the clinical development of these classes of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takebe
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - Lucio Miele
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - Pamela Jo Harris
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - Woondong Jeong
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - Hideaki Bando
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - Michael Kahn
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - Sherry X. Yang
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
| | - S. Percy Ivy
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC9739, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA (N.T., P.J.H., S.P.I.). Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, USA (L.M.). Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas, USA (W.J.). Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan (H.B.). Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, USA (M.K.). National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, USA (S.X.Y.)
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Akamatsu S, Wyatt AW, Lin D, Lysakowski S, Zhang F, Kim S, Tse C, Wang K, Mo F, Haegert A, Brahmbhatt S, Bell R, Adomat H, Kawai Y, Xue H, Dong X, Fazli L, Tsai H, Lotan TL, Kossai M, Mosquera JM, Rubin MA, Beltran H, Zoubeidi A, Wang Y, Gleave ME, Collins CC. The Placental Gene PEG10 Promotes Progression of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Cell Rep 2015; 12:922-36. [PMID: 26235627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
More potent targeting of the androgen receptor (AR) in advanced prostate cancer is driving an increased incidence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), an aggressive and treatment-resistant AR-negative variant. Its molecular pathogenesis remains poorly understood but appears to require TP53 and RB1 aberration. We modeled the development of NEPC from conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma using a patient-derived xenograft and found that the placental gene PEG10 is de-repressed during the adaptive response to AR interference and subsequently highly upregulated in clinical NEPC. We found that the AR and the E2F/RB pathway dynamically regulate distinct post-transcriptional and post-translational isoforms of PEG10 at distinct stages of NEPC development. In vitro, PEG10 promoted cell-cycle progression from G0/G1 in the context of TP53 loss and regulated Snail expression via TGF-β signaling to promote invasion. Taken together, these findings show the mechanistic relevance of RB1 and TP53 loss in NEPC and suggest PEG10 as a NEPC-specific target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Akamatsu
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Summer Lysakowski
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Soojin Kim
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Charan Tse
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kendric Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fan Mo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Anne Haegert
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Sonal Brahmbhatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Robert Bell
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yoshihisa Kawai
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Harrison Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Myriam Kossai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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Zhang X, Hao J. Development of anticancer agents targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2344-2360. [PMID: 26396911 PMCID: PMC4568771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays indispensable roles in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Abnormal regulation of this pathway is implicated in many types of cancer. Consequently, substantial efforts have made to develop therapeutic agents as anticancer drugs by specifically targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here we systematically review the potential therapeutic agents that have been developed to date for inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade as well as current status of clinical trials of some of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yan’an UniversityYan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health SciencesPomona, CA 91766, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health SciencesPomona, CA, 91766, USA
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70
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Huo CW, Chew G, Hill P, Huang D, Ingman W, Hodson L, Brown KA, Magenau A, Allam AH, McGhee E, Timpson P, Henderson MA, Thompson EW, Britt K. High mammographic density is associated with an increase in stromal collagen and immune cells within the mammary epithelium. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:79. [PMID: 26040322 PMCID: PMC4485361 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammographic density (MD), after adjustment for a women's age and body mass index, is a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Although the BC risk attributable to increased MD is significant in healthy women, the biological basis of high mammographic density (HMD) causation and how it raises BC risk remain elusive. We assessed the histological and immunohistochemical differences between matched HMD and low mammographic density (LMD) breast tissues from healthy women to define which cell features may mediate the increased MD and MD-associated BC risk. METHODS Tissues were obtained between 2008 and 2013 from 41 women undergoing prophylactic mastectomy because of their high BC risk profile. Tissue slices resected from the mastectomy specimens were X-rayed, then HMD and LMD regions were dissected based on radiological appearance. The histological composition, aromatase immunoreactivity, hormone receptor status and proliferation status were assessed, as were collagen amount and orientation, epithelial subsets and immune cell status. RESULTS HMD tissue had a significantly greater proportion of stroma, collagen and epithelium, as well as less fat, than LMD tissue did. Second harmonic generation imaging demonstrated more organised stromal collagen in HMD tissues than in LMD tissues. There was significantly more aromatase immunoreactivity in both the stromal and glandular regions of HMD tissues than in those regions of LMD tissues, although no significant differences in levels of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor or Ki-67 expression were detected. The number of macrophages within the epithelium or stroma did not change; however, HMD stroma exhibited less CD206(+) alternatively activated macrophages. Epithelial cell maturation was not altered in HMD samples, and no evidence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition was seen; however, there was a significant increase in vimentin(+)/CD45(+) immune cells within the epithelial layer in HMD tissues. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed increased proportions of stroma and epithelium, increased aromatase activity and no changes in hormone receptor or Ki-67 marker status in HMD tissue. The HMD region showed increased collagen deposition and organisation as well as decreased alternatively activated macrophages in the stroma. The HMD epithelium may be a site for local inflammation, as we observed a significant increase in CD45(+)/vimentin(+) immune cells in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia W Huo
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Grace Chew
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Prue Hill
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Dexing Huang
- St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Wendy Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, Norwich Centre, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
| | - Leigh Hodson
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, Norwich Centre, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Amr H Allam
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Ewan McGhee
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Michael A Henderson
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 2 St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Erik W Thompson
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Kara Britt
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, s, Australia.
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71
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Abstract
When the National Institutes of Health Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium initiated the Prostate Steering Committee 15 years ago, there were no genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer (PCa). Today, a PubMed search for "prostate cancer mouse model" yields 3,200 publications and this list continues to grow. The first generation of GEM utilized the newly discovered and characterized probasin promoter driving viral oncogenes such as Simian virus 40 large T antigen to yield the LADY and TRAMP models. As the PCa research field has matured, the second generation of models has incorporated the single and multiple molecular changes observed in human disease, such as loss of PTEN and overexpression of Myc. Application of these models has revealed that mice are particularly resistant to developing invasive PCa, and once they achieve invasive disease, the PCa rarely resembles human disease. Nevertheless, these models and their application have provided vital information on human PCa progression. The aim of this review is to provide a brief primer on mouse and human prostate histology and pathology, provide descriptions of mouse models, as well as attempt to answer the age old question: Which GEM model of PCa is the best for my research question?
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72
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Arumuggam N, Bhowmick NA, Rupasinghe HPV. A Review: Phytochemicals Targeting JAK/STAT Signaling and IDO Expression in Cancer. Phytother Res 2015; 29:805-17. [PMID: 25787773 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major health problem worldwide. Among many other factors, two regulatory defects that are present in most cancer cells are constitutive activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway and the induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan degradation, through JAK/STAT signaling. Cytokine signaling activates STAT proteins in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival through modulation of target genes. Many phytochemicals can inhibit both JAK/STAT signaling and IDO expression in antigen-presenting cells by targeting different pathways. Some of the promising phytochemicals that are discussed in this review include resveratrol, cucurbitacin, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and others. It is now evident that phytochemicals play key roles in inhibition of tumor proliferation and development and provide novel means for therapeutic targeting of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshaathevi Arumuggam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
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73
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Haldar S, Dru C, Choudhury D, Mishra R, Fernandez A, Biondi S, Liu Z, Shimada K, Arditi M, Bhowmick NA. Inflammation and pyroptosis mediate muscle expansion in an interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6574-83. [PMID: 25596528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.617886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle inflammation is often associated with its expansion. Bladder smooth muscle inflammation-induced cell death is accompanied by hyperplasia and hypertrophy as the primary cause for poor bladder function. In mice, DNA damage initiated by chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide activated caspase 1 through the formation of the NLRP3 complex resulting in detrusor hyperplasia. A cyclophosphamide metabolite, acrolein, caused global DNA methylation and accumulation of DNA damage in a mouse model of bladder inflammation and in cultured bladder muscle cells. In correlation, global DNA methylation and NLRP3 expression was up-regulated in human chronic bladder inflammatory tissues. The epigenetic silencing of DNA damage repair gene, Ogg1, could be reversed by the use of demethylating agents. In mice, demethylating agents reversed cyclophosphamide-induced bladder inflammation and detrusor expansion. The transgenic knock-out of Ogg1 in as few as 10% of the detrusor cells tripled the proliferation of the remaining wild type counterparts in an in vitro co-culture titration experiment. Antagonizing IL-1β with Anakinra, a rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic, prevented detrusor proliferation in conditioned media experiments as well as in a mouse model of bladder inflammation. Radiation treatment validated the role of DNA damage in the NLRP3-associated caspase 1-mediated IL-1β secretory phenotype. A protein array analysis identified IGF1 to be downstream of IL-1β signaling. IL-1β-induced detrusor proliferation and hypertrophy could be reversed with the use of Anakinra as well as an IGF1 neutralizing antibody. IL-1β antagonists in current clinical practice can exploit the revealed mechanism for DNA damage-mediated muscular expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Haldar
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Christopher Dru
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, and
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048,
| | - Ana Fernandez
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, and
| | - Shea Biondi
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, and
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- From the Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, and
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Siu MK, Tsai YC, Chang YS, Yin JJ, Suau F, Chen WY, Liu YN. Transforming growth factor-β promotes prostate bone metastasis through induction of microRNA-96 and activation of the mTOR pathway. Oncogene 2014; 34:4767-76. [PMID: 25531317 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is enriched in the bone matrix and serves as a key factor in promoting bone metastasis in cancer. In addition, TGFβ signaling activates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions, which is important for the malignant progression. Here, we demonstrate that TGFβ regulates the level of microRNA-96 (miR-96) through Smad-dependent transcription and that miR-96 promotes the bone metastasis in prostate cancer. The enhanced effects in cellular growth and invasiveness suggest that miR-96 functions as an oncomir/and metastamir. Supporting this idea, we identified a downstream target of the TGFβ-miR-96 signaling pathway to be AKT1S1 mRNA, whose translated protein is a negative regulator of mTOR kinase. Our findings provide a novel mechanism accounting for the TGFβ signaling and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Siu
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Tsai
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-S Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J J Yin
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Suau
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W-Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-N Liu
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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75
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Choi SYC, Lin D, Gout PW, Collins CC, Xu Y, Wang Y. Lessons from patient-derived xenografts for better in vitro modeling of human cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:222-37. [PMID: 25305336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel cancer therapeutics is often plagued by discrepancies between drug efficacies obtained in preclinical studies and outcomes of clinical trials. The inconsistencies can be attributed to a lack of clinical relevance of the cancer models used for drug testing. While commonly used in vitro culture systems are advantageous for addressing specific experimental questions, they are often gross, fidelity-lacking simplifications that largely ignore the heterogeneity of cancers as well as the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Factors such as tumor architecture, interactions among cancer cells and between cancer and stromal cells, and an acidic tumor microenvironment are critical characteristics observed in patient-derived cancer xenograft models and in the clinic. By mimicking these crucial in vivo characteristics through use of 3D cultures, co-culture systems and acidic culture conditions, an in vitro cancer model/microenvironment that is more physiologically relevant may be engineered to produce results more readily applicable to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Colin C Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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76
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Nandana S, Chung LWK. Prostate cancer progression and metastasis: potential regulatory pathways for therapeutic targeting. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:92-101. [PMID: 25374910 PMCID: PMC4219303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal metastasis in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Research utilizing animal models during the past decade has reached a consensus that PCa progression and distant metastasis can be tackled at the molecular level. Although there are a good number of models that have shown to facilitate the study of PCa initiation and progression at the primary site, models that mimic the distant dissemination of cancer cells, particularly bone metastasis, are scarce. Despite this limitation, the field has gleaned valuable knowledge on the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathways of PCa progression, including local invasion and distant metastasis, and has moved forward in developing the concepts of current therapeutic modalities. The purpose of this review is to put together recent work on pathways that are currently being targeted for therapy, as well as other prospective novel therapeutic targets to be developed in the future against metastatic and potentially lethal PCa in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nandana
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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77
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Omori A, Miyagawa S, Ogino Y, Harada M, Ishii K, Sugimura Y, Ogino H, Nakagata N, Yamada G. Essential roles of epithelial bone morphogenetic protein signaling during prostatic development. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2534-44. [PMID: 24731097 PMCID: PMC4060178 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate is a male sex-accessory organ. The prostatic epithelia consist primarily of basal and luminal cells that differentiate from embryonic urogenital sinus epithelia. Prostate tumors are believed to originate in the basal and luminal cells. However, factors that promote normal epithelial differentiation have not been well elucidated, particularly for bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling. This study shows that Bmp signaling prominently increases during prostatic differentiation in the luminal epithelia, which is monitored by the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8. To elucidate the mechanism of epithelial differentiation and the function of Bmp signaling during prostatic development, conditional male mutant mouse analysis for the epithelial-specific Bmp receptor 1a (Bmpr1a) was performed. We demonstrate that Bmp signaling is indispensable for luminal cell maturation, which regulates basal cell proliferation. Expression of the prostatic epithelial regulatory gene Nkx3.1 was significantly reduced in the Bmpr1a mutants. These results indicate that Bmp signaling is a key factor for prostatic epithelial differentiation, possibly by controlling the prostatic regulatory gene Nkx3.1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Epithelium/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Omori
- Department of Developmental Genetics (A.O., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (S.M., Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Science, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Clinical Anatomy (M.H.), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8591, Japan; Department of Oncologic Pathology (K.I.), and Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology (Y.S.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; Department of Animal Bioscience (H.O.), Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan; and Division of Reproductive Engineering (N.N.), Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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78
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Abstract
WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability and apoptosis, as well as by maintaining adult stem cells in a pluripotent state. Not surprisingly, aberrant regulation of this pathway is therefore associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration. Despite this knowledge, therapeutic agents specifically targeting the WNT pathway have only recently entered clinical trials and none has yet been approved. This Review examines the problems and potential solutions to this vexing situation and attempts to bring them into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kahn
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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79
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Prostate cancer and bone: the elective affinities. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:167035. [PMID: 24971315 PMCID: PMC4058249 DOI: 10.1155/2014/167035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The onset of metastases dramatically changes the prognosis of prostate cancer patients, determining increased morbidity and a drastic fall in survival expectancy. Bone is a common site of metastases in few types of cancer, and it represents the most frequent metastatic site in prostate cancer. Of note, the prevalence of tumor relapse to the bone appears to be increasing over the years, likely due to a longer overall survival of prostate cancer patients. Bone tropism represents an intriguing challenge for researchers also because the preference of prostate cancer cells for the bone is the result of a sequential series of targetable molecular events. Many factors have been associated with the peculiar ability of prostate cancer cells to migrate in bone marrow and to determine mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic lesions. As anticipated by the success of current targeted therapy aimed to block bone resorption, a better understanding of molecular affinity between prostate cancer and bone microenvironment will permit us to cure bone metastasis and to improve prognosis of prostate cancer patients.
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80
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LEE HYERIM, HWANG KYUNGA, CHOI KYUNGCHUL. The estrogen receptor signaling pathway activated by phthalates is linked with transforming growth factor-β in the progression of LNCaP prostate cancer models. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:595-602. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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81
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Sheikh A, Niazi AK, Ahmed MZ, Iqbal B, Anwer SMS, Khan HH. The role of Wnt signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and implications for anticancer therapeutics. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2014; 12:13. [PMID: 24817919 PMCID: PMC4014746 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt proteins are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that occupy crucial roles in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, proliferation, migration and polarity, cell fate specification, body axis patterning and self-renewal in stem cells. The canonical pathway has been implicated in a variety of cancers. As such, it is only fair to conclude that therapies targeting the Wnt pathway may play an essential role in the future of anticancer therapeutics, both alone or in conjunction with traditional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfandyar Sheikh
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Bushra Iqbal
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Saad Anwer
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hira Hussain Khan
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
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82
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Yokoyama NN, Shao S, Hoang BH, Mercola D, Zi X. Wnt signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: implications for therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:27-44. [PMID: 25143959 PMCID: PMC4219296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that Wnt signaling plays complex roles in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although not all data were consistent, β-catenin nuclear localization and its co-localization with androgen receptor (AR) were more frequently observed in CRPC compared to hormone naïve prostate cancer. This direct interaction between AR and β-catenin seemed to elicit a specific expression of a set of target genes in low androgen conditions in CRPC. Paracrine Wnt signaling also was shown to aid resistance to chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy. Results from the next generation sequencing studies (i.e. RNA-seq and whole exosome sequcing) of CRPC specimens have identified the Wnt pathway as one of the top signaling pathways with significant genomic alterations in CRPC, whereas, Wnt pathway alterations were virtually absent in hormone naïve primary prostate cancer. Furthermore, Wnt signaling has been suggested to play an important role in cancer stem cell functions in prostate cancer recurrence and resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Therefore, in this review we have summarized existing knowledge regarding potential roles of Wnt signaling in CRPC and underline Wnt signaling as a potential therapeutic target for CRPC. Further understanding of Wnt signaling in castration resistance may eventually contribute new insights into possible treatment options for this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko N Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Department of Urology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Dan Mercola
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Othopeadic Surgery, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaIrvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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83
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The Multifaceted Roles of STAT3 Signaling in the Progression of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:829-59. [PMID: 24722453 PMCID: PMC4074806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 governs essential functions of epithelial and hematopoietic cells that are often dysregulated in cancer. While the role for STAT3 in promoting the progression of many solid and hematopoietic malignancies is well established, this review will focus on the importance of STAT3 in prostate cancer progression to the incurable metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Indeed, STAT3 integrates different signaling pathways involved in the reactivation of androgen receptor pathway, stem like cells and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition that drive progression to mCRPC. As equally important, STAT3 regulates interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment as well as immune cell activation. This makes it a major factor in facilitating prostate cancer escape from detection of the immune response, promoting an immunosuppressive environment that allows growth and metastasis. Based on the multifaceted nature of STAT3 signaling in the progression to mCRPC, the promise of STAT3 as a therapeutic target to prevent prostate cancer progression and the variety of STAT3 inhibitors used in cancer therapies is discussed.
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84
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Dotto GP. Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization: stroma as a primary determinant. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1446-53. [PMID: 24691479 DOI: 10.1172/jci72589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cancer results from altered organ homeostasis rather than from deregulated control of single cells or groups of cells. This applies especially to epithelial cancer, the most common form of human solid tumors and a major cause of cancer lethality. In the vast majority of cases, in situ epithelial cancer lesions do not progress into malignancy, even if they harbor many of the genetic changes found in invasive and metastatic tumors. While changes in tumor stroma are frequently viewed as secondary to changes in the epithelium, recent evidence indicates that they can play a primary role in both cancer progression and initiation. These processes may explain the phenomenon of field cancerization, i.e., the occurrence of multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors that are preceded by and associated with widespread changes of surrounding tissue or organ "fields."
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85
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Kato S, Hayakawa Y, Sakurai H, Saiki I, Yokoyama S. Mesenchymal-transitioned cancer cells instigate the invasion of epithelial cancer cells through secretion of WNT3 and WNT5B. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:281-9. [PMID: 24344732 PMCID: PMC4317934 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the heterogeneities of epithelial and mesenchymal-transitioned cancer cells are often observed within the tumor microenvironment, the biological significance of the interaction between epithelial cancer cells and mesenchymal-transitioned cancer cells is not yet understood. In this study, we show that the mesenchymal-transitioned cancer cells instigate the invasive ability and metastatic potential of the neighboring epithelial cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We identify WNT3 and WNT5B as critical factors secreted from Transforming growth factor-induced mesenchymal cancer cells for instigating the epithelial cancer cell invasion along with the induction of secondary EMT phenotype. These results shed light on the significance of cancer heterogeneity and the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal-transitioned cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment in promoting metastatic disease through the WNT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kato
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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86
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Shimamura M, Nakahara M, Kurashige T, Yasui K, Nakashima M, Nagayama Y. Disruption of transforming growth factor-β signaling in thyroid follicular epithelial cells or intrathyroidal fibroblasts does not promote thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocr J 2014; 61:297-302. [PMID: 24335009 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) members, pleiotropic cytokines, play a critical role for carcinogenesis generally as a tumor suppressor in the early cancer development, but as a tumor promoter in the late stage of cancer progression. The present study was designed to clarify the role for TGF-β signaling in early thyroid carcinogenesis using the conditional Tgfbr2(floxE2/floxE2) knock-in mice, having 2 loxP sites at introns 1 and 2 of Tgfb2r gene. When these mice were crossed with thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-Cre or fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP1)-Cre, the resultant mice, Tgfbr2(tpoKO) and Tgfbr2(fspKO), lost TGF-β II receptor expression (thereby TGF-β signaling) specifically in the thyroid follicular epithelial cells or fibroblasts, respectively. The thyroid morphology was monitored up to 52 weeks in these mice, showing no tumor development, except one Tgfbr2(tpoKO) mouse developing follicular adenoma like-lesion. Our data suggest that TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal or follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid does not appear to function as a tumor suppressive barrier at the early stage of thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523 Japan
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87
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Carstens JL, Shahi P, Van Tsang S, Smith B, Creighton CJ, Zhang Y, Seamans A, Seethammagari M, Vedula I, Levitt JM, Ittmann MM, Rowley DR, Spencer DM. FGFR1-WNT-TGF-β signaling in prostate cancer mouse models recapitulates human reactive stroma. Cancer Res 2013; 74:609-20. [PMID: 24305876 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactive stroma surrounding tumor lesions performs critical roles ranging from supporting tumor cell proliferation to inducing tumorigenesis and metastasis. Therefore, it is critical to understand the cellular components and signaling control mechanisms that underlie the etiology of reactive stroma. Previous studies have individually implicated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling in prostate cancer progression and the initiation and maintenance of a reactive stroma; however, both pathways are frequently found to be coactivated in cancer tissue. Using autochthonous transgenic mouse models for inducible FGFR1 (JOCK1) and prostate-specific and ubiquitously expressed inducible β-catenin (Pro-Cat and Ubi-Cat, respectively) and bigenic crosses between these lines (Pro-Cat × JOCK1 and Ubi-Cat × JOCK1), we describe WNT-induced synergistic acceleration of FGFR1-driven adenocarcinoma, associated with a pronounced fibroblastic reactive stroma activation surrounding prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) lesions found both in in situ and reconstitution assays. Both mouse and human reactive stroma exhibited increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling adjacent to pathologic lesions likely contributing to invasion. Furthermore, elevated stromal TGF-β signaling was associated with higher Gleason scores in archived human biopsies, mirroring murine patterns. Our findings establish the importance of the FGFR1-WNT-TGF-β signaling axes as driving forces behind reactive stroma in aggressive prostate adenocarcinomas, deepening their relevance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne L Carstens
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Molecular and Cellular Biology; and Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; M.E. DeBakey, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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88
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Dakhova O, Rowley D, Ittmann M. Genes upregulated in prostate cancer reactive stroma promote prostate cancer progression in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:100-9. [PMID: 24150235 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Marked reactive stroma formation is associated with poor outcome in clinically localized prostate cancer. We have previously identified genes with diverse functions that are upregulated in reactive stroma. This study tests the hypothesis that expression of these genes in stromal cells enhances prostate cancer growth in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of reactive stroma genes in prostate stromal cell lines was evaluated by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and qRT-PCR. Genes were knocked down using stable expression of short-hairpin RNAs (shRNA) and the impact on tumorigenesis assessed using the differential reactive stroma (DRS) system, in which prostate stromal cell lines are mixed with LNCaP prostate cancer cells and growth as subcutaneous xenografts assessed. RESULTS Nine of 10 reactive stroma genes tested were expressed in one or more prostate stromal cell lines. Gene knockdown of c-Kit, Wnt10B, Bmi1, Gli2, or COMP all resulted in decreased tumorigenesis in the DRS model. In all tumors analyzed, angiogenesis was decreased and there were variable effects on proliferation and apoptosis in the LNCaP cells. Wnt10B has been associated with stem/progenitor cell phenotype in other tissue types. Using a RT-PCR array, we detected downregulation of multiple genes involved in stem/progenitor cell biology such as OCT4 and LIF as well as cytokines such as VEGFA, BDNF, and CSF2 in cells with Wnt10B knockdown. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that genes upregulated in prostate cancer-reactive stroma promote progression when expressed in prostate stromal cells. Moreover, these data indicate that the DRS model recapitulates key aspects of cancer cell/reactive stroma interactions in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dakhova
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine; and Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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89
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A reciprocal role of prostate cancer on stromal DNA damage. Oncogene 2013; 33:4924-31. [PMID: 24141771 PMCID: PMC4121379 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage found in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) promotes tumor progression. In the absence of somatic mutations in CAF, epigenetic changes dictate how stromal coevolution is mediated in tumors. Seventy percent of prostate cancer patients lose expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) in the stromal compartment (n=77, P-value=0.0001), similar to the rate of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) silencing. Xenografting of human prostate cancer epithelia, LNCaP, resulted in the epigenetic Tgfbr2 silencing of host mouse prostatic fibroblasts. Stromal Tgfbr2 promoter hypermethylation, initiated by LNCaP cells, was found to be dependent on interleukin 6 expression, based on neutralizing antibody studies. We further found that pharmacologic and transgenic knockout of TGF-β responsiveness in prostatic fibroblasts induced Gstp1 promoter methylation. It is known that TGF-β promotes DNA stability, however, the mechanism is not well understood. Both prostatic human CAF and mouse transgenic knockout of Tgbr2 had elevated DNA methyltransferase I (DNMT1) activity and histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) to suggest greater promoter methylation. Interestingly, the conditional knockout of Tgfbr2 in mouse prostatic fibroblasts, in modeling epigenetic silencing of Tgfbr2, had greater epigenetic gene silencing of multiple DNA damage repair and oxidative stress response genes, based on promoter methylation array analysis. Homologous gene silencing was validated by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR in mouse and human prostatic CAF. Not surprisingly, DNA damage repair gene silencing in the prostatic stromal cells corresponded with the presence of DNA damage. Restoring the expression of the epigenetically silenced genes in wild-type fibroblasts with radiation-induced DNA damage reduced tumor progression. Tumor progression was inhibited even when epigenetic silencing was reversed in the Tgfbr2-knockout prostatic fibroblasts. Taken together, fibroblastic epigenetic changes causative of DNA damage, initiated by association with cancer epithelia, is a dominant mediator of tumor progression over TGF-β responsiveness.
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90
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Goruppi S, Dotto GP. Mesenchymal stroma: primary determinant and therapeutic target for epithelial cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:593-602. [PMID: 24074947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors, originating from either dormant or de novo cancer cells, are major causes of morbidity and mortality. The age-dependent increase of cancer incidence has long been assumed to result from the sequential accumulation of cancer-driving or -facilitating mutations with induction of cellular senescence as a protective mechanism. However, recent evidence suggests that the initiation and development of epithelial cancer results from a close interplay with its altered tissue microenvironment, with chronic inflammation, stromal senescence, autophagy, and the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) playing possible primary roles. We will discuss recent progress in these areas, and highlight how this understanding may be used for devising novel preventive and therapeutic approaches to the epithelial cancer problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Goruppi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street Building 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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91
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Molecular characterization of prostate cancer following androgen deprivation: the devil in the details. Eur Urol 2013; 66:40-1. [PMID: 24011425 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Sluka P, Davis ID. Cell mates: paracrine and stromal targets for prostate cancer therapy. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:441-51. [PMID: 23857181 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
After many years of limited treatment options for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), multiple systemic therapies are now available, providing patients with significant improvements in survival, symptom control and bone health. Most of the recent advances in this area have been based on better understanding of mCRPC biology, particularly with respect to the key role of androgen receptor signalling. However, most therapies are targeted towards the malignant epithelial cell component of the cancer and it should not be forgotten that cancer cells exist in close and symbiotic relationships with other components of the tumour. Paracrine and stromal signals are often critical to the growth of the cancer and represent new potential therapeutic targets that are separate from the malignant epithelial cells. The stroma produces numerous growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor family members, platelet-derived growth factors and fibroblast growth factors, which are all critical for tumour growth. Targeting prostate-cancer-associated fibroblasts in order to destroy the physical and functional scaffold of a cancer is also a logical approach. The interaction between prostate cancer and the immune system remains an active topic of basic and clinical research, with cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being potential targets for therapy. The biology of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and of circulating tumour cells might also provide insight into new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sluka
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3128, Australia
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93
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miR-211 promotes the progression of head and neck carcinomas by targeting TGFβRII. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:115-24. [PMID: 23726841 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
miR-211 up-regulation and transforming growth factor-β type II receptor (TGFβRII) down-regulation are associated with poor prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). miR-211 directly targets TGFβRII with the miR-211-TGFβRII-c-Myc axis promoting HNSCC progression. An inverse correlation of miR-211 and TGFβRII expression was found in metastatic HNSCC samples. After 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide induction, more severe epithelial tumorigenesis was detected on K14-miR-211 transgenic mouse dorsal tongues. Human metastatic lesions and mouse tongue tumors showed increased nuclear c-Myc expression. A novel role for miR-211 in the regulation of TGFβRII and c-Myc during tumorigenesis being revealed should help to develop anti-HNSCC therapies.
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94
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Sabutoclax, a Mcl-1 antagonist, inhibits tumorigenesis in transgenic mouse and human xenograft models of prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2013; 14:656-65. [PMID: 22904682 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to available therapeutic agents has been a common problem thwarting progress in treatment of castrate-resistant and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Overexpression of the Bcl-2 family members, including Mcl-1, in PCa cells is known to inhibit intracellular mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Here we report the development of a novel transgenic mouse model that spontaneously develops prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma by the inducible, conditional knockout of transforming growth factor β receptor type II in stromal fibroblastic cells (Tgfbr2(ColTKO)). The Tgfbr2(ColTKO) prostate epithelia demonstrated down-regulation of luminal and basal differentiation markers, as well as Pten expression and up-regulation of Mcl-1. However, unlike in men, Tgfbr2(ColTKO) prostates exhibited no regression acutely after castration. The administration of Sabutoclax (BI-97C1), a pan-active Bcl-2 protein family antagonist mediated apoptosis in castrate-resistant PCa cells of Tgfbr2(ColTKO) mice and human subcutaneous, orthotopic, and intratibial xenograft PCa models. Interestingly, Sabutoclax had little apoptotic effect on benign prostate tissue in Tgfbr2(ColTKO) and wild-type mice. Sabutoclax was able to block c-Met activation, a critical axis in PCa metastatic progression. Further, Sabutoclax synergistically sensitized PC-3 cells to the cytotoxic effects of docetaxel (Taxotere). Together, these data suggest that Sabutoclax inhibits castrate-resistant PCa alone at the primary and bone metastatic site as well as support sensitivity to docetaxel treatment.
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95
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Achyut BR, Bader DA, Robles AI, Wangsa D, Harris CC, Ried T, Yang L. Inflammation-mediated genetic and epigenetic alterations drive cancer development in the neighboring epithelium upon stromal abrogation of TGF-β signaling. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003251. [PMID: 23408900 PMCID: PMC3567148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of tumor suppressor genes in stromal fibroblasts induces epithelial cancer development, suggesting an important role of stroma in epithelial homoeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here we report that deletion of the gene encoding TGFβ receptor 2 (Tgfbr2) in the stromal fibroblasts (Tgfbr2fspKO) induces inflammation and significant DNA damage in the neighboring epithelia of the forestomach. This results in loss or down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15, p16, and p21, which contribute to the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Anti-inflammation treatment restored p21 expression, delayed tumorigenesis, and increased survival of Tgfbr2fspKO mice. Our data demonstrate for the first time that inflammation is a critical player in the epigenetic silencing of p21 in tumor progression. Examination of human esophageal SCC showed a down-regulation of TGFβ receptor 2 (TβRII) in the stromal fibroblasts, as well as increased inflammation, DNA damage, and loss or decreased p15/p16 expression. Our study suggests anti-inflammation may be a new therapeutic option in treating human SCCs with down-regulation of TβRII in the stroma. Cancer is no longer regarded as a problem of solely cancer cells. The development and metastasis of cancers clearly involves many aspects of the host. We sought to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial cancer development due to alterations in stromal cells. Using an animal model in which TGF-β signaling is deleted in stromal fibroblasts, we found that inflammation and DNA damage are induced in the epithelial compartment and are responsible for the loss of cell cycle–dependent kinase inhibitors, leading to the compromise of epithelial cell cycle control. These results are important in understanding the stromal-tumor cross talk which has been an important focus in cancer biology in recent years. Our findings suggest that careful examination of the stromal compartment is important and that anti-inflammation therapy may be a new chemoprevention option for epithelial cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Achyut
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Robles
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Abstract
Since the initial discovery of the oncogenic activity of WNT1 in mouse mammary glands, our appreciation for the complex roles for WNT signalling pathways in cancer has increased dramatically. WNTs and their downstream effectors regulate various processes that are important for cancer progression, including tumour initiation, tumour growth, cell senescence, cell death, differentiation and metastasis. Although WNT signalling pathways have been difficult to target, improved drug-discovery platforms and new technologies have facilitated the discovery of agents that can alter WNT signalling in preclinical models, thus setting the stage for clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Anastas
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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97
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Abstract
Reactive stroma initiates during early prostate cancer development and coevolves with prostate cancer progression. Previous studies have defined the key markers of reactive stroma and have established that reactive stroma biology influences prostate tumorigenesis and progression. The stem/progenitor cells of origin and the mechanisms that regulate their recruitment and activation to myofibroblasts or carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are essentially unknown. Key regulatory factors have been identified, including transforming growth factor β, interleukin-8, fibroblast growth factors, connective tissue growth factor, wingless homologs-Wnts, and stromal cell-derived factor-1, among others. The biology of reactive stroma in cancer is similar to the more predictable biology of the stroma compartment during wound repair at sites where the epithelial barrier function is breached and a stromal response is generated. The coevolution of reactive stroma and the biology of how reactive stroma-carcinoma interactions regulate cancer progression and metastasis are targets for new therapeutic approaches. Such approaches are strategically designed to inhibit cancer progression by uncoupling the reactive stroma niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Barron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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98
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99
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Wang S, Noberini R, Stebbins JL, Das S, Zhang Z, Wu B, Mitra S, Billet S, Fernandez A, Bhowmick NA, Kitada S, Pasquale EB, Fisher PB, Pellecchia M. Targeted delivery of paclitaxel to EphA2-expressing cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:128-37. [PMID: 23155185 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE YSA is an EphA2-targeting peptide that effectively delivers anticancer agents to prostate cancer tumors. Here, we report on how we increased the drug-like properties of this delivery system. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By introducing non-natural amino acids, we have designed two new EphA2 targeting peptides: YNH, where norleucine and homoserine replace the two methionine residues of YSA, and dYNH, where a D-tyrosine replaces the L-tyrosine at the first position of the YNH peptide. We describe the details of the synthesis of YNH and dYNH paclitaxel conjugates (YNH-PTX and dYNH-PTX) and their characterization in cells and in vivo. RESULTS dYNH-PTX showed improved stability in mouse serum and significantly reduced tumor size in a prostate cancer xenograft model and also reduced tumor vasculature in a syngeneic orthotopic allograft mouse model of renal cancer compared with vehicle or paclitaxel treatments. CONCLUSION This study reveals that targeting EphA2 with dYNH drug conjugates could represent an effective way to deliver anticancer agents to a variety of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 90237, USA
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Miles FL, Tung NS, Aguiar AA, Kurtoglu S, Sikes RA. Increased TGF-β1-mediated suppression of growth and motility in castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells is consistent with Smad2/3 signaling. Prostate 2012; 72:1339-50. [PMID: 22228025 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated TGF-β levels are associated with prostate cancer progression. Although TGF-β is a tumor suppressor for normal epithelial and early-stage cancer cells, it may act paradoxically as a tumor promoter in more advanced cancers, although its effects are largely cell and context dependent. This study analyzed prostate cancer responses to TGF-β signaling in an isogenic model of androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. METHODS Phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad3 were analyzed using immunoblotting. Proliferation and cell cycle responses to TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) were assessed using growth assays and flow cytometry for DNA content, as well as Western blot and immunoprecipitation of cell cycle proteins. RESULTS Both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and castration-resistant (C4-2 and C4-2B) prostate cancer cell lines demonstrated TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 that was robust in metastatic lines. Smad phosphorylation was completely abrogated with inhibition of ALK-5 kinase activity using the kinase inhibitor, SB-431542. Increased sensitivity to TGF-β1-mediated growth inhibition was observed in C4-2 and C4-2B cells, as compared to LNCaP cells. This was paralleled with downregulation of Cyclin D and increased association of p15(Ink4b) or p27(Kip) with CDK's. Additionally, TGF-β1 inhibited motility and invasion of metastatic cell lines. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β-mediated suppression of growth and motility is enhanced in metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Enhanced TGF-β1-induced Smad2 and -3 signaling in prostate cancer cells may correlate with tumor suppressive activity. Therefore, the direct effects of TGF-β1 on prostate cancer cells post-castration may be anti-tumorigenic and growth-suppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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