51
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Goponenko AV, Dzenis YA. Role of Mechanical Factors in Applications of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gels - Status and Prospects. POLYMER 2016; 101:415-449. [PMID: 28348443 PMCID: PMC5365095 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique characteristics such as multifold change of volume in response to minute change in the environment, resemblance of soft biological tissues, ability to operate in wet environments, and chemical tailorability, stimuli responsive gels represent a versatile and very promising class of materials for sensors, muscle-type actuators, biomedical applications, and autonomous intelligent structures. Success of these materials in practical applications largely depends on their ability to fulfill application-specific mechanical requirements. This article provides an overview of recent application-driven development of covalent polymer gels with special emphasis on the relevant mechanical factors and properties. A short account of mechanisms of gel swelling and mechanical characteristics of importance to stimuli-responsive gels is presented. The review highlights major barriers for wider application of these materials and discusses latest advances and potential future directions toward overcoming these barriers, including interpenetrating networks, homogeneous networks, nanocomposites, and nanofilamentary gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Goponenko
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yuris A. Dzenis
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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52
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Guo H, Sanson N, Hourdet D, Marcellan A. Thermoresponsive Toughening with Crack Bifurcation in Phase-Separated Hydrogels under Isochoric Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5857-5864. [PMID: 27159115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel mode of gel toughening displaying crack bifurcation is highlighted in phase-separated hydrogels. By exploring original covalent network topologies, phase-separated gels under isochoric conditions demonstrate advanced thermoresponsive mechanical properties: excellent fatigue resistance, self-healing, and remarkable fracture energies. Beyond the phase-transition temperature, the fracture proceeds by a systematic crack-bifurcation process, unreported so far in gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL - Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR CNRS 7615, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231, Paris 5, France
| | - Nicolas Sanson
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL - Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR CNRS 7615, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231, Paris 5, France
| | - Dominique Hourdet
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL - Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR CNRS 7615, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231, Paris 5, France
| | - Alba Marcellan
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL - Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR CNRS 7615, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231, Paris 5, France
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53
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Chemical structure and remarkably enhanced mechanical properties of chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid)/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogels. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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54
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Photonic hydrogel sensors. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:250-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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55
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Zhou L, Sun N, Xu L, Chen X, Cheng H, Wang J, Pei R. Dual signal amplification by an “on-command” pure DNA hydrogel encapsulating HRP for colorimetric detection of ochratoxin A. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23462c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A pure DNA hydrogel, consisting of two kinds of Y-scaffold nucleic acid subunits and the aptamer domain of ochratoxin A, undergoes a switchable gel-to-sol transition in the presence of ochratoxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Lijun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Jine Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
| | - Renjun Pei
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
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56
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Zhao LZ, Zhou CH, Wang J, Tong DS, Yu WH, Wang H. Recent advances in clay mineral-containing nanocomposite hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:9229-9246. [PMID: 26435008 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clay mineral-containing nanocomposite hydrogels have been proven to have exceptional composition, properties, and applications, and consequently have attracted a significant amount of research effort over the past few years. The objective of this paper is to summarize and evaluate scientific advances in clay mineral-containing nanocomposite hydrogels in terms of their specific preparation, formation mechanisms, properties, and applications, and to identify the prevailing challenges and future directions in the field. The state-of-the-art of existing technologies and insights into the exfoliation of layered clay minerals, in particular montmorillonite and LAPONITE®, are discussed first. The formation and structural characteristics of polymer/clay nanocomposite hydrogels made from in situ free radical polymerization, supramolecular assembly, and freezing-thawing cycles are then examined. Studies indicate that additional hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, coordination bonds, hydrophobic interaction, and even covalent bonds could occur between the clay mineral nanoplatelets and polymer chains, thereby leading to the formation of unique three-dimensional networks. Accordingly, the hydrogels exhibit exceptional optical and mechanical properties, swelling-deswelling behavior, and stimuli-responsiveness, reflecting the remarkable effects of clay minerals. With the pivotal roles of clay minerals in clay mineral-containing nanocomposite hydrogels, the nanocomposite hydrogels possess great potential as superabsorbents, drug vehicles, tissue scaffolds, wound dressing, and biosensors. Future studies should lay emphasis on the formation mechanisms with in-depth insights into interfacial interactions, the tactical functionalization of clay minerals and polymers for desired properties, and expanding of their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhi Zhao
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), Institute of Advanced Catalytic Materials, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Chun Hui Zhou
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), Institute of Advanced Catalytic Materials, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China. and Key Laboratory of Clay Minerals of Ministry of Land and Resources of The People's Republic of China, Engineering Research Center of Non-metallic Minerals of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fibre Composites, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia.
| | - Dong Shen Tong
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), Institute of Advanced Catalytic Materials, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Wei Hua Yu
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), Institute of Advanced Catalytic Materials, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fibre Composites, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia.
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57
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Swelling Dynamics of a DNA-Polymer Hybrid Hydrogel Prepared Using Polyethylene Glycol as a Porogen. Gels 2015; 1:219-234. [PMID: 30674174 PMCID: PMC6318656 DOI: 10.3390/gels1020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-polyacrylamide hybrid hydrogels designed with covalent and double-stranded (dsDNA) crosslinks respond to specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes by adapting new equilibrium swelling volume. The ssDNA probes need to be designed with a base pair sequence that is complementary to one of the strands in a dsDNA supported network junction. This work focuses on tuning the hydrogel swelling kinetics by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a pore-forming agent. Adding PEG during the preparation of hydrogels, followed by removal after polymerization, has been shown to improve the swelling dynamics of DNA hybrid hydrogels upon specific ssDNA probe recognition. The presence of porogen did not influence the kinetics of osmotic pressure-driven (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)-co-acrylamide (AMPSA-co-AAm) hydrogels’ swelling, which is in contrast to the DNA-sensitive hydrogels. The difference in the effect of using PEG as a porogen in these two cases is discussed in view of processes leading to the swelling of the gels.
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58
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Costa AM, Mano JF. Extremely strong and tough hydrogels as prospective candidates for tissue repair – A review. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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59
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Lucantonio A, Noselli G, Trepat X, DeSimone A, Arroyo M. Hydraulic Fracture and Toughening of a Brittle Layer Bonded to a Hydrogel. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:188105. [PMID: 26565503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.188105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Brittle materials propagate opening cracks under tension. When stress increases beyond a critical magnitude, then quasistatic crack propagation becomes unstable. In the presence of several precracks, a brittle material always propagates only the weakest crack, leading to catastrophic failure. Here, we show that all these features of brittle fracture are fundamentally modified when the material susceptible to cracking is bonded to a hydrogel, a common situation in biological tissues. In the presence of the hydrogel, the brittle material can fracture in compression and can hydraulically resist cracking in tension. Furthermore, the poroelastic coupling regularizes the crack dynamics and enhances material toughness by promoting multiple cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lucantonio
- SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Noselli
- SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio DeSimone
- SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marino Arroyo
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, C/ Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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60
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Palomino K, Suarez-Meraz KA, Serrano-Medina A, Olivas A, Samano EC, Cornejo-Bravo JM. Microstructured poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with fast temperature response for pulsatile drug delivery. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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61
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Multi-sensitive copolymer hydrogels of N-isopropylacrylamide with several polymerizable azobenzene-containing monomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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62
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Wang T, Wang S, Zhang X, Song G, Yu Y, Chen X, Fu Y, Zhang J, Yang B. Responsive etalon based on PNIPAM@SiO₂ composite spacer with rapid response rate and excellent repeatability for sensing application. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:285501. [PMID: 26118366 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/28/285501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a responsive etalon fabricated through combining colloidal lithography and surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The responsive etalon is simply constructed with one responsive spacer sandwiched by two reflective layers, and the middle responsive spacer is constructed by grafting thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes on a SiO2 nanosphere array. The etalon possesses one single interference peak in the visible region, and the interference peak changes sensitively against the concentration of the external stimulant (water vapor) or the temperature of the system, owing to the responsiveness of the PNIPAM brush. Importantly, the as-prepared etalon shows a rapid response rate and excellent stability, and it is also handy to realize the miniaturization and integration of the responsive etalon based on a conventional micro-fabrication method. These features all make the as-prepared responsive etalon an attractive candidate for future sensing applications. We believe such responsive etalons are promising for the fabrication of smart photonic materials and optical sensors that may be useful in tissue engineering, medical diagnosis, public security, and biochip areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieqiang Wang
- Research Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
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63
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Xu B, Zhang Y, Liu W. Hydrogen-Bonding Toughened Hydrogels and Emerging CO2
-Responsive Shape Memory Effect. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1585-91. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
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64
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Tong R, Wang L, Yu H, Zain-ul-Abdin, Khalid H, Akram M, Chen Y. Redox and Temperature Dual Responsive Gel Based on Host–Guest Assembly. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-015-0210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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65
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Preparation, physicochemical and stability studies of chitosan-PNIPAM based responsive microgels under various pH and temperature conditions. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-015-0324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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66
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Frydrych M, Román S, Green NH, MacNeil S, Chen B. Thermoresponsive, stretchable, biodegradable and biocompatible poly(glycerol sebacate)-based polyurethane hydrogels. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and characterization of thermoresponsive, stretchable, biodegradable and biocompatible poly(glycerol sebacate)-based polyurethane hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frydrych
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Sabiniano Román
- Kroto Research Institute
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Nicola H. Green
- Kroto Research Institute
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Kroto Research Institute
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Biqiong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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67
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Benito-Lopez F, Antoñana-Díez M, Curto VF, Diamond D, Castro-López V. Modular microfluidic valve structures based on reversible thermoresponsive ionogel actuators. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3530-8. [PMID: 25019339 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time the use of a cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) ionogel encapsulating the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulphate as a thermoresponsive and modular microfluidic valve. The ionogel presents superior actuation behaviour to its equivalent hydrogel. Ionogel swelling and shrinking mechanisms and kinetics are investigated as well as the performance of the ionogel when integrated as a valve in a microfluidic device. The modular microfluidic valve demonstrates fully a reversible on-off behaviour without failure for up to eight actuation cycles and a pressure resistance of 1100 mbar.
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68
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Sirousazar M, Forough M, Farhadi K, Shaabani Y, Molaei R. Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical, Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug, Delivery and Wound Care. Adv Healthc Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118774205.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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69
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Sivadas AP, Kumar NSS, Prabhu DD, Varghese S, Prasad SK, Rao DSS, Das S. Supergelation via Purely Aromatic π–π Driven Self-Assembly of Pseudodiscotic Oxadiazole Mesogens. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5416-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500607d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh P. Sivadas
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division,
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
and Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019 India
| | - N. S. Saleesh Kumar
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division,
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
and Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019 India
| | - Deepak D. Prabhu
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division,
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
and Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019 India
| | - Shinto Varghese
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division,
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
and Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019 India
| | | | | | - Suresh Das
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division,
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)
and Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019 India
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70
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Zhao X. Multi-scale multi-mechanism design of tough hydrogels: building dissipation into stretchy networks. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:672-87. [PMID: 24834901 PMCID: PMC4040255 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As swollen polymer networks in water, hydrogels are usually brittle. However, hydrogels with high toughness play critical roles in many plant and animal tissues as well as in diverse engineering applications. Here we review the intrinsic mechanisms of a wide variety of tough hydrogels developed over the past few decades. We show that tough hydrogels generally possess mechanisms to dissipate substantial mechanical energy but still maintain high elasticity under deformation. The integrations and interactions of different mechanisms for dissipating energy and maintaining elasticity are essential to the design of tough hydrogels. A matrix that combines various mechanisms is constructed for the first time to guide the design of next-generation tough hydrogels. We further highlight that a particularly promising strategy for the design is to implement multiple mechanisms across multiple length scales into nano-, micro-, meso-, and macro-structures of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Zhao
- Soft Active Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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71
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Oliveira MJ, Estefânia O, Lúcia M, Regina M, Amato VS, Lugão AB, Parra DF. Influence of chitosan/clay in drug delivery of glucantime from PVP membranes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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72
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Guo W, Qi XJ, Orbach R, Lu CH, Freage L, Mironi-Harpaz I, Seliktar D, Yang HH, Willner I. Reversible Ag+-crosslinked DNA hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4065-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49140d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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73
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Haraguchi K. Soft Nanohybrid Materials Consisting of Polymer–Clay Networks. ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID NANOMATERIALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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74
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Wu L, Ohtani M, Tamesue S, Ishida Y, Aida T. High water content clay-nanocomposite hydrogels incorporating guanidinium-pendant methacrylamide: Tuning of mechanical and swelling properties by supramolecular approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Masataka Ohtani
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shingo Tamesue
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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75
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Wang E, Desai MS, Lee SW. Light-controlled graphene-elastin composite hydrogel actuators. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2826-30. [PMID: 23647361 PMCID: PMC3737518 DOI: 10.1021/nl401088b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels actuators (HAs) that can reversibly respond to stimuli have applications in diverse fields. However, faster response rates and improved control over actuation timing and location are required to fulfill their potential. To address these criteria, we synthesized near-infrared light-driven HAs by interfacing genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptides with reduced-graphene oxide sheets. The resulting nanocomposites exhibited rapid and tunable motions controlled by light position, intensity, and path, including finger-like flexing and crawling. This work demonstrates the ability of rationally designed proteins to be combined with synthetic nanoparticles for the creation of macroscale functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Malav S. Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Seung-Wuk Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
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Döring A, Birnbaum W, Kuckling D. Responsive hydrogels--structurally and dimensionally optimized smart frameworks for applications in catalysis, micro-system technology and material science. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7391-420. [PMID: 23677178 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the technological and scientific importance of functional polymers has been well established over the last few decades, the most recent focus that has attracted much attention has been on stimuli-responsive polymers. This group of materials is of particular interest due to its ability to respond to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli, which is often manifested as large macroscopic responses. Aside from scientific challenges of designing stimuli-responsive polymers, the main technological interest lies in their numerous applications ranging from catalysis through microsystem technology and chemomechanical actuators to sensors that have been extensively explored. Since the phase transition phenomenon of hydrogels is theoretically well understood advanced materials based on the predictions can be prepared. Since the volume phase transition of hydrogels is a diffusion-limited process the size of the synthesized hydrogels is an important factor. Consistent downscaling of the gel size will result in fast smart gels with sufficient response times. In order to apply smart gels in microsystems and sensors, new preparation techniques for hydrogels have to be developed. For the up-coming nanotechnology, nano-sized gels as actuating materials would be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artjom Döring
- Chemistry Department, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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77
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Hao X, Liu H, Xie Y, Fang C, Yang H. Thermal-responsive self-healing hydrogel based on hydrophobically modified chitosan and vesicle. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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78
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Ziółkowski B, Bleek K, Twamley B, Fraser KJ, Byrne R, Diamond D, Taubert A. Magnetic Ionogels (MagIGs) Based on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and the Ionic Liquid Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Dicyanamide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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79
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Hu J, Kurokawa T, Hiwatashi K, Nakajima T, Wu ZL, Liang SM, Gong JP. Structure Optimization and Mechanical Model for Microgel-Reinforced Hydrogels with High Strength and Toughness. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3003664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenta Hiwatashi
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Song Miao Liang
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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80
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The effect of oxidation on the degradation of photocrosslinkable alginate hydrogels. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3503-14. [PMID: 22336294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported on a new photocrosslinkable alginate-based hydrogel, which has controllable physical and cell adhesive properties. The macromer solution containing cells can be injected in a minimally invasive manner into a defect site and crosslinked while maintaining high cell viability. The number of hydrolyzable ester bonds in the formed crosslinks may be controlled by altering the degree of methacrylation on the alginate polymer backbone. However, the degradation rate of the hydrogels has been found to be slower in vivo than in vitro. The purpose of this study was to develop photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels with an increased range of biodegradation rates for more rapid in vivo biodegradation in regenerative medicine and bioactive factor delivery applications. Therefore, we oxidized alginate prior to methacrylation to change the uronate residue conformations to an open-chain adduct, which makes it more vulnerable to hydrolysis. Here, we demonstrate that the swelling behavior, degradation profiles, and storage moduli of photocrosslinked hydrogels formed from oxidized, methacrylated alginates (OMAs) are tunable by varying the degree of alginate oxidation. The OMA macromers and photocrosslinked OMA hydrogels exhibited cytocompatibility when cultured with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs). In addition, hMSCs derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue photoencapsulated within these hydrogels remained viable, and their proliferation rate was a function of alginate oxidation level and initial hydrogel weight fraction. Oxidation permits a wider range of photocrosslinked OMA hydrogels physical properties, which may enhance these therapeutic materials' utility in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
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81
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Araki J, Ohkawa K, Uchida Y, Murakami Y. Synthesis of a “molecular rope curtain”: Preparation and characterization of a sliding graft copolymer with grafted poly(ethylene glycol) side chains by the “grafting onto” strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Spridon D, Curecheriu L, Dobromir M, Dumitrascu N. Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) under atmospheric pressure plasma conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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83
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Li L, Xing X, Liu Z. Triply-responsive (thermo/light/pH) copolymeric hydrogel of N-isopropylacrylamide with an azobenzene-containing monomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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84
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Li Y, Zhang J, Fang L, Wang T, Zhu S, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Cui L, Yang B. Fabrication of silicon/polymer composite nanopost arrays and their sensing applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2769-2774. [PMID: 22039611 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel technique is reported for fabricating silicon/polymer composite nanopost arrays by combining colloidal lithography and surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. The composite nanopost arrays possess a core/shell nanoarchitecture, with shells of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and cores of silicon nanoposts. The polymer brush possesses quasi-3D homogeneous nanoarchitectures due to the controllable polymerization process using the surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization technique. The composite nanopost arrays are durable due to the particular nanoarchitectures. The backbone templates of the composites are silicon nanopost arrays directly etched from silicon substrates, and the polymer shell is covalently grafted from the arrays. The composite nanopost arrays exhibit vivid colors. Moreover, the colors of the composite nanopost arrays can be tuned from green to red by changing the thickness of fi lm. Specifically, the composite nanopost arrays can be used as sensors to rapidly detect water vapors with high stability and reproducibility. Many different functional surfaces could be prepared through this technique using other functional monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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85
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Thermoreversible UCST-type phase behavior of comb-like poly(N-phenyl maleimide-co-n-octadecyl vinyl ether) in organic media. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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86
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García-García JM, Liras M, Quijada-Garrido I, Gallardo A, París R. Swelling control in thermo-responsive hydrogels based on 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate by crosslinking and copolymerization with N-isopropylacrylamide. Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2011.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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87
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Tang Y, Heaysman CL, Willis S, Lewis AL. Physical hydrogels with self-assembled nanostructures as drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1141-59. [PMID: 21619469 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.588205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As an essential complement to chemically crosslinked hydrogels, drug delivery systems based on physical hydrogels with self-assembled nanostructures are gaining increasing attention, owing to potential advantages of reduced toxicity, convenience of in situ gel formation, stimuli-responsiveness, reversible sol-gel transition, and improved drug loading and delivery profiles. AREAS COVERED In this review, drug delivery systems based on physical hydrogels are discussed according to their self-assembled nanostructures, such as micelles, layer-by-layer constructs, supramolecular inclusion complexes, polyelectrolyte complexes and crystalline structures. The driving forces of the self-assembly include hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking and weak van der Waals forces. Stimuli-responsive properties of physical hydrogels, including thermo- and pH-sensitivity, are considered with particular focus on self-assembled nanostructures. EXPERT OPINION Fabricating self-assembled nanostructures in drug delivery hydrogels, via physical interactions between polymer-polymer and polymer-drug, requires accurately controlled macro- or small molecular architecture and a comprehensive knowledge of the physicochemical properties of the therapeutics. A variety of nanostructures within hydrogels, with which payloads may interact, provide useful means to stabilize the drug form and control its release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Tang
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Chapman House, Farnham, Surrey, UK.
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88
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Wang Q, Samitsu S, Ichinose I. Ultrafiltration membranes composed of highly cross-linked cationic polymer gel: the network structure and superior separation performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:2004-2008. [PMID: 21413087 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Wang
- Organic Nanomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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