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Lin Y, Jiang L, He Q, Yuan M, Cao J. Progress and perspective of organoid technology in cancer-related translational medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112869. [PMID: 35358798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro simplified and miniature microcosms of internal organs, which have aroused great interest in tissue development, multiple disease models, clinical diagnosis, as well as high-throughput drug screening and personalized medicine and so on. The success of physiology-related organoid culture has greatly advanced the translational medicine research in the field of cancer treatment, which was once troubled by the inconsistency between two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and in vivo studies. Especially in recent years, the success rate of establish an organoid has been greatly improved, and the types of organoids have been gradually enriched. Moreover, the utilizing of some the cutting-edge technologies, including gene editing technology such as CRISPR-Cas9, the scope of application of organoid is broadened. In this review, we discuss the latest progress and applications of organoids, and also outline the potential challenges of organoids for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ji Cao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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52
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Lan T, Qian S, Tang C, Gao J. Role of Immune Cells in Biliary Repair. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866040. [PMID: 35432349 PMCID: PMC9005827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary system is comprised of cholangiocytes and plays an important role in maintaining liver function. Under normal conditions, cholangiocytes remain in the stationary phase and maintain a very low turnover rate. However, the robust biliary repair is initiated in disease conditions, and different repair mechanisms can be activated depending on the pathological changes. During biliary disease, immune cells including monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells are recruited to the liver. The cellular interactions between cholangiocytes and these recruited immune cells as well as hepatic resident immune cells, including Kupffer cells, determine disease outcomes. However, the role of immune cells in the initiation, regulation, and suspension of biliary repair remains elusive. The cellular processes of cholangiocyte proliferation, progenitor cell differentiation, and hepatocyte-cholangiocyte transdifferentiation during biliary diseases are reviewed to manifest the underlying mechanism of biliary repair. Furthermore, the potential role of immune cells in crucial biliary repair mechanisms is highlighted. The mechanisms of biliary repair in immune-mediated cholangiopathies, inherited cholangiopathies, obstructive cholangiopathies, and cholangiocarcinoma are also summarized. Additionally, novel techniques that could clarify the underlying mechanisms of biliary repair are displayed. Collectively, this review aims to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of biliary repair and contributes potential novel therapeutic methods for treating biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuaijie Qian
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang Z, Zhao S, Lin X, Chen G, Kang J, Ma Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Xiao X, He A, Xiang D. Application of Organoids in Carcinogenesis Modeling and Tumor Vaccination. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855996. [PMID: 35371988 PMCID: PMC8968694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids well recapitulate organ-specific functions from their tissue of origin and remain fundamental aspects of organogenesis. Organoids are widely applied in biomedical research, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. There are various cultivated organoid systems induced by adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells, or directly derived from primary tissues. Researchers have drawn inspiration by combination of organoid technology and tissue engineering to produce organoids with more physiological relevance and suitable for translational medicine. This review describes the value of applying organoids for tumorigenesis modeling and tumor vaccination. We summarize the application of organoids in tumor precision medicine. Extant challenges that need to be conquered to make this technology be more feasible and precise are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, the Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Kang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yiming Wang
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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54
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DNA methylation maintenance at the p53 locus initiates biliary-mediated liver regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 35351894 PMCID: PMC8964678 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cases of extensive liver injury, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) dedifferentiate into bipotential progenitor cells (BPPCs), then redifferentiate into hepatocytes and BECs to accomplish liver regeneration. Whether epigenetic regulations, particularly DNA methylation maintenance enzymes, play a role in this biliary-mediated liver regeneration remains unknown. Here we show that in response to extensive hepatocyte damages, expression of dnmt1 is upregulated in BECs to methylate DNA at the p53 locus, which represses p53 transcription, and in turn, derepresses mTORC1 signaling to activate BEC dedifferentiation. After BEC dedifferentiation and BPPC formation, DNA methylation at the p53 locus maintains in BPPCs to continue blocking p53 transcription, which derepresses Bmp signaling to induce BPPC redifferentiation. Thus, this study reveals promotive roles and mechanisms of DNA methylation at the p53 locus in both dedifferentiation and redifferentiation stages of biliary-mediated liver regeneration, implicating DNA methylation and p53 as potential targets to stimulate regeneration after extensive liver injury.
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55
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Willemse J, van Tienderen G, van Hengel E, Schurink I, van der Ven D, Kan Y, de Ruiter P, Rosmark O, Westergren-Thorsson G G, Schneeberger K, van der Eerden B, Roest H, Spee B, van der Laan L, de Jonge J, Verstegen M. Hydrogels derived from decellularized liver tissue support the growth and differentiation of cholangiocyte organoids. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121473. [PMID: 35344800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cholangiocyte organoids are promising for regenerative medicine applications, such as repair of damaged bile ducts. However, organoids are typically cultured in mouse tumor-derived basement membrane extracts (BME), which is poorly defined, highly variable and limits the direct clinical applications of organoids in patients. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived hydrogels prepared from decellularized human or porcine livers are attractive alternative culture substrates. Here, the culture and expansion of human cholangiocyte organoids in liver ECM(LECM)-derived hydrogels is described. These hydrogels support proliferation of cholangiocyte organoids and maintain the cholangiocyte-like phenotype. The use of LECM hydrogels does not significantly alter the expression of selected genes or proteins, such as the cholangiocyte marker cytokeratin-7, and no species-specific effect is found between human or porcine LECM hydrogels. Proliferation rates of organoids cultured in LECM hydrogels are lower, but the differentiation capacity of the cholangiocyte organoids towards hepatocyte-like cells is not altered by the presence of tissue-specific ECM components. Moreover, human LECM extracts support the expansion of ICO in a dynamic culture set up without the need for laborious static culture of organoids in hydrogel domes. Liver ECM hydrogels can successfully replace tumor-derived BME and can potentially unlock the full clinical potential of human cholangiocyte organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke Willemse
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles van Tienderen
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eline van Hengel
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Schurink
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van der Ven
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yik Kan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra de Ruiter
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oskar Rosmark
- Lung Biology, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Erasmus MC-University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Roest
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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In vivo CRISPR screening identifies BAZ2 chromatin remodelers as druggable regulators of mammalian liver regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:372-385.e8. [PMID: 35090595 PMCID: PMC8897233 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying new pathways that regulate mammalian regeneration is challenging due to the paucity of in vivo screening approaches. We employed pooled CRISPR knockout and activation screening in the regenerating liver to evaluate 165 chromatin regulatory proteins. Both screens identified the imitation-SWI chromatin remodeling components Baz2a and Baz2b, not previously implicated in regeneration. In vivo sgRNA, siRNA, and knockout strategies against either paralog confirmed increased regeneration. Distinct BAZ2-specific bromodomain inhibitors, GSK2801 and BAZ2-ICR, resulted in accelerated liver healing after diverse injuries. Inhibitor-treated mice also exhibited improved healing in an inflammatory bowel disease model, suggesting multi-tissue applicability. Transcriptomics on regenerating livers showed increases in ribosomal and cell cycle mRNAs. Surprisingly, CRISPRa screening to define mechanisms showed that overproducing Rpl10a or Rpl24 was sufficient to drive regeneration, whereas Rpl24 haploinsufficiency was rate limiting for BAZ2 inhibition-mediated regeneration. The discovery of regenerative roles for imitation-SWI components provides immediate strategies to enhance tissue repair.
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57
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Yin Y, Kong D, He K, Xia Q. Aurora kinase A regulates liver regeneration through macrophages polarization and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Liver Int 2022; 42:468-478. [PMID: 34719108 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver regeneration is a complex process regulated by a variety of cells, cytokines and biological pathways. Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a role in centrosome maturation and spindle formation during the cell division cycle. The purpose of this study was to further explore the mechanism of AURKA on liver regeneration and to identify new possible targets for liver regeneration. METHODS The effect and mechanism of AURKA on liver regeneration were studied using a 70% hepatectomy model. Human liver organoids were used as an in vitro model to investigate the effect of AURKA on hepatocyte proliferation. RESULTS AURKA inhibition significantly reduced the level of β-catenin protein by reducing the phosphorylation level of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), leading to the inhibition of liver regeneration. Further studies showed that AURKA co-localized and interacted with GSK-3β in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. When phosphorylation of GSK-3β was enhanced, the total GSK-3β level remained unchanged, while AURKA was not affected, and β-catenin protein levels were increased. In addition, AURKA inhibition affected the formation and proliferation of human liver organoids. Furthermore, AURKA inhibition led to the polarization of M1 macrophages and the release of interleukin-6 and Tumour necrosis factor α, which also led to reduced liver regeneration and increased liver injury. CONCLUSIONS These results provide more details on the mechanism of liver regeneration and suggest that AURKA is an important regulator of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Yin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Defu Kong
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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58
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Riley SE, Feng Y, Hansen CG. Hippo-Yap/Taz signalling in zebrafish regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35087046 PMCID: PMC8795407 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of tissue regeneration varies widely between species. Mammals have a limited regenerative capacity whilst lower vertebrates such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater teleost, can robustly regenerate a range of tissues, including the spinal cord, heart, and fin. The molecular and cellular basis of this altered response is one of intense investigation. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the association between zebrafish regeneration and Hippo pathway function, a phosphorylation cascade that regulates cell proliferation, mechanotransduction, stem cell fate, and tumorigenesis, amongst others. We also compare this function to Hippo pathway activity in the regenerative response of other species. We find that the Hippo pathway effectors Yap/Taz facilitate zebrafish regeneration and that this appears to be latent in mammals, suggesting that therapeutically promoting precise and temporal YAP/TAZ signalling in humans may enhance regeneration and hence reduce morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna E Riley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yi Feng
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Carsten Gram Hansen
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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59
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Pou Casellas C, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC. Controlling cellular plasticity to improve in vitro models for kidney regeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that self-organize from human pluripotent stem cells or primary tissue, potentially serving as a traceable and manipulatable platform to facilitate our understanding of organogenesis. Despite the ongoing advancement in generating organoids of diverse systems, biological applications of in vitro generated organoids remain as a major challenge in part due to a substantial lack of intricate complexity. The studies of development and regeneration enumerate the essential roles of highly diversified nonepithelial populations such as mesenchyme and endothelium in directing fate specification, morphogenesis, and maturation. Furthermore, organoids with physiological and homeostatic functions require direct and indirect inter-organ crosstalk recapitulating what is seen in organogenesis. We herein review the evolving organoid technology at the cell, tissue, organ, and system level with a main emphasis on endoderm derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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61
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Roos FJM, Wu H, Willemse J, Lieshout R, Albarinos LAM, Kan Y, Poley J, Bruno MJ, de Jonge J, Bártfai R, Marks H, IJzermans JNM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW. Cholangiocyte organoids from human bile retain a local phenotype and can repopulate bile ducts in vitro. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e566. [PMID: 34954911 PMCID: PMC8710298 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-established 3D organoid culture method enabled efficient expansion of cholangiocyte-like cells from intrahepatic (IHBD) and extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) tissue biopsies. The extensive expansion capacity of these organoids enables various applications, from cholangiocyte disease modelling to bile duct tissue engineering. Recent research demonstrated the feasibility of culturing cholangiocyte organoids from bile, which was minimal-invasive collected via endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography (ERCP). However, a detailed analysis of these bile cholangiocyte organoids (BCOs) and the cellular region of origin was not yet demonstrated. In this study, we characterize BCOs and mirror them to the already established organoids initiated from IHBD- and EHBD-tissue. We demonstrate successful organoid-initiation from extrahepatic bile collected from gallbladder after resection and by ERCP or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopathy from a variety of patients. BCOs initiated from these three sources of bile all show features similar to in vivo cholangiocytes. The regional-specific characteristics of the BCOs are reflected by the exclusive expression of regional common bile duct genes (HOXB2 and HOXB3) by ERCP-derived BCOs and gallbladder-derived BCOs expressing gallbladder-specific genes. Moreover, BCOs have limited hepatocyte-fate differentiation potential compared to intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. These results indicate that organoid-initiating cells in bile are likely of local (extrahepatic) origin and are not of intrahepatic origin. Regarding the functionality of organoid initiating cells in bile, we demonstrate that BCOs efficiently repopulate decellularized EHBD scaffolds and restore the monolayer of cholangiocyte-like cells in vitro. Bile samples obtained through minimally invasive procedures provide a safe and effective alternative source of cholangiocyte organoids. The shedding of (organoid-initiating) cholangiocytes in bile provides a convenient source of organoids for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J. M. Roos
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jorke Willemse
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Yik‐Yang Kan
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Werner Poley
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard Bártfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. IJzermans
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Monique M. A. Verstegen
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Luc J. W. van der Laan
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Shiota J, Samuelson LC, Razumilava N. Hepatobiliary Organoids and Their Applications for Studies of Liver Health and Disease: Are We There Yet? Hepatology 2021; 74:2251-2263. [PMID: 33638203 PMCID: PMC9067600 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organoid culture systems have emerged as a frontier technology in liver and biliary research. These three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures derived from pluripotent and adult hepatobiliary cells model organ structure and function. Building on gastrointestinal organoid establishment, hepatobiliary organoid cultures were generated from mouse leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive liver progenitor cells. Subsequently, 3D hepatobiliary organoid cultures were developed from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to model human and animal hepatobiliary health and disease. Hepatocyte organoids have been used to study Alagille syndrome, fatty liver disease, Wilson disease, hepatitis B viral infection, and cystic fibrosis. Cholangiocyte organoids have been established to study normal cholangiocyte biology and primary sclerosing cholangitis and to test organoid potential to form bile ducts and gallbladder tissue in vitro. Hepatobiliary cancer organoids, termed tumoroids, have been established from frozen and fresh human tissues and used as a drug-testing platform and for biobanking of cancer samples. CRISPR-based gene modifications and organoid exposure to infectious agents have permitted the generation of organoid models of carcinogenesis. This review summarizes currently available adult cell-derived hepatobiliary organoid models and their applications. Challenges faced by this young technology will be discussed, including the cellular immaturity of organoid-derived hepatocytes, co-culture development to better model complex tissue structure, the imperfection of extracellular matrices, and the absence of standardized protocols and model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Shiota
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Cell-Based Regeneration and Treatment of Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910276. [PMID: 34638617 PMCID: PMC8508969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, in combination with a functional biliary system, is responsible for maintaining a great number of vital body functions. However, acute and chronic liver diseases may lead to irreversible liver damage and, ultimately, liver failure. At the moment, the best curative option for patients suffering from end-stage liver disease is liver transplantation. However, the number of donor livers required by far surpasses the supply, leading to a significant organ shortage. Cellular therapies play an increasing role in the restoration of organ function and can be integrated into organ transplantation protocols. Different types and sources of stem cells are considered for this purpose, but highly specific immune cells are also the focus of attention when developing individualized therapies. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanisms governing cell differentiation and engraftment is crucial for clinical implementation. Additionally, novel technologies such as ex vivo machine perfusion and recent developments in tissue engineering may hold promising potential for the implementation of cell-based therapies to restore proper organ function.
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64
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Aloia L. The influence of tissue spatial geometry and functional organisation on liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 130:70-78. [PMID: 34563460 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult liver exerts crucial functions, including nutrient metabolism and storage, bile production and drug detoxification. These complex functions expose the liver to constant damage induced by toxins, metabolic intermediates and oxidative stress. However, the adult liver exhibits an exceptional regenerative potential, which allows fast and efficient restoration of tissue architecture and function both after tissue resection and toxic damage. To accomplish its vital role, the liver shows a peculiar tissue architecture into functional units, which follow the gradient of oxygen and nutrients within the parenchyma. Much less is known about the influence of tissue spatial geometry and functional organisation on adult liver regeneration. Here I examine the experimental evidence in mouse models showing that the spatial organisation of the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments plays a key role in liver regeneration and favours the establishment of regenerative adult liver progenitors following liver injury. I also discuss the advantages and limitations of human and mouse 3D hepatic organoid systems, which recapitulate key aspects of liver function and architecture, as models of liver regeneration and disease. Finally, I analyse the role of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators as a central hub sensing the extra-cellular matrix (ECM), metabolic and epigenetic remodelling that regulate liver regeneration and promote liver disease, such as fibrosis, chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Together, the findings summarised here demonstrate that local physical and functional cellular interactions determined by the liver peculiar spatial geometry, play a crucial role in liver regeneration, and that their alterations have important implications for human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloia
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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65
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Campana L, Esser H, Huch M, Forbes S. Liver regeneration and inflammation: from fundamental science to clinical applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:608-624. [PMID: 34079104 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complex process involving the crosstalk of multiple cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells. The healthy liver is mitotically quiescent, but following toxic damage or resection the cells can rapidly enter the cell cycle to restore liver mass and function. During this process of regeneration, epithelial and non-parenchymal cells respond in a tightly coordinated fashion. Recent studies have described the interaction between inflammatory cells and a number of other cell types in the liver. In particular, macrophages can support biliary regeneration, contribute to fibrosis remodelling by repressing hepatic stellate cell activation and improve liver regeneration by scavenging dead or dying cells in situ. In this Review, we describe the mechanisms of tissue repair following damage, highlighting the close relationship between inflammation and liver regeneration, and discuss how recent findings can help design novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Campana
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hannah Esser
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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66
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Sun L, Hui L. Progress in human liver organoids. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:607-617. [PMID: 32236564 PMCID: PMC7683012 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the development, regeneration, and disorders of the liver is the major goal in liver biology. Current mechanistic knowledge of human livers has been largely derived from mouse models and cell lines, which fall short in recapitulating the features of human liver cells or the structures and functions of human livers. Organoids as an in vitro system hold the promise to generate organ-like tissues in a dish. Recent advances in human liver organoids also facilitate the understanding of the biology and diseases in this complex organ. Here we review the progress in human liver organoids, mainly focusing on the methods to generate liver organoids, their applications, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215121, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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67
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Cordero-Espinoza L, Dowbaj AM, Kohler TN, Strauss B, Sarlidou O, Belenguer G, Pacini C, Martins NP, Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, Butler R, Prior N, Serup P, Jug F, Henderson NC, Hollfelder F, Huch M. Dynamic cell contacts between periportal mesenchyme and ductal epithelium act as a rheostat for liver cell proliferation. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1907-1921.e8. [PMID: 34343491 PMCID: PMC8577825 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the liver, ductal cells rarely proliferate during homeostasis but do so transiently after tissue injury. These cells can be expanded as organoids that recapitulate several of the cell-autonomous mechanisms of regeneration but lack the stromal interactions of the native tissue. Here, using organoid co-cultures that recapitulate the ductal-to-mesenchymal cell architecture of the portal tract, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of mouse periportal mesenchymal cells exerts dual control on proliferation of the epithelium. Ductal cell proliferation is either induced and sustained or, conversely, completely abolished, depending on the number of direct mesenchymal cell contacts, through a mechanism mediated, at least in part, by Notch signaling. Our findings expand the concept of the cellular niche in epithelial tissues, whereby not only soluble factors but also cell-cell contacts are the key regulatory cues involved in the control of cellular behaviors, suggesting a critical role for cell-cell contacts during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Anna M Dowbaj
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Timo N Kohler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Olga Sarlidou
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - German Belenguer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Clare Pacini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nuno P Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John R Wilson-Kanamori
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard Butler
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Nicole Prior
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Palle Serup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Florian Jug
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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68
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Zhang C, Macchi F, Magnani E, Sadler KC. Chromatin states shaped by an epigenetic code confer regenerative potential to the mouse liver. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4110. [PMID: 34226551 PMCID: PMC8257577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the highly controlled pattern of gene expression that is essential for liver regeneration is encoded by an epigenetic code set in quiescent hepatocytes. Here we report that epigenetic and transcriptomic profiling of quiescent and regenerating mouse livers define chromatin states that dictate gene expression and transposon repression. We integrate ATACseq and DNA methylation profiling with ChIPseq for the histone marks H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 and the histone variant H2AZ to identify 6 chromatin states with distinct functional characteristics. We show that genes involved in proliferation reside in active states, but are marked with H3K27me3 and silenced in quiescent livers. We find that during regeneration, H3K27me3 is depleted from their promoters, facilitating their dynamic expression. These findings demonstrate that hepatic chromatin states in quiescent livers predict gene expression and that pro-regenerative genes are maintained in active chromatin states, but are restrained by H3K27me3, permitting a rapid and synchronized response during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- grid.440573.1Biology Program, NYU Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Filippo Macchi
- grid.440573.1Biology Program, NYU Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elena Magnani
- grid.440573.1Biology Program, NYU Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirsten C. Sadler
- grid.440573.1Biology Program, NYU Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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69
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Sato K, Zhang W, Safarikia S, Isidan A, Chen AM, Li P, Francis H, Kennedy L, Baiocchi L, Alvaro D, Glaser S, Ekser B, Alpini G. Organoids and Spheroids as Models for Studying Cholestatic Liver Injury and Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2021; 74:491-502. [PMID: 33222247 PMCID: PMC8529583 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary atresia, and cholangiocarcinoma, have limited experimental models. Not only cholangiocytes but also other hepatic cells including hepatic stellate cells and macrophages are involved in the pathophysiology of cholangiopathies, and these hepatic cells orchestrate the coordinated response against diseased conditions. Classic two-dimensional monolayer cell cultures do not resemble intercellular cell-to-cell interaction and communication; however, three-dimensional cell culture systems, such as organoids and spheroids, can mimic cellular interaction and architecture between hepatic cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the generation of hepatic or biliary organoids/spheroids using various cell sources including pluripotent stem cells, hepatic progenitor cells, primary cells from liver biopsies, and immortalized cell lines. Gene manipulation, such as transfection and transduction can be performed in organoids, and established organoids have functional characteristics which can be suitable for drug screening. This review summarizes current methodologies for organoid/spheroid formation and a potential for three-dimensional hepatic cell cultures as in vitro models of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Samira Safarikia
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdulkadir Isidan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Angela M. Chen
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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70
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Minnis-Lyons SE, Ferreira-González S, Aleksieva N, Man TY, Gadd VL, Williams MJ, Guest RV, Lu WY, Dwyer BJ, Jamieson T, Nixon C, Van Hul N, Lemaigre FP, McCafferty J, Leclercq IA, Sansom OJ, Boulter L, Forbes SJ. Notch-IGF1 signaling during liver regeneration drives biliary epithelial cell expansion and inhibits hepatocyte differentiation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eaay9185. [PMID: 34158399 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay9185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the adult liver, a population of facultative progenitor cells called biliary epithelial cells (BECs) proliferate and differentiate into cholangiocytes and hepatocytes after injury, thereby restoring liver function. In mammalian models of chronic liver injury, Notch signaling is essential for bile duct formation from these cells. However, the continual proliferation of BECs and differentiation of hepatocytes in these models have limited their use for determining whether Notch signaling is required for BECs to replenish hepatocytes after injury in the mammalian liver. Here, we used a temporally restricted model of hepatic repair in which large-scale hepatocyte injury and regeneration are initiated through the acute loss of Mdm2 in hepatocytes, resulting in the rapid, coordinated proliferation of BECs. We found that transient, early activation of Notch1- and Notch3-mediated signaling and entrance into the cell cycle preceded the phenotypic expansion of BECs into hepatocytes. Notch inhibition reduced BEC proliferation, which resulted in failure of BECs to differentiate into hepatocytes, indicating that Notch-dependent expansion of BECs is essential for hepatocyte regeneration. Notch signaling increased the abundance of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in BECs, and activating IGFR signaling increased BEC numbers but suppressed BEC differentiation into hepatocytes. These results suggest that different signaling mechanisms control BEC expansion and hepatocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Minnis-Lyons
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Niya Aleksieva
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael J Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel V Guest
- Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin J Dwyer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tam Jamieson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Noemi Van Hul
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - John McCafferty
- IONTAS Ltd., Iconix Park, London Road, Pampisford, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.
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71
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Zhu X, Zhang B, He Y, Bao J. Liver Organoids: Formation Strategies and Biomedical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:573-585. [PMID: 34132985 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most important digestive organ in the body. Several studies have explored liver biology and diseases related to the liver. However, most of these studies have only explored liver development, mechanism of liver regeneration and pathophysiology of liver diseases mainly based on two-dimensional (2D) cell lines and animal models. Traditional 2D cell lines do not represent the complex three-dimensional tissue architecture whereas animal models are limited by inter-species differences. These shortcomings limit understanding of liver biology and diseases. Liver organoid technology is effective in elucidating structural and physiological characteristics and basic tissue-level functions of liver tissue. In this review, formation strategies and a wide range of applications in biomedicine of liver organoid are summarized. Liver organoids are derived from single type cell culture, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, primary hepatocytes, and primary cholangiocytes and multi-type cells co-culture, such as iPSC-derived hepatic endoderm cells co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord-derived endothelial cells. In vitro studies report that liver organoids are a promising model for regenerative medicine, organogenesis, liver regeneration, disease modelling, drug screening and personalized treatment. Liver organoids are a promising in vitro model for basic research and for development of clinical therapeutic interventions for hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bingqi Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuting He
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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72
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Buecker C, Merkle FT. Science shines in a new virtual SY-Stem. Development 2021; 148:dev188367. [PMID: 34170290 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The third 'Symposium for the Next Generation of Stem Cell Research' (SY-Stem) was held virtually on 3-5 March 2021, having been cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As in previous years, the meeting highlighted the work of early career researchers, ranging from postgraduate students to young group leaders working in developmental and stem cell biology. Here, we summarize the excellent work presented at the Symposium, which covered topics ranging from pluripotency, species-specific aspects of development and emerging technologies, through to organoids, single-cell technology and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buecker
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr Bohr Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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73
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Marsee A, Roos FJM, Verstegen MMA, Gehart H, de Koning E, Lemaigre F, Forbes SJ, Peng WC, Huch M, Takebe T, Vallier L, Clevers H, van der Laan LJW, Spee B. Building consensus on definition and nomenclature of hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:816-832. [PMID: 33961769 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear definitions and nomenclature describing these systems also grows. To facilitate scientific communication and consistent interpretation, we revisit the concept of an organoid and introduce an intuitive classification system and nomenclature for describing these 3D structures through the consensus of experts in the field. To promote the standardization and validation of HPB organoids, we propose guidelines for establishing, characterizing, and benchmarking future systems. Finally, we address some of the major challenges to the clinical application of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Marsee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eelco de Koning
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Lemaigre
- Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Weng Chuan Peng
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, and Center for Stem Cell, and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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74
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Roos FJM, Bijvelds MJC, Verstegen MMA, Roest HP, Metselaar HJ, Polak WG, Jonge HRD, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Impact of hypoxia and AMPK on CFTR-mediated bicarbonate secretion in human cholangiocyte organoids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G741-G752. [PMID: 33655768 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes express cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is involved in bicarbonate secretion for the protection against bile toxicity. During liver transplantation, prolonged hypoxia of the graft is associated with cholangiocyte loss and biliary complications. Hypoxia is known to diminish CFTR activity in the intestine, but whether it affects CFTR activity in cholangiocytes remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hypoxia on CFTR activity in intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) and test drug interventions to restore bicarbonate secretion. Fifteen different human ICOs were cultured as monolayers and ion channel [CFTR and anoctamin-1 (ANO1)] activity was determined using an Ussing chamber assay with or without AMP kinase (AMPK) inhibitor under hypoxic and oxygenated conditions. Bile toxicity was tested by apical exposure of cells to fresh human bile. Overall gene expression analysis showed a high similarity between ICOs and primary cholangiocytes. Under oxygenated conditions, both CFTR and ANO1 channels were responsible for forskolin and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) UTP-activated anion secretion. Forskolin stimulation in the absence of intracellular chloride showed ion transport, indicating that bicarbonate could be secreted by CFTR. During hypoxia, CFTR activity significantly decreased (P = 0.01). Switching from oxygen to hypoxia during CFTR measurements reduced CFTR activity (P = 0.03). Consequently, cell death increased when ICO monolayers were exposed to bile during hypoxia compared with oxygen (P = 0.04). Importantly, addition of AMPK inhibitor restored CFTR-mediated anion secretion during hypoxia. ICOs provide an excellent model to study cholangiocyte anion channels and drug-related interventions. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia affects cholangiocyte ion secretion, leaving cholangiocytes vulnerable to bile toxicity. The mechanistic insights from this model maybe relevant for hypoxia-related biliary injury during liver transplantation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The previously described liver-derived organoids resemble primary cholangiocytes and should be properly named intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs). ICOs have functional cholangiocyte ion channels (CFTR and ANO1). CFTR might be able to secrete bicarbonate directly into the bile duct lumen. Hypoxia inhibits CFTR and ANO1 functionality in ICOs, which can partially be restored by addition of an AMP kinase inhibitor. Hypoxia impairs cholangiocyte resistance against cytotoxic effects of bile, resulting in increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech G Polak
- Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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75
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So J, Kim M, Lee SH, Ko S, Lee DA, Park H, Azuma M, Parsons MJ, Prober D, Shin D. Attenuating the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Sex-Determining Region Y-Box 9 Axis Promotes Liver Progenitor Cell-Mediated Liver Regeneration in Zebrafish. Hepatology 2021; 73:1494-1508. [PMID: 32602149 PMCID: PMC7769917 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The liver is a highly regenerative organ, but its regenerative capacity is compromised in severe liver injury settings. In chronic liver diseases, the number of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) correlates proportionally to disease severity, implying that their inefficient differentiation into hepatocytes exacerbates the disease. Moreover, LPCs secrete proinflammatory cytokines; thus, their prolonged presence worsens inflammation and induces fibrosis. Promoting LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation in patients with advanced liver disease, for whom liver transplantation is currently the only therapeutic option, may be a feasible clinical approach because such promotion generates more functional hepatocytes and concomitantly reduces inflammation and fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, using zebrafish models of LPC-mediated liver regeneration, we present a proof of principle of such therapeutics by demonstrating a role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes. We found that suppression of EGFR signaling promoted LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation through the mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) cascade. Pharmacological inhibition of EGFR or MEK/ERK promoted LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation as well as genetic suppression of the EGFR-ERK-SOX9 axis. Moreover, Sox9b overexpression in LPCs blocked their differentiation into hepatocytes. In the zebrafish liver injury model, both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells contributed to LPCs. EGFR inhibition promoted the differentiation of LPCs regardless of their origin. Notably, short-term treatment with EGFR inhibitors resulted in better liver recovery over the long term. CONCLUSIONS The EGFR-ERK-SOX9 axis suppresses LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation during LPC-mediated liver regeneration. We suggest EGFR inhibitors as a proregenerative therapeutic drug for patients with advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Minwook Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Present address: Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel A. Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mizuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael J. Parsons
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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76
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Chembazhi UV, Bangru S, Hernaez M, Kalsotra A. Cellular plasticity balances the metabolic and proliferation dynamics of a regenerating liver. Genome Res 2021; 31:576-591. [PMID: 33649154 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.29.124263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The adult liver has an exceptional ability to regenerate, but how it maintains its specialized functions during regeneration is unclear. Here, we used partial hepatectomy (PHx) in tandem with single-cell transcriptomics to track cellular transitions and heterogeneities of ∼22,000 liver cells through the initiation, progression, and termination phases of mouse liver regeneration. Our results uncovered that, following PHx, a subset of hepatocytes transiently reactivates an early-postnatal-like gene expression program to proliferate, while a distinct population of metabolically hyperactive cells appears to compensate for any temporary deficits in liver function. Cumulative EdU labeling and immunostaining of metabolic, portal, and central vein-specific markers revealed that hepatocyte proliferation after PHx initiates in the midlobular region before proceeding toward the periportal and pericentral areas. We further demonstrate that portal and central vein proximal hepatocytes retain their metabolically active state to preserve essential liver functions while midlobular cells proliferate nearby. Through combined analysis of gene regulatory networks and cell-cell interaction maps, we found that regenerating hepatocytes redeploy key developmental regulons, which are guided by extensive ligand-receptor-mediated signaling events between hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Altogether, our study offers a detailed blueprint of the intercellular crosstalk and cellular reprogramming that balances the metabolic and proliferative requirements of a regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullas V Chembazhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mikel Hernaez
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008 Navarra, Spain
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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77
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Aloia L. Epigenetic Regulation of Cell-Fate Changes That Determine Adult Liver Regeneration After Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643055. [PMID: 33732709 PMCID: PMC7957008 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult liver has excellent regenerative potential following injury. In contrast to other organs of the body that have high cellular turnover during homeostasis (e.g., intestine, stomach, and skin), the adult liver is a slowly self-renewing organ and does not contain a defined stem-cell compartment that maintains homeostasis. However, tissue damage induces significant proliferation across the liver and can trigger cell-fate changes, such as trans-differentiation and de-differentiation into liver progenitors, which contribute to efficient tissue regeneration and restoration of liver functions. Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to regulate cell-fate decisions in both embryonic and adult tissues in response to environmental cues. Underlying their relevance in liver biology, expression levels and epigenetic activity of chromatin modifiers are often altered in chronic liver disease and liver cancer. In this review, I examine the role of several chromatin modifiers in the regulation of cell-fate changes that determine efficient adult liver epithelial regeneration in response to tissue injury in mouse models. Specifically, I focus on epigenetic mechanisms such as chromatin remodelling, DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, and histone methylation and deacetylation. Finally, I address how altered epigenetic mechanisms and the interplay between epigenetics and metabolism may contribute to the initiation and progression of liver disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aloia
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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78
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Kitto LJ, Henderson NC. Hepatic Stellate Cell Regulation of Liver Regeneration and Repair. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:358-370. [PMID: 33681672 PMCID: PMC7917274 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic mesenchyme has been studied extensively in the context of liver fibrosis; however, much less is known regarding the role of mesenchymal cells during liver regeneration. As our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving hepatic regeneration deepens, the key role of the mesenchymal compartment during the regenerative response has been increasingly appreciated. Single-cell genomics approaches have recently uncovered both spatial and functional zonation of the hepatic mesenchyme in homeostasis and following liver injury. Here we discuss how the use of preclinical models, from in vivo mouse models to organoid-based systems, are helping to shape our understanding of the role of the mesenchyme during liver regeneration, and how these approaches should facilitate the precise identification of highly targeted, pro-regenerative therapies for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Kitto
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics UnitInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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79
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Tao SC, Huang JY, Li ZX, Zhan S, Guo SC. Small extracellular vesicles with LncRNA H19 "overload": YAP Regulation as a Tendon Repair Therapeutic Tactic. iScience 2021; 24:102200. [PMID: 33733065 PMCID: PMC7937563 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional healing of tendon injuries remains a great challenge. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have received attention as pro-regenerative agents. H19 overexpression could bring tendon regenerative ability, but the mechanism is still not fully elucidated, and reliable method for delivery of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) was demanded. We identified the downstream mechanism of H19, the activation of yes-associated protein (YAP) via the H19-PP1-YAP axis. We established tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) stably overexpressing H19 with CRISPR-dCas9-based hnRNP A2/B1 activation (H19-CP-TSPCs). H19-OL-sEVs (H19 “overloading” sEVs) could be produced effectively from H19-CP-TSPCs. Only H19-OL-sEVs were able to significantly load large amounts of H19 rather than other competitors, and the potential of H19-OL-sEVs to promote tendon healing was far better than that of other competitors. Our study established a relatively reliable method for enrichment of LncRNAs into sEVs, providing new hints for modularized sEV-based therapies, and modularized sEVs represented a potential strategy for tendon regeneration. H19 overexpression enhances tendon regeneration H19 dephosphorylates and activates YAP hnRNP A2/B1 assists the enrichment of H19 into sEVs H19-OL-sEVs promote tendon regeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ji-Yan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 185 Pu'an Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Zi-Xiang Li
- Department of Medicine, Soochou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shi Zhan
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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80
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LeBlanc L, Ramirez N, Kim J. Context-dependent roles of YAP/TAZ in stem cell fates and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4201-4219. [PMID: 33582842 PMCID: PMC8164607 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hippo effectors YAP and TAZ control cell fate and survival through various mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation of key genes. However, much of this research has been marked by conflicting results, as well as controversy over whether YAP and TAZ are redundant. A substantial portion of the discordance stems from their contradictory roles in stem cell self-renewal vs. differentiation and cancer cell survival vs. apoptosis. In this review, we present an overview of the multiple context-dependent functions of YAP and TAZ in regulating cell fate decisions in stem cells and organoids, as well as their mechanisms of controlling programmed cell death pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Nereida Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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81
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Roos FJM, Verstegen MMA, Muñoz Albarinos L, Roest HP, Poley JW, Tetteroo GWM, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Human Bile Contains Cholangiocyte Organoid-Initiating Cells Which Expand as Functional Cholangiocytes in Non-canonical Wnt Stimulating Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:630492. [PMID: 33634107 PMCID: PMC7900156 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.630492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the bile duct (cholangiopathies) remain a common indication for liver transplantation, while little progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the underlying pathophysiology. This is largely due to lack of proper in vitro model systems to study cholangiopathies. Recently, a culture method has been developed that allows for expansion of human bile duct epithelial cells grown as extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ncECOs) in non-canonical Wnt-stimulating conditions. These ncECOs closely resemble cholangiocytes in culture and have shown to efficiently repopulate collagen scaffolds that could act as functional biliary tissue in mice. Thus far, initiation of ncECOs required tissue samples, thereby limiting broad patient-specific applications. Here, we report that bile fluid, which can be less invasively obtained and with low risk for the patients, is an alternative source for culturing ncECOs. Further characterization showed that bile-derived cholangiocyte organoids (ncBCOs) are highly similar to ncECOs obtained from bile duct tissue biopsies. Compared to the previously reported bile-cholangiocyte organoids cultured in canonical Wnt-stimulation conditions, ncBCOs have superior function of cholangiocyte ion channels and are able to respond to secretin and somatostatin. In conclusion, bile is a new, less invasive, source for patient-derived cholangiocyte organoids and makes their regenerative medicine applications more safe and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Muñoz Albarinos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Geert W M Tetteroo
- Department of Surgery, IJsselland Hospital, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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82
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Tulasi DY, Castaneda DM, Wager K, Hogan CB, Alcedo KP, Raab JR, Gracz AD. Sox9 EGFP Defines Biliary Epithelial Heterogeneity Downstream of Yap Activity. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1437-1462. [PMID: 33497866 PMCID: PMC8024983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Defining the genetic heterogeneity of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (BECs) is challenging, and tools for identifying BEC subpopulations are limited. Here, we characterize the expression of a Sox9EGFP transgene in the liver and demonstrate that green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression levels are associated with distinct cell types. METHODS Sox9EGFP BAC transgenic mice were assayed by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and gene expression profiling to characterize in vivo characteristics of GFP populations. Single BECs from distinct GFP populations were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and functional analysis was conducted in organoid forming assays. Intrahepatic ductal epithelium was grown as organoids and treated with a Yes-associated protein (Yap) inhibitor or bile acids to determine upstream regulation of Sox9 in BECs. Sox9EGFP mice were subjected to bile duct ligation, and GFP expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS BECs express low or high levels of GFP, whereas periportal hepatocytes express sublow GFP. Sox9EGFP+ BECs are differentially distributed by duct size and demonstrate distinct gene expression signatures, with enrichment of Cyr61 and Hes1 in GFPhigh BECs. Single Sox9EGFP+ cells form organoids that exhibit heterogeneous survival, growth, and HNF4A activation dependent on culture conditions, suggesting that exogenous signaling impacts BEC heterogeneity. Yap is required to maintain Sox9 expression in biliary organoids, but bile acids are insufficient to induce BEC Yap activity or Sox9 in vivo and in vitro. Sox9EGFP remains restricted to BECs and periportal hepatocytes after bile duct ligation. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that Sox9EGFP levels provide readout of Yap activity and delineate BEC heterogeneity, providing a tool for assaying subpopulation-specific cellular function in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Y. Tulasi
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Diego Martinez Castaneda
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kortney Wager
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Connor B. Hogan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karel P. Alcedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jesse R. Raab
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam D. Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Adam D. Gracz, PhD, 615 Michael Street NE, Suite 201A, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.fax: (404) 727-5767.
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83
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Ye S, Boeter JWB, Mihajlovic M, van Steenbeek FG, van Wolferen ME, Oosterhoff LA, Marsee A, Caiazzo M, van der Laan LJW, Penning LC, Vermonden T, Spee B, Schneeberger K. A Chemically Defined Hydrogel for Human Liver Organoid Culture. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000893. [PMID: 34658689 PMCID: PMC7611838 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
End-stage liver diseases are an increasing health burden, and liver transplantations are currently the only curative treatment option. Due to a lack of donor livers, alternative treatments are urgently needed. Human liver organoids are very promising for regenerative medicine; however, organoids are currently cultured in Matrigel, which is extracted from the extracellular matrix of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma. Matrigel is poorly defined, suffers from high batch-to-batch variability and is of xenogeneic origin, which limits the clinical application of organoids. Here, a novel hydrogel based on polyisocyanopeptides (PIC) and laminin-111 is described for human liver organoid cultures. PIC is a synthetic polymer that can form a hydrogel with thermosensitive properties, making it easy to handle and very attractive for clinical applications. Organoids in an optimized PIC hydrogel proliferate at rates comparable to those observed with Matrigel; proliferation rates are stiffness-dependent, with lower stiffnesses being optimal for organoid proliferation. Moreover, organoids can be efficiently differentiated toward a hepatocyte-like phenotype with key liver functions. This proliferation and differentiation potential maintain over at least 14 passages. The results indicate that PIC is very promising for human liver organoid culture and has the potential to be used in a variety of clinical applications including cell therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem W B Boeter
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Mihajlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Postbus 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Ary Marsee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology University of Naples 'Federico II' Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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84
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Self-organization of organoids from endoderm-derived cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:449-462. [PMID: 33221939 PMCID: PMC8026476 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organoids constitute biological systems which are used to model organ development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease in vitro and hold promise for use in therapy. Reflecting in vivo development, organoids form from tissue cells or pluripotent stem cells. Cues provided from the media and individual cells promote self-organization of these uniform starting cells into a structure, with emergent differentiated cells, morphology, and often functionality that resemble the tissue of origin. Therefore, organoids provide a complement to two-dimensional in vitro culture and in vivo animal models of development, providing the experimental control and flexibility of in vitro methods with the three-dimensional context of in vivo models, with fewer ethical restraints than human or animal work. However, using organoids, we are only just beginning to understand on the cellular level how the external conditions and signaling between individual cells promote the emergence of cells and structures. In this review, we focus specifically on organoids derived from endodermal tissues: the starting conditions of the cells, signaling mechanisms, and external media that allow the emergence of higher order self-organization.
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85
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Funata M, Nio Y, Erion DM, Thompson WL, Takebe T. The promise of human organoids in the digestive system. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:84-94. [PMID: 33204011 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of organoid technology has enabled scientists and clinicians to utilize cells from primary tissues or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to grow self-organizing tissue systems, thus attaining cellular diversity, spatial organization, and functionality as found within digestive tracts. The development of human gastrointestinal (GI) and hepato-biliary-pancreatic organoids as an in-a-dish model present novel opportunities to study humanistic mechanisms of organogenesis, regeneration and pathogenesis. Herein, we review the recent portfolios of primary tissue-derived and PSC-derived organoids in the digestive systems. We also discuss the promise and challenges in disease modeling and drug development applications for digestive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Funata
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nio
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Derek M Erion
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wendy L Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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86
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Willemse J, Roos FJM, Voogt IJ, Schurink IJ, Bijvelds M, de Jonge HR, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge J, Verstegen MMA. Scaffolds obtained from decellularized human extrahepatic bile ducts support organoids to establish functional biliary tissue in a dish. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:836-851. [PMID: 33118611 PMCID: PMC7894321 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biliary disorders can lead to life‐threatening disease and are also a challenging complication of liver transplantation. As there are limited treatment options, tissue engineered bile ducts could be employed to replace or repair damaged bile ducts. We explored how these constructs can be created by seeding hepatobiliary LGR5+ organoids onto tissue‐specific scaffold. For this, we decellularized discarded human extrahepatic bile ducts (EBD) that we recellularized with organoids of different origin, that is, liver biopsies, extrahepatic bile duct biopsies, and bile samples. Here, we demonstrate efficient decellularization of EBD tissue. Recellularization of the EBD extracellular matrix (ECM) with the organoids of extrahepatic origin (EBD tissue and bile derived organoids) showed more profound repopulation of the ductal ECM when compared with liver tissue (intrahepatic bile duct) derived organoids. The bile duct constructs that were repopulated with extrahepatic organoids expressed mature cholangiocyte‐markers and had increased electrical resistance, indicating restoration of the barrier function. Therefore, the organoids of extrahepatic sources are identified to be the optimal candidate for the development of personalized tissue engineered EBD constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke Willemse
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris J Voogt
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J Schurink
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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87
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Abstract
The organoid model represents a major breakthrough in cell biology that has revolutionised biomedical research. Organoids are 3D physiological in vitro structures that recapitulate morphological and functional features of in vivo tissues and offer significant advantages over traditional cell culture methods. Liver organoids are of particular interest because of the pleiotropy of functions exerted by the human liver, their utility to model different liver diseases, and their potential application as cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. Moreover, because they can be derived from patient tissues, organoid models offer new perspectives in personalised medicine and drug discovery. In this review, we discuss the current liver organoid models for the study of liver disease.
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Key Words
- 3D cultures
- A1AT, alpha-1 antitrypsin
- ALD, alcohol-related liver disease
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CHC, combined hepato-cholangiocarcinoma
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CTLN1, citrullinemia type 1
- Chol-orgs, cholangiocyte organoids
- Disease modelling
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hep-orgs, hepatocyte organoids
- IL-, interleukin-
- Liver disease
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Organoids
- PDO, patient-derived organoid
- PDX, patient-derived xenograft
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Personalised medicine
- Preclinical models
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Nuciforo
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus H Heim
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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88
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Abstract
Following injury, the liver's epithelial cells regenerate efficiently with rapid proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells. However, when proliferation of resident epithelial cells is impaired, alternative regeneration mechanisms can occur. Intricate lineage-tracing strategies and experimental models of regenerative stress have revealed a degree of plasticity between hepatocytes and biliary cells. New technologies such as single-cell omics, in combination with functional studies, will be instrumental to uncover the remaining unknowns in the field. In this review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in the liver and how this influences the development of therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Gadd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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89
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Sen D, Keung AJ. Capturing complex epigenetic phenomena through human multicellular systems. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 16:34-41. [PMID: 32905378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic states inherently define a wide range of complex biological phenotypes and processes in development and disease. Accurate cellular modeling would ideally capture the epigenetic complexity of these processes as well as the accompanying molecular changes in chromatin biochemistry including in DNA and histone modifications. Here we highlight recent work that demonstrate how multicellular systems provide a natural approach to capture complex epigenetic phenomena. They accomplish this through more closely matching the in vivo environment and through the intrinsic nature of multicellular systems being able to generate and model multiple distinct cellular states, all within one system. We also discuss challenges and limitations of such systems, efforts to tune and modulate epigenetics directly in multicellular systems, and how molecular interventional approaches could advance and improve the utility of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Sen
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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90
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Safarikia S, Carpino G, Overi D, Cardinale V, Venere R, Franchitto A, Onori P, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Distinct EpCAM-Positive Stem Cell Niches Are Engaged in Chronic and Neoplastic Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:479. [PMID: 32984373 PMCID: PMC7492539 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal human livers, EpCAMpos cells are mostly restricted in two distinct niches, which are (i) the bile ductules and (ii) the mucous glands present inside the wall of large intrahepatic bile ducts (the so-called peribiliary glands). These EpCAMpos cell niches have been proven to harbor stem/progenitor cells with great importance in liver and biliary tree regeneration and in the pathophysiology of human diseases. The EpCAMpos progenitor cells within bile ductules are engaged in driving regenerative processes in chronic diseases affecting hepatocytes or interlobular bile ducts. The EpCAMpos population within peribiliary glands is activated when regenerative needs are finalized to repair large intra- or extra-hepatic bile ducts affected by chronic pathologies, including primary sclerosing cholangitis and ischemia-induced cholangiopathies after orthotopic liver transplantation. Finally, the presence of distinct EpCAMpos cell populations may explain the histological and molecular heterogeneity characterizing cholangiocarcinoma, based on the concept of multiple candidate cells of origin. This review aimed to describe the precise anatomical distribution of EpCAMpos populations within the liver and the biliary tree and to discuss their contribution in the pathophysiology of human liver diseases, as well as their potential role in regenerative medicine of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Safarikia
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Venere
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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91
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So J, Kim A, Lee SH, Shin D. Liver progenitor cell-driven liver regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1230-1238. [PMID: 32796957 PMCID: PMC8080804 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a highly regenerative organ, but its regenerative capacity is compromised in severe liver diseases. Hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration that involves the proliferation of preexisting hepatocytes is a primary regeneration mode. On the other hand, liver progenitor cell (LPC)-driven liver regeneration that involves dedifferentiation of biliary epithelial cells or hepatocytes into LPCs, LPC proliferation, and subsequent differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes is a secondary mode. This secondary mode plays a significant role in liver regeneration when the primary mode does not effectively work, as observed in severe liver injury settings. Thus, promoting LPC-driven liver regeneration may be clinically beneficial to patients with severe liver diseases. In this review, we describe the current understanding of LPC-driven liver regeneration by exploring current knowledge on the activation, origin, and roles of LPCs during regeneration. We also describe animal models used to study LPC-driven liver regeneration, given their potential to further deepen our understanding of the regeneration process. This understanding will eventually contribute to developing strategies to promote LPC-driven liver regeneration in patients with severe liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Angie Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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92
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Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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93
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Dompe C, Janowicz K, Hutchings G, Moncrieff L, Jankowski M, Nawrocki MJ, Józkowiak M, Mozdziak P, Petitte J, Shibli JA, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Bruska M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kempisty B, Nowicki M. Epigenetic Research in Stem Cell Bioengineering-Anti-Cancer Therapy, Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine in Human Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1016. [PMID: 32326172 PMCID: PMC7226111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenome denotes all the information related to gene expression that is not contained in the DNA sequence but rather results from chemical changes to histones and DNA. Epigenetic modifications act in a cooperative way towards the regulation of gene expression, working at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, and play a key role in the determination of phenotypic variations in cells containing the same genotype. Epigenetic modifications are important considerations in relation to anti-cancer therapy and regenerative/reconstructive medicine. Moreover, a range of clinical trials have been performed, exploiting the potential of epigenetics in stem cell engineering towards application in disease treatments and diagnostics. Epigenetic studies will most likely be the basis of future cancer therapies, as epigenetic modifications play major roles in tumour formation, malignancy and metastasis. In fact, a large number of currently designed or tested clinical approaches, based on compounds regulating epigenetic pathways in various types of tumours, employ these mechanisms in stem cell bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dompe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Krzysztof Janowicz
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Greg Hutchings
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Lisa Moncrieff
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariusz J. Nawrocki
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Józkowiak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Jim Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil;
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61 701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bruska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
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