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Gao ZZ, Jiao JY, Zhou YQ, Qi J, Zhu SS, Xu JY, Nie L, Wang HB. A novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv) 2 version shown enhanced neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:283. [PMID: 37501919 PMCID: PMC10368608 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) have been proved to be effective therapeutics in treating coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To enhance the potency of nMAB 553-15, we generated a novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv)2 version. This was achieved by covalently fusing two forms of 553-15-derived single chain variable fragments (scFv) to the C-terminus of the hIgG1 (human Immunoglobulin G1) Fc fragment. We found that the Fc-fused VL-linker-VH format achieved similar binding affinity and neutralizing behavior as 553-15. The tetravalent versions were constructed by fusing the scFv domains to the C-terminus of nMAB 553-15. As a result, the tetravalent version 55,315-VLVH exhibited significantly higher binding activity to target spike protein variants and enhanced neutralization against VOCs (variants of concern) pseudovirus compared to 553-15. We also measured the Fc effector responses of candidates using wild-type Spike-expressing CHOK1 cells. The 55,315-VLVH enhanced the function of ADCP (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis) but had similar IL-6 release levels compared to the bivalent 553-15. It seemed that the novel tetravalent version avoids the pro-inflammatory effect induced by macrophage activation. However, the 55,315-VLVH displayed slightly increased potency in ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), which might contribute to higher systemic inflammation. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the tetravalent version is beneficial to balance efficiency and safety against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-zhao Gao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-yu Jiao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Ya-qiong Zhou
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Qi
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Shan-shan Zhu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-ya Xu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Lei Nie
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Hai-bin Wang
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
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Afroz S, Bartolo L, Su LF. Pre-existing T Cell Memory to Novel Pathogens. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:543-553. [PMID: 37436166 PMCID: PMC10587503 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological experiences lead to the development of specific T and B cell memory, which readies the host for a later pathogen rechallenge. Currently, immunological memory is best understood as a linear process whereby memory responses are generated by and directed against the same pathogen. However, numerous studies have identified memory cells that target pathogens in unexposed individuals. How "pre-existing memory" forms and impacts the outcome of infection remains unclear. In this review, we discuss differences in the composition of baseline T cell repertoire in mice and humans, factors that influence pre-existing immune states, and recent literature on their functional significance. We summarize current knowledge on the roles of pre-existing T cells in homeostasis and perturbation and their impacts on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F. Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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53
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Esqueda A, Sun H, Bonner J, Lai H, Jugler C, Kibler KV, Steinkellner H, Chen Q. A Monoclonal Antibody Produced in Glycoengineered Plants Potently Neutralizes Monkeypox Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1179. [PMID: 37514995 PMCID: PMC10416152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 global outbreaks of monkeypox virus (MPXV) and increased human-to-human transmission calls for the urgent development of countermeasures to protect people who cannot benefit from vaccination. Here, we describe the development of glycovariants of 7D11, a neutralizing monoclonal IgG antibody (mAb) directed against the L1 transmembrane protein of the related vaccinia virus, in a plant-based system as a potential therapeutic against the current MPVX outbreak. Our results indicated that 7D11 mAb quickly accumulates to high levels within a week after gene introduction to plants. Plant-produced 7D11 mAb assembled correctly into the tetrameric IgG structure and can be easily purified to homogeneity. 7D11 mAb exhibited a largely homogeneous N-glycosylation profile, with or without plant-specific xylose and fucose residues, depending on the expression host, namely wild-type or glycoengineered plants. Plant-made 7D11 retained specific binding to its antigen and displayed a strong neutralization activity against MPXV, as least as potent as the reported activity against vaccinia virus. Our study highlights the utility of anti-L1 mAbs as MPXV therapeutics, and the use of glycoengineered plants to develop mAb glycovariants for potentially enhancing the efficacy of mAbs to combat ever-emerging/re-emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James Bonner
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Karen V. Kibler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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54
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Silva Luz M, Lemos FFB, Rocha Pinheiro SL, Marques HS, de Oliveira Silva LG, Calmon MS, da Costa Evangelista K, Freire de Melo F. Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19: Insights in pathogenesis and clinical management. World J Virol 2023; 12:193-203. [PMID: 37396702 PMCID: PMC10311577 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been a major challenge to be faced in recent years. While adults suffered the highest morbidity and mortality rates of coronavirus disease 2019, children were thought to be exclusively asymptomatic or to present with mild conditions. However, around April 2020, there was an outbreak of a new clinical syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 in children - multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) - which comprises a severe and uncon-trolled hyperinflammatory response with multiorgan involvement. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers a suspected case of MIS-C an individual aged < 21 years presenting with fever, high inflammatory markers levels, and evidence of clinically severe illness, with multisystem (> 2) organ involvement, no alternative plausible diagnoses, and positive for recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite its severity, there are no definitive disease management guidelines for this condition. Conversely, the complex pathogenesis of MIS-C is still not completely understood, although it seems to rely upon immune dysregulation. Hence, in this study, we aim to bring together current evidence regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of MIS-C, clinical picture and management, in order to provide insights for clinical practice and implications for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Silva Luz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Campus Vitória da Conquista, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Santos Calmon
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Radion EI, Mukhin VE, Kholodova AV, Vladimirov IS, Alsaeva DY, Zhdanova AS, Ulasova NY, Bulanova NV, Makarov VV, Keskinov AA, Yudin SM. Functional Characteristics of Serum Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies against Delta and Omicron Variants after Vaccination with Sputnik V. Viruses 2023; 15:1349. [PMID: 37376648 DOI: 10.3390/v15061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination leads to the production of neutralizing as well as non-neutralizing antibodies. In the current study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of both sides of immunity after vaccination with two doses of Sputnik V against SARS-CoV-2 variants Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 G614-variant (D614G), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and BA.1 (Omicron). First, we constructed a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay to assess the neutralization activity of vaccine sera. We show that serum neutralization activity against BA.1 compared to D614G is decreased by 8.16-, 11.05-, and 11.16- fold in 1, 4, and 6 months after vaccination, respectively. Moreover, previous vaccination did not increase serum neutralization activity against BA.1 in recovered patients. Next, we used the ADMP assay to evaluate the Fc-mediated function of vaccine-induced serum antibodies. Our results show that the antibody-dependent phagocytosis triggered by S-proteins of the D614G, B.1.617.2 and BA.1 variants did not differ significantly in vaccinated individuals. Moreover, the ADMP efficacy was retained over up to 6 months in vaccine sera. Our results demonstrate differences in the temporal dynamics of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions after vaccination with Sputnik V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta I Radion
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Mukhin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Alyona V Kholodova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Ivan S Vladimirov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Darya Y Alsaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Zhdanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Natalya Y Ulasova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Natalya V Bulanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Valentin V Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Anton A Keskinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Sergey M Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya 5, Building 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
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Bruel T, Vrignaud LL, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Planas D, Guivel-Benhassine F, Puech J, Prot M, Munier S, Henry-Bolland W, Soulié C, Zafilaza K, Lusivika-Nzinga C, Meledge ML, Dorival C, Molino D, Péré H, Yordanov Y, Simon-Lorière E, Veyer D, Carrat F, Schwartz O, Marcelin AG, Martin-Blondel G. Antiviral activities of sotrovimab against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of treated patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.25.23290512. [PMID: 37398037 PMCID: PMC10312842 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.23290512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike of SARS-CoV-2 prevent severe COVID-19. Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 evade neutralization of therapeutic mAbs, leading to recommendations against their use. Yet, the antiviral activities of mAbs in treated patients remain ill-defined. Methods We investigated neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of D614G, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in 320 sera from 80 immunocompromised patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 prospectively treated with mAbs (sotrovimab, n=29; imdevimab/casirivimab, n=34; cilgavimab/tixagevimab, n=4) or anti-protease (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, n=13). We measured live-virus neutralization titers and quantified ADCC with a reporter assay. Findings Only Sotrovimab elicits serum neutralization and ADCC against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. As compared to D614G, sotrovimab neutralization titers of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 are reduced (71- and 58-fold, respectively), but ADCC levels are only slightly decreased (1.4- and 1-fold, for BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, respectively). Interpretation Our results show that sotrovimab is active against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in treated individuals, suggesting that it may be a valuable therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Lou-Léna Vrignaud
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - William Henry-Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC 562, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cathia Soulié
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karen Zafilaza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Clovis Lusivika-Nzinga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Meledge
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Diana Molino
- INSERM-ANRS Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes, 2 Oradour-Sur-Glane, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Youri Yordanov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for viruses of respiratory infections, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, santé publique, APHP Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Toulouse, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM, Université Toulouse III., Toulouse, France
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Struble EB, Rawson JMO, Stantchev T, Scott D, Shapiro MA. Uses and Challenges of Antiviral Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051538. [PMID: 37242780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major public health concerns and ever-present risks for developing into future pandemics. Antiviral antibody therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies, emerged as valuable preventative and treatment options, including during global emergencies. Here we will discuss polyclonal and monoclonal antiviral antibody therapies, focusing on the unique biochemical and physiological properties that make them well-suited as therapeutic agents. We will describe the methods of antibody characterization and potency assessment throughout development, highlighting similarities and differences between polyclonal and monoclonal products as appropriate. In addition, we will consider the benefits and challenges of antiviral antibodies when used in combination with other antibodies or other types of antiviral therapeutics. Lastly, we will discuss novel approaches to the characterization and development of antiviral antibodies and identify areas that would benefit from additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi B Struble
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jonathan M O Rawson
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marjorie A Shapiro
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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58
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Dewald F, Pirkl M, Paluschinski M, Kühn J, Elsner C, Schulte B, Knüfer J, Ahmadov E, Schlotz M, Oral G, Bernhard M, Michael M, Luxenburger M, Andrée M, Hennies MT, Hafezi W, Müller MM, Kümpers P, Risse J, Kill C, Manegold RK, von Frantzki U, Richter E, Emmert D, Monzon-Posadas WO, Gräff I, Kogej M, Büning A, Baum M, Teipel F, Mochtarzadeh B, Wolff M, Gruell H, Di Cristanziano V, Burst V, Streeck H, Dittmer U, Ludwig S, Timm J, Klein F. Impaired humoral immunity to BQ.1.1 in convalescent and vaccinated patients. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2835. [PMID: 37208323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining SARS-CoV-2 immunity is critical to assess COVID-19 risk and the need for prevention and mitigation strategies. We measured SARS-CoV-2 Spike/Nucleocapsid seroprevalence and serum neutralizing activity against Wu01, BA.4/5 and BQ.1.1 in a convenience sample of 1,411 patients receiving medical treatment in the emergency departments of five university hospitals in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in August/September 2022. 62% reported underlying medical conditions and 67.7% were vaccinated according to German COVID-19 vaccination recommendations (13.9% fully vaccinated, 54.3% one booster, 23.4% two boosters). We detected Spike-IgG in 95.6%, Nucleocapsid-IgG in 24.0%, and neutralization against Wu01, BA.4/5 and BQ.1.1 in 94.4%, 85.0%, and 73.8% of participants, respectively. Neutralization against BA.4/5 and BQ.1.1 was 5.6- and 23.4-fold lower compared to Wu01. Accuracy of S-IgG detection for determination of neutralizing activity against BQ.1.1 was reduced substantially. We explored previous vaccinations and infections as correlates of BQ.1.1 neutralization using multivariable and Bayesian network analyses. Given a rather moderate adherence to COVID-19 vaccination recommendations, this analysis highlights the need to improve vaccine-uptake to reduce the COVID-19 risk of immune evasive variants. The study was registered as clinical trial (DRKS00029414).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dewald
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Pirkl
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martha Paluschinski
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Kühn
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bianca Schulte
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Bonn-Cologne, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Knüfer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elvin Ahmadov
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Göksu Oral
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Bernhard
- Emergency Department, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark Michael
- Emergency Department, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maura Luxenburger
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Andrée
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Tim Hennies
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wali Hafezi
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marlin Maybrit Müller
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Joachim Risse
- Center of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Clemens Kill
- Center of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ute von Frantzki
- Center of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Enrico Richter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Bonn-Cologne, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dorian Emmert
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Gräff
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monika Kogej
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonia Büning
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baum
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Finn Teipel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Babak Mochtarzadeh
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Wolff
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Burst
- Department II of Internal Medicine: Nephrology, Rheumatology, Diabetes and General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Bonn-Cologne, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Bonn-Cologne, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Afkhami S, Kang A, Jeyanathan V, Xing Z, Jeyanathan M. Adenoviral-vectored next-generation respiratory mucosal vaccines against COVID-19. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101334. [PMID: 37276833 PMCID: PMC10172971 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The world is in need of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Although first-generation injectable COVID-19 vaccines continue to be critical tools in controlling the current global health crisis, continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has eroded the efficacy of these vaccines, leading to staggering breakthrough infections and posing threats to poor vaccine responders. This is partly because the humoral and T-cell responses generated following intramuscular injection of spike-centric monovalent vaccines are mostly confined to the periphery, failing to either access or be maintained at the portal of infection, the respiratory mucosa (RM). In contrast, respiratory mucosal-delivered vaccine can induce immunity encompassing humoral, cellular, and trained innate immunity positioned at the respiratory mucosa that may act quickly to prevent the establishment of an infection. Viral vectors, especially adenoviruses, represent the most promising platform for RM delivery that can be designed to express both structural and nonstructural antigens of SARS-CoV-2. Boosting RM immunity via the respiratory route using multivalent adenoviral-vectored vaccines would be a viable next-generation vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alisha Kang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Vidthiya Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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60
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Vikström L, Fjällström P, Gwon YD, Sheward DJ, Wigren-Byström J, Evander M, Bladh O, Widerström M, Molnar C, Rasmussen G, Bennet L, Åberg M, Björk J, Tevell S, Thålin C, Blom K, Klingström J, Murrell B, Ahlm C, Normark J, Johansson AF, Forsell MNE. Vaccine-induced correlate of protection against fatal COVID-19 in older and frail adults during waves of neutralization-resistant variants of concern: an observational study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023:100646. [PMID: 37363799 PMCID: PMC10163377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background To inform future preventive measures including repeated vaccinations, we have searched for a clinically useful immune correlate of protection against fatal COVID-19 among nursing homes residents. Methods We performed repeated capillary blood sampling with analysis of S-binding IgG in an open cohort of nursing home residents in Sweden. We analyzed immunological and registry data from 16 September 2021 to 31 August 2022 with follow-up of deaths to 30 September 2022. The study period included implementation of the 3rd and 4th mRNA monovalent vaccine doses and Omicron virus waves. Findings A total of 3012 nursing home residents with median age 86 were enrolled. The 3rd mRNA dose elicited a 99-fold relative increase of S-binding IgG in blood and corresponding increase of neutralizing antibodies. The 4th mRNA vaccine dose boosted levels 3.8-fold. Half-life of S-binding IgG was 72 days. A total 528 residents acquired their first SARS-CoV-2 infection after the 3rd or the 4th vaccine dose and the associated 30-day mortality was 9.1%. We found no indication that levels of vaccine-induced antibodies protected against infection with Omicron VOCs. In contrast, the risk of death was inversely correlated to levels of S-directed IgG below the 20th percentile. The death risk plateaued at population average above the lower 35th percentile of S-binding IgG. Interpretation In the absence of neutralizing antibodies that protect from infection, quantification of S-binding IgG post vaccination may be useful to identify the most vulnerable for fatal COVID-19 among the oldest and frailest. This information is of importance for future strategies to protect vulnerable populations against neutralization resistant variants of concern. Funding Swedish Research Council, SciLifeLab via Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, VINNOVA. Swedish Healthcare Regions, and Erling Persson Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Vikström
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Fjällström
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yong-Dae Gwon
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- The Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Evander
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oscar Bladh
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Micael Widerström
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Louise Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Åberg
- The Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- The Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Staffan Tevell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Department of Infectious Diseases, Karlstad Hospital and Centre for Clinical Research and Education, Region Värmland, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- The Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- The Swedish Public Health Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- The Department of Biomedical Clinical Sciences, Linköpings University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ben Murrell
- The Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Normark
- The Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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61
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Rahman MA, Becerra-Flores M, Patskovsky Y, Silva de Castro I, Bissa M, Basu S, Shen X, Williams LD, Sarkis S, N’guessan KF, LaBranche C, Tomaras GD, Aye PP, Veazey R, Paquin-Proulx D, Rao M, Franchini G, Cardozo T. Cholera toxin B scaffolded, focused SIV V2 epitope elicits antibodies that influence the risk of SIV mac251 acquisition in macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139402. [PMID: 37153584 PMCID: PMC10160393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction An efficacious HIV vaccine will need to elicit a complex package of innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses. This complex package of responses to vaccine candidates has been studied and yielded important results, yet it has been a recurring challenge to determine the magnitude and protective effect of specific in vivo immune responses in isolation. We therefore designed a single, viral-spike-apical, epitope-focused V2 loop immunogen to reveal individual vaccine-elicited immune factors that contribute to protection against HIV/SIV. Method We generated a novel vaccine by incorporating the V2 loop B-cell epitope in the cholera toxin B (CTB) scaffold and compared two new immunization regimens to a historically protective 'standard' vaccine regimen (SVR) consisting of 2xDNA prime boosted with 2xALVAC-SIV and 1xΔV1gp120. We immunized a cohort of macaques with 5xCTB-V2c vaccine+alum intramuscularly simultaneously with topical intrarectal vaccination of CTB-V2c vaccine without alum (5xCTB-V2/alum). In a second group, we tested a modified version of the SVR consisting of 2xDNA prime and boosted with 1xALVAC-SIV and 2xALVAC-SIV+CTB-V2/alum, (DA/CTB-V2c/alum). Results In the absence of any other anti-viral antibodies, V2c epitope was highly immunogenic when incorporated in the CTB scaffold and generated highly functional anti-V2c antibodies in the vaccinated animals. 5xCTB-V2c/alum vaccination mediated non-neutralizing ADCC activity and efferocytosis, but produced low avidity, trogocytosis, and no neutralization of tier 1 virus. Furthermore, DA/CTB-V2c/alum vaccination also generated lower total ADCC activity, avidity, and neutralization compared to the SVR. These data suggest that the ΔV1gp120 boost in the SVR yielded more favorable immune responses than its CTB-V2c counterpart. Vaccination with the SVR generates CCR5- α4β7+CD4+ Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, which are less likely to be infected by SIV/HIV and likely contributed to the protection afforded in this regimen. The 5xCTB-V2c/alum regimen likewise elicited higher circulating CCR5- α4β7+ CD4+ T cells and mucosal α4β7+ CD4+ T cells compared to the DA/CTB-V2c/alum regimen, whereas the first cell type was associated with reduced risk of viral acquisition. Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that individual viral spike B-cell epitopes can be highly immunogenic and functional as isolated immunogens, although they might not be sufficient on their own to provide full protection against HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Manuel Becerra-Flores
- NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shraddha Basu
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - LaTonya D. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kombo F. N’guessan
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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O’Connor MA, Hawman DW, Meade-White K, Leventhal S, Song W, Randall S, Archer J, Lewis TB, Brown B, Fredericks MN, Sprouse KR, Tunggal HC, Maughan M, Iwayama N, Ahrens C, Garrison W, Wangari S, Guerriero KA, Hanley P, Lovaglio J, Saturday G, Veesler D, Edlefsen PT, Khandhar AP, Feldmann H, Fuller DH, Erasmus JH. A replicon RNA vaccine can induce durable protective immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates after neutralizing antibodies have waned. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011298. [PMID: 37075079 PMCID: PMC10150980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic prompted rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines. Although several vaccines have received emergency approval through various public health agencies, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues. Emergent variants of concern, waning immunity in the vaccinated, evidence that vaccines may not prevent transmission and inequity in vaccine distribution have driven continued development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 to address these public health needs. In this report, we evaluated a novel self-amplifying replicon RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in a pigtail macaque model of COVID-19 disease. We found that this vaccine elicited strong binding and neutralizing antibody responses against homologous virus. We also observed broad binding antibody against heterologous contemporary and ancestral strains, but neutralizing antibody responses were primarily targeted to the vaccine-homologous strain. While binding antibody responses were sustained, neutralizing antibody waned to undetectable levels in some animals after six months but were rapidly recalled and conferred protection from disease when the animals were challenged 7 months after vaccination as evident by reduced viral replication and pathology in the lower respiratory tract, reduced viral shedding in the nasal cavity and lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung. Cumulatively, our data demonstrate in pigtail macaques that a self-amplifying replicon RNA vaccine can elicit durable and protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, these data provide evidence that this vaccine can provide durable protective efficacy and reduce viral shedding even after neutralizing antibody responses have waned to undetectable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. O’Connor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David W. Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Shanna Leventhal
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Song
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Samantha Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- HDT Bio, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacob Archer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- HDT Bio, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brieann Brown
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Megan N. Fredericks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin R. Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Hillary C. Tunggal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mara Maughan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Naoto Iwayama
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chul Ahrens
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William Garrison
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Solomon Wangari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Guerriero
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jesse H. Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- HDT Bio, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Raffi F, Gottlieb RL. Monoclonal Antibodies in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19: The Role of SARS-COV-2 Serostatus in an Evolving Pandemic. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:735-747. [PMID: 36800149 PMCID: PMC9936461 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriately selected neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) are an effective treatment for patients with mild or moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who are at high risk of progression to severe disease. In contrast, the efficacy of nmAbs in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 has been mixed, and clinical benefit has largely been restricted to seronegative patients [i.e. those lacking endogenous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies] in the trials with positive outcomes. This review summarises the major clinical trial data investigating nmAb treatment for hospitalised patients with COVID-19, and explores current definitions of seropositivity, what they mean in a late-pandemic context and discusses the current late-pandemic challenges associated with defining 'seroprotection' in a clinically meaningful way. We conclude that following widespread vaccination, increasing numbers of prior infections and emerging viral variants, seropositivity now reflects a range of immune coverage rather than a binary tool with which to aid decision-making on a clinically actionable timescale. Treatment decisions with nmAbs in a late-pandemic context would therefore likely best rely on information regarding clinical status, time since symptom onset, underlying patient condition(s) and the dominant circulating variant, should they be approved for future use in hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Raffi
- Department of Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Nantes, CIC 1413 INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Robert L Gottlieb
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- TCU School of Medicine, Ft Worth, TX, USA.
- Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease, Baylor University Medical Center, 3410 Worth St., Suite 250, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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Addetia A, Piccoli L, Case JB, Park YJ, Beltramello M, Guarino B, Dang H, Pinto D, Scheaffer S, Sprouse K, Bassi J, Silacci-Fregni C, Muoio F, Dini M, Vincenzetti L, Acosta R, Johnson D, Subramanian S, Saliba C, Giurdanella M, Lombardo G, Leoni G, Culap K, McAlister C, Rajesh A, Dellota E, Zhou J, Farhat N, Bohan D, Noack J, Lempp FA, Cameroni E, Whitener B, Giannini O, Ceschi A, Ferrari P, Franzetti-Pellanda A, Biggiogero M, Garzoni C, Zappi S, Bernasconi L, Kim MJ, Schnell G, Czudnochowski N, Franko N, Logue JK, Yoshiyama C, Stewart C, Chu H, Schmid MA, Purcell LIA, Snell G, Lanzavecchia A, Diamond M, Corti D, Veesler D. Therapeutic and vaccine-induced cross-reactive antibodies with effector function against emerging Omicron variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.523798. [PMID: 36711984 PMCID: PMC9882201 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.523798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired convergent mutations at receptor-binding domain (RBD) hot spots. Their impact on viral infection, transmission, and efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that recently emerged BQ.1.1. and XBB.1 variants bind ACE2 with high affinity and promote membrane fusion more efficiently than earlier Omicron variants. Structures of the BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 RBDs bound to human ACE2 and S309 Fab (sotrovimab parent) explain the altered ACE2 recognition and preserved antibody binding through conformational selection. We show that sotrovimab binds avidly to all Omicron variants, promotes Fc-dependent effector functions and protects mice challenged with BQ.1.1, the variant displaying the greatest loss of neutralization. Moreover, in several donors vaccine-elicited plasma antibodies cross-react with and trigger effector functions against Omicron variants despite reduced neutralizing activity. Cross-reactive RBD-directed human memory B cells remained dominant even after two exposures to Omicron spikes, underscoring persistent immune imprinting. Our findings suggest that this previously overlooked class of cross-reactive antibodies, exemplified by S309, may contribute to protection against disease caused by emerging variants through elicitation of effector functions.
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