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Gallo G, Caignard G, Badonnel K, Chevreux G, Terrier S, Szemiel A, Roman-Sosa G, Binder F, Gu Q, Da Silva Filipe A, Ulrich RG, Kohl A, Vitour D, Tordo N, Ermonval M. Interactions of Viral Proteins from Pathogenic and Low or Non-Pathogenic Orthohantaviruses with Human Type I Interferon Signaling. Viruses 2021; 13:140. [PMID: 33478127 PMCID: PMC7835746 DOI: 10.3390/v13010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne orthohantaviruses are asymptomatic in their natural reservoir, but they can cause severe diseases in humans. Although an exacerbated immune response relates to hantaviral pathologies, orthohantaviruses have to antagonize the antiviral interferon (IFN) response to successfully propagate in infected cells. We studied interactions of structural and nonstructural (NSs) proteins of pathogenic Puumala (PUUV), low-pathogenic Tula (TULV), and non-pathogenic Prospect Hill (PHV) viruses, with human type I and III IFN (IFN-I and IFN-III) pathways. The NSs proteins of all three viruses inhibited the RIG-I-activated IFNβ promoter, while only the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) of PUUV, or its cleavage product Gn/Gc, and the nucleocapsid (N) of TULV inhibited it. Moreover, the GPC of both PUUV and TULV antagonized the promoter of IFN-stimulated responsive elements (ISRE). Different viral proteins could thus contribute to inhibition of IFNβ response in a viral context. While PUUV and TULV strains replicated similarly, whether expressing entire or truncated NSs proteins, only PUUV encoding a wild type NSs protein led to late IFN expression and activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). This, together with the identification of particular domains of NSs proteins and different biological processes that are associated with cellular proteins in complex with NSs proteins, suggested that the activation of IFN-I is probably not the only antiviral pathway to be counteracted by orthohantaviruses and that NSs proteins could have multiple inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gallo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (G.G.); (N.T.)
- Ecole Doctorale Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Anses-INRAE-EnvA, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (D.V.)
| | - Karine Badonnel
- BREED, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Guillaume Chevreux
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, ProteoSeine Mass Spectrometry Plateform, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; (G.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Samuel Terrier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, ProteoSeine Mass Spectrometry Plateform, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; (G.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Agnieszka Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Florian Binder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.B.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.B.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (A.S.); (Q.G.); (A.D.S.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Anses-INRAE-EnvA, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (D.V.)
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (G.G.); (N.T.)
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416 Conakry, Guinea
| | - Myriam Ermonval
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (G.G.); (N.T.)
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Moreno H, Rastrojo A, Pryce R, Fedeli C, Zimmer G, Bowden TA, Gerold G, Kunz S. A novel circulating tamiami mammarenavirus shows potential for zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0009004. [PMID: 33370288 PMCID: PMC7794035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the capacity of a virus to break the species barrier is crucial for pathogen surveillance and control. New World (NW) mammarenaviruses constitute a diverse group of rodent-borne pathogens that includes several causative agents of severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. The ability of the NW mammarenaviral attachment glycoprotein (GP) to utilize human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) as a primary entry receptor plays a key role in dictating zoonotic potential. The recent isolation of Tacaribe and lymphocytic choriominingitis mammarenaviruses from host-seeking ticks provided evidence for the presence of mammarenaviruses in arthropods, which are established vectors for numerous other viral pathogens. Here, using next generation sequencing to search for other mammarenaviruses in ticks, we identified a novel replication-competent strain of the NW mammarenavirus Tamiami (TAMV-FL), which we found capable of utilizing hTfR1 to enter mammalian cells. During isolation through serial passaging in mammalian immunocompetent cells, the quasispecies of TAMV-FL acquired and enriched mutations leading to the amino acid changes N151K and D156N, within GP. Cell entry studies revealed that both substitutions, N151K and D156N, increased dependence of the virus on hTfR1 and binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Moreover, we show that the substituted residues likely map to the sterically constrained trimeric axis of GP, and facilitate viral fusion at a lower pH, resulting in viral egress from later endosomal compartments. In summary, we identify and characterize a naturally occurring TAMV strain (TAMV-FL) within ticks that is able to utilize hTfR1. The TAMV-FL significantly diverged from previous TAMV isolates, demonstrating that TAMV quasispecies exhibit striking genetic plasticity that may facilitate zoonotic spillover and rapid adaptation to new hosts. Mammarenaviruses include emergent pathogens responsible of severe disease in humans in zoonotic events. The ability to use the human Transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) strongly correlates with their pathogenicity in humans. We isolated a new infectious Tamiami virus strain (TAMV-FL) from host-seeking ticks, which, contrary to the previous rodent-derived reference strain, can use hTfR1 to enter human cells. Moreover, serial passaging of TAMV-FL in human immunocompetent cells selected for two substitutions in the viral envelope glycoprotein: N151K and D156N. These substitutions increase the ability to highjack hTfR1 and the binding capacity to heparan sulfate proteoglycans and cause delayed endosomal escape. Our findings provide insight into the acquisition of novel traits by currently circulating TAMV that increase its potential to trespass the inter-species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Moreno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (IMUL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto Rastrojo
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rhys Pryce
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Fedeli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (IMUL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE -Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (IMUL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Holcomb D, Alexaki A, Hernandez N, Laurie K, Kames J, Hamasaki-Katagiri N, Komar AA, DiCuccio M, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. Potential impact on coagulopathy of gene variants of coagulation related proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32935103 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.08.272328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis has been one of the complications of the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), often associated with poor prognosis. There is a well-recognized link between coagulation and inflammation, however, the extent of thrombotic events associated with COVID-19 warrants further investigation. Poly(A) Binding Protein Cytoplasmic 4 (PABPC4), Serine/Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor Clade G Member 1 (SERPING1) and Vitamin K epOxide Reductase Complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), which are all proteins linked to coagulation, have been shown to interact with SARS proteins. We computationally examined the interaction of these with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and, in the case of VKORC1, we describe its binding to ORF7a in detail. We examined the occurrence of variants of each of these proteins across populations and interrogated their potential contribution to COVID-19 severity. Potential mechanisms by which some of these variants may contribute to disease are proposed. Some of these variants are prevalent in minority groups that are disproportionally affected by severe COVID-19. Therefore, we are proposing that further investigation around these variants may lead to better understanding of disease pathogenesis in minority groups and more informed therapeutic approaches. Author summary Increased blood clotting, especially in the lungs, is a common complication of COVID-19. Infectious diseases cause inflammation which in turn can contribute to increased blood clotting. However, the extent of clot formation that is seen in the lungs of COVID-19 patients suggests that there may be a more direct link. We identified three human proteins that are involved indirectly in the blood clotting cascade and have been shown to interact with proteins of SARS virus, which is closely related to the novel coronavirus. We examined computationally the interaction of these human proteins with the viral proteins. We looked for genetic variants of these proteins and examined how these variants are distributed across populations. We investigated whether variants of these genes could impact severity of COVID-19. Further investigation around these variants may provide clues for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 particularly in minority groups.
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Li R, Ying B, Liu Y, Spencer JF, Miao J, Tollefson AE, Brien JD, Wang Y, Wold WSM, Wang Z, Toth K. Generation and characterization of an Il2rg knockout Syrian hamster model for XSCID and HAdV-C6 infection in immunocompromised patients. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044602. [PMID: 32651192 PMCID: PMC7473636 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Model animals are indispensable for the study of human diseases, and in general, of complex biological processes. The Syrian hamster is an important model animal for infectious diseases, behavioral science and metabolic science, for which more experimental tools are becoming available. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of an interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma (Il2rg) knockout (KO) Syrian hamster strain. In humans, mutations in IL2RG can result in a total failure of T and natural killer (NK) lymphocyte development and nonfunctional B lymphocytes (X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency; XSCID). Therefore, we sought to develop a non-murine model to study XSCID and the infectious diseases associated with IL2RG deficiency. We demonstrated that the Il2rg KO hamsters have a lymphoid compartment that is greatly reduced in size and diversity, and is impaired in function. As a result of the defective adaptive immune response, Il2rg KO hamsters developed a more severe human adenovirus infection and cleared virus less efficiently than immune competent wild-type hamsters. Because of this enhanced virus replication, Il2rg KO hamsters developed more severe adenovirus-induced liver pathology than wild-type hamsters. This novel hamster strain will provide researchers with a new tool to investigate human XSCID and its related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ann E Tollefson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Yaohe Wang
- National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - William S M Wold
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Karoly Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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55
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Noack D, Goeijenbier M, Reusken CBEM, Koopmans MPG, Rockx BHG. Orthohantavirus Pathogenesis and Cell Tropism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:399. [PMID: 32903721 PMCID: PMC7438779 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are zoonotic viruses that are naturally maintained by persistent infection in specific reservoir species. Although these viruses mainly circulate among rodents worldwide, spill-over infection to humans occurs. Orthohantavirus infection in humans can result in two distinct clinical outcomes: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). While both syndromes develop following respiratory transmission and are associated with multi-organ failure and high mortality rates, little is known about the mechanisms that result in these distinct clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is important to identify which cell types and tissues play a role in the differential development of pathogenesis in humans. Here, we review current knowledge on cell tropism and its role in pathogenesis during orthohantavirus infection in humans and reservoir rodents. Orthohantaviruses predominantly infect microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) of a variety of organs (lungs, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen) in humans. However, in this review we demonstrate that other cell types (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, and tubular epithelium) are infected as well and may play a role in the early steps in pathogenesis. A key driver for pathogenesis is increased vascular permeability, which can be direct effect of viral infection in ECs or result of an imbalanced immune response in an attempt to clear the virus. Future studies should focus on the role of identifying how infection of organ-specific endothelial cells as well as other cell types contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Noack
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barry H G Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
Hantaviruses are pathogens that sometimes pass from animals to humans, and they are found in parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. When human infection occurs, these viruses can cause kidney or lung failure, and as many as 40% of infected people die. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases available. A first step in developing prevention measures is determining what type of immune response is protective. Increasingly it has become clear that the induction of a type of response called a neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on what features on the surface of hantaviruses are recognized by the immune system. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of this information, which is critical for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines. Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens found in parts of Europe, Asia, South America, and North America, which can cause renal and respiratory failure with fatality rates up to 40%. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases; however, it is evident that a robust neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on the neutralizing epitopes that exist on the hantavirus antigenic glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, and sites important for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines. We provide a thorough summary of the hantavirus field from an immunological perspective. In particular, we discuss our current structural knowledge of antigenic proteins Gn and Gc, identification of B cell neutralizing epitopes, previously isolated monoclonal antibodies and their cross-reactivity between different hantavirus strains, and current developments toward vaccines and therapeutics. We conclude with some outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for additional studies of the human antibody response to hantavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses are pathogens that sometimes pass from animals to humans, and they are found in parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. When human infection occurs, these viruses can cause kidney or lung failure, and as many as 40% of infected people die. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases available. A first step in developing prevention measures is determining what type of immune response is protective. Increasingly it has become clear that the induction of a type of response called a neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on what features on the surface of hantaviruses are recognized by the immune system. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of this information, which is critical for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines.
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57
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Dieterle ME, Haslwanter D, Bortz RH, Wirchnianski AS, Lasso G, Vergnolle O, Abbasi SA, Fels JM, Laudermilch E, Florez C, Mengotto A, Kimmel D, Malonis RJ, Georgiev G, Quiroz J, Barnhill J, Pirofski LA, Daily JP, Dye JM, Lai JR, Herbert AS, Chandran K, Jangra RK. A Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus for Studies of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Cell Entry and Its Inhibition. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:486-496.e6. [PMID: 32738193 PMCID: PMC7332447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat COVID-19. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 countermeasure development is contingent on the availability of robust, scalable, and readily deployable surrogate viral assays to screen antiviral humoral responses, define correlates of immune protection, and down-select candidate antivirals. Here, we generate a highly infectious recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S as its sole entry glycoprotein and show that this recombinant virus, rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S, closely resembles SARS-CoV-2 in its entry-related properties. The neutralizing activities of a large panel of COVID-19 convalescent sera can be assessed in a high-throughput fluorescent reporter assay with rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S, and neutralization of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S and authentic SARS-CoV-2 by spike-specific antibodies in these antisera is highly correlated. Our findings underscore the utility of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S for the development of spike-specific therapeutics and for mechanistic studies of viral entry and its inhibition. Highly infectious recombinant VSV expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) was generated rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S resembles SARS-CoV-2 in entry and inhibitor or antibody sensitivity rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S affords rapid screens and forward-genetic analyses of antivirals
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert H Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shawn A Abbasi
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - J Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Amanda Mengotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Duncan Kimmel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - George Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jose Quiroz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johanna P Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Development of small-molecule inhibitors against hantaviruses. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:272-277. [PMID: 32445882 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hantavirus (HV), a pathogen of animal infectious diseases that poses a threat to humans, has attracted extensive attention. Clinically, HV can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), between which HFRS is mostly in Eurasia, and HPS is mostly in the Americas. This paper reviews the research progress of small-molecule inhibitors of HV.
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59
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Dieterle ME, Haslwanter D, Bortz RH, Wirchnianski AS, Lasso G, Vergnolle O, Abbasi SA, Fels JM, Laudermilch E, Florez C, Mengotto A, Kimmel D, Malonis RJ, Georgiev G, Quiroz J, Barnhill J, Pirofski LA, Daily JP, Dye JM, Lai JR, Herbert AS, Chandran K, Jangra RK. A replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus for studies of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell entry and its inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.20.105247. [PMID: 32511365 PMCID: PMC7263493 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.20.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat COVID-19. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 countermeasure development is contingent on the availability of robust, scalable, and readily deployable surrogate viral assays to screen antiviral humoral responses, and define correlates of immune protection, and to down-select candidate antivirals. Here, we describe a highly infectious recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S as its sole entry glycoprotein that closely resembles the authentic agent in its entry-related properties. We show that the neutralizing activities of a large panel of COVID-19 convalescent sera can be assessed in high-throughput fluorescent reporter assay with rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S and that neutralization of the rVSV and authentic SARS-CoV-2 by spike-specific antibodies in these antisera is highly correlated. Our findings underscore the utility of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 S for the development of spike-specific vaccines and therapeutics and for mechanistic studies of viral entry and its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert H. Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shawn A. Abbasi
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Amanda Mengotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Duncan Kimmel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - George Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jose Quiroz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Isolation and characterization of new Puumala orthohantavirus strains from Germany. Virus Genes 2020; 56:448-460. [PMID: 32328924 PMCID: PMC7329759 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are re-emerging rodent-borne pathogens distributed all over the world. Here, we report the isolation of a Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) strain from bank voles caught in a highly endemic region around the city Osnabrück, north-west Germany. Coding and non-coding sequences of all three segments (S, M, and L) were determined from original lung tissue, after isolation and after additional passaging in VeroE6 cells and a bank vole-derived kidney cell line. Different single amino acid substitutions were observed in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of the two stable PUUV isolates. The PUUV strain from VeroE6 cells showed a lower titer when propagated on bank vole cells compared to VeroE6 cells. Additionally, glycoprotein precursor (GPC)-derived virus-like particles of a German PUUV sequence allowed the generation of monoclonal antibodies that allowed the reliable detection of the isolated PUUV strain in the immunofluorescence assay. In conclusion, this is the first isolation of a PUUV strain from Central Europe and the generation of glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies for this PUUV isolate. The obtained virus isolate and GPC-specific antibodies are instrumental tools for future reservoir host studies.
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Duehr J, McMahon M, Williamson B, Amanat F, Durbin A, Hawman DW, Noack D, Uhl S, Tan GS, Feldmann H, Krammer F. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies against the Gn and the Gc of the Andes Virus Glycoprotein Spike Complex Protect from Virus Challenge in a Preclinical Hamster Model. mBio 2020; 11:e00028-20. [PMID: 32209676 PMCID: PMC7157512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are the etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The latter is associated with case fatality rates ranging from 30% to 50%. HCPS cases are rare, with approximately 300 recorded annually in the Americas. Recently, an HCPS outbreak of unprecedented size has been occurring in and around Epuyén, in the southwestern Argentinian state of Chubut. Since November of 2018, at least 29 cases have been laboratory confirmed, and human-to-human transmission is suspected. Despite posing a significant threat to public health, no treatment or vaccine is available for hantaviral disease. Here, we describe an effort to identify, characterize, and develop neutralizing and protective antibodies against the glycoprotein complex (Gn and Gc) of Andes virus (ANDV), the causative agent of the Epuyén outbreak. Using murine hybridoma technology, we generated 19 distinct monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against ANDV GnGc. When tested for neutralization against a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Andes glycoprotein (GP) (VSV-ANDV), 12 MAbs showed potent neutralization and 8 showed activity in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reporter assay. Escape mutant analysis revealed that neutralizing MAbs targeted both the Gn and the Gc. Four MAbs that bound different epitopes were selected for preclinical studies and were found to be 100% protective against lethality in a Syrian hamster model of ANDV infection. These data suggest the existence of a wide array of neutralizing antibody epitopes on hantavirus GnGc with unique properties and mechanisms of action.IMPORTANCE Infections with New World hantaviruses are associated with high case fatality rates, and no specific vaccine or treatment options exist. Furthermore, the biology of the hantaviral GnGc complex, its antigenicity, and its fusion machinery are poorly understood. Protective monoclonal antibodies against GnGc have the potential to be developed into therapeutics against hantaviral disease and are also great tools to elucidate the biology of the glycoprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Duehr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brandi Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan Durbin
- Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Danny Noack
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Skyler Uhl
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Meeting report: Eleventh International Conference on Hantaviruses. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104733. [PMID: 32068071 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 11th International Conference on Hantaviruses (ICH 2019) was organized by the International Society for Hantaviruses (ISH), and held on September 1-4, 2019, at the Irish College, in Leuven, Belgium. These ICHs have been held every three years since 1989. ICH 2019 was attended by 158 participants from 33 countries. The current report summarizes research presented on all aspects of hantavirology: ecology; pathogenesis and immune responses; virus phylogeny, replication and morphogenesis; epidemiology; vaccines, therapeutics and prevention; and clinical aspects and diagnosis.
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Mayor J, Torriani G, Rothenberger S, Engler O. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) contributes to the infection of human airway epithelial cells by pseudotype viruses containing Hantaan virus glycoproteins. Virology 2020; 543:54-62. [PMID: 32056847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses leading to serious diseases. Viral attachment and entry represent the first steps in virus transmission and are promising targets for antiviral therapeutic intervention. Here we investigated receptor use in human airway epithelium of the Old and New World hantaviruses Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus (ANDV). Using a biocontained recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform, we provide first evidence for a role of the cellular phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors of the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM) protein family in HTNV and ANDV infection. In line with previous studies, HTNV, but not ANDV, was able to use glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate and αvβ3 integrin as co-receptors. In sum, our studies demonstrate for the first time that hantaviruses make use of apoptotic mimicry for infection of human airway epithelium, which may explain why these viruses can easily break the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayor
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Torriani
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700, Spiez, Switzerland.
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Barrass SV, Butcher SJ. Advances in high-throughput methods for the identification of virus receptors. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:309-323. [PMID: 31865406 PMCID: PMC7248041 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved many mechanisms to invade host cells and establish successful infections. The interaction between viral attachment proteins and host cell receptors is the first and decisive step in establishing such infections, initiating virus entry into the host cells. Therefore, the identification of host receptors is fundamental in understanding pathogenesis and tissue tropism. Furthermore, receptor identification can inform the development of antivirals, vaccines, and diagnostic technologies, which have a substantial impact on human health. Nevertheless, due to the complex nature of virus entry, the redundancy in receptor usage, and the limitations in current identification methods, many host receptors remain elusive. Recent advances in targeted gene perturbation, high-throughput screening, and mass spectrometry have facilitated the discovery of virus receptors in recent years. In this review, we compare the current methods used within the field to identify virus receptors, focussing on genomic- and interactome-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Barrass
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Modak D, Sotomayor M. Identification of an adhesive interface for the non-clustered δ1 protocadherin-1 involved in respiratory diseases. Commun Biol 2019; 2:354. [PMID: 31583286 PMCID: PMC6769022 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins form a large family of calcium-dependent adhesive proteins involved in morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and neuronal connectivity. Non-clustered δ1 protocadherins form a cadherin subgroup of proteins with seven extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats and cytoplasmic domains distinct from those of classical cadherins. Non-clustered δ1 protocadherins mediate homophilic adhesion and have been implicated in various diseases including asthma, autism, and cancer. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of human Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), a δ1-protocadherin member essential for New World Hantavirus infection that is typically expressed in the brain, airway epithelium, skin keratinocytes, and lungs. The structures suggest a binding mode that involves antiparallel overlap of repeats EC1 to EC4. Mutagenesis combined with binding assays and biochemical experiments validated this mode of adhesion. Overall, these results reveal the molecular mechanism underlying adhesiveness of PCDH1 and δ1-protocadherins, also shedding light on PCDH1's role in maintaining airway epithelial integrity, the loss of which causes respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadrita Modak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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López R, Pérez-Araos R, Salazar Á, Ulloa AL, Vial C, Vial PA, Graf J. Hemodynamic and Pulmonary Permeability Characterization of Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome by Transpulmonary Thermodilution. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100900. [PMID: 31569646 PMCID: PMC6832621 DOI: 10.3390/v11100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is characterized by capillary leak, pulmonary edema (PE), and shock, which leads to death in up to 40% of patients. Treatment is supportive, including mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Hemodynamic monitoring is critical to titrate therapy and to decide ECMO support. Transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) provides hemodynamic and PE data that have not been systematically used to understand HCPS pathophysiology. We identified 11 HCPS patients monitored with TPTD: eight on MV, three required ECMO. We analyzed 133 measurements to describe the hemodynamic pattern and its association with PE. The main findings were reduced stroke volume, global ejection fraction (GEF), and preload parameters associated with increased extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability compatible with hypovolemia, myocardial dysfunction, and increased permeability PE. Lung water correlated positively with heart rate (HR, r = 0.20) and negatively with mean arterial pressure (r = −0.27) and GEF (r = −0.36), suggesting that PE is linked to hemodynamic impairment. Pulmonary vascular permeability correlated positively with HR (r = 0.31) and negatively with cardiac index (r = −0.49), end-diastolic volume (r = −0.48), and GEF (r = −0.40), suggesting that capillary leak contributes to hypovolemia and systolic dysfunction. In conclusion, TPTD data suggest that in HCPS patients, increased permeability leads to PE, hypovolemia, and circulatory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- René López
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago 7650567, Chile.
- Escuela de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Pérez-Araos
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago 7650567, Chile.
- Escuela de Kinesiología. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile.
| | - Álvaro Salazar
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago 7650567, Chile.
| | - Ana L Ulloa
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago 7650567, Chile.
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7590943, Chile.
| | - Pablo A Vial
- Escuela de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile.
- Programa Hantavirus, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7590943, Chile.
- Departamento de Pediatría, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago 7650567, Chile.
| | - Jerónimo Graf
- Departamento de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago 7650567, Chile.
- Escuela de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile.
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Chen Y, Dessau M, Rotenberg D, Rasmussen DA, Whitfield AE. Entry of bunyaviruses into plants and vectors. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:65-96. [PMID: 31439153 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The majority of plant-infecting viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors that deliver them directly into a living plant cell. There are diverse mechanisms of transmission ranging from direct binding to the insect stylet (non-persistent transmission) to persistent-propagative transmission in which the virus replicates in the insect vector. Despite this diversity in interactions, most arthropods that serve as efficient vectors have feeding strategies that enable them to deliver the virus into the plant cell without extensive damage to the plant and thus effectively inoculate the plant. As such, the primary virus entry mechanism for plant viruses is mediated by the biological vector. Remarkably, viruses that are transmitted in a propagative manner (bunyaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and reoviruses) have developed an ability to replicate in hosts from two kingdoms. Viruses in the order Bunyavirales are of emerging importance and with the advent of new sequencing technologies, we are getting unprecedented glimpses into the diversity of these viruses. Plant-infecting bunyaviruses are transmitted in a persistent, propagative manner must enter two unique types of host cells, plant and insect. In the insect phase of the virus life cycle, the propagative viruses likely use typical cellular entry strategies to traverse cell membranes. In this review, we highlight the transmission and entry strategies of three genera of plant-infecting bunyaviruses: orthotospoviruses, tenuiviruses, and emaraviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Moshe Dessau
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David A Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM, Slough MM, Chandran K, Jangra RK. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:185-224. [PMID: 31439149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interventions is largely due to an incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of virus replication, including cellular entry. Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins are the only viral proteins exposed on the surface of virions and are necessary and sufficient to orchestrate virus attachment and entry. In vitro studies have implicated integrins (β1-3), DAF/CD55, and gC1qR as candidate receptors that mediate viral attachment for both Old World and New World hantaviruses. Recently, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) was demonstrated as a requirement for cellular attachment and entry of New World hantaviruses in vitro and lethal HPS in vivo, making it the first clade-specific host factor to be identified. Attachment of hantavirus particles to cellular receptors induces their internalization by clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by particle trafficking to an endosomal compartment where the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes can occur. Following membrane fusion, which requires cholesterol and acid pH, viral nucleocapsids escape into the cytoplasm and launch genome replication. In this review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of hantavirus entry, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and suggest areas for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccines Provide Cross-Protection against Andes and Sin Nombre Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070645. [PMID: 31337019 PMCID: PMC6669828 DOI: 10.3390/v11070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) are the main causative agents responsible for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. HCPS is a severe respiratory disease with a high fatality rate for which there are no approved therapeutics or vaccines available. Some vaccine approaches for HCPS have been tested in preclinical models, but none have been tested in infectious models in regard to their ability to protect against multiple species of HCPS-causing viruses. Here, we utilize recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based (VSV) vaccines for Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and assess their ability to provide cross-protection in infectious challenge models. We show that, while both rVSVΔG/ANDVGPC and rVSVΔG/SNVGPC display attenuated growth as compared to wild type VSV, each vaccine is able to induce a cross-reactive antibody response. Both vaccines protected against both homologous and heterologous challenge with ANDV and SNV and prevented HCPS in a lethal ANDV challenge model. This study provides evidence that the development of a single vaccine against HCPS-causing hantaviruses could provide protection against multiple agents.
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Bignon EA, Albornoz A, Guardado-Calvo P, Rey FA, Tischler ND. Molecular organization and dynamics of the fusion protein Gc at the hantavirus surface. eLife 2019; 8:46028. [PMID: 31180319 PMCID: PMC6609335 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hantavirus envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc mediate virion assembly and cell entry, with Gc driving fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. Although the X-ray structures and overall arrangement of Gn and Gc on the hantavirus spikes are known, their detailed interactions are not. Here we show that the lateral contacts between spikes are mediated by the same 2-fold contacts observed in Gc crystals at neutral pH, allowing the engineering of disulfide bonds to cross-link spikes. Disrupting the observed dimer interface affects particle assembly and overall spike stability. We further show that the spikes display a temperature-dependent dynamic behavior at neutral pH, alternating between ‘open’ and ‘closed’ forms. We show that the open form exposes the Gc fusion loops but is off-pathway for productive Gc-induced membrane fusion and cell entry. These data also provide crucial new insights for the design of optimized Gn/Gc immunogens to elicit protective immune responses. Hantaviruses infect rodents and other small mammals, but do not harm them. When transmitted to humans, often through rodent urine, feces or saliva, they can cause serious and even fatal diseases. Currently, there are no known methods that effectively prevent hantavirus infections or treat the diseases that they cause. During an infection, viruses invade the cells of their host. A hantavirus interacts with target cells through proteins on its surface called Gn and Gc glycoproteins. Previous work has shown that these glycoproteins are organized in bundles of four Gn and four Gc proteins, termed spikes, which project from the membrane that surrounds the virus. The Gc protein changes shape when it is activated and exposes a hidden region that can insert into the membrane of the target cell. The Gc proteins then change shape again to force the cell to fuse with the viral membrane. This process allows the virus to be taken up into the cell, where it can replicate. While the structures of each viral glycoprotein have been determined in isolation, it was not known how they interact within the Gn/Gc spike. Such information is crucial to understand how the viruses infect cells and which areas are exposed to the immune system of the host – and so could be targeted by antiviral treatments. Bignon et al. have now identified the molecular contacts that occur between spikes and interconnect them into a grid-like lattice on the surface of the virus. Genetically altering specific sections of the Gc glycoprotein strengthened or weakened these contacts, which correspondingly increased or decreased how stable the spike was. Preventing the contacts from forming resulted in cells releasing fewer virus-like particles. Bignon et al. also show that at the body temperature of mammals, the shape of the spike fluctuates between an ‘open’ form that exposes the region of Gc that inserts into the cell membrane, and a ‘closed’ form that hides this region. However, when Gc is activated, the open form becomes unable to cause the viral and cell membranes to fuse together. Together, the results presented by Bignon et al. help us to understand how changes to the hantavirus surface enable the virus to infect cells. This knowledge will help researchers to design vaccines that protect against hantavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Bignon
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amelina Albornoz
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
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Müller A, Baumann A, Essbauer S, Radosa L, Krüger DH, Witkowski PT, Zeier M, Krautkrämer E. Analysis of the integrin β 3 receptor for pathogenic orthohantaviruses in rodent host species. Virus Res 2019; 267:36-40. [PMID: 31054291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Host reservoir specificity of pathogens is complex and may depend on receptor variability. For pathogenic orthohantaviruses, integrin β3 had been previously identified as entry receptor and the presence of aspartic acid residue at position 39 (D39) in human integrin β3 was described to be a prerequisite for infection of primate cells with Hantaan virus (HTNV). However, the role of integrin β3 in orthohantavirus infection of host animals is not completely understood. Therefore, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the integrin β3 gene of Myodes glareolus and Apodemus agrarius, the hosts of Puumala virus (PUUV) and HTNV, respectively. Sequence analysis in tissue samples demonstrated that the amino acid residue D39 is not present in integrin β3 of these natural orthohantavirus hosts. Furthermore, we analyzed the transcription and protein expression levels of integrin β3 in the renal cell line BVK168 generated from the PUUV host, bank vole. Transcription level of integrin β3 was 100-fold lower in BVK168 cells than in Vero E6 cells and integrin β3 expression was not detectable in BVK168 cells. However, despite the absence of amino acid residue D39 and no detectable integrin β3 expression, BVK168 cells are susceptible to infection with both PUUV and HTNV. These results indicate that the mechanism of orthohantaviral entry in rodent species does not correspond to the requirements that were described for the entry in primate cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Müller
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Baumann
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Essbauer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Department of Virology & Rickettsiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukáš Radosa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter T Witkowski
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Krautkrämer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Caì Y, Yú S, Jangra RK, Postnikova EN, Wada J, Tesh RB, Whelan SPJ, Lauck M, Wiley MR, Finch CL, Radoshitzky SR, O’Connor DH, Palacios G, Chandran K, Chiu CY, Kuhn JH. Human, Nonhuman Primate, and Bat Cells Are Broadly Susceptible to Tibrovirus Particle Cell Entry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:856. [PMID: 31105663 PMCID: PMC6499107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the genome of a novel rhabdovirus, Bas-Congo virus (BASV), was discovered in the acute-phase serum of a Congolese patient with presumed viral hemorrhagic fever. In the absence of a replicating virus isolate, fulfilling Koch's postulates to determine whether BASV is indeed a human virus and/or pathogen has been impossible. However, experiments with vesiculoviral particles pseudotyped with Bas-Congo glycoprotein suggested that BASV particles can enter cells from multiple animals, including humans. In 2015, genomes of two related viruses, Ekpoma virus 1 (EKV-1) and Ekpoma virus 2 (EKV-2), were detected in human sera in Nigeria. Isolates could not be obtained. Phylogenetic analyses led to the classification of BASV, EKV-1, and EKV-2 in the same genus, Tibrovirus, together with five biting midge-borne rhabdoviruses [i.e., Beatrice Hill virus (BHV), Bivens Arm virus (BAV), Coastal Plains virus (CPV), Sweetwater Branch virus (SWBV), and Tibrogargan virus (TIBV)] not known to infect humans. Using individual recombinant vesiculoviruses expressing the glycoproteins of all eight known tibroviruses and more than 75 cell lines representing different animal species, we demonstrate that the glycoproteins of all tibroviruses can mediate vesiculovirus particle entry into human, bat, nonhuman primate, cotton rat, boa constrictor, and Asian tiger mosquito cells. Using four of five isolated authentic tibroviruses (i.e., BAV, CPV, SWBV, and TIBV), our experiments indicate that many cell types may be partially resistant to tibrovirus replication after virion cell entry. Consequently, experimental data solely obtained from experiments using tibrovirus surrogate systems (e.g., vesiculoviral pseudotypes, recombinant vesiculoviruses) cannot be used to predict whether BASV, or any other tibrovirus, infects humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shuǐqìng Yú
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Elena N. Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Courtney L. Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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73
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Torriani G, Mayor J, Zimmer G, Kunz S, Rothenberger S, Engler O. Macropinocytosis contributes to hantavirus entry into human airway epithelial cells. Virology 2019; 531:57-68. [PMID: 30852272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne negative-strand RNA viruses associated with severe human diseases. Zoonotic transmission occurs via aerosols of contaminated rodent excreta and cells of the human respiratory epithelium represent likely early targets. Here we investigated cellular factors involved in entry of the pathogenic Old and New World hantaviruses Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) into human respiratory epithelial cells. Screening of a kinase inhibitor library using a biocontained recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform revealed differential requirement for host kinases for HTNV and ANDV entry and provided first hints for an involvement of macropinocytosis. Examination of a selected panel of well-defined inhibitors of endocytosis confirmed that both HTNV and ANDV enter human respiratory epithelial cells via a pathway that critically depends on sodium proton exchangers and actin, hallmarks of macropinocytosis. However, HTNV and ANDV differed in their individual requirements for regulatory factors of macropinocytosis, indicating virus-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Torriani
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Mayor
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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Martínez-Valdebenito C, Angulo J, Le Corre N, Marco C, Vial C, Miquel JF, Cerda J, Mertz G, Vial P, Lopez-Lastra M, Ferrés M. A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of α Vβ₃ Integrin Is Associated with the Andes Virus Infection Susceptibility. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020169. [PMID: 30791508 PMCID: PMC6409546 DOI: 10.3390/v11020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The AndesOrthohantavirus (ANDV), which causes the hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, enters cells via integrins, and a change from leucine to proline at residue 33 in the PSI domain (L33P), impairs ANDV recognition. We assessed the association between this human polymorphism and ANDV infection. We defined susceptible and protective genotypes as “TT” (coding leucine) and “CC” (coding proline), respectively. TT was present at a rate of 89.2% (66/74) among the first cohort of ANDV cases and at 60% (63/105) among exposed close-household contacts, who remained uninfected (p < 0.05). The protective genotype (CC) was absent in all 85 ANDV cases, in both cohorts, and was present at 11.4% of the exposed close-household contacts who remained uninfected. Logistic regression modeling for risk of infection had an OR of 6.2–12.6 (p < 0.05) in the presence of TT and well-known ANDV risk activities. Moreover, an OR of 7.3 was obtained when the TT condition was analyzed for two groups exposed to the same environmental risk. Host genetic background was found to have an important role in ANDV infection susceptibility, in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatricas, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Jenniffer Angulo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia (IMII), Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatricas, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Claudia Marco
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatricas, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Facultad de Medicina, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile.
| | - Juan Francisco Miquel
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Jaime Cerda
- Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Gregory Mertz
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Pablo Vial
- Departamento de Pediatria, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Lopez-Lastra
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatricas, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia (IMII), Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatricas, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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