51
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Ye L, Wang X, McFarland A, Madsen JJ. 19F NMR: A promising tool for dynamic conformational studies of G protein-coupled receptors. Structure 2022; 30:1372-1384. [PMID: 36130592 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in X-ray crystallography and cryoelectron microscopy enabled unprecedented insights into the activation processes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, these static receptor structures provide limited information about dynamics and conformational transitions that play pivotal roles in mediating signaling diversity through the multifaceted interactions between ligands, receptors, and transducers. Developing NMR approaches to probe the dynamics of conformational transitions will push the frontier of receptor science toward a more comprehensive understanding of these signaling processes. Although much progress has been made during the last decades, it remains challenging to delineate receptor conformational states and interrogate the functions of the individual states at a quantitative level. Here we cover the progress of 19F NMR applications in GPCR conformational and dynamic studies during the past 20 years. Current challenges and limitations of 19F NMR for studying GPCR dynamics are also discussed, along with experimental strategies that will drive this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Aidan McFarland
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jesper J Madsen
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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52
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Chen Q, Tesmer JJG. G protein-coupled receptor interactions with arrestins and GPCR kinases: The unresolved issue of signal bias. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102279. [PMID: 35863432 PMCID: PMC9418498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) and arrestins interact with agonist-bound GPCRs to promote receptor desensitization and downregulation. They also trigger signaling cascades distinct from those of heterotrimeric G proteins. Biased agonists for GPCRs that favor either heterotrimeric G protein or GRK/arrestin signaling are of profound pharmacological interest because they could usher in a new generation of drugs with greatly reduced side effects. One mechanism by which biased agonism might occur is by stabilizing receptor conformations that preferentially bind to GRKs and/or arrestins. In this review, we explore this idea by comparing structures of GPCRs bound to heterotrimeric G proteins with those of the same GPCRs in complex with arrestins and GRKs. The arrestin and GRK complexes all exhibit high conformational heterogeneity, which is likely a consequence of their unusual ability to adapt and bind to hundreds of different GPCRs. This dynamic behavior, along with the experimental tactics required to stabilize GPCR complexes for biophysical analysis, confounds these comparisons, but some possible molecular mechanisms of bias are beginning to emerge. We also examine if and how the recent structures advance our understanding of how arrestins parse the "phosphorylation barcodes" installed in the intracellular loops and tails of GPCRs by GRKs. In the future, structural analyses of arrestins in complex with intact receptors that have well-defined native phosphorylation barcodes, such as those installed by the two nonvisual subfamilies of GRKs, will be particularly illuminating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Chen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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53
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Das A, Gupta PK, Rana S. C5aR2 receptor: The genomic twin of the flamboyant C5aR1. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1841-1856. [PMID: 35977039 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement fragment C5a is one of the most potent proinflammatory glycoproteins liberated by the activation of the biochemical cascade of the complement system. C5a is established to interact with a set of genomically related transmembrane receptors, like C5aR1 (CD88, C5aR) and C5aR2 (GPR77, C5L2) with comparable affinity. The C5aR1 is a classical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whereas C5aR2 is a nonclassical GPCR that tailors immune cell activity potentially through β-arrestins rather than G-proteins. Currently, the exact function of the C5aR2 is actively debated in the context of C5aR1, even though both C5aR1 and C5aR2 are coexpressed on myriads of tissues. The functional relevance of C5aR2 appears to be context-dependent compared to the C5aR1, which has received enormous attention for its role in both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. In addition, the structure of C5aR2 and its interaction specificity toward C5a is not structurally elucidated in the literature so far. The current study has attempted to close the gap by generating highly refined model structures of C5aR2, respectively in free (inactive), complexed to C-terminal peptide of C5a (meta-active) and the C5a (active), embedded to a model palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayer. The computational modeling and the 1.5-μs molecular dynamics data presented in the current study are expected to further enrich the understanding of C5a-C5aR2 interaction compared to C5a-C5aR1, which will surely help in elaborating the currently debated biological function of C5aR2 better in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurosikha Das
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pulkit K Gupta
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumendra Rana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
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54
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Wall MJ, Hill E, Huckstepp R, Barkan K, Deganutti G, Leuenberger M, Preti B, Winfield I, Carvalho S, Suchankova A, Wei H, Safitri D, Huang X, Imlach W, La Mache C, Dean E, Hume C, Hayward S, Oliver J, Zhao FY, Spanswick D, Reynolds CA, Lochner M, Ladds G, Frenguelli BG. Selective activation of Gαob by an adenosine A 1 receptor agonist elicits analgesia without cardiorespiratory depression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4150. [PMID: 35851064 PMCID: PMC9293909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic agonists for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is hampered by the propensity of GPCRs to couple to multiple intracellular signalling pathways. This promiscuous coupling leads to numerous downstream cellular effects, some of which are therapeutically undesirable. This is especially the case for adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) whose clinical potential is undermined by the sedation and cardiorespiratory depression caused by conventional agonists. We have discovered that the A1R-selective agonist, benzyloxy-cyclopentyladenosine (BnOCPA), is a potent and powerful analgesic but does not cause sedation, bradycardia, hypotension or respiratory depression. This unprecedented discrimination between native A1Rs arises from BnOCPA's unique and exquisitely selective activation of Gob among the six Gαi/o subtypes, and in the absence of β-arrestin recruitment. BnOCPA thus demonstrates a highly-specific Gα-selective activation of the native A1R, sheds new light on GPCR signalling, and reveals new possibilities for the development of novel therapeutics based on the far-reaching concept of selective Gα agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Emily Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Robert Huckstepp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kerry Barkan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Michele Leuenberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Preti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Winfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Sabrina Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Anna Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | | | - Dewi Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Xianglin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Wendy Imlach
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Circe La Mache
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Eve Dean
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Cherise Hume
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephanie Hayward
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jess Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - David Spanswick
- NeuroSolutions Ltd, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Martin Lochner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Bruno G Frenguelli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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55
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Suzuki S, Iida M, Hiroaki Y, Tanaka K, Kawamoto A, Kato T, Oshima A. Structural insight into the activation mechanism of MrgD with heterotrimeric Gi-protein revealed by cryo-EM. Commun Biol 2022; 5:707. [PMID: 35840655 PMCID: PMC9287403 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MrgD, a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPR) family, has high basal activity for Gi activation. It recognizes endogenous ligands, such as β-alanine, and is involved in pain and itch signaling. The lack of a high-resolution structure for MrgD hinders our understanding of whether its activation is ligand-dependent or constitutive. Here, we report two cryo-EM structures of the MrgD-Gi complex in the β-alanine-bound and apo states at 3.1 Å and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. These structures show that β-alanine is bound to a shallow pocket at the extracellular domains. The extracellular half of the sixth transmembrane helix undergoes a significant movement and is tightly packed into the third transmembrane helix through hydrophobic residues, creating the active form. Our structures demonstrate a structural basis for the characteristic ligand recognition of MrgD. These findings provide a framework to guide drug designs targeting the MrgD receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Suzuki
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Momoko Iida
- Division of Biological Science, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoko Hiroaki
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanaka
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawamoto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oshima
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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56
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Dixon AD, Inoue A, Robson SA, Culhane KJ, Trinidad JC, Sivaramakrishnan S, Bumbak F, Ziarek JJ. Effect of Ligands and Transducers on the Neurotensin Receptor 1 Conformational Ensemble. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10241-10250. [PMID: 35647863 PMCID: PMC9936889 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Using a discrete, intracellular 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe on transmembrane helix 6 of the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1), we aim to understand how ligands and transducers modulate the receptor's structural ensemble in a solution. For apo NTS1, 19F NMR spectra reveal an ensemble of at least three conformational substates (one inactive and two active-like) in equilibrium that exchange on the millisecond to second timescale. Dynamic NMR experiments reveal that these substates follow a linear three-site exchange process that is both thermodynamically and kinetically remodeled by orthosteric ligands. As previously observed in other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the full agonist is insufficient to completely stabilize the active-like state. The inactive substate is abolished upon coupling to β-arrestin-1 (βArr1) or the C-terminal helix of Gαq, which comprises ≳60% of the GPCR/G protein interface surface area. Whereas βArr1 exclusively selects for pre-existing active-like substates, the Gαq peptide induces a new substate. Both transducer molecules promote substantial line broadening of active-like states, suggesting contributions from additional microsecond to millisecond exchange processes. Together, our study suggests that (i) the NTS1 allosteric activation mechanism may be alternatively dominated by induced fit or conformational selection depending on the coupled transducer, and (ii) the available static structures do not represent the entire conformational ensemble observed in a solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Dixon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578 Miyagi, Japan
| | - Scott A. Robson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly J. Culhane
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States,Present Address: Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, 54911, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Trinidad
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Fabian Bumbak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States,Present Address: Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Joshua J. Ziarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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57
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Huang S, Xu P, Shen DD, Simon IA, Mao C, Tan Y, Zhang H, Harpsøe K, Li H, Zhang Y, You C, Yu X, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Gloriam DE, Xu HE. GPCRs steer G i and G s selectivity via TM5-TM6 switches as revealed by structures of serotonin receptors. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2681-2695.e6. [PMID: 35714614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that activates 12 different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) through selective coupling of Gs, Gi, or Gq proteins. The structural basis for G protein subtype selectivity by these GPCRs remains elusive. Here, we report the structures of the serotonin receptors 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 with Gs, and 5-HT4 with Gi1. The structures reveal that transmembrane helices TM5 and TM6 alternate lengths as a macro-switch to determine receptor's selectivity for Gs and Gi, respectively. We find that the macro-switch by the TM5-TM6 length is shared by class A GPCR-G protein structures. Furthermore, we discover specific residues within TM5 and TM6 that function as micro-switches to form specific interactions with Gs or Gi. Together, these results present a common mechanism of Gs versus Gi protein coupling selectivity or promiscuity by class A GPCRs and extend the basis of ligand recognition at serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Huang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Icaro A Simon
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; SARomics Biostructures AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; Present address: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kasper Harpsøe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huadong Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yumu Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chongzhao You
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuekui Yu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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58
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Nucleic Acid Aptamers Emerging as Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Challenge to Difficult Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111825. [PMID: 35681520 PMCID: PMC9180700 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), among various cell surface proteins, are essential targets in the fields of basic science and drug discovery. The discovery and development of modulators for the receptors have provided deep insights into the mechanism of action of receptors and have led to a new therapeutic option for human diseases. Although various modulators against GPCRs have been developed to date, the identification of new modulators for GPCRs remains a challenge due to several technical problems and limitations. To overcome this situation, a variety of strategies have been developed by several modalities, including nucleic acid aptamers, which are emerging as unique molecules isolated by a repetitive selection process against various types of targets from an enormous combinatorial library. This review summarized the achievements in the development of aptamers targeting GPCRs, and discussed their isolation methods and the diverse functional features of aptamers against GPCRs.
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59
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Wang C, Anglès F, Balch WE. Triangulating variation in the population to define mechanisms for precision management of genetic disease. Structure 2022; 30:1190-1207.e5. [PMID: 35714602 PMCID: PMC9357173 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To understand mechanistically how the protein fold is shaped by therapeutics to inform precision management of disease, we developed variation-capture (VarC) mapping. VarC triangulates sparse sequence variation information found in the population using Gaussian process regression (GPR)-based machine learning to define the combined pairwise-residue interactions contributing to dynamic protein function in the individual in response to therapeutics. Using VarC mapping, we now reveal the pairwise-residue covariant relationships across the entire protein fold of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to define the molecular mechanisms of clinically approved CF chemical modulators. We discover an energetically destabilized covariant core containing a di-acidic YKDAD endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit code that is only weakly corrected by current therapeutics. Our results illustrate that VarC provides a generalizable tool to triangulate information from genetic variation in the population to mechanistically discover therapeutic strategies that guide precision management of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Frédéric Anglès
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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60
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Molecular mechanism of allosteric modulation for the cannabinoid receptor CB1. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:831-840. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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61
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Abstract
SignificanceGalanin exerts various physiological functions through galanin receptors, including antinociceptive activity, depression, and sleep. Here, we reveal a distinct binding mode of galanin peptide in galanin receptors from that of the published structures of peptide-bound GPCRs. Moreover, our work shows that the neuromodulator zinc ion negatively modulates galanin signaling in the central nervous system and further advances our understanding of mechanisms of G protein selectivity of GPCRs. These structures will provide a framework for rational design of ligands targeting GALRs for potential therapeutic applications.
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62
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Shao Z, Tan Y, Shen Q, Hou L, Yao B, Qin J, Xu P, Mao C, Chen LN, Zhang H, Shen DD, Zhang C, Li W, Du X, Li F, Chen ZH, Jiang Y, Xu HE, Ying S, Ma H, Zhang Y, Shen H. Molecular insights into ligand recognition and activation of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR3. Cell Discov 2022; 8:44. [PMID: 35570218 PMCID: PMC9108096 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors with key roles in leukocyte migration and inflammatory responses. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of two human CC chemokine receptor-G-protein complexes: CCR2 bound to its endogenous ligand CCL2, and CCR3 in the apo state. The structure of the CCL2-CCR2-G-protein complex reveals that CCL2 inserts deeply into the extracellular half of the transmembrane domain, and forms substantial interactions with the receptor through the most N-terminal glutamine. Extensive hydrophobic and polar interactions are present between both two chemokine receptors and the Gα-protein, contributing to the constitutive activity of these receptors. Notably, complemented with functional experiments, the interactions around intracellular loop 2 of the receptors are found to be conserved and play a more critical role in G-protein activation than those around intracellular loop 3. Together, our findings provide structural insights into chemokine recognition and receptor activation, shedding lights on drug design targeting chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingya Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Hou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingpeng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Nan Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Anatomy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xufei Du
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Honglei Ma
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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63
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Tang T, Tan Q, Han S, Diemar A, Löbner K, Wang H, Schüß C, Behr V, Mörl K, Wang M, Chu X, Yi C, Keller M, Kofoed J, Reedtz-Runge S, Kaiser A, Beck-Sickinger AG, Zhao Q, Wu B. Receptor-specific recognition of NPY peptides revealed by structures of NPY receptors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm1232. [PMID: 35507650 PMCID: PMC9067930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In response to three highly conserved neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), four G protein-coupled receptors mediate multiple essential physiological processes, such as food intake, vasoconstriction, sedation, and memory retention. Here, we report the structures of the human Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors in complex with NPY or PP, and the Gi1 protein. These structures reveal distinct binding poses of the peptide upon coupling to different receptors, reflecting the importance of the conformational plasticity of the peptide in recognizing the NPY receptors. The N terminus of the peptide forms extensive interactions with the Y1 receptor, but not with the Y2 and Y4 receptors. Supported by mutagenesis and functional studies, subtype-specific interactions between the receptors and peptides were further observed. These findings provide insight into key factors that govern NPY signal recognition and transduction, and would enable development of selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuxiang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anne Diemar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Löbner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Corinna Schüß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Behr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiying Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Max Keller
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Kofoed
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Beili Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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64
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Mafi A, Kim SK, Goddard WA. The mechanism for ligand activation of the GPCR-G protein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110085119. [PMID: 35452328 PMCID: PMC9170043 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110085119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) activate cellular responses ranging from odorants to neurotransmitters. Binding an agonist leads to activation of a heterotrimeric G protein (GP) that stimulates external signaling. Unfortunately, the mechanism remains unknown. We show for 15 class A GPCRs, including opioids, adrenergics, adenosines, chemokines, muscarinics, cannabinoids, serotonins, and dopamines, that interaction of an inactive GP, including Gs, Gi, Go, G11, and Gq, to the inactive GPCR, containing the intracellular ionic lock between transmembrane (TM) helices 3 and 6, evolves exothermically to form a precoupled GPCR-GP complex with an opened TM3-TM6 and the GP-α5 helix partially inserted into the GPCR but not activated. We show that binding of agonist to this precoupled GPCR-GP complex causes the Gα protein to open into its active form, with the guanosine diphosphate exposed for signaling. This GP-first paradigm provides a strategy for developing selective agonists for GPCRs since it is the pharmacophore for the precoupled GPCR-GP complex that should be used to design drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mafi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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65
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Einsiedel J, Schmidt MF, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Development of disulfide-functionalized peptides covalently binding G protein-coupled receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 61:116720. [PMID: 35334449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A broadly applicable synthesis of peptides incorporating mixed disulfides between cysteine and homocysteine and cysteamine was developed. The method was established using pharmacologically relevant G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands including the μ-receptor agonist Dmt-DALDA and extended to the orexin derivative Oxa(17-33) and NT(8-13), the C-terminal hexapeptide of neurotensin. The newly developed NT(8-13) analog 6b incorporating an S-functionalized homocysteine revealed covalent binding of the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) in a radioligand depletion study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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66
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Chen H, Huang W, Li X. Structures of oxysterol sensor EBI2/GPR183, a key regulator of the immune response. Structure 2022; 30:1016-1024.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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67
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Yadav P, Barati Farimani A. Activation Pathways of Neurotensin Receptor 1 Elucidated Using Statistical Machine Learning. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1333-1341. [PMID: 35380784 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates many biological processes through its interaction with the neurotensin (NTS) peptide. The NTSR1 protein is a clinically significant target as it is involved in the proliferation of cancer cells. Understanding the activation mechanism of NTSR1 is an important prerequisite for exploring the therapeutic potential of targeting NTSR1 and the development of drug molecules specific to NTSR1. Previous studies have been aimed at elucidating the structure of NTSR1 in the active and inactive conformations; however, the intermediate molecular pathway for NTSR1 activation dynamics is largely unknown. In this study, we performed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the NTSR1 protein and analyzed its kinetic conformational changes to determine the microswitches that drive NTSR1 activation. To biophysically interpret the high-dimensional simulation trajectories, we used Markov state models and machine learning to elucidate the important and detailed conformational changes in NTSR1. Through the analysis of identified microswitches, we propose a mechanistic pathway for NTSR1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakarsh Yadav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Machine Learning Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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68
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Ladefoged LK, Koch R, Biggin PC, Schiøtt B. Binding and Activation of Serotonergic G-Protein Coupled Receptors by the Multimodal Antidepressant Vortioxetine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1129-1142. [PMID: 35348335 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important pharmacological targets. Despite substantial progress, important questions still remain concerning the details of activation: how can a ligand act as an agonist in one receptor but as an antagonist in a homologous receptor, and how can agonists activate a receptor despite lacking polar functional groups able to interact with helix 5 as is the case for the related adrenergic receptors? Studying vortioxetine (VXT), an important multimodal antidepressant drug, may elucidate both questions. Herein, we present a thorough in silico analysis of VXT binding to 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT7 receptors and compare it with available experimental data. We are able to rationalize the differential mode of action of VXT at different receptors, but also, in the case of the 5-HT1A receptor, we observe the initial steps of activation that inform about an activation mechanism that does not involve polar interaction with helix 5. The results extend our current understanding of agonist and antagonist action at aminergic GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kate Ladefoged
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rebekka Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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69
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Structural insights into the peptide selectivity and activation of human neuromedin U receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2045. [PMID: 35440625 PMCID: PMC9019041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U receptors (NMURs), including NMUR1 and NMUR2, are a group of Gq/11-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). NMUR1 and NMUR2 play distinct, pleiotropic physiological functions in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS), respectively, according to their distinct tissue distributions. These receptors are stimulated by two endogenous neuropeptides, neuromedin U and S (NMU and NMS) with similar binding affinities. NMURs have gathered attention as potential drug targets for obesity and inflammatory disorders. Specifically, selective agonists for NMUR2 in peripheral tissue show promising long-term anti-obesity effects with fewer CNS-related side effects. However, the mechanisms of peptide binding specificity and receptor activation remain elusive. Here, we report four cryo-electron microscopy structures of Gq chimera-coupled NMUR1 and NMUR2 in complexes with NMU and NMS. These structures reveal the conserved overall peptide-binding mode and the mechanism of peptide selectivity for specific NMURs, as well as the common activation mechanism of the NMUR subfamily. Together, these findings provide insights into the molecular basis of the peptide recognition and offer an opportunity for the design of the selective drugs targeting NMURs. Neuromedin U receptors (NMURs) are potential drug targets for obesity and inflammatory disorders. Here, the authors report structural basis for neuromedin recognition and activation mechanism of NMURs.
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70
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Schiedel AC. The Many Faces of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143, an Atypical Intracellular Receptor. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:873777. [PMID: 35495622 PMCID: PMC9039016 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.873777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs transform extracellular stimuli into a physiological response by activating an intracellular signaling cascade initiated via binding to G proteins. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) hold the potential to pave the way for development of new, innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review we will introduce G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an enigmatic receptor in terms of classification within the GPCR superfamily and localization. GPR143 has not been assigned to any of the GPCR families due to the lack of common structural motifs. Hence we will describe the most important motifs of classes A and B and compare them to the protein sequence of GPR143. While a precise function for the receptor has yet to be determined, the protein is expressed abundantly in pigment producing cells. Many GPR143 mutations cause X-linked Ocular Albinism Type 1 (OA1, Nettleship-Falls OA), which results in hypopigmentation of the eyes and loss of visual acuity due to disrupted visual system development and function. In pigment cells of the skin, loss of functional GPR143 results in abnormally large melanosomes (organelles in which pigment is produced). Studies have shown that the receptor is localized internally, including at the melanosomal membrane, where it may function to regulate melanosome size and/or facilitate protein trafficking to the melanosome through the endolysosomal system. Numerous additional roles have been proposed for GPR143 in determining cancer predisposition, regulation of blood pressure, development of macular degeneration and signaling in the brain, which we will briefly describe as well as potential ligands that have been identified. Furthermore, GPR143 is a promiscuous receptor that has been shown to interact with multiple other melanosomal proteins and GPCRs, which strongly suggests that this orphan receptor is likely involved in many different physiological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anke C. Schiedel,
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71
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Zheng K, Smith JS, Eiger DS, Warman A, Choi I, Honeycutt CC, Boldizsar N, Gundry JN, Pack TF, Inoue A, Caron MG, Rajagopal S. Biased agonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 differentially signal through Gα i:β-arrestin complexes. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg5203. [PMID: 35316095 PMCID: PMC9890572 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and signal through the proximal effectors, G proteins and β-arrestins, to influence nearly every biological process. The G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways have largely been considered separable; however, direct interactions between Gα proteins and β-arrestins have been described that appear to be part of a distinct GPCR signaling pathway. Within these complexes, Gαi/o, but not other Gα protein subtypes, directly interacts with β-arrestin, regardless of the canonical Gα protein that is coupled to the GPCR. Here, we report that the endogenous biased chemokine agonists of CXCR3 (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), together with two small-molecule biased agonists, differentially formed Gαi:β-arrestin complexes. Formation of the Gαi:β-arrestin complexes did not correlate well with either G protein activation or β-arrestin recruitment. β-arrestin biosensors demonstrated that ligands that promoted Gαi:β-arrestin complex formation generated similar β-arrestin conformations. We also found that Gαi:β-arrestin complexes did not couple to the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK, as is observed with other receptors such as the V2 vasopressin receptor, but did couple with the clathrin adaptor protein AP-2, which suggests context-dependent signaling by these complexes. These findings reinforce the notion that Gαi:β-arrestin complex formation is a distinct GPCR signaling pathway and enhance our understanding of the spectrum of biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dylan S. Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jaimee N. Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas F. Pack
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27110, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Corresponding author.
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72
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Wang J, Bhattarai A, Do HN, Akhter S, Miao Y. Molecular Simulations and Drug Discovery of Adenosine Receptors. Molecules 2022; 27:2054. [PMID: 35408454 PMCID: PMC9000248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of human membrane proteins. Four subtypes of adenosine receptors (ARs), the A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR and A3AR, each with a unique pharmacological profile and distribution within the tissues in the human body, mediate many physiological functions and serve as critical drug targets for treating numerous human diseases including cancer, neuropathic pain, cardiac ischemia, stroke and diabetes. The A1AR and A3AR preferentially couple to the Gi/o proteins, while the A2AAR and A2BAR prefer coupling to the Gs proteins. Adenosine receptors were the first subclass of GPCRs that had experimental structures determined in complex with distinct G proteins. Here, we will review recent studies in molecular simulations and computer-aided drug discovery of the adenosine receptors and also highlight their future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (J.W.); (A.B.); (H.N.D.); (S.A.)
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73
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Xu J, Cao S, Hübner H, Weikert D, Chen G, Lu Q, Yuan D, Gmeiner P, Liu Z, Du Y. Structural insights into ligand recognition, activation, and signaling of the α 2A adrenergic receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5347. [PMID: 35245122 PMCID: PMC8896805 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The α2A adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) is a G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor that mediates important physiological functions in response to the endogenous neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine, as well as numerous chemically distinct drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms of drug actions remain poorly understood. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human α2AAR-GoA complex bound to norepinephrine and three imidazoline derivatives (brimonidine, dexmedetomidine, and oxymetazoline). Together with mutagenesis and functional data, these structures provide important insights into the molecular basis of ligand recognition, activation, and signaling at the α2AAR. Further structural analyses uncover different molecular determinants between α2AAR and βARs for recognition of norepinephrine and key regions that determine the G protein coupling selectivity. Overall, our studies provide a framework for understanding the signal transduction of the adrenergic system at the atomic level, which will facilitate rational structure-based discovery of safer and more effective medications for α2AAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothée Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Daopeng Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zheng Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
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74
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Wang N, He X, Zhao J, Jiang H, Cheng X, Xia Y, Eric Xu H, He Y. Structural basis of leukotriene B4 receptor 1 activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1156. [PMID: 35241677 PMCID: PMC8894450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) plays crucial roles in the acute inflammatory responses and is a valuable target for anti-inflammation treatment, however, the mechanism by which leukotriene B4 (LTB4) activates receptor remains unclear. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the LTB4 -bound human BLT1 in complex with a Gi protein in an active conformation at resolution of 2.91 Å. In combination of molecule dynamics (MD) simulation, docking and site-directed mutagenesis, our structure reveals that a hydrogen-bond network of water molecules and key polar residues is the key molecular determinant for LTB4 binding. We also find that the displacement of residues M1013.36 and I2717.39 to the center of receptor, which unlock the ion lock of the lower part of pocket, is the key mechanism of receptor activation. In addition, we reveal a binding site of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and discover that the widely open ligand binding pocket may contribute the lack of specificity and efficacy for current BLT1-targeting drug design. Taken together, our structural analysis provides a scaffold for understanding BLT1 activation and a rational basis for designing anti-leukotriene drugs. In the paper, Dr. Wang et al reported a cryo-EM structure of the human leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) in complex with its native ligand leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in an active conformation complexed with Gi protein. The structure reveals the molecule determinant of LTB4 binding and the mechanism of receptor activation. These structural information will boost the understanding of LTB4-BLT1 signaling and provide a rational basis for designing novel anti-leukotriene drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinheng He
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
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75
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Zhang F, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Pu X. Molecular insights into the allosteric coupling mechanism between an agonist and two different transducers for μ-opioid receptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5282-5293. [PMID: 35170592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as the most important class of pharmacological targets regulate G-protein and β-arrestin-mediated signaling through allosteric interplay, which are responsible for different biochemical and physiological actions like therapeutic efficacy and side effects. However, the allosteric mechanism underlying preferentially recruiting one transducer versus the other has been poorly understood, limiting drug design. Motivated by this issue, we utilize accelerated molecular dynamics simulation coupled with potential of mean force (PMF), molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) and protein structure network (PSN) to study two ternary complex systems of a representative class A GPCR (μ-opioid receptor (μOR)) bound by an agonist and one specific transducer (G-protein and β-arrestin). The results show that no significant difference exists in the whole structure of μOR between two transducer couplings, but displays transducer-dependent changes in the intracellular binding region of μOR, where the β-arrestin coupling results in a narrower crevice with TM7 inward movement compared with the G-protein. In addition, both the G-protein and β-arrestin coupling can increase the binding affinity of the agonist to the receptor. However, the interactions between the agonist and μOR also exhibit transducer-specific changes, in particular for the interaction with ECL2 that plays an important role in recruiting β-arrestin. The allosteric network analysis further indicates that Y1483.33, F1523.37, F1563.41, N1914.49, T1603.45, Y1062.42, W2936.48, F2896.44, I2485.54 and Y2525.58 play important roles in equally activating G-protein and β-arrestin. In contrast, M1613.46 and R1653.50 devote important contributions to preferentially recruit G-protein while D1643.49 and R179ICL2 are revealed to be important for selectively activating β-arrestin. The observations provide useful information for understanding the biased activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhui Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichi Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
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76
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Ferré S, Ciruela F, Dessauer CW, González-Maeso J, Hébert TE, Jockers R, Logothetis DE, Pardo L. G protein-coupled receptor-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs). Pharmacol Ther 2022; 231:107977. [PMID: 34480967 PMCID: PMC9375844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of receptors involved in cellular signaling across the plasma membrane and a major class of drug targets. The canonical model for GPCR signaling involves three components - the GPCR, a heterotrimeric G protein and a proximal plasma membrane effector - that have been generally thought to be freely mobile molecules able to interact by 'collision coupling'. Here, we synthesize evidence that supports the existence of GPCR-effector macromolecular membrane assemblies (GEMMAs) comprised of specific GPCRs, G proteins, plasma membrane effector molecules and other associated transmembrane proteins that are pre-assembled prior to receptor activation by agonists, which then leads to subsequent rearrangement of the GEMMA components. The GEMMA concept offers an alternative and complementary model to the canonical collision-coupling model, allowing more efficient interactions between specific signaling components, as well as the integration of the concept of GPCR oligomerization as well as GPCR interactions with orphan receptors, truncated GPCRs and other membrane-localized GPCR-associated proteins. Collision-coupling and pre-assembled mechanisms are not exclusive and likely both operate in the cell, providing a spectrum of signaling modalities which explains the differential properties of a multitude of GPCRs in their different cellular environments. Here, we explore the unique pharmacological characteristics of individual GEMMAs, which could provide new opportunities to therapeutically modulate GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Addiction, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen W. Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Terence E. Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Ralf Jockers
- University of Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Diomedes E. Logothetis
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy at the Bouvé College of Health Sciences and College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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77
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Zhuang Y, Wang L, Guo J, Sun D, Wang Y, Liu W, Xu HE, Zhang C. Molecular recognition of formylpeptides and diverse agonists by the formylpeptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1054. [PMID: 35217703 PMCID: PMC8881469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) mediate pattern recognition of formylated peptides derived from invading pathogens or mitochondria from dead host cells. They can also sense other structurally distinct native peptides and even lipid mediators to either promote or resolve inflammation. Pharmacological targeting of FPRs represents a novel therapeutic approach in treating inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying FPR ligand recognition are elusive. We report cryo-EM structures of Gi-coupled FPR1 and FPR2 bound to a formylpeptide and Gi-coupled FPR2 bound to two synthetic peptide and small-molecule agonists. Together with mutagenesis data, our structures reveal the molecular mechanism of formylpeptide recognition by FPRs and structural variations of FPR1 and FPR2 leading to their different ligand preferences. Structural analysis also suggests that diverse FPR agonists sample a conserved activation chamber at the bottom of ligand-binding pockets to activate FPRs. Our results provide a basis for rational drug design on FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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78
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Madhu MK, Debroy A, Murarka RK. Molecular Insights into Phosphorylation-Induced Allosteric Conformational Changes in a β 2-Adrenergic Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1917-1932. [PMID: 35196859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The large conformational flexibility of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been a puzzle in structural and pharmacological studies for the past few decades. Apart from structural rearrangements induced by ligands, enzymatic phosphorylations by GPCR kinases (GRKs) at the carboxy-terminal tail (C-tail) of a GPCR also make conformational alterations to the transmembrane helices and facilitates the binding of one of its transducer proteins named β-arrestin. The phosphorylation-induced conformational transition of the receptor that causes specific binding to β-arrestin but prevents the association of other transducers such as G proteins lacks atomistic understanding and is elusive to experimental studies. Using microseconds of all-atom conventional and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations, we investigate the allosteric mechanism of phosphorylation induced-conformational changes in β2-adrenergic receptor, a well-characterized GPCR model system. Free energy profiles reveal that the phosphorylated receptor samples a new conformational state in addition to the canonical active state corroborating with recent nuclear magnetic resonance experimental findings. The new state has a smaller intracellular cavity that is likely to accommodate β-arrestin better than G protein. Using contact map and inter-residue interaction energy calculations, we found the phosphorylated C-tail adheres to the cytosolic surface of the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Transfer entropy calculations show that the C-tail residues drive the correlated motions of TM residues, and the allosteric signal is relayed via several residues at the cytosolic surface. Our results also illustrate how the redistribution of inter-residue nonbonding interaction couples with the allosteric communication from the phosphorylated C-tail to the transmembrane. Atomistic insight into phosphorylation-induced β-arrestin specific conformation is therapeutically important to design drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. Our results, therefore, open novel opportunities to fine-tune β-arrestin bias in GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhun K Madhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, MP, India
| | - Annesha Debroy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, MP, India
| | - Rajesh K Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, MP, India
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79
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Structural basis of neuropeptide Y signaling through Y1 receptor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:853. [PMID: 35165283 PMCID: PMC8844075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractNeuropeptide Y (NPY) is highly abundant in the brain and involved in various physiological processes related to food intake and anxiety, as well as human diseases such as obesity and cancer. However, the molecular details of the interactions between NPY and its receptors are poorly understood. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the NPY-bound neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1R) in complex with Gi1 protein. The NPY C-terminal segment forming the extended conformation binds deep into the Y1R transmembrane core, where the amidated C-terminal residue Y36 of NPY is located at the base of the ligand-binding pocket. Furthermore, the helical region and two N-terminal residues of NPY interact with Y1R extracellular loops, contributing to the high affinity of NPY for Y1R. The structural analysis of NPY-bound Y1R and mutagenesis studies provide molecular insights into the activation mechanism of Y1R upon NPY binding.
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80
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Cryo-EM structures of human bradykinin receptor-G q proteins complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:714. [PMID: 35132089 PMCID: PMC8821558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 bradykinin receptor (B2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in the cardiovascular system, and the dysfunction of B2R leads to inflammation, hereditary angioedema, and pain. Bradykinin and kallidin are both endogenous peptide agonists of B2R, acting as vasodilators to protect the cardiovascular system. Here we determine two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human B2R-Gq in complex with bradykinin and kallidin at 3.0 Å and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. The ligand-binding pocket accommodates S-shaped peptides, with aspartic acids and glutamates as an anion trap. The phenylalanines at the tail of the peptides induce significant conformational changes in the toggle switch W2836.48, the conserved PIF, DRY, and NPxxY motifs, for the B2R activation. This further induces the extensive interactions of the intracellular loops ICL2/3 and helix 8 with Gq proteins. Our structures elucidate the molecular mechanisms for the ligand binding, receptor activation, and Gq proteins coupling of B2R.
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81
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Robertson MJ, Meyerowitz JG, Skiniotis G. Drug discovery in the era of cryo-electron microscopy. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:124-135. [PMID: 34281791 PMCID: PMC8760134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) is an indispensable approach for the design and optimization of new therapeutic agents. Here, we highlight the rapid progress that has turned cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) into an exceptional SBDD tool, and the wealth of new structural information it is providing for high-value pharmacological targets. We review key advantages of a technique that directly images vitrified biomolecules without the need for crystallization; both in terms of a broader array of systems that can be studied and the different forms of information it can provide, including heterogeneity and dynamics. We discuss near- and far-future developments, working in concert towards achieving the resolution and throughput necessary for cryoEM to make a widespread impact on the SBDD pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin G Meyerowitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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82
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Structural basis of the ligand binding and signaling mechanism of melatonin receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:454. [PMID: 35075127 PMCID: PMC8786939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2 in humans) are family A G protein-coupled receptors that respond to the neurohormone melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm and sleep. Numerous efforts have been made to develop drugs targeting melatonin receptors for the treatment of insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, and cancer. However, designing subtype-selective melatonergic drugs remains challenging. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of the MT1-Gi signaling complex with 2-iodomelatonin and ramelteon and the MT2-Gi signaling complex with ramelteon. These structures, together with the reported functional data, reveal that although MT1 and MT2 possess highly similar orthosteric ligand-binding pockets, they also display distinctive features that could be targeted to design subtype-selective drugs. The unique structural motifs in MT1 and MT2 mediate structural rearrangements with a particularly wide opening on the cytoplasmic side. Gi is engaged in the receptor core shared by MT1 and MT2 and presents a conformation deviating from those in other Gi complexes. Together, our results provide new clues for designing melatonergic drugs and further insights into understanding the G protein coupling mechanism.
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83
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Tsutsumi N, Maeda S, Qu Q, Vögele M, Jude KM, Suomivuori CM, Panova O, Waghray D, Kato HE, Velasco A, Dror RO, Skiniotis G, Kobilka BK, Garcia KC. Atypical structural snapshots of human cytomegalovirus GPCR interactions with host G proteins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5442. [PMID: 35061538 PMCID: PMC8782444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) US28 and US27, which facilitate viral pathogenesis through engagement of host G proteins. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of US28 and US27 forming nonproductive and productive complexes with Gi and Gq, respectively, exhibiting unusual features with functional implications. The "orphan" GPCR US27 lacks a ligand-binding pocket and has captured a guanosine diphosphate-bound inactive Gi through a tenuous interaction. The docking modes of CX3CL1-US28 and US27 to Gi favor localization to endosome-like curved membranes, where US28 and US27 can function as nonproductive Gi sinks to attenuate host chemokine-dependent Gi signaling. The CX3CL1-US28-Gq/11 complex likely represents a trapped intermediate during productive signaling, providing a view of a transition state in GPCR-G protein coupling for signaling. Our collective results shed new insight into unique G protein-mediated HCMV GPCR structural mechanisms, compared to mammalian GPCR counterparts, for subversion of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shoji Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qianhui Qu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Vögele
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hideaki E. Kato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Velasco
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ron O. Dror
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian K. Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Li M, Liang W, Shi X, Fan J, Kong R, Liu Y, Zhang J, Chen T, Lu S. Delineating the activation mechanism and conformational landscape of a class B G protein-coupled receptor glucagon receptor. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:628-639. [PMID: 35140883 PMCID: PMC8801358 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important targets in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Although multiple structures of class B GPCRs-G protein complexes have been elucidated, the detailed activation mechanism of the receptors remains unclear. Here, we combine Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state models (MSM) to investigate the activation mechanism of a canonical class B GPCR, human glucagon receptor-GCGR, including the negative allosteric modulator-bound inactive state, the agonist glucagon-bound active state, and both glucagon- and Gs-bound fully active state. The free-energy landscapes of GCGR show the conformational ensemble consisting of three activation-associated states: inactive, active, and fully active. The structural analysis indicates the high dynamics of GCGR upon glucagon binding with both active and inactive conformations in the ensemble. Significantly, the H8 and TM6 exhibits distinct features from the inactive to the active states. The additional simulations demonstrate the role of H8 in the recruitment of Gs. Gs binding presents a crucial function of stabilizing the glucagon binding site and MSM highlights the absolute requirement of Gs to help the GCGR reach the fully active state. Together, our results reveal the detailed activation mechanism of GCGR from the view of conformational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenqi Liang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinchao Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jigang Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ren Kong
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200023, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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85
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Molecular mechanism of agonism and inverse agonism in ghrelin receptor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:300. [PMID: 35027551 PMCID: PMC8758724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been invested in the investigation of the structural basis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation. Inverse agonists, which can inhibit GPCRs with constitutive activity, are considered useful therapeutic agents, but the molecular mechanism of such ligands remains insufficiently understood. Here, we report a crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to the inverse agonist PF-05190457 and a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the active ghrelin receptor-Go complex bound to the endogenous agonist ghrelin. Our structures reveal a distinct binding mode of the inverse agonist PF-05190457 in the ghrelin receptor, different from the binding mode of agonists and neutral antagonists. Combining the structural comparisons and cellular function assays, we find that a polar network and a notable hydrophobic cluster are required for receptor activation and constitutive activity. Together, our study provides insights into the detailed mechanism of ghrelin receptor binding to agonists and inverse agonists, and paves the way to design specific ligands targeting ghrelin receptors. Ghrelin receptor regulates energy homeostasis through constitutive activity or by the ghrelin. Here the authors report two structures of ghrelin receptor bound to agonist and inverse agonist, providing insights into the mechanism of inverse agonism, which is of interest for specific ligand design.
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86
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Identification and mechanism of G protein-biased ligands for chemokine receptor CCR1. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:264-271. [PMID: 34949837 PMCID: PMC8885419 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biased signaling of G protein-coupled receptors describes an ability of different ligands that preferentially activate an alternative downstream signaling pathway. In this work, we identified and characterized different N-terminal truncations of endogenous chemokine CCL15 as balanced or biased agonists targeting CCR1, and presented three cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of the CCR1-Gi complex in the ligand-free form or bound to different CCL15 truncations with a resolution of 2.6-2.9 Å, illustrating the structural basis of natural biased signaling that initiates an inflammation response. Complemented with pharmacological and computational studies, these structures revealed it was the conformational change of Tyr291 (Y2917.43) in CCR1 that triggered its polar network rearrangement in the orthosteric binding pocket and allosterically regulated the activation of β-arrestin signaling. Our structure of CCL15-bound CCR1 also exhibited a critical site for ligand binding distinct from many other chemokine-receptor complexes, providing new insights into the mode of chemokine recognition.
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87
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Harris JA, Faust B, Gondin AB, Dämgen MA, Suomivuori CM, Veldhuis NA, Cheng Y, Dror RO, Thal DM, Manglik A. Selective G protein signaling driven by substance P-neurokinin receptor dynamics. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:109-115. [PMID: 34711980 PMCID: PMC8712391 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) is important in pain and inflammation. SP activates the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) to signal via Gq and Gs proteins. Neurokinin A also activates NK1R, but leads to selective Gq signaling. How two stimuli yield distinct G protein signaling at the same G protein-coupled receptor remains unclear. We determined cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of active NK1R bound to SP or the Gq-biased peptide SP6-11. Peptide interactions deep within NK1R are critical for receptor activation. Conversely, interactions between SP and NK1R extracellular loops are required for potent Gs signaling but not Gq signaling. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that these superficial contacts restrict SP flexibility. SP6-11, which lacks these interactions, is dynamic while bound to NK1R. Structural dynamics of NK1R agonists therefore depend on interactions with the receptor extracellular loops and regulate G protein signaling selectivity. Similar interactions between other neuropeptides and their cognate receptors may tune intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Faust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc André Dämgen
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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88
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Ahn D, Chung KY. The Conformational Dynamics of Heterotrimeric G Proteins During GPCR-Mediated Activation. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:271-284. [PMID: 36151379 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins) are essential cellular signaling proteins that mediate extracellular signals to achieve various cellular functions. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the major guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that induce G proteins to release guanosine diphosphate and rapidly bind to guanosine triphosphate, resulting in G protein activation. G proteins undergo dynamic conformational changes during the activation/inactivation process, and the precise structural mechanism of GPCR-mediated G protein activation is of great interest. Over the last decade, a number of GPCR-G protein complex structures have been identified, yet an understanding of the mechanisms underlying allosteric conformational changes during receptor-mediated G protein activation and GPCR-G protein coupling selectivity is only now emerging. This review discusses recent studies on the dynamic conformational changes of G proteins and provides insight into the structural mechanism of GPCR-mediated G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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89
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Ballante F, Kooistra AJ, Kampen S, de Graaf C, Carlsson J. Structure-Based Virtual Screening for Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What Can Molecular Docking Do for You? Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:527-565. [PMID: 34907092 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome and are important therapeutic targets. During the last decade, the number of atomic-resolution structures of GPCRs has increased rapidly, providing insights into drug binding at the molecular level. These breakthroughs have created excitement regarding the potential of using structural information in ligand design and initiated a new era of rational drug discovery for GPCRs. The molecular docking method is now widely applied to model the three-dimensional structures of GPCR-ligand complexes and screen for chemical probes in large compound libraries. In this review article, we first summarize the current structural coverage of the GPCR superfamily and the understanding of receptor-ligand interactions at atomic resolution. We then present the general workflow of structure-based virtual screening and strategies to discover GPCR ligands in chemical libraries. We assess the state of the art of this research field by summarizing prospective applications of virtual screening based on experimental structures. Strategies to identify compounds with specific efficacy and selectivity profiles are discussed, illustrating the opportunities and limitations of the molecular docking method. Our overview shows that structure-based virtual screening can discover novel leads and will be essential in pursuing the next generation of GPCR drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extraordinary advances in the structural biology of G protein-coupled receptors have revealed the molecular details of ligand recognition by this large family of therapeutic targets, providing novel avenues for rational drug design. Structure-based docking is an efficient computational approach to identify novel chemical probes from large compound libraries, which has the potential to accelerate the development of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Ballante
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.B., S.K., J.C.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); and Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.d.G.)
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.B., S.K., J.C.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); and Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.d.G.)
| | - Stefanie Kampen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.B., S.K., J.C.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); and Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.d.G.)
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.B., S.K., J.C.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); and Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.d.G.)
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.B., S.K., J.C.); Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.J.K.); and Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.d.G.)
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90
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Chen J, Liu J, Yuan Y, Chen X, Zhang F, Pu X. Molecular Mechanisms of Diverse Activation Stimulated by Different Biased Agonists for the β2-Adrenergic Receptor. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5175-5192. [PMID: 34802238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β2AR is an important drug target protein involving many diseases. Biased drugs induce specific signaling and provide additional clinical utility to optimize β2AR-based therapies. However, the biased signaling mechanism has not been elucidated. Motivated by the issue, we chose four agonists with divergent bias (balanced agonist, G-protein-biased agonist, and β-arrestin-biased agonists) and utilized Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulation coupled with a dynamic network to probe the molecular mechanisms of distinct biased activation induced by the structural differences between the four agonists. Our simulations reveal that the G-protein-biased agonist induces an open conformation with the outward shifts of TM6 and TM7 for the intracellular domain, which will be beneficial to couple G protein. In contrast, the β-arrestin-biased agonists regulate an occluded conformation with a slightly outward movement of TM6 and an inward shift of TM7, which should favor β-arrestin signaling. The balanced agonist does not induce an observable outward shift for TM6 but, along with a slight tilt for TM7, leads to an inactive-like conformation. In addition, our results reveal the first time that ICL3 presents specific conformations with different agonists. The G-protein-biased agonist drives ICL3 to open so that the G protein-binding pocket can be available, while the β-arrestin-biased agonists induce ICL3 to form a closed conformation with a stable local α-helix. MM/PBSA analysis further reveals that the hydroxyl groups in the resorcinol of the G-protein-biased agonist form strong interactions with Y5.38 and S5.42, thus preventing tilting of the TM5 extracellular end. The catechol of the balanced agonist and the β-arrestin-biased ones induces the rearrangement of two hydrophobic residues F6.52 and W6.48. However, different from the balanced agonist, the ethyl substituent of β-arrestin-biased agonists forms additional hydrophobic interactions with W6.48 and F6.51 after the rearrangement, which should contribute to the β-arrestin bias. The shortest pathway analysis further reveals that the three residues Y7.43, N7.45, and N7.49 are crucial for allosterically regulating G-protein-biased signaling, while the two residues W6.48 and F6.44 make an important contribution to regulate β-arrestin-biased signaling. For the balanced agonist NE, the allosteric regulation pathway simultaneously involves the residue associated with G-protein-biased signaling like S5.46 and the residues related to β-arrestin-biased signaling like W6.48 and F6.44, thus producing unbiased signaling. The observations could advance our understanding of the biased activation mechanism on class A GPCRs and provide a useful guideline for the design of biased drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jiangting Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fuhui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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91
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Liu H, Sun D, Myasnikov A, Damian M, Baneres JL, Sun J, Zhang C. Structural basis of human ghrelin receptor signaling by ghrelin and the synthetic agonist ibutamoren. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6410. [PMID: 34737341 PMCID: PMC8568970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hunger hormone ghrelin activates the ghrelin receptor GHSR to stimulate food intake and growth hormone secretion and regulate reward signaling. Acylation of ghrelin at Ser3 is required for its agonistic action on GHSR. Synthetic agonists of GHSR are under clinical evaluation for disorders related to appetite and growth hormone dysregulation. Here, we report high-resolution cryo-EM structures of the GHSR-Gi signaling complex with ghrelin and the non-peptide agonist ibutamoren as an investigational new drug. Our structures together with mutagenesis data reveal the molecular basis for the binding of ghrelin and ibutamoren. Structural comparison suggests a salt bridge and an aromatic cluster near the agonist-binding pocket as important structural motifs in receptor activation. Notable structural variations of the Gi and GHSR coupling are observed in our cryo-EM analysis. Our results provide a framework for understanding GHSR signaling and developing new GHSR agonist drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38120, USA
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Baneres
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38120, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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92
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Yokoi S, Mitsutake A. Characteristic structural difference between inactive and active states of orexin 2 receptor determined using molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys Rev 2021; 14:221-231. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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93
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García-Nafría J, Tate CG. Structure determination of GPCRs: cryo-EM compared with X-ray crystallography. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2345-2355. [PMID: 34581758 PMCID: PMC8589417 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest single family of cell surface receptors encoded by the human genome and they play pivotal roles in co-ordinating cellular systems throughout the human body, making them ideal drug targets. Structural biology has played a key role in defining how receptors are activated and signal through G proteins and β-arrestins. The application of structure-based drug design (SBDD) is now yielding novel compounds targeting GPCRs. There is thus significant interest from both academia and the pharmaceutical industry in the structural biology of GPCRs as currently only about one quarter of human non-odorant receptors have had their structure determined. Initially, all the structures were determined by X-ray crystallography, but recent advances in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) now make GPCRs tractable targets for single-particle cryo-EM with comparable resolution to X-ray crystallography. So far this year, 78% of the 99 GPCR structures deposited in the PDB (Jan-Jul 2021) were determined by cryo-EM. Cryo-EM has also opened up new possibilities in GPCR structural biology, such as determining structures of GPCRs embedded in a lipid nanodisc and multiple GPCR conformations from a single preparation. However, X-ray crystallography still has a number of advantages, particularly in the speed of determining many structures of the same receptor bound to different ligands, an essential prerequisite for effective SBDD. We will discuss the relative merits of cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography for the structure determination of GPCRs and the future potential of both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Nafría
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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94
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Pamula F, Tsai CJ. Biochemical Characterization of GPCR-G Protein Complex Formation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2302:37-48. [PMID: 33877621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1394-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and G proteins is the core assembly in GPCR signaling in eukaryotes. With the recent development of cryo-electron microscopy, there has been a rapid growth in structures of GPCR-G protein complexes solved to near-atomic resolution, giving important insights into this signaling complex. Here we describe the biochemical protocol to study the interaction between GPCRs and G proteins before preparation of GPCR-G protein complexes for structural studies. We use gel filtration to analyze the binding properties between GPCR and G protein with the presence of agonist or antagonist, as well as the complex dissociation in the presence of GTP analogue. Methods used in the protocol are affinity purification and gel filtration, which are also commonly used in protein sample preparation for structural work. Therefore, the protocol can be easily adapted for large-scale sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pamula
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Ju Tsai
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
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95
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The G protein-first activation mechanism of opioid receptors by Gi protein and agonists. QRB DISCOVERY 2021. [PMID: 37529677 PMCID: PMC10392629 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2021.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe report the G protein-first mechanism for activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for the three closest subtypes of the opioid receptors (OR), μOR, κOR and δOR. We find that they couple to the inactive Gi protein-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) prior to agonist binding. The inactive Gi protein forms anchors to the intracellular loops of the inactive apo-μOR, apo-κOR and apo-δOR, inducing opening of the cytoplasmic region to form a pre-activated state that holds Gi protein in place until agonist binds. Then, agonist binds to μOR, κOR and δOR already complexed with Gi protein, to trigger the Gαi to open up the tightly coupled GDP binding site, making GDP accessible for GTP exchange, an essential step for Gi signalling. We show that the agonist alone cannot open the intracellular region of μOR and κOR, requiring Gi protein to open the cytoplasmic region by itself. We consider that this G protein-first mechanism may apply to activation of other Class A GPCRs. However, for δOR, agonist binding can open up the intracellular region to encourage Gi protein recruitment. Thus, activation of Gi protein mediated by δOR favourably may proceed with either ligand-first or G protein-first activation mechanisms.
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96
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Cryo-EM structure of the human MT 1-G i signaling complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:694-701. [PMID: 34354246 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) transduce inhibitory signaling by melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), which is associated with sleep induction and circadian rhythm modulation. Although recently reported crystal structures of ligand-bound MT1 and MT2 elucidated the basis of ligand entry and recognition, the ligand-induced MT1 rearrangement leading to Gi-coupling remains unclear. Here we report a cryo-EM structure of the human MT1-Gi signaling complex at 3.3 Å resolution, revealing melatonin-induced conformational changes propagated to the G-protein-coupling interface during activation. In contrast to other Gi-coupled receptors, MT1 exhibits a large outward movement of TM6, which is considered a specific feature of Gs-coupled receptors. Structural comparison of Gi and Gs complexes demonstrated conformational diversity of the C-terminal entry of the Gi protein, suggesting loose and variable interactions at the end of the α5 helix of Gi protein. These notions, together with our biochemical and computational analyses, highlight variable binding modes of Gαi and provide the basis for the selectivity of G-protein signaling.
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97
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Agamennone M, Nicoli A, Bayer S, Weber V, Borro L, Gupta S, Fantacuzzi M, Di Pizio A. Protein-protein interactions at a glance: Protocols for the visualization of biomolecular interactions. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:271-307. [PMID: 34752337 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a key role in many biological processes and are intriguing targets for drug discovery campaigns. Advancements in experimental and computational techniques are leading to a growth of data accessibility, and, with it, an increased need for the analysis of PPIs. In this respect, visualization tools are essential instruments to represent and analyze biomolecular interactions. In this chapter, we reviewed some of the available tools, highlighting their features, and describing their functions with practical information on their usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Nicoli
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bayer
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Verena Weber
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Luca Borro
- Department of Imaging, Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Shailendra Gupta
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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98
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Danev R, Belousoff M, Liang YL, Zhang X, Eisenstein F, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Routine sub-2.5 Å cryo-EM structure determination of GPCRs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4333. [PMID: 34267200 PMCID: PMC8282782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of small membrane proteins, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), remains challenging. Pushing the performance boundaries of the technique requires quantitative knowledge about the contribution of multiple factors. Here, we present an in-depth analysis and optimization of the main experimental parameters in cryo-EM. We combined actual structural studies with methods development to quantify the effects of the Volta phase plate, zero-loss energy filtering, objective lens aperture, defocus magnitude, total exposure, and grid type. By using this information to carefully maximize the experimental performance, it is now possible to routinely determine GPCR structures at resolutions better than 2.5 Å. The improved fidelity of such maps enables the building of better atomic models and will be crucial for the future expansion of cryo-EM into the structure-based drug design domain. The optimization guidelines given here are not limited to GPCRs and can be applied directly to other small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Matthew Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Confo Therapeutics, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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99
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Tsutsumi N, Qu Q, Mavri M, Baggesen MS, Maeda S, Waghray D, Berg C, Kobilka BK, Rosenkilde MM, Skiniotis G, Garcia KC. Structural basis for the constitutive activity and immunomodulatory properties of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor BILF1. Immunity 2021; 54:1405-1416.e7. [PMID: 34216564 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) termed BILF1 that is essential for EBV-mediated immunosuppression and oncogenesis. BILF1 couples with inhibitory G protein (Gi), the major intracellular signaling effector for human chemokine receptors, and exhibits constitutive signaling activity; the ligand(s) for BILF1 are unknown. We studied the origins of BILF1's constitutive activity through structure determination of BILF1 bound to the inhibitory G protein (Gi) heterotrimer. The 3.2-Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure revealed an extracellular loop within BILF1 that blocked the typical chemokine binding site, suggesting ligand-autonomous receptor activation. Rather, amino acid substitutions within BILF1 transmembrane regions at hallmark ligand-activated class A GPCR "microswitches" stabilized a constitutively active BILF1 conformation for Gi coupling in a ligand-independent fashion. Thus, the constitutive activity of BILF1 promotes immunosuppression and virulence independent of ligand availability, with implications for the function of GPCRs encoded by related viruses and for therapeutic targeting of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qianhui Qu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maša Mavri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maibritt S Baggesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shoji Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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100
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Structures of rhodopsin in complex with G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1. Nature 2021; 595:600-605. [PMID: 34262173 PMCID: PMC8607881 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) selectively phosphorylate activated GPCRs, thereby priming them for desensitization1. Although it is unclear how GRKs recognize these receptors2-4, a conserved region at the GRK N terminus is essential for this process5-8. Here we report a series of cryo-electron microscopy single-particle reconstructions of light-activated rhodopsin (Rho*) bound to rhodopsin kinase (GRK1), wherein the N terminus of GRK1 forms a helix that docks into the open cytoplasmic cleft of Rho*. The helix also packs against the GRK1 kinase domain and stabilizes it in an active configuration. The complex is further stabilized by electrostatic interactions between basic residues that are conserved in most GPCRs and acidic residues that are conserved in GRKs. We did not observe any density for the regulator of G-protein signalling homology domain of GRK1 or the C terminus of rhodopsin. Crosslinking with mass spectrometry analysis confirmed these results and revealed dynamic behaviour in receptor-bound GRK1 that would allow the phosphorylation of multiple sites in the receptor tail. We have identified GRK1 residues whose mutation augments kinase activity and crosslinking with Rho*, as well as residues that are involved in activation by acidic phospholipids. From these data, we present a general model for how a small family of protein kinases can recognize and be activated by hundreds of different GPCRs.
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