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Su X, Vasilkovska T, Fröhlich N, Garaschuk O. Characterization of cell type-specific S100B expression in the mouse olfactory bulb. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102334. [PMID: 33460952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S100B is an EF-hand type Ca2+-binding protein of the S100 family, known to support neurogenesis and to promote the interactions between brain's nervous and immune systems. Here, we characterized the expression of S100B in the mouse olfactory bulb, a neurogenic niche comprising mature and adult-born neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Besides astrocytes, for which S100B is a classical marker, S100B was also expressed in NG2 cells and, surprisingly, in APC-positive myelinating oligodendrocytes but not in mature/adult-born neurons or microglia. Various layers of the bulb differed substantially in the composition of S100B-positive cells, with the highest fraction of the APC-positive oligodendrocytes found in the granule cell layer. Across all layers, ∼50 % of NG2 cells were S100B-negative. Finally, our data revealed a strong correlation between the fraction of myelinating oligodendrocytes among the S100B-positive cells and the oligodendrocyte density in different brain areas, underscoring the importance of S100B for the establishment and maintenance of myelin sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamara Vasilkovska
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Fröhlich
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Maas DA, Angulo MC. Can Enhancing Neuronal Activity Improve Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:645240. [PMID: 33708075 PMCID: PMC7940692 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.645240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced neuronal activity in the healthy brain can induce de novo myelination and behavioral changes. As neuronal activity can be achieved using non-invasive measures, it may be of interest to utilize the innate ability of neuronal activity to instruct myelination as a novel strategy for myelin repair in demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Preclinical studies indicate that stimulation of neuronal activity in demyelinated lesions indeed has the potential to improve remyelination and that the stimulation paradigm is an important determinant of success. However, future studies will need to reveal the most efficient stimulation protocols as well as the biological mechanisms implicated. Nonetheless, clinical studies have already explored non-invasive brain stimulation as an attractive therapeutic approach that ameliorates MS symptomatology. However, whether symptom improvement is due to improved myelin repair remains unclear. In this mini-review, we discuss the neurobiological basis and potential of enhancing neuronal activity as a novel therapeutic approach in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A Maas
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - María Cecilia Angulo
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,GHU PARIS Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
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Kamen Y, Pivonkova H, Evans KA, Káradóttir RT. A Matter of State: Diversity in Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:144-162. [PMID: 33567971 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420987208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to oligodendrocytes which myelinate axons in the central nervous system. Although classically thought to be a homogeneous population, OPCs are reported to have different developmental origins and display regional and temporal diversity in their transcriptome, response to growth factors, and physiological properties. Similarly, evidence is accumulating that myelinating oligodendrocytes display transcriptional heterogeneity. Analyzing this reported heterogeneity suggests that OPCs, and perhaps also myelinating oligodendrocytes, may exist in different functional cell states. Here, we review the evidence indicating that OPCs and oligodendrocytes are diverse, and we discuss the implications of functional OPC states for myelination in the adult brain and for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Kamen
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Pivonkova
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley A Evans
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur T Káradóttir
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Pruvost M, Moyon S. Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:62. [PMID: 33467699 PMCID: PMC7830029 DOI: 10.3390/life11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglial cells are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. While myelination is crucial to axonal activity and conduction, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes have also been shown to be essential for neuronal support and metabolism. Thus, a tight regulation of oligodendroglial cell specification, proliferation, and myelination is required for correct neuronal connectivity and function. Here, we review the role of epigenetic modifications in oligodendroglial lineage cells. First, we briefly describe the epigenetic modalities of gene regulation, which are known to have a role in oligodendroglial cells. We then address how epigenetic enzymes and/or marks have been associated with oligodendrocyte progenitor specification, survival and proliferation, differentiation, and finally, myelination. We finally mention how environmental cues, in particular, neuronal signals, are translated into epigenetic modifications, which can directly influence oligodendroglial biology.
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55
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Cullen CL, Pepper RE, Clutterbuck MT, Pitman KA, Oorschot V, Auderset L, Tang AD, Ramm G, Emery B, Rodger J, Jolivet RB, Young KM. Periaxonal and nodal plasticities modulate action potential conduction in the adult mouse brain. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108641. [PMID: 33472075 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system myelination increases action potential conduction velocity. However, it is unclear how myelination is coordinated to ensure the temporally precise arrival of action potentials and facilitate information processing within cortical and associative circuits. Here, we show that myelin sheaths, supported by mature oligodendrocytes, remain plastic in the adult mouse brain and undergo subtle structural modifications to influence action potential conduction velocity. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and spatial learning, two stimuli that modify neuronal activity, alter the length of the nodes of Ranvier and the size of the periaxonal space within active brain regions. This change in the axon-glial configuration is independent of oligodendrogenesis and robustly alters action potential conduction velocity. Because aptitude in the spatial learning task was found to correlate with action potential conduction velocity in the fimbria-fornix pathway, modifying the axon-glial configuration may be a mechanism that facilitates learning in the adult mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Renee E Pepper
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | | | - Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Renaud B Jolivet
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
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Ordaz RP, Garay E, Limon A, Pérez-Samartín A, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Robles-Martínez L, Cisneros-Mejorado A, Matute C, Arellano RO. GABA A Receptors Expressed in Oligodendrocytes Cultured from the Neonatal Rat Contain α3 and γ1 Subunits and Present Differential Functional and Pharmacological Properties. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:133-146. [PMID: 33288547 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) express functional GABAA receptors (GABAARs) that are activated by GABA released at synaptic contacts with axons or by ambient GABA in extrasynaptic domains. In both instances, the receptors' molecular identity has not been fully defined. Furthermore, data on their structural diversity in different brain regions and information on age-dependent changes in their molecular composition are scant. This lack of knowledge has delayed access to a better understanding of the role of GABAergic signaling between neurons and OLs. Here, we used functional, and pharmacological analyses, as well as gene and protein expression of GABAAR subunits, to explore the subunit combination that could explain the receptor functional profile expressed in OLs from the neonate rat. We found that GABAAR composed of α3β2γ1 subunits mimicked the characteristics of the endogenous receptor when expressed heterologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Either α3 or γ1 subunit silencing by small interfering RNA transfection changed the GABA-response characteristics in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, indicating their participation in the endogenous receptor conformation. Thus, α3 subunit silencing shifted the mean EC50 for GABA from 75.1 to 46.6 µM, whereas γ1 silencing reduced the current amplitude response by 55%. We also observed that β-carbolines differentially enhance GABA responses in oligodendroglia as compared with those in neurons. These results contribute to defining the molecular and pharmacological properties of GABAARs in OLs. Additionally, the identification of β-carbolines as selective enhancers of GABAARs in OLs may help to study the role of GABAergic signaling during myelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: GABAergic signaling through GABAA receptors (GABAARs) expressed in the oligodendroglial lineage contributes to the myelination control. Determining the molecular identity and the pharmacology of these receptors is essential to define their specific roles in myelination. Using GABAAR subunit expression and silencing, we identified that the GABAAR subunit combination α3β2γ1 conforms the bulk of GABAARs in oligodendrocytes from rat neonates. Furthermore, we found that these receptors have differential pharmacological properties that allow specific positive modulation by β-carbolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainald Pablo Ordaz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Edith Garay
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Agenor Limon
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Leticia Robles-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Abraham Cisneros-Mejorado
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Carlos Matute
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
| | - Rogelio O Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (R.P.O., E.G., L.R.-M., A.C.-M., R.O.A.); Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (A.L.); and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain (A.P.-S., M.V.S.-G., C.M.)
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57
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Nelson HN, Treichel AJ, Eggum EN, Martell MR, Kaiser AJ, Trudel AG, Gronseth JR, Maas ST, Bergen S, Hines JH. Individual neuronal subtypes control initial myelin sheath growth and stabilization. Neural Dev 2020; 15:12. [PMID: 32988384 PMCID: PMC7523326 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the developing central nervous system, pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes sample candidate nerve axons by extending and retracting process extensions. Some contacts stabilize, leading to the initiation of axon wrapping, nascent myelin sheath formation, concentric wrapping and sheath elongation, and sheath stabilization or pruning by oligodendrocytes. Although axonal signals influence the overall process of myelination, the precise oligodendrocyte behaviors that require signaling from axons are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated whether oligodendrocyte behaviors during the early events of myelination are mediated by an oligodendrocyte-intrinsic myelination program or are over-ridden by axonal factors. Methods To address this, we utilized in vivo time-lapse imaging in embryonic and larval zebrafish spinal cord during the initial hours and days of axon wrapping and myelination. Transgenic reporter lines marked individual axon subtypes or oligodendrocyte membranes. Results In the larval zebrafish spinal cord, individual axon subtypes supported distinct nascent sheath growth rates and stabilization frequencies. Oligodendrocytes ensheathed individual axon subtypes at different rates during a two-day period after initial axon wrapping. When descending reticulospinal axons were ablated, local spinal axons supported a constant ensheathment rate despite the increased ratio of oligodendrocytes to target axons. Conclusion We conclude that properties of individual axon subtypes instruct oligodendrocyte behaviors during initial stages of myelination by differentially controlling nascent sheath growth and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin N Eggum
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Kaiser
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, USA
| | - Allie G Trudel
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, USA
| | | | - Samantha T Maas
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, USA
| | - Silas Bergen
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, USA
| | - Jacob H Hines
- Biology Department, Winona State University, Winona, MN, USA.
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Serrano-Regal MP, Bayón-Cordero L, Ordaz RP, Garay E, Limon A, Arellano RO, Matute C, Sánchez-Gómez MV. Expression and Function of GABA Receptors in Myelinating Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:256. [PMID: 32973453 PMCID: PMC7472887 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin facilitates the fast transmission of nerve impulses and provides metabolic support to axons. Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and Schwann cell (SC) precursors is critical for myelination during development and myelin repair in demyelinating disorders. Myelination is tightly controlled by neuron-glia communication and requires the participation of a wide repertoire of signals, including neurotransmitters such as glutamate, ATP, adenosine, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and it is also present in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The composition and function of GABA receptors (GABARs) are well studied in neurons, while their nature and role in glial cells are still incipient. Recent studies demonstrate that GABA-mediated signaling mechanisms play relevant roles in OPC and SC precursor development and function, and stand out the implication of GABARs in oligodendrocyte (OL) and SC maturation and myelination. In this review, we highlight the evidence supporting the novel role of GABA with an emphasis on the molecular identity of the receptors expressed in these glial cells and the possible signaling pathways involved in their actions. GABAergic signaling in myelinating cells may have potential implications for developing novel reparative therapies in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Paz Serrano-Regal
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Laura Bayón-Cordero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Rainald Pablo Ordaz
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Edith Garay
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rogelio O. Arellano
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Carlos Matute
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
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Spontaneous Local Calcium Transients Regulate Oligodendrocyte Development in Culture through Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry and Release. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0347-19.2020. [PMID: 32409508 PMCID: PMC7438061 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0347-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) insulate axonal fibers for fast conduction of nerve impulses by wrapping axons of the CNS with compact myelin membranes. Differentiating OLs undergo drastic chances in cell morphology. Bipolar oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) transform into highly ramified multipolar OLs, which then expand myelin membranes that enwrap axons. While significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying CNS myelination and its disruption in diseases, the cellular mechanisms that regulate OL differentiation are not fully understood. Here, we report that developing rat OLs in culture exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ local transients (sCaLTs) in their process arbors in the absence of neurons. Importantly, we find that the frequency of sCaLTs markedly increases as OLs undergo extensive process outgrowth and branching. We further show that sCaLTs are primarily generated through a combination of Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores. Inhibition of sCaLTs impairs the elaboration and branching of OL processes, as well as substantially reduces the formation of large myelin sheets in culture. Together, our findings identify an important role for spontaneous local Ca2+ signaling in OL development.
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Bassetti D, Hammann J, Luhmann HJ, White R, Kirischuk S. Ryanodine receptor- and sodium-calcium exchanger-mediated spontaneous calcium activity in immature oligodendrocytes in cultures. Neurosci Lett 2020; 732:134913. [PMID: 32482568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myelination in the central nervous system depends on interactions between axons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Action potentials in an axon can be followed by release of biologically active substances, like glutamate, which can instruct OPCs to start myelination. Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) is an "executive molecule of myelin" required for the formation of compact myelin. As cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage (OLCs) are capable of producing MBP in pure oligodendrocyte cultures, i.e. without neurons, we investigated Ca2+ signaling in developing OLCs in cultures. We show that spontaneous Ca2+ transients (CTs) occur at very low frequency in both bipolar OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes. In contrast immature OLCs (imOLCs), cells with several thick processes, demonstrate a relatively high frequency of CTs. Moreover, CT frequency in imOLC processes is much higher as compared with the somatic CT frequency. Somatic CTs are almost completely blocked by thapsigargin, an antagonist of sarco-(endo-) plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, and ryanodine, a blocker of ryanodine receptors, indicating an involvement of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Ryanodine strongly reduces CT frequency in imOLC processes. Ouabain, an antagonist of Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA), applied at low concentration increases CT frequency, while KB-R7943, a blocker of reverse mode of Na+, Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), decreases CT frequency. We suggest that local RyR-NCX-(NKA?) interaction might underlie the generation of CTs in imOLC in the absence of neurons, and this activity influences oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bassetti
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Hammann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Werkman IL, Lentferink DH, Baron W. Macroglial diversity: white and grey areas and relevance to remyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:143-171. [PMID: 32648004 PMCID: PMC7867526 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroglia, comprising astrocytes and oligodendroglial lineage cells, have long been regarded as uniform cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). Although regional morphological differences between these cell types were initially described after their identification a century ago, these differences were largely ignored. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that macroglial cells form distinct populations throughout the CNS, based on both functional and morphological features. Moreover, with the use of refined techniques including single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, additional evidence is emerging for regional macroglial heterogeneity at the transcriptional level. In parallel, several studies revealed the existence of regional differences in remyelination capacity between CNS grey and white matter areas, both in experimental models for successful remyelination as well as in the chronic demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity in oligodendroglial lineage cells and astrocytes from the grey and white matter, as well as their interplay in health and upon demyelination and successful remyelination. In addition, we discuss the implications of regional macroglial diversity for remyelination in light of its failure in MS. Since the etiology of MS remains unknown and only disease-modifying treatments altering the immune response are available for MS, the elucidation of macroglial diversity in grey and white matter and its putative contribution to the observed difference in remyelination efficiency between these regions may open therapeutic avenues aimed at enhancing endogenous remyelination in either area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge L Werkman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Dennis H Lentferink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Craig GA, Yoo S, Du TY, Xiao J. Plasticity in oligodendrocyte lineage progression: An OPC puzzle on our nerves. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5747-5761. [PMID: 32478920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myelin deposition in the central nervous system has been shown to be responsive to experience, with sensory enrichment increasing myelination and sensory or social deprivation decreasing myelination. This process is referred to as "adaptive myelination" or "myelin plasticity" and signifies an essential component of new learning. However, whether these experience-driven adaptations are driven by (a) underlying changes in the generation of myelinating cells, (b) altered interactions between myelin sheath and axon, or (c) a combination of the above remains unclear. It has been suggested that myelination largely follows an "innate" and automatic programme, allowing for a predictable pattern of central nervous system myelin deposition over time. Adaptive myelination is thought to account for more nuanced alterations that do not dramatically shift this pattern, but ultimately drive functional responses. This makes the study of myelin plasticity particularly difficult, as it necessitates being able to clearly and specifically draw boundaries between the innate and adaptive programme. Thus, the field requires a holistic understanding of the remit of innate myelin development, prior to investigation of adaptive myelination. This review will collate literature regarding different aspects of oligodendrocyte and myelin development (namely, oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, death and myelin sheath formation) in an innate context, before discussing how these parameters are proposed to change under adaptive conditions. It is the hope that this review will highlight the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach towards studying both innate and adaptive forms of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Craig
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - SangWon Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Tian Y Du
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Blanco-Sánchez B, Clément A, Stednitz SJ, Kyle J, Peirce JL, McFadden M, Wegner J, Phillips JB, Macnamara E, Huang Y, Adams DR, Toro C, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Tifft CJ, Zink EM, Bloodsworth KJ, Stratton KG, Koeller DM, Metz TO, Washbourne P, Westerfield M. yippee like 3 (ypel3) is a novel gene required for myelinating and perineurial glia development. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008841. [PMID: 32544203 PMCID: PMC7319359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypomyelination, a neurological condition characterized by decreased production of myelin sheets by glial cells, often has no known etiology. Elucidating the genetic causes of hypomyelination provides a better understanding of myelination, as well as means to diagnose, council, and treat patients. Here, we present evidence that YIPPEE LIKE 3 (YPEL3), a gene whose developmental role was previously unknown, is required for central and peripheral glial cell development. We identified a child with a constellation of clinical features including cerebral hypomyelination, abnormal peripheral nerve conduction, hypotonia, areflexia, and hypertrophic peripheral nerves. Exome and genome sequencing revealed a de novo mutation that creates a frameshift in the open reading frame of YPEL3, leading to an early stop codon. We used zebrafish as a model system to validate that YPEL3 mutations are causative of neuropathy. We found that ypel3 is expressed in the zebrafish central and peripheral nervous system. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we created zebrafish mutants carrying a genomic lesion similar to that of the patient. Our analysis revealed that Ypel3 is required for development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, timely exit of the perineurial glial precursors from the central nervous system (CNS), formation of the perineurium, and Schwann cell maturation. Consistent with these observations, zebrafish ypel3 mutants have metabolomic signatures characteristic of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell differentiation defects, show decreased levels of Myelin basic protein in the central and peripheral nervous system, and develop defasciculated peripheral nerves. Locomotion defects were observed in adult zebrafish ypel3 mutants. These studies demonstrate that Ypel3 is a novel gene required for perineurial cell development and glial myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Clément
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sara J. Stednitz
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kyle
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Peirce
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marcie McFadden
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Wegner
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer B. Phillips
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ellen Macnamara
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Huang
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Adams
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Camilo Toro
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William A. Gahl
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kent J. Bloodsworth
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly G. Stratton
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - David M. Koeller
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philip Washbourne
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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Menacho C, Prigione A. Tackling mitochondrial diversity in brain function: from animal models to human brain organoids. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 123:105760. [PMID: 32339638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria exhibit high degree of heterogeneity within various tissues, including differences in terms of morphology, quantity, or function. Mitochondria can even vary among distinct sub-compartments of the same cell. Emerging evidence suggest that the molecular diversity of mitochondria can influence the identity and functionality of a given cell type. Human pathologies affecting mitochondria typically cause tissue and cell-type-specific impairment. Mitochondrial diversity could thus play a contributing role not only in physiological cell fate specification but also during pathological disease development. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial diversity in brain function during health and disease. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) research and the derivation of cerebral organoids could provide novel opportunities to unveil the role of mitochondrial heterogeneity for the function of the human brain. Mitochondrial diversity might be at the bases of the cell-type-specific vulnerability of mitochondrial disorders and may represent an underappreciated target of disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Menacho
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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The roles of neuron-NG2 glia synapses in promoting oligodendrocyte development and remyelination. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:43-53. [PMID: 32236697 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NG2 immunopositive progenitor cells, also simply termed as NG2 glia and thought mainly to be oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), form synaptic connections with neurons in gray and white matters of brain. One of the most classical features of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is myelination, which will favor neuronal signaling transmission. Thus, is there a causal link between the specific synapses of neuron-NG2 glia and myelination? Building on this, here, we will discuss several relevant issues. First, in order to understand the synapses, it is necessary to integrate the definite inputs onto NG2 glia. We show that the synaptic activities and myelination are not synchronized, so the synapses are more likely to regulate early development of NG2 glia and prepare for myelination. Furthermore, several studies have suggested that the synapses also play a role in recovery of pathological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, elucidating the activities of neuron-NG2 glia synapses will be beneficial for both physiological and pathological conditions. Graphical abstract The existence of neuron-NG2 glia synapses reveals that the neuronal activities projecting to NG2 glia is an elaborate regulation, and the signaling from neurons to NG2 glia is frequent in early stage. The neuron-NG2 glia synapses indirectly provide a basic condition to support myelination by extrasynaptic communication. The neuron-NG2 glia synapses also promote remyelination, and it occurs similar to physiological conditions.
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High-Frequency Microdomain Ca 2+ Transients and Waves during Early Myelin Internode Remodeling. Cell Rep 2020; 26:182-191.e5. [PMID: 30605675 PMCID: PMC6316190 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensheathment of axons by myelin is a highly complex and multi-cellular process. Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) changes in the myelin sheath have been implicated in myelin synthesis, but the source of this Ca2+ and the role of neuronal activity is not well understood. Using one-photon Ca2+ imaging, we investigated myelin sheath formation in the mouse somatosensory cortex and found a high rate of spontaneous microdomain Ca2+ transients and large-amplitude Ca2+ waves propagating along the internode. The frequency of Ca2+ transients and waves rapidly declines with maturation and reactivates during remyelination. Unexpectedly, myelin microdomain Ca2+ transients occur independent of neuronal action potential generation or network activity but are nearly completely abolished when the mitochondrial permeability transition pores are blocked. These findings are supported by the discovery of mitochondria organelles in non-compacted myelin. Together, the results suggest that myelin microdomain Ca2+ signals are cell-autonomously driven by high activity of mitochondria during myelin remodeling. Developing myelin sheaths show high rates of calcium transients and calcium waves Myelin calcium transients are independent from neuronal activity Adaxonal and paranodal myelin contained mitochondria Calcium transients require opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores
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67
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Neuron-oligodendroglia interactions: Activity-dependent regulation of cellular signaling. Neurosci Lett 2020; 727:134916. [PMID: 32194135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells (oligodendroglia) and neurons engage in bidirectional communication throughout life to support healthy brain function. Recent work shows that changes in neuronal activity can modulate proliferation, differentiation, and myelination to support the formation and function of neural circuits. While oligodendroglia express a diverse collection of receptors for growth factors, signaling molecules, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, our knowledge of the intracellular signaling pathways that are regulated by neuronal activity remains largely incomplete. Many of the pathways that modulate oligodendroglia behavior are driven by changes in intracellular calcium signaling, which may differentially affect cytoskeletal dynamics, gene expression, maturation, integration, and axonal support. Additionally, activity-dependent neuron-oligodendroglia communication plays an integral role in the recovery from demyelinating injuries. In this review, we summarize the modalities of communication between neurons and oligodendroglia and explore possible roles of activity-dependent calcium signaling in mediating cellular behavior and myelination.
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68
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Ferreira BK, Rodrigues MT, Streck EL, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF. White matter disturbances in phenylketonuria: Possible underlying mechanisms. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:349-360. [PMID: 32141105 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
White matter pathologies, as well as intellectual disability, microcephaly, and other central nervous system injuries, are clinical traits commonly ascribed to classic phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is an inherited metabolic disease elicited by the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Accumulation of l-phenylalanine (Phe) and its metabolites is found in tissues and body fluids in phenylketonuric patients. In order to mitigate the clinical findings, rigorous dietary Phe restriction constitutes the core of therapeutic management in PKU. Myelination is the process whereby the oligodendrocytes wrap myelin sheaths around the axons, supporting the conduction of action potentials. White matter injuries are implicated in the brain damage related to PKU, especially in untreated or poorly treated patients. The present review summarizes evidence toward putative mechanisms driving the white matter pathology in PKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Klippel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melissa Torres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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69
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Strategies for Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis and the Role of Calcium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051663. [PMID: 32121306 PMCID: PMC7084497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions are vital for maintaining the physiological and biochemical processes inside cells. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly dependent on calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), as well as with multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, the modulation of calcium influx into the cells and the targeting of calcium-mediated signaling pathways may present a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. This review provides an overview on calcium channels in neurons and glial cells. Special emphasis is put on MS, a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS. While the initial relapsing-remitting stage of MS can be treated effectively with immune modulatory and immunosuppressive drugs, the subsequent progressive stage has remained largely untreatable. Here we summarize several approaches that have been and are currently being tested for their neuroprotective capacities in MS and we discuss which role calcium could play in this regard.
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70
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Ronzano R, Thetiot M, Lubetzki C, Desmazieres A. Myelin Plasticity and Repair: Neuro-Glial Choir Sets the Tuning. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:42. [PMID: 32180708 PMCID: PMC7059744 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS) in response to neuronal activity has been suggested as early as 1894 by Cajal (1894). CNS plasticity has first been studied with a focus on neuronal structures. However, in the last decade, myelin plasticity has been unraveled as an adaptive mechanism of importance, in addition to the previously described processes of myelin repair. Indeed, it is now clear that myelin remodeling occurs along with life and adapts to the activity of neuronal networks. Until now, it has been considered as a two-part dialog between the neuron and the oligodendroglial lineage. However, other glial cell types might be at play in myelin plasticity. In the present review, we first summarize the key structural parameters for myelination, we then describe how neuronal activity modulates myelination and finally discuss how other glial cells could participate in myelinic adaptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Ronzano
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR7225-Inserm U1127, Paris, France
| | - Melina Thetiot
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR7225-Inserm U1127, Paris, France
- Unit Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR7225-Inserm U1127, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne Desmazieres
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR7225-Inserm U1127, Paris, France
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Abstract
Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express a wide range of Ca2+ channels and receptors that regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and oligodendrocyte formation and function. Here we define those key channels and receptors that regulate Ca2+ signaling and OPC development and myelination. We then discuss how the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in turn affects OPC and oligodendrocyte biology in the healthy nervous system and under pathological conditions. Activation of Ca2+ channels and receptors in OPCs and oligodendrocytes by neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca2+, making Ca2+ signaling a central candidate mediator of activity-driven myelination. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that localized changes in Ca2+ in oligodendrocytes can regulate the formation and remodeling of myelin sheaths and perhaps additional functions of oligodendrocytes and OPCs. Thus, decoding how OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes integrate and process Ca2+ signals will be important to fully understand central nervous system formation, health, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Paez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA;
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom;
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Raasakka A, Kursula P. Flexible Players within the Sheaths: The Intrinsically Disordered Proteins of Myelin in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020470. [PMID: 32085570 PMCID: PMC7072810 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin ensheathes selected axonal segments within the nervous system, resulting primarily in nerve impulse acceleration, as well as mechanical and trophic support for neurons. In the central and peripheral nervous systems, various proteins that contribute to the formation and stability of myelin are present, which also harbor pathophysiological roles in myelin disease. Many myelin proteins have common attributes, including small size, hydrophobic segments, multifunctionality, longevity, and regions of intrinsic disorder. With recent advances in protein biophysical characterization and bioinformatics, it has become evident that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are abundant in myelin, and their flexible nature enables multifunctionality. Here, we review known myelin IDPs, their conservation, molecular characteristics and functions, and their disease relevance, along with open questions and speculations. We place emphasis on classifying the molecular details of IDPs in myelin, and we correlate these with their various functions, including susceptibility to post-translational modifications, function in protein–protein and protein–membrane interactions, as well as their role as extended entropic chains. We discuss how myelin pathology can relate to IDPs and which molecular factors are potentially involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway;
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Rotenberg MY, Elbaz B, Nair V, Schaumann EN, Yamamoto N, Sarma N, Matino L, Santoro F, Tian B. Silicon Nanowires for Intracellular Optical Interrogation with Subcellular Resolution. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1226-1232. [PMID: 31904975 PMCID: PMC7513588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Current techniques for intracellular electrical interrogation are limited by substrate-bound devices, technically demanding methods, or insufficient spatial resolution. In this work, we use freestanding silicon nanowires to achieve photoelectric stimulation in myofibroblasts with subcellular resolution. We demonstrate that myofibroblasts spontaneously internalize silicon nanowires and subsequently remain viable and capable of mitosis. We then show that stimulation of silicon nanowires at separate intracellular locations results in local calcium fluxes in subcellular regions. Moreover, nanowire-myofibroblast hybrids electrically couple with cardiomyocytes in coculture, and photostimulation of the nanowires increases the spontaneous activation rate in coupled cardiomyocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that this methodology can be extended to the interrogation of signaling in neuron-glia interactions using nanowire-containing oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Matino
- Tissue Electronics, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 80125 Naples , Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , 80125 Naples , Italy
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 80125 Naples , Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , 80125 Naples , Italy
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Chapman TW, Hill RA. Myelin plasticity in adulthood and aging. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134645. [PMID: 31765728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system maintains the potential for molecular and cellular plasticity throughout life. This flexibility underlies fundamental features of neural circuitry including the brain's ability to sense, store, and properly adapt to everchanging external stimuli on time scales from seconds to years. Evidence for most forms of plasticity are centered around changes in neuronal structure and synaptic strength, however recent data suggests that myelinating oligodendrocytes exhibit certain forms of plasticity in the adult. This plasticity ranges from the generation of entirely new myelinating cells to more subtle changes in myelin sheath length, thickness, and distribution along axons. The extent to which these changes dynamically modify axonal function and neural circuitry and whether they are directly related to mechanisms of learning and memory remains an open question. Here we describe different forms of myelin plasticity, highlight some recent evidence for changes in myelination throughout life, and discuss how defects in these forms of plasticity could be associated with cognitive decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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75
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The Na +/Ca 2+ exchangers in demyelinating diseases. Cell Calcium 2019; 85:102130. [PMID: 31812115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i imbalance significantly contribute to neuro-axonal dysfunctions and maladaptive myelin repair or remyelination failure in chronic inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Progress in recent years has led to significant advances in understanding how [Ca2+]i signaling network drive degeneration or remyelination of demyelinated axons. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs), a transmembrane protein family including three members encoded by ncx1, ncx2, and ncx3 genes, are emerging important regulators of [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i both in neurons and glial cells. Here we review recent advance highlighting the role of NCX exchangers in axons and myelin-forming cells, i.e. oligodendrocytes, which represent the major targets of the aberrant inflammatory attack in multiple sclerosis. The contribution of NCX subtypes to axonal pathology and myelin synthesis will be discussed. Although a definitive understanding of mechanisms regulating axonal pathology and remyelination failure in chronic demyelinating diseases is still lacking and requires further investigation, current knowledge suggest that NCX activity plays a crucial role in these processes. Defining the relative contributions of each NCX transporter in axon pathology and myelinating glia will constitute not only a major advance in understanding in detail the intricate mechanism of neurodegeneration and remyelination failure in demyelinating diseases but also will help to identify neuroprotective or remyelinating strategies targeting selective NCX exchangers as a means of treating MS.
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76
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Thomason EJ, Escalante M, Osterhout DJ, Fuss B. The oligodendrocyte growth cone and its actin cytoskeleton: A fundamental element for progenitor cell migration and CNS myelination. Glia 2019; 68:1329-1346. [PMID: 31696982 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the oligodendrocyte (OLG) lineage engage in highly motile behaviors that are crucial for effective central nervous system (CNS) myelination. These behaviors include the guided migration of OLG progenitor cells (OPCs), the surveying of local environments by cellular processes extending from differentiating and pre-myelinating OLGs, and during the process of active myelin wrapping, the forward movement of the leading edge of the myelin sheath's inner tongue along the axon. Almost all of these motile behaviors are driven by actin cytoskeletal dynamics initiated within a lamellipodial structure that is located at the tip of cellular OLG/OPC processes and is structurally as well as functionally similar to the neuronal growth cone. Accordingly, coordinated stoichiometries of actin filament (F-actin) assembly and disassembly at these OLG/OPC growth cones have been implicated in directing process outgrowth and guidance, and the initiation of myelination. Nonetheless, the functional importance of the OLG/OPC growth cone still remains to be fully understood, and, as a unique aspect of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, F-actin depolymerization and disassembly start to predominate at the transition from myelination initiation to myelin wrapping. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about OLG/OPC growth cones, and it proposes a model in which actin cytoskeletal dynamics in OLG/OPC growth cones are a main driver for morphological transformations and motile behaviors. Remarkably, these activities, at least at the later stages of OLG maturation, may be regulated independently from the transcriptional gene expression changes typically associated with CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Thomason
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Miguel Escalante
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Donna J Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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77
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Harrington EP, Bergles DE, Calabresi PA. Immune cell modulation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134601. [PMID: 31693930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic demyelination and the concomitant loss of trophic support and increased energy demands in axons are thought to contribute to neurodegeneration in a number of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play an important role in these demyelinating diseases by generating new myelinating oligodendrocytes that may help limit axonal degeneration. Thus, promoting the differentiation of OPCs and functional integration of newly generated oligodendrocytes is a crucial avenue for the next generation of therapies. Evidence to date suggests that the immune system may both positively and negatively impact OPC differentiation and endogenous remyelination in disease. Inflammatory cytokines not only suppress OPC differentiation but may also directly affect other functions of OPCs. Recent studies have demonstrated that OPCs and oligodendrocytes in both human multiple sclerosis lesions and mouse models of demyelination can express an immunogenic transcriptional signature and upregulate antigen presenting genes. In inflammatory demyelinating mouse models OPCs are capable of presenting antigen and activating CD8 + T cells. Here we review the evidence for this new role of oligodendroglia as antigen presenting cells and how these inflammatory OPCs (iOPCs) and inflammatory oligodendrocytes (iOLs) may influence myelin repair and other disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Harrington
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 509, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., WBSB 1001, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., WBSB 1001, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 509, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., WBSB 1001, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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78
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Suminaite D, Lyons DA, Livesey MR. Myelinated axon physiology and regulation of neural circuit function. Glia 2019; 67:2050-2062. [PMID: 31233642 PMCID: PMC6772175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of structural and functional plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) to date has focused primarily on that of neurons and synapses. However, more recent studies implicate glial cells as key regulators of neural circuit function. Among these, the myelinating glia of the CNS, oligodendrocytes, have been shown to be responsive to extrinsic signals including neuronal activity, and in turn, tune neurophysiological function. Due to the fact that myelin fundamentally alters the conduction properties of axons, much attention has focused on how dynamic regulation of myelination might represent a form of functional plasticity. Here, we highlight recent research that indicates that it is not only myelin, but essentially all the function-regulating components of the myelinated axon that are responsive to neuronal activity. For example, the axon initial segment, nodes of Ranvier, heminodes, axonal termini, and the morphology of the axon itself all exhibit the potential to respond to neuronal activity, and in so doing might underpin specific functional outputs. We also highlight emerging evidence that the myelin sheath itself has a rich physiology capable of influencing axonal physiology. We suggest that to fully understand nervous system plasticity we need to consider the fact that myelinated axon is an integrated functional unit and adaptations that influence the entire functional unit are likely to underpin modifications to neural circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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79
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Djannatian M, Timmler S, Arends M, Luckner M, Weil MT, Alexopoulos I, Snaidero N, Schmid B, Misgeld T, Möbius W, Schifferer M, Peles E, Simons M. Two adhesive systems cooperatively regulate axon ensheathment and myelin growth in the CNS. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4794. [PMID: 31641127 PMCID: PMC6805957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system myelin is a multilayered membrane produced by oligodendrocytes to increase neural processing speed and efficiency, but the molecular mechanisms underlying axonal selection and myelin wrapping are unknown. Here, using combined morphological and molecular analyses in mice and zebrafish, we show that adhesion molecules of the paranodal and the internodal segment work synergistically using overlapping functions to regulate axonal interaction and myelin wrapping. In the absence of these adhesive systems, axonal recognition by myelin is impaired with myelin growing on top of previously myelinated fibers, around neuronal cell bodies and above nodes of Ranvier. In addition, myelin wrapping is disturbed with the leading edge moving away from the axon and in between previously formed layers. These data show how two adhesive systems function together to guide axonal ensheathment and myelin wrapping, and provide a mechanistic understanding of how the spatial organization of myelin is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minou Djannatian
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Arends
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Manja Luckner
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Weil
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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80
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Pitman KA, Ricci R, Gasperini R, Beasley S, Pavez M, Charlesworth J, Foa L, Young KM. The voltage-gated calcium channel CaV1.2 promotes adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cell survival in the mouse corpus callosum but not motor cortex. Glia 2019; 68:376-392. [PMID: 31605513 PMCID: PMC6916379 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. OPCs express cell surface receptors and channels that allow them to detect and respond to neuronal activity, including voltage‐gated calcium channel (VGCC)s. The major L‐type VGCC expressed by developmental OPCs, CaV1.2, regulates their differentiation. However, it is unclear whether CaV1.2 similarly influences OPC behavior in the healthy adult central nervous system (CNS). To examine the role of CaV1.2 in adulthood, we conditionally deleted this channel from OPCs by administering tamoxifen to P60 Cacna1cfl/fl (control) and Pdgfrα‐CreER:: Cacna1cfl/fl (CaV1.2‐deleted) mice. Whole cell patch clamp analysis revealed that CaV1.2 deletion reduced L‐type voltage‐gated calcium entry into adult OPCs by ~60%, confirming that it remains the major L‐type VGCC expressed by OPCs in adulthood. The conditional deletion of CaV1.2 from adult OPCs significantly increased their proliferation but did not affect the number of new oligodendrocytes produced or influence the length or number of internodes they elaborated. Unexpectedly, CaV1.2 deletion resulted in the dramatic loss of OPCs from the corpus callosum, such that 7 days after tamoxifen administration CaV1.2‐deleted mice had an OPC density ~42% that of control mice. OPC density recovered within 2 weeks of CaV1.2 deletion, as the lost OPCs were replaced by surviving CaV1.2‐deleted OPCs. As OPC density was not affected in the motor cortex or spinal cord, we conclude that calcium entry through CaV1.2 is a critical survival signal for a subpopulation of callosal OPCs but not for all OPCs in the mature CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Raphael Ricci
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Robert Gasperini
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shannon Beasley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Macarena Pavez
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jac Charlesworth
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Lisa Foa
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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81
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Wang Y, DelRosso NV, Vaidyanathan TV, Cahill MK, Reitman ME, Pittolo S, Mi X, Yu G, Poskanzer KE. Accurate quantification of astrocyte and neurotransmitter fluorescence dynamics for single-cell and population-level physiology. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1936-1944. [PMID: 31570865 PMCID: PMC6858541 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent work examining astrocytic physiology centers on fluorescence imaging, due to development of sensitive fluorescent indicators and observation of spatiotemporally complex calcium activity. However, the field remains hindered in characterizing these dynamics, both within single cells and at the population level, because of the insufficiency of current region-of-interest (ROI)-based approaches to describe activity that is often spatially unfixed, size-varying, and propagative. Here, we present an analytical framework that releases astrocyte biologists from ROI-based tools. The Astrocyte Quantitative Analysis (AQuA) software takes an event-based perspective to model and accurately quantify complex calcium and neurotransmitter activity in fluorescence imaging datasets. We apply AQuA to a range of ex vivo and in vivo imaging data, and uncover novel physiological phenomena. Since AQuA is data-driven and based on machine learning principles, it can be applied across model organisms, fluorescent indicators, experimental modes, and imaging resolutions and speeds, enabling researchers to elucidate fundamental neural physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Wang
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Nicole V DelRosso
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trisha V Vaidyanathan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle K Cahill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Reitman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Pittolo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xuelong Mi
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA, USA.
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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82
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Stadelmann C, Timmler S, Barrantes-Freer A, Simons M. Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1381-1431. [PMID: 31066630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, but it is now clear that myelin has more functions. In fact, myelinating oligodendrocytes are embedded in a vast network of interconnected glial and neuronal cells, and increasing evidence supports an active role of oligodendrocytes within this assembly, for example, by providing metabolic support to neurons, by regulating ion and water homeostasis, and by adapting to activity-dependent neuronal signals. The molecular complexity governing these interactions requires an in-depth molecular understanding of how oligodendrocytes and axons interact and how they generate, maintain, and remodel their myelin sheaths. This review deals with the biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelin with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we will highlight how specific interactions between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia contribute to demyelination in hereditary white matter pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
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83
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Hughes AN, Appel B. Oligodendrocytes express synaptic proteins that modulate myelin sheath formation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4125. [PMID: 31511515 PMCID: PMC6739339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular release from neurons promotes myelin sheath growth on axons. Oligodendrocytes express proteins that allow dendrites to respond to vesicular release at synapses, suggesting that axon-myelin contacts use similar communication mechanisms as synapses to form myelin sheaths. To test this, we used fusion proteins to track synaptic vesicle localization and membrane fusion in zebrafish during developmental myelination and investigated expression and localization of PSD95, a dendritic post-synaptic protein, within oligodendrocytes. Synaptic vesicles accumulate and exocytose at ensheathment sites with variable patterning and most sheaths localize PSD95 with patterning similar to exocytosis site location. Disruption of candidate PDZ-binding transsynaptic adhesion proteins in oligodendrocytes cause variable effects on sheath length and number. One candidate, Cadm1b, localizes to myelin sheaths where both PDZ binding and extracellular adhesion to axons mediate sheath growth. Our work raises the possibility that axon-glial communication contributes to myelin plasticity, providing new targets for mechanistic unraveling of developmental myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Hughes
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Bruce Appel
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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84
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de Rosa V, Secondo A, Pannaccione A, Ciccone R, Formisano L, Guida N, Crispino R, Fico A, Polishchuk R, D'Aniello A, Annunziato L, Boscia F. D-Aspartate treatment attenuates myelin damage and stimulates myelin repair. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:emmm.201809278. [PMID: 30559305 PMCID: PMC6328990 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate signaling may orchestrate oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) development and myelin regeneration through the activation of glutamate receptors at OPC‐neuron synapses. D‐Aspartate is a D‐amino acid exerting modulatory actions at glutamatergic synapses. Chronic administration of D‐Aspartate has been proposed as therapeutic treatment in diseases related to myelin dysfunction and NMDA receptors hypofunction, including schizophrenia and cognitive deficits. Here, we show, by using an in vivo remyelination model, that administration of D‐Aspartate during remyelination improved motor coordination, accelerated myelin recovery, and significantly increased the number of small‐diameter myelinated axons. Chronically administered during demyelination, D‐Aspartate also attenuated myelin loss and inflammation. Interestingly, D‐Aspartate exposure stimulated OPC maturation and accelerated developmental myelination in organotypic cerebellar slices. D‐Aspartate promoting effects on OPC maturation involved the activation of glutamate transporters, AMPA and NMDA receptors, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX3. While blocking NMDA or NCX3 significantly prevented D‐Aspartate‐induced [Ca2+]i oscillations, blocking AMPA and glutamate transporters prevented both the initial and oscillatory [Ca2+]i response as well as D‐Aspartate‐induced inward currents in OPC. Our findings reveal that D‐Aspartate treatment may represent a novel strategy for promoting myelin recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria de Rosa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Crispino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Fico
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo D'Aniello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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85
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Barron T, Kim JH. Neuronal input triggers Ca 2+ influx through AMPA receptors and voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2019; 67:1922-1932. [PMID: 31313856 PMCID: PMC6771819 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Communication between neurons and developing oligodendrocytes (OLs) leading to OL Ca2+ rise is critical for axon myelination and OL development. Here, we investigate signaling factors and sources of Ca2+ rise in OLs in the mouse brainstem. Glutamate puff or axon fiber stimulation induces a Ca2+ rise in pre‐myelinating OLs, which is primarily mediated by Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors. During glutamate application, inward currents via AMPA receptors and elevated extracellular K+ caused by increased neuronal activity collectively lead to OL depolarization, triggering Ca2+ influx via P/Q‐ and L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ (Cav) channels. Thus, glutamate is a key signaling factor in dynamic communication between neurons and OLs that triggers Ca2+ transients via AMPARs and Cav channels in developing OLs. The results provide a mechanism for OL Ca2+ dynamics in response to neuronal input, which has implications for OL development and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Barron
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jun Hee Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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86
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Wu S, Zhao X. Ca 2+ Signaling in Oligodendrocyte Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1071-1080. [PMID: 31222426 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling has essential roles in the development of the nervous system, from neural induction to the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of both neuronal and glia cells. The temporal and spatial dynamics of Ca2+ signals control the highly diverse yet specific transcriptional programs that establish the complex structures of the nervous system. Ca2+-signaling pathways are shaped by interactions among metabotropic signaling cascades, ion channels, intracellular Ca2+ stores, and a multitude of downstream effector proteins that activate specific genetic programs. Progress in the last decade has led to significant advances in our understanding of the functional architecture of Ca2+ signaling networks involved in oligodendrocyte development. In this review, we summarize the molecular and functional organizations of Ca2+-signaling networks during the differentiation of oligodendrocyte, especially its impact on myelin gene expression, proliferation, migration, and myelination. Importantly, the existence of multiple routes of Ca2+ influx opens the possibility that the activity of calcium channels can be manipulated pharmacologically to encourage oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination after demyelinating episodes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuming Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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87
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Marin MA, Carmichael ST. Mechanisms of demyelination and remyelination in the young and aged brain following white matter stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 126:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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88
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Foster AY, Bujalka H, Emery B. Axoglial interactions in myelin plasticity: Evaluating the relationship between neuronal activity and oligodendrocyte dynamics. Glia 2019; 67:2038-2049. [PMID: 31038804 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a critical component of the vertebrate nervous system, both increasing the conduction velocity of myelinated axons and allowing for metabolic coupling between the myelinating cells and axons. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that myelination is not simply a developmentally hardwired program, but rather that new myelinating oligodendrocytes can be generated throughout life. The generation of these oligodendrocytes and the formation of myelin are influenced both during development and adulthood by experience and levels of neuronal activity. This led to the concept of adaptive myelination, where ongoing activity-dependent changes to myelin represent a form of neural plasticity, refining neuronal functioning, and circuitry. Although human neuroimaging experiments support the concept of dynamic changes within specific white matter tracts relevant to individual tasks, animal studies have only just begun to probe the extent to which neuronal activity may alter myelination at the level of individual circuits and axons. Uncovering the role of adaptive myelination requires a detailed understanding of the localized interactions that occur between active axons and myelinating cells. In this review, we focus on recent animal studies that have begun to investigate the interactions between active axons and myelinating cells and review the evidence for-and against-the ability of neuronal activity to alter myelination at an axon-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Y Foster
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Helena Bujalka
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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89
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Hill RA, Grutzendler J. Uncovering the biology of myelin with optical imaging of the live brain. Glia 2019; 67:2008-2019. [PMID: 31033062 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myelin has traditionally been considered a static structure that is produced and assembled during early developmental stages. While this characterization is accurate in some contexts, recent studies have revealed that oligodendrocyte generation and patterns of myelination are dynamic and potentially modifiable throughout life. Unique structural and biochemical properties of the myelin sheath provide opportunities for the development and implementation of multimodal label-free and fluorescence optical imaging approaches. When combined with genetically encoded fluorescent tags targeted to distinct cells and subcellular structures, these techniques offer a powerful methodological toolbox for uncovering mechanisms of myelin generation and plasticity in the live brain. Here, we discuss recent advances in these approaches that have allowed the discovery of several forms of myelin plasticity in developing and adult nervous systems. Using these techniques, long-standing questions related to myelin generation, remodeling, and degeneration can now be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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90
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Cullen CL, Senesi M, Tang AD, Clutterbuck MT, Auderset L, O'Rourke ME, Rodger J, Young KM. Low-intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes the survival and maturation of newborn oligodendrocytes in the adult mouse brain. Glia 2019; 67:1462-1477. [PMID: 30989733 PMCID: PMC6790715 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is a potent extrinsic regulator of oligodendrocyte generation and central nervous system myelination. Clinically, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is delivered to noninvasively modulate neuronal activity; however, the ability of rTMS to facilitate adaptive myelination has not been explored. By performing cre‐lox lineage tracing, to follow the fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult mouse brain, we determined that low intensity rTMS (LI‐rTMS), administered as an intermittent theta burst stimulation, but not as a continuous theta burst or 10 Hz stimulation, increased the number of newborn oligodendrocytes in the adult mouse cortex. LI‐rTMS did not alter oligodendrogenesis per se, but instead increased cell survival and enhanced myelination. These data suggest that LI‐rTMS can be used to noninvasively promote myelin addition to the brain, which has potential implications for the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matteo Senesi
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Megan E O'Rourke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Lab, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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91
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Habermacher C, Angulo MC, Benamer N. Glutamate versus GABA in neuron-oligodendroglia communication. Glia 2019; 67:2092-2106. [PMID: 30957306 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin sheaths around axons are formed by glial cells named oligodendrocytes (OLs). In turn, OLs are generated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during postnatal development and in adults, according to a process that depends on the proliferation and differentiation of these progenitors. The maturation of OL lineage cells as well as myelination by OLs are complex and highly regulated processes in the CNS. OPCs and OLs express an array of receptors for neurotransmitters, in particular for the two main CNS neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, and are therefore endowed with the capacity to respond to neuronal activity. Initial studies in cell cultures demonstrated that both glutamate and GABA signaling mechanisms play important roles in OL lineage cell development and function. However, much remains to be learned about the communication of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons with oligodendroglia in vivo. This review focuses on recent major advances in our understanding of the neuron-oligodendroglia communication mediated by glutamate and GABA in the CNS, and highlights the present controversies in the field. We discuss the expression, activation modes and potential roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors along OL lineage progression. We review the properties of OPC synaptic connectivity with presynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the brain and consider the implication of glutamate and GABA signaling in activity-driven adaptive myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Habermacher
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - María C Angulo
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Najate Benamer
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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92
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Xu YKT, Chitsaz D, Brown RA, Cui QL, Dabarno MA, Antel JP, Kennedy TE. Deep learning for high-throughput quantification of oligodendrocyte ensheathment at single-cell resolution. Commun Biol 2019; 2:116. [PMID: 30937398 PMCID: PMC6435748 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput quantification of oligodendrocyte myelination is a challenge that, if addressed, would facilitate the development of therapeutics to promote myelin protection and repair. Here, we established a high-throughput method to assess oligodendrocyte ensheathment in-vitro, combining nanofiber culture devices and automated imaging with a heuristic approach that informed the development of a deep learning analytic algorithm. The heuristic approach was developed by modeling general characteristics of oligodendrocyte ensheathments, while the deep learning neural network employed a UNet architecture and a single-cell training method to associate ensheathed segments with individual oligodendrocytes. Reliable extraction of multiple morphological parameters from individual cells, without heuristic approximations, allowed the UNet to match the accuracy of expert-human measurements. The capacity of this technology to perform multi-parametric analyses at the level of individual cells, while reducing manual labor and eliminating human variability, permits the detection of nuanced cellular differences to accelerate the discovery of new insights into oligodendrocyte physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang T. Xu
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Daryan Chitsaz
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Robert A. Brown
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Qiao Ling Cui
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Matthew A. Dabarno
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jack P. Antel
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
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93
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Raasakka A, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Kursula P. Ionic strength and calcium regulate membrane interactions of myelin basic protein and the cytoplasmic domain of myelin protein zero. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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94
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Elbaz B, Popko B. Molecular Control of Oligodendrocyte Development. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:263-277. [PMID: 30770136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a multilayer lipid membrane structure that wraps and insulates axons, allowing for the efficient propagation of action potentials. During developmental myelination of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate and migrate to their final destination, where they terminally differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. Lineage progression and terminal differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells are under tight transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. The characterization of several recently identified regulatory factors that govern these processes, which are the focus of this review, has greatly increased our understanding of oligodendrocyte development and function. These insights are critical to facilitate efforts to enhance OPC differentiation in neurological disorders that disrupt CNS myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benayahu Elbaz
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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95
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de Faria O, Gonsalvez DG, Nicholson M, Xiao J. Activity-dependent central nervous system myelination throughout life. J Neurochem 2019; 148:447-461. [PMID: 30225984 PMCID: PMC6587454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myelin, the multilayered membrane surrounding many axons in the nervous system, increases the speed by which electrical signals travel along axons and facilitates neuronal communication between distant regions of the nervous system. However, how neuronal signals influence the myelinating process in the CNS is still largely unclear. Recent studies have significantly advanced this understanding, identifying important roles for neuronal activity in controlling oligodendrocyte development and their capacity of producing myelin in both developing and mature CNS. Here, we review these recent advances, and discuss potential mechanisms underpinning activity-dependent myelination and how remyelination may be stimulated via manipulating axonal activity, raising new questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar de Faria
- Wellcome Trust MRC Stem Cell Institute & Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David G. Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineDentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Madeline Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineDentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineDentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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96
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Lüders KA, Nessler S, Kusch K, Patzig J, Jung RB, Möbius W, Nave KA, Werner HB. Maintenance of high proteolipid protein level in adult central nervous system myelin is required to preserve the integrity of myelin and axons. Glia 2019; 67:634-649. [PMID: 30637801 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteolipid protein (PLP) is the most abundant integral membrane protein in central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Expression of the Plp-gene in oligodendrocytes is not essential for the biosynthesis of myelin membranes but required to prevent axonal pathology. This raises the question whether the exceptionally high level of PLP in myelin is required later in life, or whether high-level PLP expression becomes dispensable once myelin has been assembled. Both models require a better understanding of the turnover of PLP in myelin in vivo. Thus, we generated and characterized a novel line of tamoxifen-inducible Plp-mutant mice that allowed us to determine the rate of PLP turnover after developmental myelination has been completed, and to assess the possible impact of gradually decreasing amounts of PLP for myelin and axonal integrity. We found that 6 months after targeting the Plp-gene the abundance of PLP in CNS myelin was about halved, probably reflecting that myelin is slowly turned over in the adult brain. Importantly, this reduction by 50% was sufficient to cause the entire spectrum of neuropathological changes previously associated with the developmental lack of PLP, including myelin outfoldings, lamellae splittings, and axonal spheroids. In comparison to axonopathy and gliosis, the infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells was temporally delayed, suggesting a corresponding chronology also in the genetic disorders of PLP-deficiency. High-level abundance of PLP in myelin throughout adult life emerges as a requirement for the preservation of white matter integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Göttingen Graduate School for Neurosciences, Biophysics and Molecular Biosciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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97
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Spitzer SO, Sitnikov S, Kamen Y, Evans KA, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Dietmann S, de Faria O, Agathou S, Káradóttir RT. Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Become Regionally Diverse and Heterogeneous with Age. Neuron 2019; 101:459-471.e5. [PMID: 30654924 PMCID: PMC6372724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development, are the main proliferative cells in the adult brain. OPCs are conventionally considered a homogeneous population, particularly with respect to their electrophysiological properties, but this has been debated. We show, by using single-cell electrophysiological recordings, that OPCs start out as a homogeneous population but become functionally heterogeneous, varying both within and between brain regions and with age. These electrophysiological changes in OPCs correlate with the differentiation potential of OPCs; thus, they may underlie the differentiational differences in OPCs between regions and, likewise, differentiation failure with age. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) acquire ion channels with age OPCs become functionally heterogeneous both between brain regions and with age NMDARs disappear in non-myelinating regions but remain in actively myelinating areas Heterogeneity in OPC ion channel density indicates different functional states
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Olivia Spitzer
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergey Sitnikov
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasmine Kamen
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley Anne Evans
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah Kronenberg-Versteeg
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Omar de Faria
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvia Agathou
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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98
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Manipulating Neuronal Activity in the Developing Zebrafish Spinal Cord to Investigate Adaptive Myelination. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:211-225. [PMID: 30820901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, oligodendrocyte-lineage cells and myelination can adapt to physiological brain activity. Since myelin can in turn regulate neuronal function, such "adaptive" myelination has been proposed as a form of nervous system plasticity, implicated in learning and cognition. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adaptive myelination and its functional consequences remain to be fully defined, partly because it remains challenging to manipulate activity and monitor myelination over time in vivo at single-cell resolution, in a model that would also allow examination of the functional output of individual neurons and circuits. Here, we describe a workflow to manipulate neuronal activity and to assess oligodendrocyte-lineage cell dynamics and myelination in larval zebrafish, a vertebrate animal model that is ideal for live imaging and amenable to genetic discovery, and that has well-characterized neuronal circuits with myelinated axons.
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99
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Studying and modulating schizophrenia-associated dysfunctions of oligodendrocytes with patient-specific cell systems. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2018; 4:23. [PMID: 30451850 PMCID: PMC6242875 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-018-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem studies in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have revealed deficits in myelination, abnormalities in myelin gene expression and altered numbers of oligodendrocytes in the brain. However, gaining mechanistic insight into oligodendrocyte (OL) dysfunction and its contribution to SCZ has been challenging because of technical hurdles. The advent of individual patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), combined with the generation of in principle any neuronal and glial cell type, including OLs and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), holds great potential for understanding the molecular basis of the aetiopathogenesis of genetically complex psychiatric diseases such as SCZ and could pave the way towards personalized medicine. The development of neuronal and glial co-culture systems now appears to enable the in vitro study of SCZ-relevant neurobiological endophenotypes, including OL dysfunction and myelination, with unprecedented construct validity. Nonetheless, the meaningful stratification of patients before the subsequent functional analyses of patient-derived cell systems still represents an important bottleneck. Here, to improve the predictive power of ex vivo disease modelling we propose using hiPSC technology to focus on representatives of patient subgroups stratified for genomic and/or phenomic features and neurobiological cell systems. Therefore, this review will outline the evidence for the involvement of OPCs/OLs in SCZ in the context of their proposed functions, including myelination and axon support, the implications for hiPSC-based cellular disease modelling and potential strategies for patient selection.
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100
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Pepper RE, Pitman KA, Cullen CL, Young KM. How Do Cells of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage Affect Neuronal Circuits to Influence Motor Function, Memory and Mood? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:399. [PMID: 30524235 PMCID: PMC6262292 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are immature cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that can rapidly respond to changes within their environment by modulating their proliferation, motility and differentiation. OPCs differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout life, and both cell types have been implicated in maintaining and modulating neuronal function to affect motor performance, cognition and emotional state. However, questions remain about the mechanisms employed by OPCs and oligodendrocytes to regulate circuit function, including whether OPCs can only influence circuits through their generation of new oligodendrocytes, or can play other regulatory roles within the CNS. In this review, we detail the molecular and cellular mechanisms that allow OPCs, newborn oligodendrocytes and pre-existing oligodendrocytes to regulate circuit function and ultimately influence behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Pepper
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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