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Young CNJ, Górecki DC. P2RX7 Purinoceptor as a Therapeutic Target-The Second Coming? Front Chem 2018; 6:248. [PMID: 30003075 PMCID: PMC6032550 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2RX7 receptor is a unique member of a family of extracellular ATP (eATP)-gated ion channels expressed in immune cells, where its activation triggers the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, P2RX7 has been long investigated as a target in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Subsequently, P2RX7 signaling has been documented in other physiological and pathological processes including pain, CNS and psychiatric disorders and cancer. As a result, a range of P2RX7 antagonists have been developed and trialed. Interestingly, the recent crystallization of mammalian and chicken receptors revealed that most widely-used antagonists may bind a unique allosteric site. The availability of crystal structures allows rational design of improved antagonists and modeling of binding sites of the known or presumed inhibitors. However, several unanswered questions limit the cogent development of P2RX7 therapies. Firstly, this receptor functions as an ion channel, but its chronic stimulation by high eATP causes opening of the non-selective large pore (LP), which can trigger cell death. Not only the molecular mechanism of LP opening is still not fully understood but its function(s) are also unclear. Furthermore, how can tumor cells take advantage of P2RX7 for growth and spread and yet survive overexpression of potentially cytotoxic LP in the eATP-rich environment? The recent discovery of the feedback loop, wherein the LP-evoked release of active MMP-2 triggers the receptor cleavage, provided one explanation. Another mechanism might be that of cancer cells expressing a structurally altered P2RX7 receptor, devoid of the LP function. Exploiting such mechanisms should lead to the development of new, less toxic anticancer treatments. Notably, targeted inhibition of P2RX7 is crucial as its global blockade reduces the immune and inflammatory responses, which have important anti-tumor effects in some types of malignancies. Therefore, another novel approach is the synthesis of tissue/cell specific P2RX7 antagonists. Progress has been aided by the development of p2rx7 knockout mice and new conditional knock-in and knock-out models are being created. In this review, we seek to summarize the recent advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of receptor activation and inhibition, which cause its re-emergence as an important therapeutic target. We also highlight the key difficulties affecting this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N. J. Young
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- The General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Bernier L, Ase AR, Séguéla P. P2X receptor channels in chronic pain pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2219-2230. [PMID: 28728214 PMCID: PMC5980614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a highly prevalent debilitating condition for which treatment options remain limited for many patients. Ionotropic ATP signalling through excitatory and calcium-permeable P2X receptor channels is now rightfully considered as a critical player in pathological pain generation and maintenance; therefore, their selective targeting represents a therapeutic opportunity with promising yet untapped potential. Recent advances in the structural, functional and pharmacological characterization of rodent and human ATP-gated P2X receptor channels have shed brighter light on the role of specific subtypes in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory, neuropathic or cancer pain. Here, we will review the contribution of P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors to chronic pain and discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with the pharmacological manipulation of their function. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis‐Philippe Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Ariel R Ase
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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Genetic polymorphisms of IL17A, TLR4 and P2RX7 and associations with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:1-5. [PMID: 29704988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms of IL17A, TLR4 and P2RX7 genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a Han population. We performed a case-control study with 152 COPD subjects from the Third People's Hospital of Nantong in 2015. Healthy controls were selected from a group of people attending the physical examination and were frequency-matched to the cases by sex and age. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan allelic discrimination technology. A logistic regression model was used to calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). After Bonferroni correction, polymorphisms rs2275913 and rs763780 in the IL17A gene, rs10759932 and rs2737190 in the TLR4 gene, and rs1718119 in the P2RX7 gene were significantly associated with altered risk for COPD. Individuals carrying rs2275913 allele A had a reduced risk (OR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.86). Individuals carrying rs763780 allele C had an increased risk (OR 1.96; 95% CI: 1.29-2.98). Individuals carrying rs10759932 allele C had a reduced risk (OR 0.49; 95% CI: 0.34-0.73). Individuals carrying rs2737190 allele G had a reduced risk (OR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.37-0.71). Individuals carrying rs1718119 allele A had a reduced risk (OR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.45-1.06).Genetic polymorphisms in IL17A, TLR4 and P2RX7 genes were significantly associated with altered risks for COPD.
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Kwak SH, Shin S, Lee JH, Shim JK, Kim M, Lee SD, Lee A, Bae J, Park JH, Abdelrahman A, Müller CE, Cho SK, Kang SG, Bae MA, Yang JY, Ko H, Goddard WA, Kim YC. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of quinolinone and quinoline-based P2X7 receptor antagonists and their anti-sphere formation activities in glioblastoma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:462-481. [PMID: 29649742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Screening a compound library of quinolinone derivatives identified compound 11a as a new P2X7 receptor antagonist. To optimize its activity, we assessed structure-activity relationships (SAR) at three different positions, R1, R2 and R3, of the quinolinone scaffold. SAR analysis suggested that a carboxylic acid ethyl ester group at the R1 position, an adamantyl carboxamide group at R2 and a 4-methoxy substitution at the R3 position are the best substituents for the antagonism of P2X7R activity. However, because most of the quinolinone derivatives showed low inhibitory effects in an IL-1β ELISA assay, the core structure was further modified to a quinoline skeleton with chloride or substituted phenyl groups. The optimized antagonists with the quinoline scaffold included 2-chloro-5-adamantyl-quinoline derivative (16c) and 2-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)-5-adamantyl-quinoline derivative (17k), with IC50 values of 4 and 3 nM, respectively. In contrast to the quinolinone derivatives, the antagonistic effects of the quinoline compounds (16c and 17k) were paralleled by their ability to inhibit the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from LPS/IFN-γ/BzATP-stimulated THP-1 cells (IC50 of 7 and 12 nM, respectively). In addition, potent P2X7R antagonists significantly inhibited the sphere size of TS15-88 glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Kwak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Shin
- Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Deok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Bae
- Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steve K Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Yang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Ko
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC-139- 74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Kim BH, Pereverzev A, Zhu S, Tong AOM, Dixon SJ, Chidiac P. Extracellular nucleotides enhance agonist potency at the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor. Cell Signal 2018; 46:103-112. [PMID: 29501726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R) on osteoblasts and other target cells. Mechanical stimulation of cells, including osteoblasts, causes release of nucleotides such as ATP into the extracellular fluid. In addition to its role as an energy source, ATP serves as an agonist at P2 receptors and an allosteric regulator of many proteins. We investigated the effects of concentrations of extracellular ATP, comparable to those that activate low affinity P2X7 receptors, on PTH1R signaling. Cyclic AMP levels were monitored in real-time using a bioluminescence reporter and β-arrestin recruitment to PTH1R was followed using a complementation-based luminescence assay. ATP markedly enhanced cyclic AMP and β-arrestin signaling as well as downstream activation of CREB. CMP - a nucleotide that lacks a high energy bond and does not activate P2 receptors - mimicked this effect of ATP. Moreover, potentiation was not inhibited by P2 receptor antagonists, including a specific blocker of P2X7. Thus, nucleotide-induced potentiation of signaling pathways was independent of P2 receptor signaling. ATP and CMP reduced the concentration of PTH (1-34) required to produce a half-maximal cyclic AMP or β-arrestin response, with no evident change in maximal receptor activity. Increased potency was similarly apparent with PTH1R agonists PTH (1-14) and PTH-related peptide (1-34). These observations suggest that extracellular nucleotides increase agonist affinity, efficacy or both, and are consistent with modulation of signaling at the level of the receptor or a closely associated protein. Taken together, our findings establish that ATP enhances PTH1R signaling through a heretofore unrecognized allosteric mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Alexey Pereverzev
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Shuying Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Abby Oi Man Tong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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56
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Aydin D, Kizilel S. P2X7 receptor antagonist delivery vehicle based on photocrosslinked amphiphilic hybrid gels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18216-18226. [PMID: 35541129 PMCID: PMC9080578 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01460d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a method for the synthesis of a unique hybrid gel system for the sustained delivery of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) antagonist. P2X7R has been reported as a key mediator in inflammatory processes and controlled delivery of this molecule would be critical for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. The hybrid gel designed here for the sustained delivery of P2X7R antagonists is based on crosslinked hydrophobic styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer as a continuous network, where hydrogel particles prepared with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were embedded into this system. PEG hydrogel particle-incorporated SBS gels were characterized through electron microscopy, water contact angle observations, and strong mechanical properties were confirmed through nanoindentation measurements. The release of P2X7R antagonist from these hybrid hydrogel-elastomer system demonstrated a sustained drug release profile up to 28 days at physiological pH, which was not observed in earlier reports. We obtained drug release percentages ranging from 49.72% to 93.04% which indicated the tunability of release through SBS crosslinking and hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of SBS. This tunability is significant to achieve simultaneous improvements in drug efficacy with reduced side effects. CellTiter-Glo luminescence measurements using human kidney cells revealed that these networks are non-toxic and highly biocompatible with percent cell viabilities of higher than 85%. The approach presented here with crosslinked, amphiphilic and elastic SBS gel systems is not only promising for extended release of P2X7R antagonist but could also allow for incorporation of different molecules so that simultaneous/sequential and extended release profiles for therapeutic molecules could be achieved. We report here a method for the synthesis of a unique hybrid gel system for the sustained delivery of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) antagonist.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Aydin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Koc University
- Sariyer
- Turkey
| | - Seda Kizilel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Koc University
- Sariyer
- Turkey
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CB 1 Receptors Mediated Inhibition of ATP-Induced [Ca 2+]i Increase in Cultured Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:267-275. [PMID: 29127599 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and purinergic P2X receptors (P2XR) play a critical role in the process of pathological pain. Both CB1R and P2XR are expressed in spinal dorsal horn (DH) neurons. It is not clear whether CB1 receptor activation modulates the function of P2X receptor channels within dorsal horn. For this reason, we observed the effect of CP55940 (cannabinoid receptor agonist) on ATP-induced Ca2+ mobilization in cultured rat DH neurons. The changes of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were detected with confocal laser scanning microscopy using fluo-4/AM as a calcium fluorescent indicator. 100 μM ATP caused [Ca2+]i increase in cultured DH neurons. ATP-evoked [Ca2+]i increase in DH neurons was blocked by chelating extracellular Ca2+ and P2 purinoceptor antagonist PPADS. At the same time, ATP-γ-S (a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue) mimicked the ATP action, while P2Y receptor agonist ADP failed to evoke [Ca2+]i increase in cultured DH neurons. These data suggest that ATP-induced [Ca2+]i elevation in cultured DH neurons is mediated by P2X receptor. Subsequently, we noticed that, in cultured rat DH neurons, ATP-induced Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited after pretreated with CP55940 with a concentration-dependent manner, which implies that the opening of P2X receptor channels are down-regulated by activation of cannabinoid receptor. The inhibitory effect of CP55940 on ATP-induced Ca2+ response was mimicked by ACEA (CB1R agonist), but was not influenced by AM1241 (CB2R agonist). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of CP55940 on ATP-induced Ca2+ mobilization was blocked by AM251 (CB1 receptor antagonist), but was not influenced by AM630 (CB2 receptor antagonist). In addition, we also observed that forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase) and 8-Br-cAMP (a cell-permeable cAMP analog) reversed the inhibitory effect of CP55940, respectively. In a summary, our observations raise a possibility that CB1R rather than CB2R can downregulate the opening of P2X receptor channels in DH neurons. The reduction of cAMP/PKA signaling is a key element in the inhibitory effect of CB1R on P2X-channel-induced Ca2+ mobilization.
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58
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Gonzaga DTG, Ferreira LBG, Moreira Maramaldo Costa TE, von Ranke NL, Anastácio Furtado Pacheco P, Sposito Simões AP, Arruda JC, Dantas LP, de Freitas HR, de Melo Reis RA, Penido C, Bello ML, Castro HC, Rodrigues CR, Ferreira VF, Faria RX, da Silva FDC. 1-Aryl-1 H - and 2-aryl-2 H -1,2,3-triazole derivatives blockade P2X7 receptor in vitro and inflammatory response in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:698-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Site-Specific Regulation of P2X7 Receptor Function in Microglia Gates Morphine Analgesic Tolerance. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10154-10172. [PMID: 28924009 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0852-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids is a major problem in chronic pain management. Microglia are implicated in opioid tolerance, but the core mechanisms regulating their response to opioids remain obscure. By selectively ablating microglia in the spinal cord using a saporin-conjugated antibody to Mac1, we demonstrate a causal role for microglia in the development, but not maintenance, of morphine tolerance in male rats. Increased P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activity is a cardinal feature of microglial activation, and in this study we found that morphine potentiates P2X7R-mediated Ca2+ responses in resident spinal microglia acutely isolated from morphine tolerant rats. The increased P2X7R function was blocked in cultured microglia by PP2, a Src family protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We identified Src family kinase activation mediated by μ-receptors as a key mechanistic step required for morphine potentiation of P2X7R function. Furthermore, we show by site-directed mutagenesis that tyrosine (Y382-384) within the P2X7R C-terminus is differentially modulated by repeated morphine treatment and has no bearing on normal P2X7R function. Intrathecal administration of a palmitoylated peptide corresponding to the Y382-384 site suppressed morphine-induced microglial reactivity and preserved the antinociceptive effects of morphine in male rats. Thus, site-specific regulation of P2X7R function mediated by Y382-384 is a novel cellular determinant of the microglial response to morphine that critically underlies the development of morphine analgesic tolerance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Controlling pain is one of the most difficult challenges in medicine and its management is a requirement of a large diversity of illnesses. Although morphine and other opioids offer dramatic and impressive relief of pain, their impact is truncated by loss of efficacy (analgesic tolerance). Understanding why this occurs and how to prevent it are of critical importance in improving pain therapies. We uncovered a novel site (Y382-384) within the P2X7 receptor that can be targeted to blunt the development of morphine analgesic tolerance, without affecting normal P2X7 receptor function. Our findings provide a critical missing mechanistic piece, site-specific modulation by Y382-384, that unifies P2X7R function to the activation of spinal microglia and the development of morphine tolerance.
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Franco M, Bautista-Pérez R, Cano-Martínez A, Pacheco U, Santamaría J, del Valle Mondragón L, Pérez-Méndez O, Navar LG. Physiopathological implications of P2X1and P2X7receptors in regulation of glomerular hemodynamics in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F9-F19. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00663.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleterious effects of purinergic P2X1and P2X7receptors (P2XRs) in ANG II-dependent hypertension include increased renal vascular resistance, and impaired autoregulation and pressure natriuresis. However, their specific effects on the determinants of glomerular hemodynamics remain incompletely delineated. To investigate the P2XR contributions to altered glomerular hemodynamics in hypertension, the effects of acute blockade of P2X1R, P2X7R, and P2X4R with NF449, A438079, and PSB12054, respectively, were evaluated in ANG II-infused rats (435 ng·kg−1·min−1). P2X1R or P2X7R blockade reduced afferent (6.85 ± 1.05 vs. 2.37 ± 0.20 dyn·s−1·cm−5) and efferent (2.85 ± 0.38 vs. 0.99 ± 0.07 dyn·s−1·cm−5) arteriolar resistances, leading to increases in glomerular plasma flow (75.82 ± 5.58 vs. 206.7 ± 16.38 nl/min), ultrafiltration coefficient (0.0198 ± 0.0024 vs. 0.0512 ± 0.0046 nl·min−1·mmHg−1), and single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (22.73 ± 2.02 vs. 51.56 ± 3.87 nl/min) to near normal values. Blockade of P2X4R did not elicit effects in hypertensive rats. In normotensive sham-operated rats, only the P2X1R antagonist caused an increase plasma flow and single-nephron glomerular filtration rate, whereas the P2X4R antagonist induced glomerular vasoconstriction that was consistent with evidence that P2X4R stimulation increases release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Mean arterial pressure remained unchanged in both hypertensive and normotensive groups. Western blot analysis showed overexpression of P2X1R, P2X7R, and P2X4R proteins in hypertensive rats. Whereas it has been generally assumed that the altered glomerular vascular resistances in ANG II hypertension are due to AT1receptor-mediated vasoconstriction, these data indicate a predominant P2X1R and P2X7R control of glomerular hemodynamics in ANG II hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Franco
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” México City, México
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” México City, México
| | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” México City, México
| | - Ursino Pacheco
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” México City, México
| | - José Santamaría
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” México City, México
| | | | - Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” México City, México
| | - L. Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Wu X, Ren J, Chen G, Wu L, Song X, Li G, Deng Y, Wang G, Gu G, Li J. Systemic blockade of P2X7 receptor protects against sepsis-induced intestinal barrier disruption. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4364. [PMID: 28663567 PMCID: PMC5491531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, during which the intestinal epithelial barrier is frequently disrupted, remains a challenging and life-threatening problem in clinical practice. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective adenosine triphosphate-gated cation channel present in macrophages that is involved in inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the role of P2X7R in macrophages during sepsis-induced intestinal barrier disruption. In this study, mice were treated with the P2X7R antagonist A740003 or the agonist BzATP by intra-peritoneal injection after the induction of gut-origin sepsis. The survival rates, inflammatory responses, intestinal barrier integrity, macrophage marker expression, and ERK and NF-κB activities were evaluated. Intestinal macrophages were also isolated and studied after exposure to Brilliant Blue G or BzATP. We found that a systemic P2X7R blockade downregulated sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and attenuated intestinal barrier dysfunction based on the evidence that mice in the A740003-treated group exhibited alleviated pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, intestinal hyperpermeability, epithelial apoptosis rates and tight junction damage compared with the septic mice. These changes were partly mediated by the inhibition of M1 macrophages activation via ERK/NF-κB pathways. Our data presented herein show that a P2X7R blockade could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Song
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanwei Li
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youming Deng
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guosheng Gu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Yin J, You S, Liu H, Chen L, Zhang C, Hu H, Xue M, Cheng W, Wang Y, Li X, Shi Y, Li N, Yan S, Li X. Role of P2X 7R in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Respir Res 2017. [PMID: 28646872 PMCID: PMC5483271 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that lacks sufficient treatment. Studies have shown that the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to PAH pathogenesis, but the role of the upstream molecular P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has remained unexplored. We investigated the role of P2X7R in the pathogenesis of PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS PH was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT) (60 mg/kg) on left pneumonectomised Sprague-Dawley rats, as validated by significant increases in pulmonary artery pressure and vessel wall thickness. Marked P2X7R was detected by predominant PA immunostaining in lungs from PH rats. Western blot revealed a significant increase in the protein levels of P2X7R as well as NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the diseased lung tissue compared with normal tissue. The rats received A-740003 (a selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, 30 mg/kg) daily starting from 1 week before or 2 weeks after MCT injection. Consequently, A-740003 reversed the NLRP3 inflammasome upregulation, significantly decreased the mean right ventricular (RV) pressure and RV hypertrophy, and reversed pulmonary arterial remodelling 4 weeks after MCT injection, as both a pretreatment and rescue intervention. Notably, A-740003 significantly reduced macrophage and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, as measured via bronchoalveolar lavage. The recruitment of macrophages as well as collagen fibre deposition in the perivascular areas were also reduced, as confirmed by histological staining. CONCLUSIONS P2X7R contributes to the pathogenesis of PH, probably in association with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Blockade of P2X7R might be applied as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuling You
- Adicon Company, Department of Pathology, Wangkai Infectious Diseases Hospital of Zaozhuang City, Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haopeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangqiu People Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hesheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yugen Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nannan Li
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China. .,Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Zheng X, Li T, Chen Y, Pan H, Zhang Z, Dai Y, Wang J. Genetic polymorphisms of the P2X7 gene associated with susceptibility to and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:24-29. [PMID: 28495473 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this population-based case control study, we recruited 1601 pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 1526 healthy controls, aiming to investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms of the P2X7 gene with the susceptibility to and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a Chinese Han population. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2X7 gene were genotyped. The odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) together with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimated the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the disease. After correction for multiple comparisons, the SNP rs1718119 remained significant. The allele A of rs1718119 was related to a reduced risk for all active tuberculosis (OR for each additional allele A: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69-0.94) and sputum smear-positive cases (OR for each additional allele A: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.93). The effects of these genetic variations were more evident among smokers. Survival analysis showed a weak association between rs7958311 and treatment outcome, where each additional allele A of the SNP rs7958311 contributed to a 59% increase in the probability of a successful treatment outcome (adjusted RR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.05-2.40, P=0.028); but it wasn't significant after the Bonferroni correction. We demonstrated that genetic variations of the P2X7 gene might be involved in the risk and prognosis of human tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tiecheng Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Third Hospital of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212005, China
| | - Hongqiu Pan
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Third Hospital of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212005, China
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Yaoyao Dai
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Yin J, Wang Y, Hu H, Li X, Xue M, Cheng W, Wang Y, Li X, Yang N, Shi Y, Yan S. P2X 7 receptor inhibition attenuated sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction via the NLRP3/IL-1β pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2695-2710. [PMID: 28470940 PMCID: PMC5661108 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammation modulates sympathetic sprouting after myocardial infarction (MI). The myeloid P2X7 signal has been shown to activate the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a master regulator of inflammation. We investigated whether P2X7 signal participated in the pathogenesis of sympathetic reinnervation after MI, and whether NLRP3/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) axis is involved in the process. We explored the relationship between P2X7 receptor (P2X7 R) and IL-1β in the heart tissue of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed naive rats. 3'-O-(4-benzoyl) benzoyl adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP), a P2X7 R agonist, induced caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1β release, which was further neutralized by a NLRP3 inhibitor (16673-34-0). MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. Following infarction, a marked increase in P2X7 R was localized within infiltrated macrophages and observed in parallel with an up-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome levels and the release of IL-1β in the left ventricle. The administration of A-740003 (a P2X7 R antagonist) significantly prevented the NLRP3/IL-1β increase. A-740003 and/or Anakinra (an IL-1 receptor antagonist) significantly reduced macrophage infiltration as well as macrophage-based IL-1β and NGF (nerve growth factor) production and eventually blunted sympathetic hyperinnervation, as assessed by the immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP 43). Moreover, the use of Anakinra partly attenuated sympathetic sprouting. This indicated that the effect of P2X7 on neural remodelling was mediated at least partially by IL-1β. The arrhythmia score of programmed electric stimulation was in accordance with the degree of sympathetic hyperinnervation. In vitro studies showed that BzATP up-regulated secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) in M1 macrophages via IL-1β. Together, these data indicate that P2X7 R contributes to neural and cardiac remodelling, at least partly mediated by NLRP3/IL-1β axis. Therapeutic interventions targeting P2X7 signal may be a novel approach to ameliorate arrhythmia following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hesheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yugen Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Shimokawa C, Kanaya T, Hachisuka M, Ishiwata K, Hisaeda H, Kurashima Y, Kiyono H, Yoshimoto T, Kaisho T, Ohno H. Mast Cells Are Crucial for Induction of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Clearance of Helminth Infections. Immunity 2017; 46:863-874.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Fantoni ER, Dal Ben D, Falzoni S, Di Virgilio F, Lovestone S, Gee A. Design, synthesis and evaluation in an LPS rodent model of neuroinflammation of a novel 18F-labelled PET tracer targeting P2X7. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:31. [PMID: 28374288 PMCID: PMC5378566 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The P2X7 receptor has been shown to play a fundamental role in the initiation and sustenance of the inflammatory cascade. The development of a novel fluorine-18 PET tracer superior and with a longer half-life to those currently available is a promising step towards harnessing the therapeutic and diagnostic potential offered by this target. Inspired by the known antagonist A-804598, the present study outlines the design via molecular docking, synthesis and biological evaluation of the novel P2X7 tracer [18F]EFB. The tracer was radiolabelled via a three-step procedure, in vitro binding assessed in P2X7-transfected HEK293 and in B16 cells by calcium influx assays and an initial preclinical evaluation was performed in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected rat model of neuroinflammation. Results The novel tracer [18F]EFB was synthesised in 210 min in 3–5% decay-corrected radiochemical yield (DC RCY), >99% radiochemical purity (RCP) and >300 GBq/μmol and fully characterised. Functional assays showed that the compound binds with nM Ki to human, rat and mouse P2X7 receptors. In vivo, [18F]EFB displayed a desirable distribution profile, and while it showed low blood–brain barrier penetration, brain uptake was quantifiable and displayed significantly higher mean longitudinal uptake in inflamed versus control rat CNS regions. Conclusions [18F]EFB demonstrates strong in vitro affinity to human and rodent P2X7 and limited yet quantifiable BBB penetration. Considering the initial promising in vivo data in an LPS rat model with elevated P2X7 expression, this work constitutes an important step in the development of a radiotracer useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of clinical disorders with associated neuroinflammatory processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-017-0275-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Raffaele Fantoni
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, SE1 7EH, London, UK
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Prof Francesco Di Virgilio and Dr Simonetta Falzoni, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia, Oncologia e Biologia Sperimentale, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Prof Francesco Di Virgilio and Dr Simonetta Falzoni, Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia, Oncologia e Biologia Sperimentale, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Warneford Lane, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Antony Gee
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, SE1 7EH, London, UK.
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67
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Zhu B, Lu Y, Chen L, Yu B, Liu Y, Song M, Hang T. Identification and characterization of related substances in EVT-401 by hyphenated LC-MS techniques. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:223-230. [PMID: 29404042 PMCID: PMC5790700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method was developed for the separation and characterization of related substances (RSs) in EVT-401 by hyphenated LC–MS techniques. Complete separation of the RSs was achieved with an Inertsil ODS-SP column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) by linear gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% formic acid solution, methanol and acetonitrile. EVT-401 was found to be susceptible to acid, alkaline and oxidative stresses, while relatively stable under photolytic and thermal dry stress conditions. Fourteen RSs including six process-related substances and eight degradation products were detected and identified in EVT-401 with positive ESI high-resolution TOF-MS analysis of their parent ions and the corresponding product mass spectra elucidation, and some of them were further verified by chemical synthesis and NMR spectroscopy. The specific LC–MS method developed for separation, identification and characterization of RSs is valuable for EVT-401 manufacturing process optimization and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Leilin Chen
- Department of Chemical Drug Control, Hubei Institute for Food and Drug Control, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Binbin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou 318200, China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Taijun Hang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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McIlwrath SL, Nesemeier R, Ma F, Oz HS, Zhang L, Westlund KN. Inflammatory 'double hit' model of temporomandibular joint disorder with elevated CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, RANTES and behavioural hypersensitivity in TNFR1/R2-/- mice. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1209-1223. [PMID: 28318085 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), reactive arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis often have combined etiology of hereditary and microenvironmental factors contributing to joint pain. Multiple clinical and animal studies indicate 'double-hit' inflammatory insults can cause chronic inflammation. The first inflammatory insult primes the immune system and subsequent insults elicit amplified responses. The present 'double hit' study produced a chronic orofacial pain model in mice with genetic deletion of both TNFα receptors (TNFR1/R2-/-), investigating the main nociceptive signalling pathways in comparisons to wild type mice. METHODS An initial inflammatory insult was given unilaterally into the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Secondary hypersensitivity was tested on the skin over the TMJ throughout the experiment. Three weeks later after complete reversal of hypersensitivity, a second inflammatory insult was imposed on the colon. Pharmacological interventions were tested for efficacy after week 10 when hypersensitivity was chronic in TNFR1/R2-/- mice. Serum cytokines were analysed at Days 1, 14, and Week 18. RESULTS The double hit insult produced chronic hypersensitivity continuing through the 4-month experimental timeline in the absence of TNFα signalling. P2X7 and NMDA receptor antagonists temporarily attenuated chronic hypersensitivity. Serum cytokine/chemokine analysis on Day 14 when CFA induced hypersensitivity was resolved identified increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, RANTES and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra and IL-4 in TNFR1/R2-/- compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a causal feed-forward signalling cascade of these little studied cytokines have the potential to cause recrudescence in this orofacial inflammatory pain model in the absence of TNFα signalling. SIGNIFICANCE Using a mouse model of chronic inflammatory temporomandibular joint disorder, we determined that absence of functional TNFR1/R2 induces aberrant inflammatory signalling caused by other increased pro-inflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines that could serve as blood biomarkers and may predict disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L McIlwrath
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - R Nesemeier
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - F Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - H S Oz
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - K N Westlund
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Gao P, Ding X, Khan TM, Rong W, Franke H, Illes P. P2X7 receptor-sensitivity of astrocytes and neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of organotypic spinal cord slices of the mouse depends on the length of the culture period. Neuroscience 2017; 349:195-207. [PMID: 28237817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record current responses to AMPA, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), muscimol and dibenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP) in superficial (reactive/gliotic) substantia gelatinosa (SG) astrocytes and neurons of spinal cord slices kept for different periods of time in organotypic culture. Currents induced by AMPA, NMDA and muscimol confirmed the existence of their specific receptors in 2-week-old neurons; astrocytes cultured for the same period of time responded to AMPA and muscimol, but not to NMDA. AMPA had a larger effect on 2-week-old astrocytes than on the 1-week-old ones, in spite of a similar sensitivity of the age-matched neurons to this amino acid. The effect of the prototypic P2X7 receptor agonist Bz-ATP on superficial astrocytes and neurons depended on the drug concentration applied and increased in parallel with the lengthening of the culture period. The amplitudes of Bz-ATP currents of deep (resting) astrocytes were age-independent. Neurons located in deep layers exhibited after 1week of culturing much larger Bz-ATP currents than the superficial ones of the same age. In conclusion, whereas resting astrocytes had culture period-independent P2X7 receptor-sensitivity, reactive/gliotic astrocytes exhibited P2X7 receptor-sensitivity increasing in parallel with the prolongation of the time spent in culture. The results with Bz-ATP agree with the facilitation of AMPA-induced currents in reactive astrocytes during development, and with the hypothesis that extracellular ATP is an ontogenetically early transmitter/signaling molecule in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Gao
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Ding
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Tahir Muhammad Khan
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Weifang Rong
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Agrawal A, Henriksen Z, Syberg S, Petersen S, Aslan D, Solgaard M, Nissen N, Larsen TK, Schwarz P, Steinberg TH, Jørgensen NR. P2X7Rs are involved in cell death, growth and cellular signaling in primary human osteoblasts. Bone 2017; 95:91-101. [PMID: 27856358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ionotropic ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is involved in the regulation of many physiological functions including bone metabolism. Several studies on osteoblasts from rodents and human osteoblast-like cell lines have addressed the expression and function of P2X7R on these bone-forming cells however; its role in human primary osteoblasts has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of the P2X7R in bone marrow-derived stromal cells and in primary human trabecular osteoblasts and to determine the function in bone formation and cell signaling. We report that osteoblasts derived from human trabecular explants express a functional P2X7R capable of agonist-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration and a positive permeability to fluorescent dyes. These osteoblasts are fully differentiated cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and the ability to form mineralized nodules. We show that the transcriptional regulation of osteoblastic markers can be modulated by P2X7R activity or blockade thereby influencing the differentiation, proliferation and bone matrix formation by these primary human osteoblasts. Finally, we demonstrate that the P2X7R is involved in propagation of mechanically-induced intercellular signaling in addition to the known mechanisms involving calcium signaling via P2Y2 receptors and gap junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agrawal
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Zanne Henriksen
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Susanne Syberg
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Solveig Petersen
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Derya Aslan
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Marie Solgaard
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Nis Nissen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kolding Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Schwarz
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Steinberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Conformational changes during human P2X7 receptor activation examined by structural modelling and cysteine-based cross-linking studies. Purinergic Signal 2016; 13:135-141. [PMID: 28025718 PMCID: PMC5334206 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is important in mediating a range of physiological functions and pathologies associated with tissue damage and inflammation and represents an attractive therapeutic target. However, in terms of their structure-function relationships, the mammalian P2X7Rs remain poorly characterised compared to some of their other P2XR counterparts. In this study, combining cysteine-based cross-linking and whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we examined six pairs of residues (A44/I331, D48/I331, I58/F311, S60/L320, I75/P177 and K81/V304) located in different parts of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the human P2X7R. These residues are predicted to undergo substantial movement during the transition of the receptor ion channel from the closed to the open state, predictions which are made based on structural homology models generated from the crystal structures of the zebrafish P2X4R. Our results provide evidence that among the six pairs of cysteine mutants, D48C/I133C and K81C/V304C formed disulphide bonds that impaired the channel gating to support the notion that such conformational changes, particularly those in the outer ends of the transmembrane domains, are critical for human P2X7R activation.
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Potentiation of hepatic stellate cell activation by extracellular ATP is dependent on P2X7R-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:82-93. [PMID: 27940204 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic receptor P2x7 (P2x7R) is a key modulator of liver inflammation and fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of P2x7R in hepatic stellate cells activation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the conditioned medium (CM) from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was supplemented to human hepatic stellate cells, LX-2 for 24h and P2x7R selective antagonist A438079 (10μM) was supplemented to LX-2 cells 1h before LPS or CM stimulation. In addition LX-2 cells were primed with LPS for 4h and subsequently stimulated for 30min with 3mM of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). A438079 was supplemented to LX-2 cells 10min prior to ATP. Directly treated with LPS on LX-2 cells, mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and IL-6 were increased, as well as mRNA expressions of P2x7R, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) mRNA. LPS also increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen mRNA expressions, as well as collagen deposition. Interestingly treatment of LX-2 cells with LPS-activated CM exhibited the greater increase of above factors than those in LX-2 cells directly treated with LPS. Pretreatment of A438079 on LX-2 cells stimulated by LPS or LPS-activated CM both suppressed IL-1β mRNA expression. LPS combined with ATP dramatically increased protein synthesis and cleavage of IL-1β and its mRNA level than those in HSC treated with LPS or ATP alone. Additionally LX-2 cells primed with LPS and subsequently stimulated for 30min with ATP greatly increased mRNA and protein expression of caspase-1, NLRP3 and P2x7R, as well as liver fibrosis markers, α-SMA and type I collagen. These events were remarkably suppressed by A438079 pretreatment. siRNA against P2x7R reduced protein expression of NLRP3 and α-SMA, and suppressed deposition and secretion of type I collagen. The involvement of P2X7R-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in IL-1β production of HSC might contribute to ECM deposition and suggests that blockade of the P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome axis represents a potential therapeutic target to liver fibrosis.
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Lim JC, Lu W, Beckel JM, Mitchell CH. Neuronal Release of Cytokine IL-3 Triggered by Mechanosensitive Autostimulation of the P2X7 Receptor Is Neuroprotective. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:270. [PMID: 27932954 PMCID: PMC5120082 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical strain due to increased pressure or swelling activates inflammatory responses in many neural systems. As cytokines and chemokine messengers lead to both pro-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions, understanding the signaling patterns triggered by mechanical stress may help improve overall outcomes. While cytokine signaling in neural systems is often associated with glial cells like astrocytes and microglia, the contribution of neurons themselves to the cytokine response is underappreciated and has bearing on any balanced response. Mechanical stretch of isolated neurons was previously shown to trigger ATP release through pannexin hemichannels and autostimulation of P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) on the neural membrane. Given that P2X7Rs are linked to cytokine activation in other cells, this study investigates the link between neuronal stretch and cytokine release through a P2X7-dependent pathway. Cytokine assays showed application of a 4% strain to isolated rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) released multiple cytokines. The P2X7R agonist BzATP also released multiple cytokines; Interleukin 3 (IL-3), TNF-α, CXCL9, VEGF, L-selectin, IL-4, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-1Rα, MIP and CCL20 were released by both stimuli, with the release of IL-3 greatest with either stimuli. Stretch-dependent IL-3 release was confirmed with ELISA and blocked by P2X7R antagonists A438079 and Brilliant Blue G (BBG), implicating autostimulation of the P2X7R in stretch-dependent IL-3 release. Neuronal IL-3 release triggered by BzATP required extracellular calcium. The IL-3Rα receptor was expressed on RGCs but not astrocytes, and both IL-3Rα and IL-3 itself were predominantly expressed in the retinal ganglion cell layer of adult retinal sections, implying autostimulation of receptors by released IL-3. While the number of surviving ganglion cells decreased with time in culture, the addition of IL-3 protected against this loss of neurons. Expression of mRNA for IL-3 and IL-3Rα increased in rat retinas stretched with moderate intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation; BBG blocked the rise in IL-3, implicating a role for the P2X7R in transcriptional regulation in vivo. In summary, mechanical stretch triggers release of cytokines from neurons that can convey neuroprotection. The enhancement of these signals in vivo implicates P2X7R-mediated IL-3 signaling as an endogenous pathway that could minimize damage following neuronal exposure to chronic mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Beckel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Portillo JAC, Lopez Corcino Y, Dubyak GR, Kern TS, Matsuyama S, Subauste CS. Ligation of CD40 in Human Müller Cells Induces P2X7 Receptor-Dependent Death of Retinal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:6278-6286. [PMID: 27893093 PMCID: PMC5119488 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) is required for retinal capillary degeneration in diabetic mice, a process mediated by the retinal endothelial cells (REC) death. However, CD40 activates prosurvival signals in endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to identify a mechanism by which CD40 triggers programmed cell death (PCD) of RECs and address this paradox. Methods Human RECs and Müller cells were incubated with CD154 and L-N6-(1-Iminoethyl)lysine (L-Nil, nitric oxide synthase 2 inhibitor), α-lipoic acid (inhibitor of oxidative stress), anti-Fas ligand antibody, or A-438079 (P2X7 adenosine triphosphate [ATP] receptor inhibitor). Programmed cell death was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or Hoechst/propidium iodide staining. Release of ATP was measured using a luciferase-based assay. Mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Expression of P2X7 was assessed by FACS, quantitative PCR, or immunohistochemistry. Results Ligation of CD40 in primary RECs did not induce PCD. In contrast, in the presence of primary CD40+ Müller cells, CD40 stimulation caused PCD of RECs that was not impaired by L-Nil, α-lipoic acid, or anti-Fas ligand antibody. We found CD40 did not trigger TNF-α or IL-1β secretion. Primary Müller cells released extracellular ATP in response to CD40 ligation. Inhibition of P2X7 (A-438079) impaired PCD of RECs; CD40 upregulated P2X7 in RECs, making them susceptible to ATP/P2X7-mediated PCD. Diabetic mice upregulated P2X7 in the retina and RECs in a CD40-dependent manner. Conclusions Cluster of differentiation 40 induces PCD of RECs through a dual mechanism: ATP release by Müller cells and P2X7 upregulation in RECs. These findings are likely of in vivo relevance since CD40 upregulates P2X7 in RECs in diabetic mice and CD40 is known to be required for retinal capillary degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C. Portillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yalitza Lopez Corcino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - George R. Dubyak
- Department of Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Carlos S. Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Chavda S, Luthert PJ, Salt TE. P2X 7R modulation of visually evoked synaptic responses in the retina. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:611-625. [PMID: 27393519 PMCID: PMC5123999 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7Rs are distributed throughout all layers of the retina, and thus, their localisation on various cell types puts into question their specific site(s) of action. Using a dark-adapted, ex vivo mouse retinal whole mount preparation, the present study aimed to characterise the effect of P2X7R activation on light-evoked, excitatory RGC ON-field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and on outer retinal electroretinogram (ERG) responses under comparable conditions. The pharmacologically isolated NMDA receptor-mediated RGC ON-fEPSP was reduced in the presence of BzATP, an effect which was significantly attenuated by A438079 and other selective P2X7R antagonists A804598 or AF27139. In physiological Krebs medium, BzATP induced a significant potentiation of the ERG a-wave, with a concomitant reduction in the b-wave and the power of the oscillatory potentials. Conversely, in the pharmacologically modified Mg2+-free perfusate, BzATP reduced both the a-wave and b-wave. The effects of BzATP on the ERG components were suppressed by A438079. A role for P2X7R function in visual processing in both the inner and outer retina under physiological conditions remains controversial. The ON-fEPSP was significantly reduced in the presence of A804598 but not by A438079 or AF27139. Furthermore, A438079 did not have any effect on the ERG components in physiological Krebs but potentiated and reduced the a-wave and b-wave, respectively, when applied to the pharmacologically modified medium. Therefore, activation of P2X7Rs affects the function in the retinal ON pathway. The presence of a high concentration of extracellular ATP would most likely contribute to the modulation of visual transmission in the retina in the pathophysiological microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetal Chavda
- Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Philip J Luthert
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas E Salt
- Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Diezmos EF, Bertrand PP, Liu L. Purinergic Signaling in Gut Inflammation: The Role of Connexins and Pannexins. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:311. [PMID: 27445679 PMCID: PMC4925662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors play an important role in inflammation, and can be activated by ATP released via pannexin channels and/or connexin hemichannels. The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is of interest since it is involved in apoptosis when activated. Most studies focus on the influence of pannexin-1 (Panx1) and connexin 43 (Cx43) on ATP release and how it affects P2X7R function during inflammation. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation within the gastrointestinal system. At present, the pathophysiology of this disease remains largely unknown but it may involve the interplay between P2X7R, Panx1, and Cx43. There are two main types of IBD, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, that are classified by their location and frequency of inflammation. Current research suggests that alterations to normal functioning of innate and adaptive immunity may be a factor in disease progression. The involvement of purinergic receptors, connexins, and pannexins in IBD is a relatively novel notion in the context of gastrointestinal inflammation, and has been explored by various research groups. Thus, the present review focuses on the current research involving connexins, pannexins, and purinergic receptors within the gut and enteric nervous system, and will examine their involvement in inflammation and the pathophysiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Diezmos
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul P Bertrand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, RMIT UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ory D, Celen S, Gijsbers R, Van Den Haute C, Postnov A, Koole M, Vandeputte C, Andrés JI, Alcazar J, De Angelis M, Langlois X, Bhattacharya A, Schmidt M, Letavic MA, Vanduffel W, Van Laere K, Verbruggen A, Debyser Z, Bormans G. Preclinical Evaluation of a P2X7 Receptor-Selective Radiotracer: PET Studies in a Rat Model with Local Overexpression of the Human P2X7 Receptor and in Nonhuman Primates. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1436-41. [PMID: 27199364 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.169995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) orchestrates neuroinflammation, and this is the basis for an increased interest in the development of antagonists inhibiting P2X7R function in the brain. This study provides the preclinical evaluation of (11)C-JNJ-54173717, a PET tracer for P2X7R in both rats and nonhuman primates. METHODS (11)C-JNJ-54173717 is a high-affinity radiotracer for the human P2X7R (hP2X7R). Biodistribution and radiometabolite studies were performed. Viral vectors encoding either enhanced green fluorescent protein-hP2X7R or 3flag-hP2X7R were engineered and validated in cell culture. hP2X7R was regionally overexpressed in the rat striatum after stereotactic injection of viral vectors. Dynamic small-animal PET studies were performed in vector-injected rats and in healthy monkeys using (11)C-JNJ-54173717. RESULTS The affinity of JNJ-54173717 was 1.6 ± 0.1 nM in a rat cortex P2X7R membrane binding assay. In a functional assay at the recombinant human and rat P2X7R orthologs, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of JNJ-54173717 was 4.2 ± 0.01 nM and 7.6 ± 0.01 nM, respectively. The rat biodistribution study showed that (11)C-JNJ-54173717 crossed the blood-brain barrier and was cleared from plasma mainly via the hepatobiliary pathway. A polar radiometabolite was found in rat plasma. No radiometabolites were detected in rat brain. Dynamic small-animal PET showed binding of (11)C-JNJ-54173717 in the striatum expressing hP2X7R, with rapid washout from the noninjected control striatum and other brain regions. Likewise, (11)C-JNJ-54173717 PET signal was blocked by a chemically distinct P2X7R ligand, indicating specific binding to P2X7R in the monkey brain. CONCLUSION JNJ-54173717 is a high-affinity P2X7R antagonist. An animal rat model stably expressing hP2X7R was developed and validated, identifying favorable characteristics for (11)C-JNJ-54173717 as a PET radioligand for in vivo visualization of hP2X7R. (11)C-JNJ-54173717 selectively visualized P2X7R in the monkey brain, and this radioligand will be further evaluated in a clinical setting to study P2X7R expression levels in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ory
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Celen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Den Haute
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrey Postnov
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Vandeputte
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - José-Ignacio Andrés
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jesus Alcazar
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Toledo, Spain
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Toledo, Spain
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Toledo, Spain
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, Toledo, Spain Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Mark Schmidt
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Discovery, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica Nevada, Beerse, Belgium; and
| | | | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospital and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Seref-Ferlengez Z, Maung S, Schaffler MB, Spray DC, Suadicani SO, Thi MM. P2X7R-Panx1 Complex Impairs Bone Mechanosignaling under High Glucose Levels Associated with Type-1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155107. [PMID: 27159053 PMCID: PMC4861344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) causes a range of skeletal problems, including reduced bone density and increased risk for bone fractures. However, mechanisms underlying skeletal complications in diabetes are still not well understood. We hypothesize that high glucose levels in T1D alters expression and function of purinergic receptors (P2Rs) and pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels, and thereby impairs ATP signaling that is essential for proper bone response to mechanical loading and maintenance of skeletal integrity. We first established a key role for P2X7 receptor-Panx1 in osteocyte mechanosignaling by showing that these proteins are co-expressed to provide a major pathway for flow-induced ATP release. To simulate in vitro the glucose levels to which bone cells are exposed in healthy vs. diabetic bones, we cultured osteoblast and osteocyte cell lines for 10 days in medium containing 5.5 or 25 mM glucose. High glucose effects on expression and function of P2Rs and Panx1 channels were determined by Western Blot analysis, quantification of Ca2+ responses to P2R agonists and oscillatory fluid shear stress (± 10 dyne/cm2), and measurement of flow-induced ATP release. Diabetic C57BL/6J-Ins2Akita mice were used to evaluate in vivo effects of high glucose on P2R and Panx1. Western blotting indicated altered P2X7R, P2Y2R and P2Y4R expression in high glucose exposed bone cells, and in diabetic bone tissue. Moreover, high glucose blunted normal P2R- and flow-induced Ca2+ signaling and ATP release from osteocytes. These findings indicate that T1D impairs load-induced ATP signaling in osteocytes and affects osteoblast function, which are essential for maintaining bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Seref-Ferlengez
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Maung
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mitchell B. Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David C. Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Sylvia O. Suadicani
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mia M. Thi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Luchting B, Heyn J, Woehrle T, Rachinger-Adam B, Kreth S, Hinske LC, Azad SC. Differential expression of P2X7 receptor and IL-1β in nociceptive and neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:100. [PMID: 27145808 PMCID: PMC4857287 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite substantial progress, pathogenesis and therapy of chronic pain are still the focus of many investigations. The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has previously been shown to play a central role in animal models of nociceptive inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Recently, we found that the adaptive immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of chronic nociceptive and neuropathic pain in humans. So far, data regarding P2X7R expression patterns on cells of the adaptive immune system of pain patients are scarce. We therefore analyzed the P2X7R expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as serum levels of IL-1β in patients suffering from chronic nociceptive and neuropathic pain in comparison to healthy volunteers in order to identify individuals who might benefit from a P2X7R modulating therapy. METHODS P2X7R messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were determined in patients with either chronic nociceptive low back pain (CLBP) or neuropathic pain (NeP), and in healthy volunteers by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and by fluorescence-assisted cell-sorting (FACS), respectively. IL-1β serum levels were measured with a multiplex cytokine assay. RESULTS Compared to healthy volunteers, P2X7R mRNA (1.6-fold, p = 0.038) and protein levels were significantly increased on monocytes (NeP: 24.6 ± 6.2, healthy volunteers: 17.0 ± 5.4; p = 0.002) and lymphocytes (NeP: 21.8 ± 6.5, healthy volunteers: 15.6 ± 5.2; p = 0.009) of patients with NeP, but not in patients with CLBP. Similarly, IL-1β serum concentrations were significantly elevated only in NeP patients (1.4-fold, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS A significant upregulation of P2X7R and increased IL-1β release seems to be a particular phenomenon in patients with NeP. P2X7R inhibitors may therefore represent a potential option for the treatment of this frequently intractable type of pain. German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS): Registration Trial DRKS00005954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Luchting
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Heyn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Woehrle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Banafscheh Rachinger-Adam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Kreth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig C Hinske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Shahnaz C Azad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, LMU-Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Fernandes NC, Sriram U, Gofman L, Cenna JM, Ramirez SH, Potula R. Methamphetamine alters microglial immune function through P2X7R signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:91. [PMID: 27117066 PMCID: PMC4847215 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Purinoceptors have emerged as mediators of chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative processes. The ionotropic purinoceptor P2X7 (P2X7R) is known to modulate proinflammatory signaling and integrate neuronal-glial circuits. Evidence of P2X7R involvement in neurodegeneration, chronic pain, and chronic inflammation suggests that purinergic signaling plays a major role in microglial activation during neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of methamphetamine (METH) on microglial P2X7R. Methods ESdMs were used to evaluate changes in METH-induced P2X7R gene expression via Taqman PCR and protein expression via western blot analysis. Migration and phagocytosis assays were used to evaluate functional changes in ESdMs in response to METH treatment. METH-induced proinflammatory cytokine production following siRNA silencing of P2X7R in ESdMs measured P2X7R-dependent functional changes. In vivo expression of P2X7R and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was visualized in an escalating METH dose mouse model via immunohistochemical analysis. Results Stimulation of ESdMs with METH for 48 h significantly increased P2X7R mRNA (*p < 0.0336) and protein expression (*p < 0.022). Further analysis of P2X7R protein in cellular fractionations revealed increases in membrane P2X7R (*p < 0.05) but decreased cytoplasmic expression after 48 h METH treatment, suggesting protein mobilization from the cytoplasm to the membrane which occurs upon microglial stimulation with METH. Forty-eight hour METH treatment increased microglial migration towards Fractalkine (CX3CL1) compared to control (****p < 0.0001). Migration toward CX3CL1 was confirmed to be P2X7R-dependent through the use of A 438079, a P2X7R-competitive antagonist, which reversed the METH effects (****p < 0.0001). Similarly, 48 h METH treatment increased microglial phagocytosis compared to control (****p < 0.0001), and pretreatment of P2X7R antagonist reduced METH-induced phagocytosis (****p < 0.0001). Silencing the microglial P2X7R decreased TNF-α (*p < 0.0363) and IL-10 production after 48 h of METH treatment. Additionally, our studies demonstrate increased P2X7R and decreased TH expression in the striata of escalating dose METH animal model compared to controls. Conclusions This study sheds new light on the functional role of P2X7R in the regulation of microglial effector functions during substance abuse. Our findings suggest that P2X7R plays an important role in METH-induced microglial activation responses. P2X7R antagonists may thus constitute a novel target of therapeutic utility in neuroinflammatory conditions by regulating pathologically activated glial cells in stimulant abuse. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0553-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, MERB 845A, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, MERB 845A, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA
| | - Larisa Gofman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, MERB 845A, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Cenna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, MERB 845A, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, MERB 845A, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raghava Potula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, MERB 845A, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, 19140, PA, USA. .,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Chrovian CC, Soyode-Johnson A, Ao H, Bacani GM, Carruthers NI, Lord B, Nguyen L, Rech JC, Wang Q, Bhattacharya A, Letavic MA. Novel Phenyl-Substituted 5,6-Dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine P2X7 Antagonists with Robust Target Engagement in Rat Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:490-7. [PMID: 26752113 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine P2X7 antagonists were optimized to allow for good blood-brain barrier permeability and high P2X7 target engagement in the brain of rats. Compound 25 (huP2X7 IC50 = 9 nM; rat P2X7 IC50 = 42 nM) achieved 80% receptor occupancy for 6 h when dosed orally at 10 mg/kg in rats as measured by ex vivo radioligand binding autoradiography. Structure-activity relationships within this series are described, as well as in vitro ADME results. In vivo pharmacokinetic data for key compounds is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa C. Chrovian
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Akinola Soyode-Johnson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Hong Ao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Genesis M. Bacani
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Leslie Nguyen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Jason C. Rech
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
| | - Michael A. Letavic
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121-1126, United States
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82
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Burnstock G. P2X ion channel receptors and inflammation. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:59-67. [PMID: 26739702 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation limits tissue damage in response to pathogens or injury and promotes repair. There are two stages of inflammation, initiation and resolution. P2X receptors are gaining attention in relation to immunology and inflammation. The P2X7 receptor in particular appears to be an essential immunomodulatory receptor, although P2X1 and P2X4 receptors also appear to be involved. ATP released from damaged or infected cells causes inflammation by release of inflammatory cytokines via P2X7 receptors and acts as a danger signal by occupying upregulated P2X receptors on immune cells to increase immune responses. The purinergic involvement in inflammation is being explored for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
There is a brief introductory summary of purinergic signaling involving ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown, and the current classification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines. The review then describes purinergic mechanosensory transduction involved in visceral, cutaneous, and musculoskeletal nociception and on the roles played by receptor subtypes in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Multiple purinoceptor subtypes are involved in pain pathways both as an initiator and modulator. Activation of homomeric P2X3 receptors contributes to acute nociception and activation of heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors appears to modulate longer-lasting nociceptive sensitivity associated with nerve injury or chronic inflammation. In neuropathic pain activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y12 receptors on microglia may serve to maintain nociceptive sensitivity through complex neural-glial cell interactions and antagonists to these receptors reduce neuropathic pain. Potential therapeutic approaches involving purinergic mechanisms will be discussed.
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84
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Emerging role of P2X7 receptors in CNS health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:328-42. [PMID: 26478005 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signalling in the brain is becoming an important focus in the study of CNS health and disease. Various purinergic receptors are found to be present in different brain cells in varying extent, which get activated upon binding of ATP or its analogues. Conventionally, ATP was considered only as a major metabolic fuel of the cell but its recognition as a neurotransmitter in early 1970s, brought meaningful insights in neuron glia crosstalk, participating in various physiological functions in the brain. P2X7R, a member of ligand gated purinergic receptor (P2X) family, is gaining attention in the field of neuroscience because of its emerging role in broad spectrum of ageing and age related neurological disorders. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about the structure and function of P2X7R highlighting its unique features which distinguish it from the other members of its family. This review critically analyzes the literature mentioning the details about the agonist and antagonist of the P2X7R. It also emphasizes the advancements in understanding the dual role of P2X7R in brain development and disorders inviting meaningful insights about its involvement in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Neuropathic pain, Spinal Cord Injury and NeuroAIDS. Exploring the roles of P2X7R in detail is critical to identify its therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, this review also helps to raise more interest in the neurobiology of the purinergic receptors and thus providing new avenues for future research.
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85
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Sinadinos A, Young CNJ, Al-Khalidi R, Teti A, Kalinski P, Mohamad S, Floriot L, Henry T, Tozzi G, Jiang T, Wurtz O, Lefebvre A, Shugay M, Tong J, Vaudry D, Arkle S, doRego JC, Górecki DC. P2RX7 purinoceptor: a therapeutic target for ameliorating the symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001888. [PMID: 26461208 PMCID: PMC4604078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disease, leading to severe disability and death in young men. Death is caused by the progressive degeneration of striated muscles aggravated by sterile inflammation. The pleiotropic effects of the mutant gene also include cognitive and behavioral impairments and low bone density. Current interventions in DMD are palliative only as no treatment improves the long-term outcome. Therefore, approaches with a translational potential should be investigated, and key abnormalities downstream from the absence of the DMD product, dystrophin, appear to be strong therapeutic targets. We and others have demonstrated that DMD mutations alter ATP signaling and have identified P2RX7 purinoceptor up-regulation as being responsible for the death of muscles in the mdx mouse model of DMD and human DMD lymphoblasts. Moreover, the ATP-P2RX7 axis, being a crucial activator of innate immune responses, can contribute to DMD pathology by stimulating chronic inflammation. We investigated whether ablation of P2RX7 attenuates the DMD model mouse phenotype to assess receptor suitability as a therapeutic target. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using a combination of molecular, histological, and biochemical methods and behavioral analyses in vivo we demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that genetic ablation of P2RX7 in the DMD model mouse produces a widespread functional attenuation of both muscle and non-muscle symptoms. In dystrophic muscles at 4 wk there was an evident recovery in key functional and molecular parameters such as improved muscle structure (minimum Feret diameter, p < 0.001), increased muscle strength in vitro (p < 0.001) and in vivo (p = 0.012), and pro-fibrotic molecular signatures. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were lower (p = 0.025), and reduced cognitive impairment (p = 0.006) and bone structure alterations (p < 0.001) were also apparent. Reduction of inflammation and fibrosis persisted at 20 mo in leg (p = 0.038), diaphragm (p = 0.042), and heart muscles (p < 0.001). We show that the amelioration of symptoms was proportional to the extent of receptor depletion and that improvements were observed following administration of two P2RX7 antagonists (CK, p = 0.030 and p = 0.050) without any detectable side effects. However, approaches successful in animal models still need to be proved effective in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS These results are, to our knowledge, the first to establish that a single treatment can improve muscle function both short and long term and also correct cognitive impairment and bone loss in DMD model mice. The wide-ranging improvements reflect the convergence of P2RX7 ablation on multiple disease mechanisms affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles, inflammatory cells, brain, and bone. Given the impact of P2RX7 blockade in the DMD mouse model, this receptor is an attractive target for translational research: existing drugs with established safety records could potentially be repurposed for treatment of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sinadinos
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. J. Young
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Al-Khalidi
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paweł Kalinski
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shafini Mohamad
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Léonore Floriot
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Tiphaine Henry
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Taiwen Jiang
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- INSERM U982, Plate-Forme d’Imagerie PRIMACEN, IRIB, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alexis Lefebvre
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Lab, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jie Tong
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Plate-Forme d’Imagerie PRIMACEN, IRIB, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Stephen Arkle
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Claude doRego
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
- National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Caen, France
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dissecting fibrosis: therapeutic insights from the small-molecule toolbox. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:693-720. [PMID: 26338155 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which leads to progressive loss of tissue function and eventual organ failure, has been estimated to contribute to ~45% of deaths in the developed world, and so new therapeutics to modulate fibrosis are urgently needed. Major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathological fibrosis are supporting the search for such therapeutics, and the recent approval of two anti-fibrotic drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has demonstrated the tractability of this area for drug discovery. This Review examines the pharmacology and structural information for small molecules being evaluated for lung, liver, kidney and skin fibrosis. In particular, we discuss the insights gained from the use of these pharmacological tools, and how these entities can inform, and probe, emerging insights into disease mechanisms, including the potential for future drug combinations.
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87
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Krishnan SM, Sobey CG, Latz E, Mansell A, Drummond GR. IL-1β and IL-18: inflammatory markers or mediators of hypertension? Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5589-602. [PMID: 25117218 PMCID: PMC4290704 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the kidneys and vascular wall is a major contributor to hypertension. However, the stimuli and cellular mechanisms responsible for such inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Inflammasomes are crucial initiators of sterile inflammation in other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout. These pattern recognition receptors detect host-derived danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as microcrystals and reactive oxygen species, and respond by inducing activation of caspase-1. Caspase-1 then processes the cytokines pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active forms thus triggering inflammation. While IL-1β and IL-18 are known to be elevated in hypertensive patients, no studies have examined whether this occurs downstream of inflammasome activation or whether inhibition of inflammasome and/or IL-1β/IL-18 signalling prevents hypertension. In this review, we will discuss some known actions of IL-1β and IL-18 on leukocyte and vessel wall function that could potentially underlie a prohypertensive role for these cytokines. We will describe the major classes of inflammasome-activating DAMPs and present evidence that at least some of these are elevated in the setting of hypertension. Finally, we will provide information on drugs that are currently used to inhibit inflammasome/IL-1β/IL-18 signalling and how these might ultimately be used as therapeutic agents for the clinical management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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88
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Ferreira L, Pereira L, Faria R. Fluorescent dyes as a reliable tool in P2X7 receptor-associated pore studies. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:283-307. [PMID: 26076670 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the nineteenth century, a great amount of different biological structures and processes have been assessed by fluorescent dyes. Along with the uses of these compounds as vital and histological dyes, some fluorescent dyes have become valuable tools for the study of the pore phenomenon in plasma membranes. Some ion channels capable of forming large conductance channels, such as P2X7, TRPV1, VDAC-1 and the maxi-anion channels transiently alter the plasma membrane permeability, producing pores, which permit the passage of molecules of up to 1,000 Da. In this review, we discuss the uses of the fluorescent dyes chosen in diverse studies of this topic up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brazil 4365, pavilion 108, room 28B Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 21040-360,
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89
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Kuan YH, Shih HC, Tang SC, Jeng JS, Shyu BC. Targeting P(2)X(7) receptor for the treatment of central post-stroke pain in a rodent model. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 78:134-45. [PMID: 25836422 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. Approximately 8-14% of stroke survivors suffer from central post-stroke pain (CPSP) when hemorrhagic stroke occurs in lateral thalamic regions, which severely affects their quality of life. Because the mechanisms of CPSP are not well understood, effective treatments have not been developed. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that persistent CPSP is caused by P(2)X(7)receptor activation after brain tissue damage and subsequent elevations in inflammatory cytokines. A thalamic hemorrhagic rat model was used, characterized by thermal and mechanical allodynia that develops in the subacute to chronic phases upon CPSP onset. We found a significant increase in P(2)X(7) expression in reactive microglia/macrophages in thalamic peri-lesion tissues at 5 weeks post-hemorrhage. Thalamic P(2)X(7) receptors were directly involved in pain transmission and hypersensitivity. The systemic targeting of P(2)X(7) receptors during the acute stage of hemorrhage rescued abnormal pain behaviors and neuronal activity in the thalamocingulate pathway by reducing reactive microglia/macrophage aggregation and associated inflammatory cytokines. After CPSP onset, the targeting of interleukin-1β reversed abnormal pain sensitivity. The aberrant spontaneous thalamocortical oscillations in rats with CPSP were modulated by blocking P(2)X(7) receptors. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting P(2)X(7) may be bi-effective in the treatment of CPSP, as both a pain blocker and immunosuppressant that inhibits inflammatory damage to brain tissue. P(2)X(7)receptors may serve as a potential target to prevent the occurrence of CPSP and may be beneficial for the recovery of patients from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hui Kuan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsi-Chien Shih
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Shing Jeng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bai-Chuang Shyu
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC.
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Okura D, Horishita T, Ueno S, Yanagihara N, Sudo Y, Uezono Y, Minami T, Kawasaki T, Sata T. Lidocaine Preferentially Inhibits the Function of Purinergic P2X7 Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:597-605. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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91
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Bartlett R, Stokes L, Sluyter R. The P2X7 receptor channel: recent developments and the use of P2X7 antagonists in models of disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:638-75. [PMID: 24928329 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ATP-gated cation channel found predominantly, but not exclusively, on immune cells. P2X7 activation results in a number of downstream events, including the release of proinflammatory mediators and cell death and proliferation. As such, P2X7 plays important roles in various inflammatory, immune, neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders. This review focuses on the use of P2X7 antagonists in rodent models of neurologic disease and injury, inflammation, and musculoskeletal and other disorders. The cloning and characterization of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, and Rhesus macaque P2X7, as well as recent observations regarding the gating and permeability of P2X7, are discussed. Furthermore, this review discusses polymorphic and splice variants of P2X7, as well as the generation and use of P2X7 knockout mice. Recent evidence for emerging signaling pathways downstream of P2X7 activation and the growing list of negative and positive modulators of P2X7 activation and expression are also described. In addition, the use of P2X7 antagonists in numerous rodent models of disease is extensively summarized. Finally, the use of P2X7 antagonists in clinical trials in humans and future directions exploring P2X7 as a therapeutic target are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
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92
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Liu S, Shi Q, Zhu Q, Zou T, Li G, Huang A, Wu B, Peng L, Song M, Wu Q, Xie Q, Lin W, Xie W, Wen S, Zhang Z, Lv Q, Zou L, Zhang X, Ying M, Li G, Liang S. P2X₇ receptor of rat dorsal root ganglia is involved in the effect of moxibustion on visceral hyperalgesia. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:161-9. [PMID: 25527178 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease often display visceral hypersensitivity. Visceral nociceptors after inflammatory stimulation generate afferent nerve impulses through dorsal root ganglia (DRG) transmitting to the central nervous system. ATP and its activated-purinergic 2X7 (P2X7) receptor play an important role in the transmission of nociceptive signal. Purinergic signaling is involved in the sensory transmission of visceral pain. Moxibustion is a therapy applying ignited mugwort directly or indirectly at acupuncture points or other specific parts of the body to treat diseases. Heat-sensitive acupoints are the corresponding points extremely sensitive to moxa heat in disease conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the analgesic effect of moxibustion on a heat-sensitive acupoint "Dachangshu" and the expression levels of P2X7 receptor in rat DRG after chronic inflammatory stimulation of colorectal distension. Heat-sensitive moxibustion at Dachangshu acupoint inhibited the nociceptive signal transmission by decreasing the upregulated expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in DRG induced by visceral pain, and reversed the abnormal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of satellite glial cells) in DRG. Consequently, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score in a visceral pain model was reduced, and the pain threshold was elevated. Therefore, heat-sensitive moxibustion at Dachangshu acupoint can produce a therapeutic effect on IBS via inhibiting the nociceptive transmission mediated by upregulated P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
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93
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Braganhol E, Kukulski F, Lévesque SA, Fausther M, Lavoie EG, Zanotto-Filho A, Bergamin LS, Pelletier J, Bahrami F, Ben Yebdri F, Fonseca Moreira JC, Battastini AMO, Sévigny J. Nucleotide receptors control IL-8/CXCL8 and MCP-1/CCL2 secretions as well as proliferation in human glioma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:120-30. [PMID: 25445541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioma cells release cytokines to stimulate inflammation that facilitates cell proliferation. Here, we show that Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment could induce glioma cells to proliferate and this process was dependent on nucleotide receptor activation as well as interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) secretion. We observed that extracellular nucleotides controlled IL-8/CXCL8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2) release by U251MG and U87MG human glioma cell lines via P2X7 and P2Y6 receptor activation. The LPS-induced release of these cytokines was also modulated by purinergic receptor activation since IL-8 and MCP-1 release was decreased by the nucleotide scavenger apyrase as well as by the pharmacological P2Y6 receptor antagonists suramin and MRS2578. In agreement with these observations, the knockdown of P2Y6 expression decreased LPS-induced IL-8 release as well as the spontaneous release of IL-8 and MCP-1, suggesting an endogenous basal release of nucleotides. Moreover, high millimolar concentrations of ATP increased IL-8 and MCP-1 release by the glioma cells stimulated with suboptimal LPS concentration which were blocked by P2X7 and P2Y6 antagonists. Altogether, these data suggest that extracellular nucleotides control glioma growth via P2 receptor-dependent IL-8 and MCP-1 secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizandra Braganhol
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filip Kukulski
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien A Lévesque
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Fausther
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Elise G Lavoie
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Bergamin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fethia Ben Yebdri
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Ana Maria O Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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94
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Subcellular distribution and early signalling events of P2X7 receptors from mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:190-202. [PMID: 25446427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution and early signalling events of P2X7 receptors were studied in mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings evidenced inwardly directed non-desensitizing currents following adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP; 600 µM) or 2'-3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP; 100 µM) administration to cells bathed in a medium with no-added divalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)). Nucleotide-activated currents were inhibited by superfusion of 2.5 mM Ca(2+), 1.2 mM Mg(2+) or 100 nM Brilliant Blue G (BBG), hence indicating the expression of ionotropic P2X7 receptors. Fura-2 calcium imaging showed [Ca(2+)]i elevations in response to ATP or BzATP at the somas and at a small number of axodendritic regions of granule neurons. Differential sensitivity of these [Ca(2+)]i increases to three different P2X7 receptor antagonists (100 nM BBG, 10 μM 4-[(2S)-2-[(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)methylamino]-3-oxo-3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl] phenyl isoquinolinesulfonic acid ester, KN-62, and 1 μM 3-(5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl pyridine hydrochloride hydrate, A-438079) revealed that P2X7 receptors are co-expressed with different P2Y receptors along the plasmalemma of granule neurons. Finally, experiments with the fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1 indicated that prolonged stimulation of P2X7 receptors does not lead to the opening of a membrane pore permeable to large cations. Altogether, our results emphasise the expression of functional P2X7 receptors at both the axodendritic and somatic levels in mouse cerebellar granule neurons, and favour the notion that P2X7 receptors might function in a subcellular localisation-specific manner: presynaptically, by controlling glutamate release, and on the cell somas, by supporting granule neuron survival against glutamate excytotoxicity.
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95
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Aldi S, Marino A, Tomita K, Corti F, Anand R, Olson KE, Marcus AJ, Levi R. E-NTPDase1/CD39 modulates renin release from heart mast cells during ischemia/reperfusion: a novel cardioprotective role. FASEB J 2014; 29:61-9. [PMID: 25318477 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-261867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) elicits renin release from cardiac mast cells (MC), thus activating a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS), culminating in ventricular fibrillation. We hypothesized that in I/R, neurogenic ATP could degranulate juxtaposed MC and that ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1/CD39 (CD39) on MC membrane could modulate ATP-induced renin release. We report that pharmacological inhibition of CD39 in a cultured human mastocytoma cell line (HMC-1) and murine bone marrow-derived MC with ARL67156 (100 µM) increased ATP-induced renin release (≥2-fold), whereas purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) blockade with A740003 (3 µM) prevented it. Likewise, CD39 RNA silencing in HMC-1 increased ATP-induced renin release (≥2-fold), whereas CD39 overexpression prevented it. Acetaldehyde, an I/R product (300 µM), elicited an 80% increase in ATP release from HMC-1, in turn, causing an autocrine 20% increase in renin release. This effect was inhibited or potentiated when CD39 was overexpressed or silenced, respectively. Moreover, P2X7R silencing prevented ATP- and acetaldehyde-induced renin release. I/R-induced RAS activation in ex vivo murine hearts, characterized by renin and norepinephrine overflow and ventricular fibrillation, was potentiated (∼2-fold) by CD39 inhibition, an effect prevented by P2X7R blockade. Our data indicate that by regulating ATP availability at the MC surface, CD39 modulates local renin release and thus, RAS activation, ultimately exerting a cardioprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ranjini Anand
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; and Thrombosis Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kim E Olson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; and Thrombosis Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron J Marcus
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; and Thrombosis Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
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96
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: ligand-gated ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1582-606. [PMID: 24528238 PMCID: PMC3892288 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Ligand-gated ion channels are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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97
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The impact of the P2X7 receptor antagonist A-804598 on neuroimmune and behavioral consequences of stress. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:582-98. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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98
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Pannexin 1 channels play essential roles in urothelial mechanotransduction and intercellular signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106269. [PMID: 25170954 PMCID: PMC4149561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cells respond to bladder distension with ATP release, and ATP signaling within the bladder and from the bladder to the CNS is essential for proper bladder function. In other cell types, pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels provide a pathway for mechanically-induced ATP efflux and for ATP-induced ATP release through interaction with P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs). We report that Panx1 and P2X7R are functionally expressed in the bladder mucosa and in immortalized human urothelial cells (TRT-HU1), and participate in urothelial ATP release and signaling. ATP release from isolated rat bladders induced by distention was reduced by the Panx1 channel blocker mefloquine (MFQ) and was blunted in mice lacking Panx1 or P2X7R expression. Hypoosmotic shock induced YoPro dye uptake was inhibited by MFQ and the P2X7R blocker A438079 in TRT-HU1 cells, and was also blunted in primary urothelial cells derived from mice lacking Panx1 or P2X7R expression. Rinsing-induced mechanical stimulation of TRT-HU1 cells triggered ATP release, which was reduced by MFQ and potentiated in low divalent cation solution (LDPBS), a condition known to enhance P2X7R activation. ATP signaling evaluated as intercellular Ca2+ wave radius was significantly larger in LDPBS, reduced by MFQ and by apyrase (ATP scavenger). These findings indicate that Panx1 participates in urothelial mechanotransduction and signaling by providing a direct pathway for mechanically-induced ATP release and by functionally interacting with P2X7Rs.
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99
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The helminth Trichuris suis suppresses TLR4-induced inflammatory responses in human macrophages. Genes Immun 2014; 15:477-86. [PMID: 25008860 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in patients with inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown the beneficial effects of probiotic helminth administration, although the underlying mechanism of action remains largely unknown. Potential cellular targets may include innate immune cells that propagate inflammation in these diseases, like pro-inflammatory macrophages. We here investigated the effects of the helminth Trichuris suis soluble products (SPs) on the phenotype and function of human inflammatory (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-differentiated) macrophages. Interestingly, we here show that T. suis SPs potently skew inflammatory macrophages into a more anti-inflammatory state in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, and less effects are seen when stimulating macrophages with TLR2 or -3 ligands. Gene microarray analysis of GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages further revealed that many TLR4-induced inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-12B, CCL1 and CXCL9, are downregulated by T. suis SPs. In particular, we observed a strong reduction in the expression and function of P2RX7, a purinergic receptor involved in macrophage inflammation, leading to reduced IL-1β secretion. In conclusion, we show that T. suis SPs suppress a broad range of inflammatory pathways in GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner, thereby providing enhanced mechanistic insight into the therapeutic potential of this helminth for patients with inflammatory diseases.
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100
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Rubini P, Pagel G, Mehri S, Marquardt P, Riedel T, Illes P. Functional P2X7 receptors at cultured hippocampal astrocytes but not neurons. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:943-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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