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Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Azuma H, Ishikawa F, Nakamura Y, Wang D, Liu K, Wake H, Nishibori M, Nakata Y, Morioka N. Corticosterone Induces HMGB1 Release in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Astrocytes: Involvement of Pannexin-1 and P2X7 Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051068. [PMID: 32344830 PMCID: PMC7290518 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD) is stress. Stress leads to the release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), which in turn leads to neuroinflammation, a potential pathophysiological basis of MDD. The mechanism underlying stress-induced HMGB1 release is not known, but stress-associated glucocorticoids could be involved. To test this, rat primary cultured cortical astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), were treated with corticosterone and HMGB1 release was assessed by Western blotting and ELISA. Significant HMGB1 was released with treatment with either corticosterone or dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. HMGB1 translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following corticosterone treatment. HMGB1 release was significantly attenuated with glucocorticoid receptor blocking. In addition, inhibition of pannexin-1, and P2X7 receptors led to a significant decrease in corticosterone-induced HMGB1 release. Taken together, corticosterone stimulates astrocytic glucocorticoid receptors and triggers cytoplasmic translocation and extracellular release of nuclear HMGB1 through a mechanism involving pannexin-1 and P2X7 receptors. Thus, under conditions of stress, glucocorticoids induce astrocytic HMGB1 release, leading to a neuroinflammatory state that could mediate neurological disorders such as MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (K.H.-N.); (H.A.); (F.I.); (Y.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Honami Azuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (K.H.-N.); (H.A.); (F.I.); (Y.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Fumina Ishikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (K.H.-N.); (H.A.); (F.I.); (Y.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (K.H.-N.); (H.A.); (F.I.); (Y.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Dengli Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.W.); (K.L.); (H.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Keyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.W.); (K.L.); (H.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.W.); (K.L.); (H.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Shikata, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.W.); (K.L.); (H.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (K.H.-N.); (H.A.); (F.I.); (Y.N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (K.H.-N.); (H.A.); (F.I.); (Y.N.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-082-257-5310
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Nakamura A, Otani K, Shichita T. Lipid mediators and sterile inflammation in ischemic stroke. Int Immunol 2020; 32:719-725. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of lethality and disability, yet few effective therapies have been established for ischemic stroke. Inflammation in the ischemic brain is induced by the infiltration and subsequent activation of immune cells. Loss of cerebral blood flow and ischemic brain-cell death trigger the activation of infiltrating immune cells and drastic changes in the lipid content of the ischemic brain. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites regulate cerebral post-ischemic inflammation and ischemic stroke pathologies. In this review, we discuss the relationships between the lipid mediators and cerebral post-ischemic inflammation and their relevance to possible future therapeutic strategies targeting lipid mediators for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Nakamura
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Otani
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Innovative Medical Care (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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53
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HMGB1 Translocation in Neurons after Ischemic Insult: Subcellular Localization in Mitochondria and Peroxisomes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030643. [PMID: 32155899 PMCID: PMC7140507 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone chromatin DNA-binding protein, is released from neurons into the extracellular space under ischemic, hemorrhagic, and traumatic insults. However, the details of the time-dependent translocation of HMGB1 and the subcellular localization of HMGB1 through the release process in neurons remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the subcellular localization of HMGB1 during translocation of HMGB1 in the cytosolic compartment using a middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model in rats. Double immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that HMGB1 immunoreactivities were colocalized with MTCO1(mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I), a marker of mitochondria, and catalase, a marker of peroxisomes, but not with Rab5/Rab7 (RAS-related GTP-binding protein), LC3A/B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3), KDEL (KDEL amino acid sequence), and LAMP1 (Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 1), which are endosome, phagosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosome markers, respectively. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that immune-gold particles for HMGB1 were present inside the mitochondria and peroxisomes. Moreover, HMGB1 was found to be colocalized with Drp1 (Dynamin-related protein 1), which is involved in mitochondrial fission. These results revealed the specific subcellular localization of HMGB1 during its release process under ischemic conditions.
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Courties G, Frodermann V, Honold L, Zheng Y, Herisson F, Schloss MJ, Sun Y, Presumey J, Severe N, Engblom C, Hulsmans M, Cremer S, Rohde D, Pittet MJ, Scadden DT, Swirski FK, Kim DE, Moskowitz MA, Nahrendorf M. Glucocorticoids Regulate Bone Marrow B Lymphopoiesis After Stroke. Circ Res 2020; 124:1372-1385. [PMID: 30782088 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE After a stroke, patients frequently experience altered systemic immunity resulting in peripheral immunosuppression and higher susceptibility to infections, which is at least partly attributed to lymphopenia. The mechanisms that profoundly change the systemic leukocyte repertoire after stroke are incompletely understood. Emerging evidence indicates that stroke alters hematopoietic output of the bone marrow. OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanisms that lead to defects of B lymphopoiesis after ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS We here report that ischemic stroke triggers brain-bone marrow communication via hormonal long-range signals that regulate hematopoietic B lineage decisions. Bone marrow fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses and serial intravital microscopy indicate that transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice arrests B-cell development beginning at the pro-B-cell stage. This phenotype was not rescued in Myd88-/- and TLR4-/- mice with disrupted TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling or after blockage of peripheral sympathetic nerves. Mechanistically, we identified stroke-induced glucocorticoid release as the main instigator of B lymphopoiesis defects. B-cell lineage-specific deletion of the GR (glucocorticoid receptor) in CD19-Cre loxP Nr3c1 mice attenuated lymphocytopenia after transient middle cerebral artery. In 20 patients with acute stroke, increased cortisol levels inversely correlated with blood lymphocyte numbers. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mediates B lymphopoiesis defects after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Courties
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Vanessa Frodermann
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lisa Honold
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Yi Zheng
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Fanny Herisson
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Maximilian J Schloss
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Yuan Sun
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jessy Presumey
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics (J.P.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nicolas Severe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (N.S., D.T.S.).,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.S., D.T.S.)
| | - Camilla Engblom
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Maarten Hulsmans
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sebastian Cremer
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David Rohde
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (N.S., D.T.S.).,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (N.S., D.T.S.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea (D.-E.K.)
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (M.A.M.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Radiology Department (G.C., V.F., L.H., F.H., M.J.S., Y.S., C.E., M.H., S.C., D.R., M.J.P., F.K.S., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Cardiovascular Research Center (M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
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HMGB1 is a Potential Mediator of Astrocytic TLR4 Signaling Activation following Acute and Chronic Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Neurol Res Int 2020; 2020:3929438. [PMID: 32148958 PMCID: PMC7053497 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3929438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited, and underutilized, therapeutic options for acute stroke require new approaches to treatment. One such potential approach involves better understanding of innate immune response to brain injury such as acute focal cerebral ischemia. This includes understanding the temporal profile, and specificity, of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in brain cell types, such as astrocytes, following focal cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated TLR4 signaling, and downstream mediators, in astrocytes, during acute and chronic phases post transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We also determined whether high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR4 ligand, was sufficient to induce TLR4 signaling activation in astrocytes in vivo and in vitro. We injected HMGB1 into normal cortex, in vivo, and stimulated cultured astrocytes with HMGB1, in vitro, and determined TLR4, and downstream mediator, expression by immunohistochemistry. We found that expression of TLR4, and downstream mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), occurs in penumbral astrocytes in acute and chronic phases after focal cerebral ischemia, but was undetectable in cortical astrocytes in the contralateral hemisphere. In addition, cortical injection of recombinant HMGB1 led to a trend towards an almost 2-fold increase in TLR4 expression in astrocytes surrounding the injection site. Consistent with these results, in vitro stimulation of the DI TNC1 astrocyte cell line, with recombinant HMGB1, led to increased TLR4 and iNOS message levels. These findings suggest that HMGB1, an endogenous TLR4 ligand, is an important physiological ligand for TLR4 signaling activation, in penumbral astrocytes, following acute and chronic ischemia and HMGB1 amplifies TLR4 signaling in astrocytes.
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Chen H, Guan B, Wang B, Pu H, Bai X, Chen X, Liu J, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu K, Wang Q, Qi S, Shen J. Glycyrrhizin Prevents Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke with Delayed Thrombolysis Through Targeting Peroxynitrite-Mediated HMGB1 Signaling. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:967-982. [PMID: 31872339 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are important cytotoxic factors contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the roles of ONOO- in mediating HMGB1 expression and its impacts on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in ischemic brain injury with delayed t-PA treatment remain unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ONOO- could directly mediate the activation and release of HMGB1 in ischemic brains with delayed t-PA treatment. With clinical studies, we found that plasma nitrotyrosine (NT, a surrogate marker of ONOO-) was positively correlated with HMGB1 level in acute ischemic stroke patients. Hemorrhagic transformation and t-PA-treated ischemic stroke patients had increased levels of nitrotyrosine and HMGB1 in plasma. In animal experiments, we found that FeTmPyP, a representative ONOO- decomposition catalyst (PDC), significantly reduced the expression of HMGB1 and its receptor TLR2, and inhibited MMP-9 activation, preserved collagen IV and tight junction claudin-5 in ischemic rat brains with delayed t-PA treatment. ONOO- donor SIN-1 directly induced expression of HMGB1 and its receptor TLR2 in naive rat brains in vivo and induced HMGB1 in brain microvascular endothelial b.End3 cells in vitro. Those results suggest that ONOO- could activate HMGB1/TLR2/MMP-9 signaling. We then addressed whether glycyrrhizin, a natural HMGB1 inhibitor, could inhibit ONOO- production and the antioxidant properties of glycyrrhizin contribute to the inhibition of HMGB1 and the neuroprotective effects on attenuating hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Glycyrrhizin treatment downregulated the expressions of NADPH oxidase p47 phox and p67 phox and iNOS, inhibited superoxide and ONOO- production, reduced the expression of HMGB1, TLR2, MMP-9, preserved type IV collagen and claudin-5 in ischemic brains. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin significantly decreased the mortality rate, attenuated hemorrhagic transformation, brain swelling, blood-brain barrier damage, neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurological outcomes in the ischemic stroke rat model with delayed t-PA treatment. In conclusion, peroxynitrite-mediated HMGB1/TLR2 signaling contributes to hemorrhagic transformation, and glycyrrhizin could be a potential adjuvant therapy to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation, possibly through inhibiting the ONOO-/HMGB1/TLR2 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Haiwei Pu
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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HMGB1 Mediates Paraquat-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses via Activating RAGE Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:913-925. [PMID: 31858421 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), a widely characterized neurotoxicant, has been generally accepted as one of the environmental factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the direct evidence that PQ could induce inflammatory responses in central nervous system, the putative adverse effects of PQ on the neuroimmune interactions have rarely been investigated. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been proven to be relevant to the neuroinflammation involved in PD; however, whether and how HMGB1 exerts modulatory effects in nervous system upon PQ exposure remain elusive. Therefore, the present study investigated the underlying association between HMGB1 and PQ exposure in SH-SY5Y cells, which is a well-established in vitro model for PD research. We observed that HMGB1 was markedly increased in a concentration and time-dependent manner upon PQ exposure, and the elevated HMGB1 could be translocated into cytosol and then released to the extracellular milieu of SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of HMGB1 inhibited the activation of RAGE-P38-NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of inflammation cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. These results suggested that HMGB1 is involved in the PQ-induced neuron death via activating RAGE signaling pathways and promoting neuroinflammatory responses.
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58
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Sun Y, Hei M, Fang Z, Tang Z, Wang B, Hu N. High-Mobility Group Box 1 Contributes to Cerebral Cortex Injury in a Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rat Model by Regulating the Phenotypic Polarization of Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:506. [PMID: 31920543 PMCID: PMC6917666 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy is a severe disease for which there is currently no curative treatment. Recent evidence suggests that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein can promote neuroinflammation after stroke in adult rodents, but its role in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) remains largely uninvestigated. In the present work, the potential role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of HIBD was explored. A HIBD model was established in postpartum day 7 rat pups. HMGB1 expression, the cellular distribution of HMGB1, and microglial activation were all evaluated. Glycyrrhizin (GL), an inhibitor of HMGB1, was used to investigate whether the inhibition of HMGB1 modulated microglial M1/M2 polarization or attenuated brain damage after HI. HAPI microglial cells and primary neurons were cultured in vitro and an oxygen-glucose deprivation model was established to evaluate the effects of different microglial-conditioned media on neurons using GL and recombinant HMGB1. Results showed that the expression of HMGB1 was increased in both the ipsilateral cortex and peripheral blood 72 h after HI. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that HMGB1 in the cortex was primarily expressed in neurons. This increase in cortical HMGB1 expression 72 h after HI was characterized by increased co-expression with microglia, rather than neurons or astrocytes. The expression of both M1 and M2 microglia was upregulated 72 h after HI. The administration of GL significantly suppressed M1 microglial polarization and promoted M2 microglial polarization. Meanwhile, GL pretreatment significantly alleviated brain edema and cerebral infarction. In vitro experimentation showed that HMGB1-induced M1-conditioned media aggravated neuronal damage, but this effect was neutralized by GL. These findings suggest that HMGB1 may result in an imbalance of M1/M2 microglial polarization in the cortex and thus cause neuronal injury. Pharmacological blockade of HMGB1 signaling may attenuate this imbalanced polarization of microglia and thus could be used as a therapeutic strategy against brain injury in HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyan Hei
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Biscetti F, Rando MM, Nardella E, Cecchini AL, Pecorini G, Landolfi R, Flex A. High Mobility Group Box-1 and Diabetes Mellitus Complications: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246258. [PMID: 31835864 PMCID: PMC6940913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endemic disease, with growing health and social costs. The complications of diabetes can affect potentially all parts of the human body, from the heart to the kidneys, peripheral and central nervous system, and the vascular bed. Although many mechanisms have been studied, not all players responsible for these complications have been defined yet. High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that has been implicated in many pathological processes, from sepsis to ischemia. The purpose of this review is to take stock of all the most recent data available on the role of HMGB1 in the complications of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Biscetti
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4335; Fax: +39-06-3550-7232
| | | | - Elisabetta Nardella
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
| | | | - Giovanni Pecorini
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Raffaele Landolfi
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Andrea Flex
- U.O.C. Clinica Medica e Malattie Vascolari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.M.R.); (E.N.); (A.L.C.)
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Dokalis N, Prinz M. Resolution of neuroinflammation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic option. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:699-709. [PMID: 31705317 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised by an elaborate neural network that is under constant surveillance by tissue-intrinsic factors for maintenance of its homeostasis. Invading pathogens or sterile injuries might compromise vitally the CNS integrity and function. A prompt anti-inflammatory response is therefore essential to contain and repair the local tissue damage. Although the origin of the insults might be different, the principles of tissue backlashes, however, share striking similarities. CNS-resident cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, together with peripheral immune cells orchestrate an array of events that aim to functional restoration. If the acute inflammatory event remains unresolved, it becomes toxic leading to progressive CNS degeneration. Therefore, the cellular, molecular, and biochemical processes that regulate inflammation need to be on a fine balance with the intrinsic CNS repair mechanisms that influence tissue healing. The purpose of this review is to highlight aspects that facilitate the resolution of CNS inflammation, promote tissue repair, and functional recovery after acute injury and infection that could potentially contribute as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dokalis
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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61
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Qian QQ, Zhang X, Wang YW, Xu JW, Dong HQ, Li NN, Qian YN, Gui B. Pro-inflammatory role of high-mobility group box-1 on brain mast cells via the RAGE/NF-κB pathway. J Neurochem 2019; 151:595-607. [PMID: 31520526 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine contributing to the occurrence of many central inflammatory and infectious disorders. Brain mast cells (MCs) are the first responders to peripheral inflammatory stimulation because of their rapid response to external stimuli coupled with their release of preformed and newly synthesized reactive chemicals. Little is known about the involvement of brain MCs in the pro-inflammatory effects of HMGB-1 on the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, we investigated the activation process of MCs by HMGB-1 and explored whether this process is involved in the pro-inflammatory effects of HMGB-1 on the CNS. In this study, we used P815 cells to study the activating role of HMGB-1 on MCs and to explore its potential mechanism in vitro. In an in vivo study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received i.c.v. injection of sterile saline or cromoglycate (stabilizer of MCs) 30 min prior to i.p. injection of HMGB-1. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β were observed in the P815 cells, as well as in the rats' brains, after HMGB-1 treatment. Pretreatment with the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE)-siRNA inhibited the HMGB-1-induced inflammatory process in the P815 cells. Activation of the RAGE/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was observed in both the P815 cells and rats' brains. In addition, HMGB-1 induced the accumulation of brain MCs in the hippocampal CA1 region, and the blood-brain barrier was disrupted. Pretreatment with cromoglycate, a stabilizer of MCs, mitigated these HMGB-1-induced pro-inflammatory processes in rats. These findings indicate that brain MCs are involved in the pro-inflammatory effect of HMGB-1 on the CNS, probably via activating the RAGE/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Quan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Systemic High-Mobility Group Box-1: A Novel Predictive Biomarker for Cerebral Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2019; 46:e1023-e1028. [PMID: 30028365 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the release of proinflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern molecule "high-mobility group box-1" in the serum of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and its association with cerebral vasospasm. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients admitted within 24 hours of ictus. INTERVENTIONS Standard subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment after clipping or coiling of aneurysm. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We enrolled 53 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients from which peripheral venous blood was withdrawn on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 and once from the controls to obtain the serum. Serum high-mobility group box-1 concentration was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum interleukin-6 and peripheral blood leukocytes were also determined over the first 2 weeks after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients' data were recorded prospectively. Serum high-mobility group box-1 was significantly elevated in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients from day 1 to day 13 when compared with nonsubarachnoid hemorrhage patients (p < 0.05). Patients with cerebral vasospasm showed significantly higher high-mobility group box-1 starting from day 1 to day 13 when compared with patients without cerebral vasospasm. Cumulative levels of high-mobility group box-1 showed significant correlation with peripheral blood leukocytes and interleukin-6 levels (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that serum high-mobility group box-1 level at admission may be a predictive biomarker for cerebral vasospasm with a sensitivity of 59% and a specificity of 82% at a cutoff value of 5.6 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Serum high-mobility group box-1 is differentially elevated after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Serum high-mobility group box-1 levels were elevated early after subarachnoid hemorrhage (day 1) and remained significantly high until day 13 in patients who developed cerebral vasospasm. Our data suggest that serum high-mobility group box-1 may be a predictive biomarker for the detection of CVS.
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HMGB1-triggered inflammation inhibition of notoginseng leaf triterpenes against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100512. [PMID: 31547018 PMCID: PMC6843331 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a clinically common cerebrovascular disease whose main risks include necrosis, apoptosis and cerebral infarction, all caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. This process has particular significance for the treatment of stroke patients. Notoginseng leaf triterpenes (PNGL), as a valuable medicine, have been discovered to have neuroprotective effects. However, it was not confirmed that whether PNGL may possess neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury. To explore the neuroprotective effects of PNGL and their underlying mechanisms, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established. In vivo results suggested that in MCAO/R model rats, PNGL pretreatment (73.0, 146, 292 mg/kg) remarkably decreased infarct volume, reduced brain water content, and improved neurological functions; moreover, PNGL (73.0, 146, 292 mg/kg) significantly alleviated blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and inhibited neuronal apoptosis and neuronal loss caused by cerebral I/R injury, while PNGL with a different concertation (146, 292 mg/kg) significantly reduced the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1 β, and HMGB1 in serums in a dose-dependent way, which indicated that inflammation inhibition could be involved in the neuroprotective effects of PNGL. The immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed PNGL decreased HMGB1 expression, suppressed the HMGB1-triggered inflammation, and inhibited microglia activation (IBA1) in hippocampus and cortex, thus dose-dependently downregulating inflammatory cytokines including VCAM-1, MMP-9, MMP-2, and ICAM-1 concentrations in ischemic brains. Interestingly, PNGL administration (146 mg/kg) significantly downregulated the levels of p-P44/42, p-JNK1/2 and p-P38 MAPK, and also inhibited expressions of the total NF-κB and phosphorylated NF-κB in ischemic brains, which was the downstream pathway triggered by HMGB1. All of these results indicated that the protective effects of PNGL against cerebral I/R injury could be associated with inhibiting HMGB1-triggered inflammation, suppressing the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB, and thus improved cerebral I/R-induced neuropathological changes. This study may offer insight into discovering new active compounds for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Rosciszewski G, Cadena V, Auzmendi J, Cieri MB, Lukin J, Rossi AR, Murta V, Villarreal A, Reinés A, Gomes FCA, Ramos AJ. Detrimental Effects of HMGB-1 Require Microglial-Astroglial Interaction: Implications for the Status Epilepticus -Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:380. [PMID: 31507379 PMCID: PMC6718475 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of human epilepsy and available treatments with antiepileptic drugs are not disease-modifying therapies. The neuroinflammation, neuronal death and exacerbated plasticity that occur during the silent period, following the initial precipitating event (IPE), seem to be crucial for epileptogenesis. Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP) such as HMGB-1, are released early during this period concomitantly with a phenomenon of reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration. Here, using a combination of primary neuronal and glial cell cultures, we show that exposure to HMGB-1 induces dendrite loss and neurodegeneration in a glial-dependent manner. In glial cells, loss of function studies showed that HMGB-1 exposure induces NF-κB activation by engaging a signaling pathway that involves TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE. In the absence of glial cells, HMGB-1 failed to induce neurodegeneration of primary cultured cortical neurons. Moreover, purified astrocytes were unable to fully respond to HMGB-1 with NF-κB activation and required microglial cooperation. In agreement, in vivo HMGB-1 blockage with glycyrrhizin, immediately after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), reduced neuronal degeneration, reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis in the long term. We conclude that microglial-astroglial cooperation is required for astrocytes to respond to HMGB-1 and to induce neurodegeneration. Disruption of this HMGB-1 mediated signaling pathway shows beneficial effects by reducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after SE. Thus, early treatment strategies during the latency period aimed at blocking downstream signaling pathways activated by HMGB-1 are likely to have a significant effect in the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that are proposed as key factors in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Rosciszewski
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Cadena
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Auzmendi
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Cieri
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Lukin
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia R Rossi
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Murta
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia Reinés
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flávia C A Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Satoh M, Taira K, Hara T, Siba J, Takeuchi M. High mobility group box 1 can be used to monitor perioperative course in patients with liver cancer. Surg Oncol 2019; 33:216-221. [PMID: 31443921 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is produced by inflammation. Regarding liver injuries, HMGB1 is reportedly involved in liver regeneration. The present study investigated the use of HMGB1 as a postoperative marker of surgical course in patients with liver cancer. METHODS Patients were enrolled if they had liver cancer, had undergone liver surgery, and did not develop postsurgical complications. Patients who received emergency surgery or patients with unresectable cancerous lesions were excluded. Blood samples were preoperatively obtained as well as at 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks following surgery; white blood cell count, serum C-reactive protein, serum albumin, and serum HMGB1 levels were measured. RESULTS A total of 36 patients were included in this study. HMGB1 levels significantly changed over time, increasing from a median of 7.1 ng/ml (preoperatively) to 13.9 ng/ml at 1 week postoperatively, and then decreased to 6.3 ng/ml at 4 weeks postoperatively. Peak HMGB1 levels were delayed, and elevated HMGB1 levels persisted as compared with the changes in conventional markers. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 indicates a unique perioperative inflammatory state in patients with liver cancer. Serum HMGB1 may serve as a marker for monitoring surgical course in patients undergoing surgery for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Koki Taira
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhito Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Juntaro Siba
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Takeuchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Gervois P, Lambrichts I. The Emerging Role of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1668. [PMID: 31379859 PMCID: PMC6650572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and permanent disability. It is characterized by loss of neural tissue in which inflammation plays a crucial role in both the acute contribution to ischemic damage as in the late-stage impact on post-ischemic tissue regeneration. Microglia play a key role in the inflammatory stroke microenvironment as they can adapt a disease-promoting pro-inflammatory- or pro-regenerative phenotype thereby contributing to the exacerbation or alleviation of ischemic damage, respectively. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor which in the central nervous system is mainly expressed on microglia. This receptor has been shown to play an essential role in microglial phagocytosis and function but its contribution in stroke pathobiology remains unclear. TREM2 was shown to be activated by nucleotides and lipid mediators, key factors that are secreted in the extracellular stroke environment by apoptotic neurons and cell/myelin debris. These factors in turn stimulate TREM2 signaling which mediates microglial migration toward- and phagocytosis of myelin debris and apoptotic cells. Moreover, microglial TREM2 appears to counteract the toll-like receptor response, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, TREM2 is involved in microglial migration, survival, and is suggested to directly stimulate pro-regenerative phenotype shift. Therefore, this receptor is an attractive target for microglial modulation in the treatment of ischemic stroke and it provides additional information on microglial effector functions. This short review aims to elaborate on these TREM2-mediated microglial functions in the pathobiology and resolving of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R, Jalal FY, Rosenberg GA. Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:142. [PMID: 31291966 PMCID: PMC6617684 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that stroke is a disorder solely of blood vessels has been expanded to include the effects of a detrimental interaction between glia, neurons, vascular cells, and matrix components, which is collectively referred to as the neurovascular unit. Following the acute stroke, the majority of which are ischemic, there is secondary neuroinflammation that both promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. The proinflammatory signals from immune mediators rapidly activate resident cells and influence infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, different subtypes of T cells, and other inflammatory cells) into the ischemic region exacerbating brain damage. In this review, we discuss how neuroinflammation has both beneficial as well as detrimental roles and recent therapeutic strategies to combat pathological responses. Here, we also focus on time-dependent entry of immune cells to the ischemic area and the impact of other pathological mediators, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), arachidonic acid metabolites, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and post-translational modifications that could potentially perpetuate ischemic brain damage after the acute injury. Understanding the time-dependent role of inflammatory factors could help in developing new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic neuroprotective strategies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Jayaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Fakhreya Y. Jalal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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Kotagale NR, Taksande BG, Inamdar NN. Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:228-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Anti-high mobility group box-1 antibody attenuated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and vascular remodelling after subarachnoid haemorrhage in rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134338. [PMID: 31226363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although cerebral vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching is involved in the vascular dysfunction after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), the precise mechanisms are still unclear. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) has been identified as a modulator in VSMC proliferation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of HMGB1 in the VSMC phenotypic switching following SAH. An endovascular perforation SAH model was used in our experiments. The expression levels of HMGB1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), osteopontin (OPN), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (Smemb), TXA2, PAR-1 and AT1 receptor were evaluated by Western blot analyses. Iba1-positive cells and apoptotic cells were determined by immunofluorescence staining and TUNEL staining, respectively. Vasoconstriction of the isolated basilar artery was stimulated by thrombin and KCl. We found that HMGB1 expression was markedly increased following SAH, and anti-HMGB1 mAb significantly reversed VSMC phenotypic switching and vascular remodelling in rats. However, the effects of HMGB1 on VSMC phenotypic switching were partly blocked in the presence of SC79, a potent activator of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT (PI3K/AKT). Furthermore, the enhanced vasoconstriction and decreased cerebral cortical blood flow induced by SAH were reversed by anti-HMGB1 mAb. Finally, we found that anti-HMGB1 mAb attenuated microglial activation and brain oedema, ameliorating neurological dysfunction. These results indicated that HMGB1 is a useful regulator of VSMC phenotypic switching and vascular remodelling following SAH and might be exploited as a novel therapeutic target for delayed cerebral ischaemia.
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Habtemariam S. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by Ursolic Acid: Addressing Brain Injury, Cerebral Ischemia, Cognition Deficit, Anxiety, and Depression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8512048. [PMID: 31223427 PMCID: PMC6541953 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8512048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene which is found in common herbs and medicinal plants that are reputed for a variety of pharmacological effects. Both as an active principle of these plants and as a nutraceutical ingredient, the pharmacology of UA in the CNS and other organs and systems has been extensively reported in recent years. In this communication, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory axis of UA's pharmacology is appraised for its therapeutic potential in some common CNS disorders. Classic examples include the traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral ischemia, cognition deficit, anxiety, and depression. The pharmacological efficacy for UA is demonstrated through the therapeutic principle of one drug → multitargets → one/many disease(s). Both specific enzymes and receptor targets along with diverse pharmacological effects associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling are scrutinised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Azam S, Jakaria M, Kim IS, Kim J, Haque ME, Choi DK. Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Signaling Pathway by Polyphenols in the Treatment of Age-Linked Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on TLR4 Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1000. [PMID: 31134076 PMCID: PMC6522942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction initiates several intracellular signaling cascades to release different proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as various reactive oxygen species. In addition to neurons, microglia, and astrocytes are also affected by this signaling cascade. This release can either be helpful, neutral or detrimental for cell survival. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate and signal their downstream pathway to activate NF-κB and pro-IL-1β, both of which are responsible for neuroinflammation and linked to the pathogenesis of different age-related neurological conditions. However, herein, recent aspects of polyphenols in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are assessed, with a focus on TLR regulation by polyphenols. Different polyphenol classes, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols, stilbenes, and lignans can potentially target TLR signaling in a distinct pathway. Further, some polyphenols can suppress overexpression of inflammatory mediators through TLR4/NF-κB/STAT signaling intervention, while others can reduce neuronal apoptosis via modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB-pathway in microglia/macrophages. Indeed, neurodegeneration etiology is complex and yet to be completely understood, it may be that targeting TLRs could reveal a number of molecular and pharmacological aspects related to neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, activating TLR signaling modulation via natural resources could provide new therapeutic potentiality in the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Joonsoo Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
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72
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Nishibori M, Mori S, Takahashi HK. Anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody therapy for a wide range of CNS and PNS diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:94-101. [PMID: 31105025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a representative damage associated-molecular pattern (DAMP), has been reported to be involved in many inflammatory diseases. Several drugs are thought to have potential to control the translocation and secretion of HMGB1, or to neutralize extracellular HMGB1 by binding to it. One of these drugs, anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), is highly specific for HMGB1 and has been shown to be effective for the treatment of a wide range of CNS diseases when modeled in animals, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, anti-HMGB1 mAb not only is useful for target validation but also has extensive potential for the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases. In this review, we summarize existing knowledge on the effects of anti-HMGB1 mAb on CNS and PNS diseases, the common features of translocation and secretion of HMGB1 and the functional roles of HMGB1 in these diseases. The existing literature suggests that anti-HMGB1 mAb therapy would be effective for a wide range of CNS and PNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Shuji Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideo K Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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73
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Ye Y, Zeng Z, Jin T, Zhang H, Xiong X, Gu L. The Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:127. [PMID: 31001089 PMCID: PMC6454008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a novel, cytokine-like, and ubiquitous, highly conserved, nuclear protein that can be actively secreted by microglia or passively released by necrotic neurons. Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the outcome is dependent on the amount of hypoxia-related neuronal death in the cerebral ischemic region. Acting as an endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein, HMGB1 mediates cerebral inflammation and brain injury and participates in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. It is thought that HMGB1 signals via its presumed receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) during ischemic stroke. In addition, the release of HMGB1 from the brain into the bloodstream influences peripheral immune cells. However, the role of HMGB1 in ischemic stroke may be more complex than this and has not yet been clarified. Here, we summarize and review the research into HMGB1 in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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74
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Nakamura K, Shichita T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sterile inflammation in ischaemic stroke. J Biochem 2019; 165:459-464. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koutarou Nakamura
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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75
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Tajalli-Nezhad S, Karimian M, Beyer C, Atlasi MA, Azami Tameh A. The regulatory role of Toll-like receptors after ischemic stroke: neurosteroids as TLR modulators with the focus on TLR2/4. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:523-537. [PMID: 30377701 PMCID: PMC11105485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease and considered as a worldwide leading cause of death. After cerebral ischemia, different pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, invasion and aggregation of inflammatory cells and up-regulation of cytokines occur simultaneously. In this respect, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first identified important mediators for the activation of the innate immune system and are widely expressed in glial cells and neurons following brain trauma. TLRs are also able to interact with endogenous and exogenous molecules released during ischemia and can increase tissue damage. Particularly, TLR2 and TLR4 activate different downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, TLR signaling can alternatively play a role for endogenous neuroprotection. In this review, the gene and protein structures, common genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4, TLR-related molecular pathways and their putative role after ischemic stroke are delineated. Furthermore, the relationship between neurosteroids and TLRs as neuroprotective mechanism is highlighted in the context of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Tajalli-Nezhad
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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76
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Ma J, Xu Y, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Hu M, Ma F, Long H, Qin Z, Tao N. Ligustilide inhibits the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Life Sci 2019; 218:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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77
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces concurrent elevation of High Mobility Group Box-1 protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimentally infected piglets. Cytokine 2019; 113:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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78
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Chen X, Zhang J, Kim B, Jaitpal S, Meng SS, Adjepong K, Imamura S, Wake H, Nishibori M, Stopa EG, Stonestreet BS. High-mobility group box-1 translocation and release after hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 311:1-14. [PMID: 30217406 PMCID: PMC6261802 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to neonatal brain injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokines represent key inflammatory meditators in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. The high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a nuclear protein with pro-inflammatory cytokine properties when it is translocated from the nucleus and released extracellularly after stroke in adult rodents. We have previously shown that HMGB1 is translocated from the nucleus to cytosolic compartment after ischemic brain injury in fetal sheep. In the current study, we utilized the Rice-Vannucci model to investigate the time course of HMGB1 translocation and release after HI injury in neonatal rats. HMGB1 was located in cellular nuclei of brains from sham control rats. Nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 was detected in the ipsilateral-HI hemisphere as early as zero h after HI, and released extracellularly as early as 6 h after HI. Immunohistochemical double staining detected HMGB1 translocation mainly in neurons along with release from apoptotic cells after HI. Serum HMGB1 increased at 3 h and decreased by 24 h after HI. In addition, rat brains exposed to hypoxic injury alone also exhibited time dependent HMGB1 translocation at 3, 12 and 48 h after hypoxia. Consequently, HMGB1 responds similarly after HI injury in the brains of neonatal and adult subjects. We conclude that HMGB1 is sensitive early indicator of neonatal HI and hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Siddhant Jaitpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kwame Adjepong
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sayumi Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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79
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Dzyubenko E, Manrique-Castano D, Kleinschnitz C, Faissner A, Hermann DM. Role of immune responses for extracellular matrix remodeling in the ischemic brain. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418818092. [PMID: 30619510 PMCID: PMC6299337 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418818092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the key components contributing to the devastating outcome of ischemic stroke. Starting with stroke onset, inflammatory processes contribute both to cell damage and tissue remodeling. The early release of alarmins triggers the upregulation of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in the compromised integrity of the blood–brain barrier. From this moment on, the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, reactive gliosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations become intricately intertwined and act as one unit during the tissue remodeling. While the mechanisms of leukocyte and glia activation are amply reviewed, the field of ECM modification remains as yet under explored. In this review, we focus on the interplay between neuroinflammatory cascades and ECM in the ischemic brain. By summarizing the currently available evidence obtained by in vitro research, animal experimentation and human studies, we aim to propose a new direction for the future investigation of stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Dzyubenko
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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80
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Jou C, Shah R, Figueroa A, Patel JK. The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Cardiac Arrest. J Intensive Care Med 2018; 35:219-224. [DOI: 10.1177/0885066618817518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is characterized by systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury, anoxic brain injury, and post-arrest myocardial dysfunction superimposed on a precipitating pathology. The role of inflammatory cytokines in cardiac arrest remains unclear. Aims: We aimed to describe, with an emphasis on clinical applications, what is known about the role of inflammatory cytokines in cardiac arrest. Data Sources: A PubMed literature review was performed for relevant articles. Only articles in English that studied cytokines in patients with cardiac arrest were included. Results: Cytokines play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PCAS. Following cardiac arrest, the large release of circulating cytokines mediates the ischemia/reperfusion injury, brain dysfunction, and myocardial dysfunction seen. Interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and matrix metalloproteinases all play a unique prognostic role in PCAS. High levels of inflammatory cytokines have been associated with mortality and/or poor neurologic outcomes. Interventions to modify the systemic inflammation seen in PCAS continue to be heavily studied. Currently, the only approved medical intervention for comatose patients following cardiac arrest is targeted temperature management. Medical agents, including minocycline and sodium sulfide, have demonstrated promise in animal models. Conclusions: The role of inflammatory cytokines for both short- and long-term outcomes is an important area for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jou
- Resuscitation Research Group, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Rian Shah
- Resuscitation Research Group, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Figueroa
- Resuscitation Research Group, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jignesh K. Patel
- Resuscitation Research Group, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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81
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Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotes and the best characterized damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). The biological activities of HMGB1 depend on its subcellular location, context and post-translational modifications. Inside the nucleus, HMGB1 is engaged in many DNA events such as DNA repair, transcription regulation and genome stability; in the cytoplasm, its main function is to regulate the autophagic flux while in the extracellular environment, it possesses more complicated functions and it is involved in a large variety of different processes such as inflammation, migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation and tissue regeneration. Due to this pleiotropy, the role of HMGB1 has been vastly investigated in various pathological diseases and a large number of studies have explored its function in cardiovascular pathologies. However, in this contest, the precise mechanism of action of HMGB1 and its therapeutic potential are still very controversial since is debated whether HMGB1 is involved in tissue damage or plays a role in tissue repair and regeneration. The main focus of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of HMGB1 in different ischemic heart diseases and to discuss its functions in these pathological conditions.
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82
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Lysosomal dysfunction and early glial activation are involved in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 21 caused by mutant transmembrane protein 240. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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83
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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84
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Liu JT, Wu SX, Zhang H, Kuang F. Inhibition of MyD88 Signaling Skews Microglia/Macrophage Polarization and Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis in the Hippocampus After Status Epilepticus in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:1093-1111. [PMID: 30112701 PMCID: PMC6277303 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in epileptogenesis. Activated microglia and macrophages (MG/MΦ) are found in the brains of patients with epilepsy-related diseases and animal models of epilepsy. It is not yet known how the MG/MΦ activation phenotype affects pathological changes in the brain after a single seizure. In this study, we had 2 main purposes: first, to characterize post-status epilepticus (SE) inflammation by tracking MG/MΦ polarization, and, second, to explore the role of an innate immune receptor adaptor protein, namely, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), in the induction of SE in a mouse model. A lithium-pilocarpine model of seizure conditions was generated in C57BL/6 mice. The intensity and distribution of MG/MΦ polarization were tracked by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for the polarization markers inducible nitrogen oxygenized synthase, arginase-1, CD163, and mannose receptor. We observed steadily increasing M1 MG/MΦ along with MyD88 signal upregulation after SE in the hippocampi of mice, whereas the M2 marker arginase-1 was localized mainly in astrocytes rather than in MG/MΦ. Inhibition or gene knockout of MyD88 reduced M1 MG/MΦ and gliosis although increasing M2 MG/MΦ in the hippocampi of SE mice. MyD88 inhibition also augmented glutamate transporter 1 expression and reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit expression in the hippocampus to protect pyramidal neurons from apoptosis. These data suggest that MG/MΦ polarization after SE impacts the pathological outcome of the hippocampus via MyD88 signaling and point to MyD88 as a potential neuroprotective target for epilepsy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The 413th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Fang Kuang
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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85
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Meng X, Xie W, Xu Q, Liang T, Xu X, Sun G, Sun X. Neuroprotective Effects of Radix Scrophulariae on Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury via MAPK Pathways. Molecules 2018; 23:E2401. [PMID: 30235876 PMCID: PMC6225418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a clinically common cerebrovascular disease whose main risks include necrosis, apoptosis and cerebral infarction, all caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Ischemia and reperfusion-induced injury or apoptosis inhibition in human brain tissue may exert an irreplaceable protective effect on ischemic nerves. This process has particular significance for the treatment of stroke patients. However, the development of neuroprotective drugs remains challenging. Radix Scrophulariae, traditionally considered a valuable medicine, has been discovered to have neuroprotective effects. To explore the neuroprotective effects of an aqueous extract of Radix Scrophulariae (RSAE) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and their underlying mechanisms, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced PC12 cells were used, and a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model was established. In vitro results showed that 12.5 μg/mL RSAE markedly improved cell viability; inhibited LDH leakage; increased SOD, GSH-Px and CAT enzyme activity; stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential; and reduced OGD-induced cell injury and apoptosis. Additionally, in vivo results preliminarily suggested that in MCAO/R model mice, RSAE treatments attenuated infarct volume; reduced brain water content and nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations; inhibited I/R-induced neurological deficits; reduced the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage release; improved antioxidant capacity by upregulating SOD, GSH-Px and CAT enzyme activity; and reduced neuronal apoptosis, necrosis and loss of neurons. Moreover, it was found that RSAE upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulated the expression of Bax. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of MAPK signal pathways were elucidated via western blot analysis and immunohistochemical evaluation. In summary, this study investigated the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of RSAE on focal cerebral I/R injury in mice. Radix Scrophulariae has been previously identified as a potential neuroprotective natural plant. Hence, our results may offer insight into discovering new active compounds or drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Many new natural active chemicals in this extract may be discovered by chemical separation and identification and may provide new insights into therapeutic targets in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Weijie Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Quanfu Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tian Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xudong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
- Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China.
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86
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Pivotal role of innate myeloid cells in cerebral post-ischemic sterile inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:523-538. [PMID: 30206661 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a multifaceted role in regulating both disability and recovery after ischemic brain injury. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, resident microglia elicit rapid inflammatory responses by the ischemic milieu. After disruption of the blood-brain barrier, peripheral-derived neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrate into the ischemic brain. These infiltrating myeloid cells are activated by the endogenous alarming molecules released from dying brain cells. Inflammation after ischemic stroke thus typically consists of sterile inflammation triggered by innate immunity, which exacerbates the pathologies of ischemic stroke and worsens neurological prognosis. Infiltrating immune cells sustain the post-ischemic inflammation for several days; after this period, however, these cells take on a repairing function, phagocytosing inflammatory mediators and cellular debris. This time-specific polarization of immune cells in the ischemic brain is a potential novel therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the phase-dependent role of innate myeloid cells in ischemic stroke and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their inflammatory or repairing polarization from a therapeutic perspective.
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87
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Kim JE, Kang TC. Differential Roles of Mitochondrial Translocation of Active Caspase-3 and HMGB1 in Neuronal Death Induced by Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:301. [PMID: 30233331 PMCID: PMC6133957 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pathophysiological conditions, aberrant mitochondrial dynamics lead to the different types of neuronal death: excessive mitochondrial fission provokes apoptosis and abnormal mitochondrial elongation induces necrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms how the different mitochondrial dynamics result in the distinct neuronal death patterns have been elusive. In the present study, status epilepticus (SE) evoked excessive mitochondrial fission in parvalbumin (PV) cells (one of GABAergic interneurons) and abnormal mitochondrial elongation in CA1 neurons in the rat hippocampus. These impaired mitochondrial dynamics were accompanied by mitochondrial translocations of active caspase-3 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in PV cells and CA1 neurons, respectively. WY14643 (an activator of mitochondrial fission) aggravated SE-induced PV cell loss by enhancing active caspase-3 induction and its mitochondrial translocation, which were attenuated by Mdivi-1 (an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission). Mitochondrial HMGB1 import was not observed in PV cell. In contrast to PV cells, Mdivi-1 deteriorated SE-induced CA1 neuronal death concomitant with mitochondrial HMGB1 translocation, which was abrogated by WY14643. These findings suggest that SE-induced aberrant mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in translocation of active caspase-3 and HMGB1 into mitochondria, which regulate neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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88
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Rana AK, Singh D. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation: Opportunities, challenges and future directions for cerebral stroke management. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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89
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Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. Targeting tumor necrosis factor in the brain relieves neuropathic pain. World J Anesthesiol 2018; 7:10-19. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v7.i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic syndrome caused by direct damage to or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. The lack of safe, adequate and sustained pain relief offered by present analgesic treatments is most alarming. While many treatment options are available to manage chronic pain, such as antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, and anticonvulsants, chronic neuropathic pain remains largely unmanaged. Compounding the dilemma of ineffective chronic pain treatments is the need to provide relief from suffering and yet not contribute to the scourge of drug abuse. A recent epidemic of addiction and accidental drug prescription overdoses parallel the increased use of opioid treatment, even though opioids are rarely an effective treatment of relieving chronic pain. To make matters worse, opioids may contribute to exacerbating pain, and side-effects such as cognitive impairment, nausea, constipation, development of tolerance, as well as their potential for addiction and overdose deaths exist. Clearly, there is an urgent need for alternative, non-opiate treatment of chronic pain. Innovative discoveries of pertinent brain mechanisms and functions are key to developing effective, safe treatments. Pioneering work has revealed the essential effects of the pleiotropic mediator tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on brain functioning. These studies establish that TNF inhibits norepinephrine release from hippocampal neurons, and show that excess TNF production within the hippocampus occurs during neuropathic pain, which mobilizes additional mechanisms that further inhibit norepinephrine release. Significantly, it has been verified that elevated levels of TNF in the brain are actually required for neuropathic pain development. Since TNF decreases norepinephrine release in the brain, enhanced TNF levels would prevent engagement of the norepinephrine descending inhibitory neuronal pain pathways. Increased levels of TNF in the brain are therefore critical to the development of neuropathic pain. Therefore, strategies that decrease this enhanced TNF expression in the brain will have superior analgesic efficacy. We propose this novel approach of targeting the pathologically high levels of brain TNF as an effective strategy in the treatment of the devastating syndrome of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences and Program for Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
- NanoAxis, LLC, Clarence, NY 14031, United States
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90
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Mu SW, Dang Y, Wang SS, Gu JJ. The role of high mobility group box 1 protein in acute cerebrovascular diseases. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:191-197. [PMID: 30271593 PMCID: PMC6158396 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of acute cerebrovascular diseases involves an inflammatory response, and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a pro-inflammatory factor that is expressed not only in the early-injury stage of disease, but also during the post-repair process. In the initial stage of disease, HMGB1 is released into the outside of the cell to participate in the cascade amplification reaction of inflammation, causing vasospasm, destruction of the blood-brain barrier and apoptosis of nerve cells. In the recovery stage of disease, HMGB1 can promote tissue repair and remodeling, which can aid in nerve function recovery. This review summarizes the biological characteristics of HMGB1, and the role of HMGB1 in ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, and cerebral venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Dang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Sen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Gu
- Department of Neuro-interventional Radiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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91
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Sun Y, Chen H, Dai J, Wan Z, Xiong P, Xu Y, Han Z, Chai W, Gong F, Zheng F. Glycyrrhizin Protects Mice Against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Expression and Neuronal HMGB1 Release. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1518. [PMID: 30013568 PMCID: PMC6036111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory mediator high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of human multiple sclerosis (MS) and mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Glycyrrhizin (GL), a glycoconjugated triterpene extracted from licorice root, has the ability to inhibit the functions of HMGB1; however, GL’s function against EAE has not been thoroughly characterized to date. To determine the benefit of GL as a modulator of neuroinflammation, we used an in vivo study to examine GL’s effect on EAE along with primary cultured cortical neurons to study the GL effect on HMGB1 release. Treatment of EAE mice with GL from onset to the peak stage of disease resulted in marked attenuation of EAE severity, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination, decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta 1, and increased IL-4 both in serum and spinal cord homogenate. Moreover, HMGB1 levels in different body fluids were reduced, accompanied by a decrease in neuronal damage, activated astrocytes and microglia, as well as HMGB1-positive astrocytes and microglia. GL significantly reversed HMGB1 release into the medium induced by TNF-α stimulation in primary cultured cortical neurons. Taken together, the results indicate that GL has a strong neuroprotective effect on EAE mice by reducing HMGB1 expression and release and thus can be used to treat central nervous system inflammatory diseases, such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongjun Wan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Han
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Weitai Chai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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92
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Disdier C, Chen X, Kim JE, Threlkeld SW, Stonestreet BS. Anti-Cytokine Therapy to Attenuate Ischemic-Reperfusion Associated Brain Injury in the Perinatal Period. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E101. [PMID: 29875342 PMCID: PMC6025309 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is a major cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. Hypothermia is the only therapy approved to attenuate brain injury in the newborn. However, this treatment is unfortunately only partially neuroprotective and can only be used to treat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in full term infants. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Post-ischemic neuro-inflammation is a crucial contributor to the evolution of brain injury in neonates and constitutes a promising therapeutic target. Recently, we demonstrated encouraging neuroprotective capacities of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in an ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) model of brain injury in the ovine fetus. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the inflammatory response in the perinatal sheep brain after I/R injury and to review our recent findings regarding the beneficial effects of treatment with anti-cytokine mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Disdier
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | | | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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93
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Gülke E, Gelderblom M, Magnus T. Danger signals in stroke and their role on microglia activation after ischemia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418774254. [PMID: 29854002 PMCID: PMC5968660 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418774254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death. Besides the direct damage resulting from oxygen and glucose deprivation, sterile inflammation plays a pivotal role in increasing cellular death. Damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are passively released from dying cells and activate the innate immune system. Thus, they take part in the direct and rapid activation of the inflammatory response after stroke onset. In this review the role of the most important DAMPs, high mobility group box 1, heat and cold shock proteins, purines, and peroxiredoxins, are addressed. Moreover, intracellular pathways activated by DAMPs in microglia are illuminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Gülke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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94
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Monti L, Morbidelli L, Rossi A. Impaired Cerebral Perfusion in Multiple Sclerosis: Relevance of Endothelial Factors. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918774800. [PMID: 29795976 PMCID: PMC5960845 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918774800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging techniques measuring in vivo brain perfusion and integrity of the blood-brain barrier have developed rapidly in the past decade, resulting in a wide range of available methods. This review first discusses their principles, possible pitfalls, and potential for quantification and outlines clinical application in neurological disorders. Then, we focus on the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, pointing out their contribution in regulating vascular tone by production of vasoactive substances. Finally, the role of these substances in brain hypoperfusion in multiple sclerosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Monti
- Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Neurological and Neurosensory Sciences, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General Hospital, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Rossi
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurological and Neurosensory Sciences, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
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95
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Wang Y, Li L, Deng S, Liu F, He Z. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Possibly via High Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4/NFκB Pathway. Front Neurol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29867706 PMCID: PMC5968106 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury by inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). According to recent studies, ursolic acid (UA) regulates TLR signaling and exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we explored the mechanism by which UA regulates inflammation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. The MCAO/R model was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats (MCAO for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h). UA was administered intragastrically at 0.5, 24, and 47 h after reperfusion. The direct high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GL) was injected intravenously after 0.5 h of ischemia as a positive control. The degree of brain damage was estimated using the neurological deficit score, infarct volume, histopathological changes, and neuronal apoptosis. We assessed IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels to evaluate post-ischemic inflammation. HMGB1 and TLR4 expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) were also examined to explore the underlying mechanism. UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, apoptotic cells, and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 concentrations. The infarct area ratio was reduced by (33.07 ± 1.74), (27.05 ± 1.13), (27.49 ± 1.87), and (39.74 ± 2.14)% in the 10 and 20 mg/kg UA, GL, and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased HMGB1 release and the TLR4 level and inactivated NFκB signaling. Thus, the effects of intragastric administration of 20 mg/kg of UA and 10 mg/kg of GL were similar. We provide novel evidence that UA reduces inflammatory cytokine production to protect the brain from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury possibly through the HMGB1/TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shumin Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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96
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Kim ID, Lee H, Kim SW, Lee HK, Choi J, Han PL, Lee JK. Alarmin HMGB1 induces systemic and brain inflammatory exacerbation in post-stroke infection rat model. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29555931 PMCID: PMC5859283 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke infection (PSI) is known to worsen functional outcomes of stroke patients and accounts to one-third of stroke-related deaths in hospital. In our previous reports, we demonstrated that massive release of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous danger signal molecule, is promoted by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced acute damage in the postischemic brain, exacerbating neuronal damage by triggering delayed inflammatory processes. Moreover, augmentation of proinflammatory function of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by HMGB1 via direct interaction has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HMGB1 in aggravating inflammation in the PSI by exacerbating the function of LPS. PSI animal model was produced by administrating a low-dose LPS at 24 h post-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Profound aggravations of inflammation, deterioration of behavioral outcomes, and infarct expansion were observed in LPS-injected MCAO animals, in which serum HMGB1 surge, especially disulfide type, occurred immediately after LPS administration and aggravated brain and systemic inflammations probably by acting in synergy with LPS. Importantly, blockage of HMGB1 function by delayed administrations of therapeutic peptides known to inhibit HMGB1 (HMGB1 A box, HPep1) or by treatment with LPS after preincubation with HMGB1 A box significantly ameliorated damages observed in the rat PSI model, demonstrating that HMGB1 plays a crucial role. Furthermore, administration of Rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS, a selective toll-like receptor 4 antagonist not only failed to exert these effects but blocked the effects of LPS, indicating its TLR4 dependence. Together, these results indicated that alarmin HMGB1 mediates potentiation of LPS function, exacerbating TLR4-dependent systemic and brain inflammation in a rat PSI model and there is a positive-feedback loop between augmentation of LPS function by HMGB1 and subsequent HMGB1 release/serum. Therefore, HMGB1 might be a valuable therapeutic target for preventing post-stroke infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahnbie Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juli Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.
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97
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Nakajo M, Uezono N, Nakashima H, Wake H, Komiya S, Nishibori M, Nakashima K. Therapeutic time window of anti-high mobility group box-1 antibody administration in mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2018; 141:63-70. [PMID: 29604317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic disorder that often leads to permanent disability, and there is no effective treatment for it. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular protein that triggers sterile inflammation upon injuries. We have previously shown that two administrations of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HMGB1 (immediately after (0 h) and 6 h after) SCI dramatically improves functional recovery after SCI in mice. However, when considering clinical application, 0 h after SCI is not practical. Therefore, in this study, we examined the therapeutic time window of the mAb administration. Injection at 3 h after SCI significantly improved the functional recovery comparably to injection immediately after SCI, while injection at 6 h was less effective, and injection at 9 or 12 h had no therapeutic effect. We also found beneficial effects of injection at 3 h after injury on blood-spinal cord barrier maintenance, inflammatory-related gene expression and preservation of the damaged spinal cord tissue. Taken together, our results suggest that a single administration of anti-HMGB1 mAb within a proper time window could be a novel and potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Nakajo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Setsuro Komiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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98
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Rayasam A, Hsu M, Kijak JA, Kissel L, Hernandez G, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune responses in stroke: how the immune system contributes to damage and healing after stroke and how this knowledge could be translated to better cures? Immunology 2018; 154:363-376. [PMID: 29494762 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The long-standing dogma that stroke is exclusively a vascular disease has been questioned by extensive clinical findings of immune factors that are associated mostly with inflammation after stroke. These have been confirmed in preclinical studies using experimental animal models. It is now accepted that inflammation and immune mediators are critical in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing following thrombotic and ischaemic stroke. Despite mounting information delineating the role of the immune system in stroke, the mechanisms of how inflammatory cells and their mediators are involved in stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. Currently, there is no available treatment for targeting the acute immune response that develops in the brain during cerebral ischaemia. No new treatment has been introduced to stroke therapy since the discovery of tissue plasminogen activator therapy in 1996. Here, we review current knowledge of the immunity of stroke and identify critical gaps that hinder current therapies. We will discuss advances in the understanding of the complex innate and adaptive immune responses in stroke; mechanisms of immune cell-mediated and factor-mediated vascular and tissue injury; immunity-induced tissue repair; and the importance of modulating immunity in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kijak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lee Kissel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gianna Hernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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99
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Halder SK, Ueda H. Amlexanox Inhibits Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Delayed Astrocytic High-Mobility Group Box 1 Release and Subsequent Brain Damage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:27-36. [PMID: 29330155 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum during the early and late phases of brain ischemia and is known to contribute to brain damage. However, detailed characterization underlying cell type-specific HMGB1 release and pathophysiological roles of extracellularly released HMGB1 in ischemic brain remain unclear. Here, we examined cell type-specific HMGB1 release and the therapeutic potential of amlexanox, an inhibitor of nonclassical release, and of an anti-HMGB1 antibody against ischemic brain damage. HMGB1 depletion from neuronal nuclei was observed within 3 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), whereas the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) pretreatment with amlexanox blocked HMGB1 release from neurons, resulting in HMGB1 redistribution in the nuclei and cytoplasm. HMGB1 was selectively released from astrocytes 27 hours after tMCAO and this HMGB1 release was blocked by late treatment with amlexanox (i.c.v.) 24 hours after tMCAO. Proximity extension assay revealed that the HMGB1 level was elevated in the CSF at 3 and 27 hours after tMCAO. This late treatment with amlexanox significantly protected the brain from ischemic damage, but its pretreatment 30 minutes before tMCAO failed to show any protection. The late treatment (i.c.v.) with anti-HMGB1 antibody 24 hours after tMCAO also ameliorated ischemic brain damage 48 hours after tMCAO. Thus, the inhibition of brain damage by late treatment with amlexanox or anti-HMGB1 antibody indicates that late HMGB1 release plays a role in the maintenance of stroke-induced brain damage, and the inhibition of this release would be a novel therapeutic target for protection of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok Kumar Halder
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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100
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Yu G, Liang Y, Zheng S, Zhang H. Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase by N-Acetyl Lysyltyrosylcysteine Amide Reduces Oxidative Stress–Mediated Inflammation, Neuronal Damage, and Neural Stem Cell Injury in a Murine Model of Stroke. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:311-322. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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