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Study of Selected BRCA1, BRCA2, and PIK3CA Mutations in Benign and Malignant Lesions of Anogenital Mammary–Like Glands. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:358-362. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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52
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Linoleic acid induces migration and invasion through FFAR4- and PI3K-/Akt-dependent pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Med Oncol 2017; 34:111. [PMID: 28456993 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increased risk of developing breast cancer has been associated with high levels of dietary fat intake. Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential fatty acid and the major ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid in occidental diets, which is able to induce inappropriate inflammatory responses that contribute to several chronic diseases including cancer. In breast cancer cells, LA induces migration. However, the signal transduction pathways that mediate migration and whether LA induces invasion in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells have not been studied in detail. We demonstrate here that LA induces Akt2 activation, invasion, an increase in NFκB-DNA binding activity, miR34a upregulation and miR9 downregulation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, Akt2 activation requires EGFR and PI3K activity, whereas migration and invasion are dependent on FFAR4, EGFR and PI3K/Akt activity. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that LA induces migration and invasion through an EGFR-/PI3K-/Akt-dependent pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Konstantinova AM, Vanecek T, Martinek P, Kyrpychova L, Spagnolo DV, Stewart CJR, Portelli F, Michal M, Kazakov DV. Molecular alterations in lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands and their mammary counterparts including hidradenoma papilliferum, intraductal papilloma, fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor. Ann Diagn Pathol 2017. [PMID: 28648934 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lesions affecting anogenital mammary-like glands (AGMLG) are histopathologically very similar to those seen in the breast but whether this morphological similarity is also reflected at the genetic level is unknown. To compare the underlying molecular mechanisms in lesions of AGMLG and their mammary counterparts, we analyzed the mutational profile of 16 anogenital neoplasms including 5 hidradenomas papilliferum (HP), 1 lesion with features of HP and fibroadenoma (FA), 7 FA, 3 phyllodes tumors (PhT)) and 18 analogous breast lesions (6 intraductal papillomas (IDP), 9 FA, and 3 PhT) by high-coverage next generation sequencing (NGS) using a panel comprising 50 cancer-related genes. Additionally, all cases were analyzed for the presence of a mutation in the MED12 gene. All detected mutations with allele frequencies over 20% were independently validated by Sanger sequencing (concordance: 100%). Mutations in PIK3CA, AKT1, MET, ABL1 and TP53 genes were found in lesions of AGMLG and also their mammary counterparts. The PI3K-AKT cascade plays a role in tumors arising at both sites. It appears that some histopathologically similar anogenital and breast lesions develop along similar molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M Konstantinova
- Department of Pathology, Clinical research and practical center for specialized oncological care, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia; Department of Pathology, Medico-Social Institute, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tomas Vanecek
- Departments of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republiс
| | - Petr Martinek
- Departments of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory Ltd., Pilsen, Czech Republiс
| | - Liubov Kyrpychova
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dominic V Spagnolo
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia; University of Western Australia, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Colin J R Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Michal Michal
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptical Laboratory, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptical Laboratory, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Ding XF, Li LF, Zhou XL, Guo LN, Dou MM, Chi YY, Wu SX, Zhang YN, Shan ZZ, Zhang YJ, Wang F, Fan QX, Zhao J, Sun TW. P-mTOR Expression and Implication in Breast Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170302. [PMID: 28114374 PMCID: PMC5256929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) is a promising prognostic marker in many types of cancer. However, its survival benefit in patients with breast carcinoma remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between p-mTOR expression and prognosis in breast carcinoma based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods Electronic databases (including Pubmed, Embase, ISI web of science, and Cochrane Library) were searched up to November 24, 2015. The outcome measures were hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between the prognosis of breast carcinoma patients and p-mTOR expression. Primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 12.0. Results Nine cohort studies including 3051 patients met full eligibility criteria. The pooled HRs (95% CI) for OS, DFS, and RFS were 0.84 (0.27–2.63), 0.71 (0.40–1.23), and 0.48 (0.20–1.18), respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggested that p-mTOR overexpression was not significantly related to prognosis in breast carcinoma regarding OS and disease recurrence. Prospective studies are warranted to examine the association between p-mTOR expression and survival outcomes in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fei Ding
- Department of General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Liang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Dou
- Department of Integrated Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shao-Xuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Na Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Shan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi-Jie Zhang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qing-Xia Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tong-Wen Sun
- Department of General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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Kanlikilicer P, Rashed MH, Bayraktar R, Mitra R, Ivan C, Aslan B, Zhang X, Filant J, Silva AM, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Bayraktar E, Pichler M, Ozpolat B, Calin GA, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G. Ubiquitous Release of Exosomal Tumor Suppressor miR-6126 from Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:7194-7207. [PMID: 27742688 PMCID: PMC5901763 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells actively promote their tumorigenic behavior by reprogramming gene expression. Loading intraluminal vesicles with specific miRNAs and releasing them into the tumor microenvironment as exosomes is one mechanism of reprogramming whose regulation remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that miR-6126 is ubiquitously released in high abundance from both chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells via exosomes. Overexpression of miR-6126 was confirmed in healthy ovarian tissue compared with ovarian cancer patient samples and correlated with better overall survival in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. miR-6126 acted as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting integrin-β1, a key regulator of cancer cell metastasis. miR-6126 mimic treatment of cancer cells resulted in increased miR-6126 and decreased integrin-β1 mRNA levels in the exosome. Functional analysis showed that treatment of endothelial cells with miR-6126 mimic significantly reduced tube formation as well as invasion and migration capacities of ovarian cancer cells in vitro Administration of miR-6126 mimic in an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer elicited a relative reduction in tumor growth, proliferating cells, and microvessel density. miR-6126 inhibition promoted oncogenic behavior by leading ovarian cancer cells to release more exosomes. Our findings provide new insights into the role of exosomal miRNA-mediated tumor progression and suggest a new therapeutic approach to disrupt oncogenic phenotypes in tumors. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7194-207. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Kanlikilicer
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammed H Rashed
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rahul Mitra
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Burcu Aslan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Justyna Filant
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andreia M Silva
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emine Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martin Pichler
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Agamasu C, Ghanam RH, Xu F, Sun Y, Chen Y, Saad JS. The Interplay between Calmodulin and Membrane Interactions with the Pleckstrin Homology Domain of Akt. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:251-263. [PMID: 27872186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Akt protein, a serine/threonine kinase, plays important roles in cell survival, apoptosis, and oncogenes. Akt is translocated to the plasma membrane for activation. Akt-membrane binding is mediated by direct interactions between its pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3). It has been shown that Akt activation in breast cancer cells is modulated by calmodulin (CaM). However, the molecular mechanism of the interplay between CaM and membrane binding is not established. Here, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and biochemical and biophysical techniques to characterize how PI(3,4,5)P3, CaM, and membrane mimetics (nanodisc) bind to Akt(PHD). We show that PI(3,4,5)P3 binding to Akt(PHD) displaces the C-terminal lobe of CaM but not the weakly binding N-terminal lobe. However, binding of a PI(3,4,5)P3-embedded membrane nanodisc to Akt(PHD) with a 103-fold tighter affinity than PI(3,4,5)P3 is able to completely displace CaM. We also show that Akt(PHD) binds to both layers of the nanodisc, indicating proper incorporation of PI(3,4,5)P3 on the nanodisc surface. No detectable binding has been observed between Akt(PHD) and PI(3,4,5)P3-free nanodiscs, demonstrating that PI(3,4,5)P3 is required for membrane binding, CaM displacement, and Akt activation. Using pancreatic cancer cells, we demonstrate that inhibition of Akt-CaM binding attenuated Akt activation. Our findings support a model by which CaM binds to Akt to facilitate its translocation to the membrane. Elucidation of the molecular details of the interplay between membrane and CaM binding to Akt may help in the development of potential targets to control the pathophysiological processes of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Xu
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and
| | - Yong Sun
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and.,the Research Department, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Yabing Chen
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and.,the Research Department, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Študentová H, Vitásková D, Melichar B. Safety of mTOR inhibitors in breast cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15:1075-85. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2016.1192604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Študentová
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Vitásková
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University Medical School & Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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PUMA mediates the combinational therapy of 5-FU and NVP-BEZ235 in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14385-98. [PMID: 25965911 PMCID: PMC4546474 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in humans which has a high mortality rate, and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely used drugs in colon cancer therapy. However, acquired chemoresistance is becoming the major challenges for patients, and the molecular mechanism underlying the development of 5-FU resistance is still poorly understood. In this study, a newly designed therapy in combination with 5-FU and NVP-BEZ235 in colon cancer cells (HCT-116 and RKO) was established, to investigate the mechanism of 5-FU resistance and optimize drug therapy to improve outcome for patients. Our results show 5-FU induced cell apoptosis through p53/PUMA pathway, with aberrant Akt activation, which may well explain the mechanism of 5-FU resistance. NVP-BEZ235 effectively up-regulated PUMA expression, mainly through inactivation of PI3K/Akt and activation of FOXO3a, leading to cell apoptosis even in the p53−/− HCT-116 cells. Combination treatment of 5-FU and NVP-BEZ235 further increased cell apoptosis in a PUMA/Bax dependent manner. Moreover, significantly enhanced anti-tumor effects were observed in combination treatment in vivo. Together, these results demonstrated that the combination treatment of 5-FU and NVP-BEZ235 caused PUMA-dependent tumor suppression both in vitro and in vivo, which may promise a more effective strategy for colon cancer therapy.
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59
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Mutation of genes of the PI3K/AKT pathway in breast cancer supports their potential importance as biomarker for breast cancer aggressiveness. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:35-43. [PMID: 27059323 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway is closely associated with cancer development and cancer progression. PIK3CA, AKT1, and PTEN are the fundamental molecules of the PI3K/AKT pathway with increased mutation rates in cancer cases leading to aberrant regulation of the pathway. Even though molecular alterations of the PI3K/AKT pathway have been studied in breast cancer, correlations between specific molecular alterations and clinicopathological features remain contradictory. In this study, we examined mutations of the PI3K/AKT pathway in 75 breast carcinomas using high-resolution melting analysis and pyrosequencing, in parallel with analysis of relative expression of PIK3CA and AKT2 genes. Mutations of PIK3CA were found in our cohort in 21 cases (28 %), 10 (13 %) in exon 9 and 11(15 %) in exon 20. Mutation frequency of AKT1 and PTEN genes was 4 and 3 %, respectively. Overall, alterations in the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade were detected in 35 % of the cases. Furthermore, comparison of 50 breast carcinomas with adjacent normal tissues showed elevated PIK3CA messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in 18 % of tumor cases and elevated AKT2 mRNA levels in 14 %. Our findings, along with those of previous studies, underline the importance of the PI3K/AKT pathway components as potential biomarkers for breast carcinogenesis.
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60
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Evidence for embryonic stem-like signature and epithelial-mesenchymal transition features in the spheroid cells derived from lung adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11843-11859. [PMID: 27048287 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the cellular and molecular aspects of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) that are suggested to be the main culprit of tumor initiation, maintenance, drug resistance, and relapse is a prerequisite for targeted therapy of lung cancer. In the current study, LCSCs subpopulation of A549 cells was enriched, and after characterization of the spheroid cells, complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray analysis was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the spheroid and parental cells. Microarray results were validated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and western blotting. Our results showed that spheroid cells had higher clonogenic potential, up-regulation of stemness gene Sox2, loss of CD44 expression, and gain of CD24 expression compared to parental cells. Among a total of 160 genes that were differentially expressed between the spheroid cells and the parental cells, 104 genes were up-regulated and 56 genes were down-regulated. Analysis of cDNA microarray revealed an embryonic stem cell-like signature and over-expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes in the spheroid cells. cDNA microarray results were validated at the gene expression level using qRT-PCR, and further validation was performed at the protein level by flow cytometry and western blotting. The embryonic stem cell-like signature in the spheroid cells supports two important notions: maintenance of CSCs phenotype by dedifferentiating mechanisms activated through oncogenic pathways and the origination of CSCs from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). PI3/AKT3, as the most common up-regulated pathway, and other pathways related to aggressive tumor behavior and EMT process can confer to the spheroid cells' high potential for metastasis and distant seeding.
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Behrouz H, Esfandyari-Manesh M, Khoeeniha MK, Amini M, Shiri Varnamkhasti B, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R. Enhanced Cytotoxicity to Cancer Cells by Codelivery and Controlled Release of Paclitaxel-loaded Sirolimus-conjugated Albumin Nanoparticles. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:230-40. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Behrouz
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Esfandyari-Manesh
- Nanotechnology Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Khoeeniha
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
| | - Behrang Shiri Varnamkhasti
- Nanotechnology Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 14155-6451 Tehran Iran
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Yang S, Zhou L, Reilly PT, Shen SM, He P, Zhu XN, Li CX, Wang LS, Mak TW, Chen GQ, Yu Y. ANP32B deficiency impairs proliferation and suppresses tumor progression by regulating AKT phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2082. [PMID: 26844697 PMCID: PMC4849165 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32B (ANP32B) is reported to impact normal development, with Anp32b-knockout mice exhibiting smaller size and premature aging. However, its cellular and molecular mechanisms, especially its potential roles in tumorigenesis, remain largely unclear. Here, we utilize 'knockout' models, RNAi silencing and clinical cohorts to more closely investigate the role of this enigmatic factor in cell proliferation and cancer phenotypes. We report that, compared with Anp32b wild-type (Anp32b+/+) littermates, a broad panel of tissues in Anp32b-deficient (Anp32b−/−) mice are demonstrated hypoplasia. Anp32b−/− mouse embryo fibroblast cell has a slower proliferation, even after oncogenic immortalization. ANP32B knockdown also significantly inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of cancer cells by inducing G1 arrest. In line with this, ANP32B protein has higher expression in malignant tissues than adjacent normal tissues from a cohort of breast cancer patients, and its expression level positively correlates with their histopathological grades. Moreover, ANP32B deficiency downregulates AKT phosphorylation, which involves its regulating effect on cell growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that ANP32B is an oncogene and a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Branch of Shanghai First People's Hospital, SJTU-SM, Shanghai, China
| | - P T Reilly
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S-M Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - P He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - X-N Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - C-X Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - L-S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - T W Mak
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G-Q Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Y Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
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Thymosin alpha 1 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through PTEN-mediated inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Apoptosis 2016; 20:1109-21. [PMID: 26002438 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), an immunoactive peptide, has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and other human cancers. However, the response and molecular mechanism of breast cancer cells exposed to Tα1 remain unclear. PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene, is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biological roles of PTEN in the growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells exposed to Tα1. Using wild-type and mutant PTEN-expressing cells, we found a strong correlation between PTEN status and Tα1-mediated growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. The growth inhibition effect was more pronounced in breast cancer cells in which Tα1 enhanced PTEN expression, whereas endogenous PTEN knockdown reversed the growth inhibition effect of Tα1 in breast cancer cells. Further investigation revealed that PTEN up-regulation, which was induced by Tα1, can inhibit the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to the growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. The addition of the synergy between Tα1 and the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation could strongly block cell viability in PTEN down-regulated breast cancer cells. PTEN-overexpressing cells not only up-regulated Bax and cleaved caspase-3/9 and PARP expression but also down-regulated Bcl-2 compared to the treatment with Tα1 alone. Together these findings suggest that PTEN mediates Tα1-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial death cascade and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.
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Taurin S, Nimick M, Larsen L, Rosengren RJ. A novel curcumin derivative increases the cytotoxicity of raloxifene in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:385-98. [PMID: 26648459 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new, safe and efficacious drug therapies for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers. Raloxifene and the 2nd generation curcumin derivative 2,6-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethylene)-cyclohexanone (RL91) have been shown to inhibit the growth of ER-negative breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether RL91 could enhance the growth-suppressive effects mediated by raloxifene in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, Hs578t and SkBr3 human breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity was consistent across the cell lines but RL91 was more potent. EC50 values for RL91 were 1.2-2 µM while EC50 values for raloxifene were 9.6-11.2 µM. When the cells were treated with raloxifene (15 µM), RL91 (1 µM) or a combination of the two for 6-72 h, the combination treatment consistently elicited significantly greater cytotoxicity compared to all other treatments. In SkBr3 cells the combination treatment caused significantly more cells to undergo G1 arrest compared to raloxifene. In all cell lines apoptosis was synergistically induced by the combination treatment, as shown by both flow cytometery and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, the stress kinase p38 was increased and EFGR isoforms were decreased by both raloxifene and raloxifene + RL91. The anti-angiogenic anti-metastatic potential of raloxifene was not increased by RL91, as MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion as well as endothelial tube formation by HUVEC cells was not different between raloxifene (10 µM) and the combination of raloxifene + RL91. Thus, our findings provide evidence that RL91 increases the ability of raloxifene to suppress ER-negative cancer cell growth by increasing the number of apoptotic cells. The broad effect of this drug combination across a range of ER-negative breast cancer cell lines indicates that this drug combination should be explored further in order to find a safe and efficacious therapy for ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mhairi Nimick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Agamasu C, Ghanam RH, Saad JS. Structural and Biophysical Characterization of the Interactions between Calmodulin and the Pleckstrin Homology Domain of Akt. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27403-27413. [PMID: 26391397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocation of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, to the plasma membrane is a critical step in the Akt activation pathway. It is established that membrane binding of Akt is mediated by direct interactions between its pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3). There is now evidence that Akt activation in many breast cancer cells is also modulated by the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin (CaM). Upon EGF stimulation of breast cancer cells, CaM co-localizes with Akt at the plasma membrane to enhance activation. However, the molecular details of Akt(PHD) interaction with CaM are not known. In this study, we employed NMR, biochemical, and biophysical techniques to characterize CaM binding to Akt(PHD). Our data show that CaM forms a tight complex with the PHD of Akt (dissociation constant = 100 nm). The interaction between CaM and Akt(PHD) is enthalpically driven, and the affinity is greatly dependent on salt concentration, indicating that electrostatic interactions are important for binding. The CaM-binding interface in Akt(PHD) was mapped to two loops adjacent to the PI(3,4,5)P3 binding site, which represents a rare CaM-binding motif and suggests a synergistic relationship between CaM and PI(3,4,5)P3 upon Akt activation. Elucidation of the mechanism by which Akt interacts with CaM will help in understanding the activation mechanism, which may provide insights for new potential targets to control the pathophysiological processes of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Agamasu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Ruba H Ghanam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jamil S Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
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Ma BL, Shan MH, Sun G, Ren GH, Dong C, Yao X, Zhou M. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and its downstream signaling components in invasive breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5246-54. [PMID: 26151180 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is activated in invasive breast cancer. The expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑mTOR at ser2448 were detected, as well as the expression levels of its downstream signaling molecules: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‑binding protein 1 (4E‑BP1), and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). The correlation between p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, p‑S6K1, and the clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer were also determined. p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 expression was detected in 285 breast cancer tumor samples and adjacent normal tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. The expression levels and the location of the proteins were analyzed and compared in the various tissue samples. Multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the clinicopathological factors and prognosis associated with the tissue samples. The disease‑free survival rate was examined using survival analyses and Log‑rank tests. The results of the present study indicated that the expression levels of p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 were significantly higher in breast cancer tissue, as compared with normal tissue (P<0.01). p‑mTOR was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm, whereas p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 were predominantly co‑expressed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In addition, p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 were more likely to be expressed in the cytoplasm in breast cancer tissue samples, as compared with normal tissue samples (P<0.001). Positive p‑mTOR was not significantly correlated with positive p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 expression. The survival analyses of the patients with positive p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 tissue samples were not significantly different from those of the patients with negative tissue samples (P>0.05). Thus suggesting that these markers are not adequate risk factors for disease free survival (P>0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 are activated in invasive breast cancer. In addition, the exclusive expression of p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 in the cytoplasm may be characteristic of progressive breast cancer. However, p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 are not prognostic factors for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Lin Ma
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hui Shan
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Ren
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Fan P, Cunliffe HE, Maximov PY, Agboke FA, McDaniel RE, Zou X, Ramos P, Russell ML, Jordan VC. Integration of Downstream Signals of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Estrogen-Induced Growth or Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1367-76. [PMID: 26116171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Estrogen (E2) exerts a dual function on E2-deprived breast cancer cells, with both initial proliferation and subsequent induction of stress responses to cause apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which E2 integrally regulates cell growth or apoptosis-associated pathways remains to be elucidated. Here, E2 deprivation results in many alterations in stress-responsive pathways. For instance, E2-deprived breast cancer cells had higher basal levels of stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), compared with wild-type MCF-7 cells. E2 treatment further constitutively activated JNK after 24 hours. However, inhibition of JNK (SP600125) was unable to abolish E2- induced apoptosis, whereas SP600125 alone arrested cells at the G2 phase of the cell cycle and increased apoptosis. Further examination showed that inhibition of JNK increased gene expression of TNFα and did not effectively attenuate expression of apoptosis-related genes induced by E2. A notable finding was that E2 regulated both JNK and Akt as the downstream signals of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGFIR)/PI3K, but with distinctive modulation patterns: JNK was constitutively activated, whereas Akt and Akt-associated proteins, such as PTEN and mTOR, were selectively degraded. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) was involved in the selective protein degradation. These findings highlight a novel IGFIR/PI3K/JNK axis that plays a proliferative role during the prelude to E2-induced apoptosis and that the endoplasmic reticulum is a key regulatory site to decide cell fate after E2 treatment. IMPLICATIONS This study provides a new rationale for further exploration of E2-induced apoptosis to improve clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather E Cunliffe
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fadeke A Agboke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Russell E McDaniel
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xiaojun Zou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Pilar Ramos
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Megan L Russell
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia. Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Wang J, Zhang C, Chen K, Tang H, Tang J, Song C, Xie X. ERβ1 inversely correlates with PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway and predicts a favorable prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 152:255-69. [PMID: 26070269 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-established role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in breast cancer, the significance of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) remains controversial, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We sought to investigate the clinical importance of wild-type ERβ (ERβ1) in TNBC based on a large population, and to explore the potential molecular pathways involved in. A total of 571 patients with invasive TNBC undergoing curative surgery were included in this study. Immunohistochemical staining for ERβ1, pAKT, PTEN, pERK, β-catenin, EGFR, p53, and E-cadherin was performed on tissue microarrays. Prognostic determinants for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), as well as the risk factors for distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and locoregional recurrence-free survival, were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. Overexpression of ERβ1 was detected in 30.4% of tumor samples. Patients with ERβ1 tended to be postmenopausal, and less likely to develop lymphatic metastasis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ERβ1 predicted a better OS, DFS, and DMFS independently. Regarding other biomarkers, only pAKT was identified as an independent negative predictor for survival. Additionally, ERβ1 expression was inversely associated with pAKT and the loss of PTEN. Notably, further survival analysis according to status of ERβ1/pAKT indicated that ERβ1(+)/pAKT(-) predicted the most favorable prognosis for TNBC. On the contrary, ERβ1(-)/pAKT(+) was associated with the worst outcomes. In summary, our findings indicate that ERβ1 independently predicts a better prognosis for TNBC and potentially interacts with the PTEN/PI3K/pAKT pathway. The role of ERβ1-specific agonists combined with the inhibitors of pAKT merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510060, China,
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69
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Jain MV, Jangamreddy JR, Grabarek J, Schweizer F, Klonisch T, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Łos MJ. Nuclear localized Akt enhances breast cancer stem-like cells through counter-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(kip1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2109-20. [PMID: 26030190 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells capable of propagating the disease and causing cancer recurrence. In this study, we found that the cellular localization of PKB/Akt kinase affects the maintenance of CSCs. When Akt tagged with nuclear localization signal (Akt-NLS) was overexpressed in SKBR3 and MDA-MB468 cells, these cells showed a 10-15% increase in the number of cells with CSCs enhanced ALDH activity and demonstrated a CD44(+High)/CD24(-Low) phenotype. This effect was completely reversed in the presence of Akt-specific inhibitor, triciribine. Furthermore, cells overexpressing Akt or Akt-NLS were less likely to be in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by inactivating p21(Waf1/Cip1) and exhibited increased clonogenicity and proliferation as assayed by colony-forming assay (mammosphere formation). Thus, our data emphasize the importance the intracellular localization of Akt has on stemness in human breast cancer cells. It also indicates a new robust way for improving the enrichment and culture of CSCs for experimental purposes. Hence, it allows for the development of simpler protocols to study stemness, clonogenic potency, and screening of new chemotherapeutic agents that preferentially target cancer stem cells. SUMMARY The presented data, (i) shows new, stemness-promoting role of nuclear Akt/PKB kinase, (ii) it underlines the effects of nuclear Akt on cell cycle regulation, and finally (iii) it suggests new ways to study cancer stem-like cells.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin D
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Akt-NLS
- BPE, bovine pituitary epithelial
- Bcl2, B cell lymphoma 2
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSCs, cancer stem-like cells
- DEAB, diethylaminobenzaldehyde
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1
- JAK, Janus kinase
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PDK, phosphoinositide dependent kinase
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PI3K
- PI3K, phoshatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, room temperature
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- WT, wild type
- cancer stem-like cells
- hEGF, human epidermal growth factor
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- poly-HEMA, poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- stemness
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Vilas Jain
- a Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN); Linköping Univ. ; Linköping , Sweden
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Curigliano G, Disalvatore D, Esposito A, Pruneri G, Lazzeroni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Luini A, Orecchia R, Goldhirsch A, Rotmensz N, Bonanni B, Viale G. Risk of subsequentin situ and invasive breast cancer in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive ductal carcinomain situ. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:682-687. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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71
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Citro S, Miccolo C, Meloni L, Chiocca S. PI3K/mTOR mediate mitogen-dependent HDAC1 phosphorylation in breast cancer: a novel regulation of estrogen receptor expression. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 7:132-42. [PMID: 25801958 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an important epigenetic controller involved in transcriptional regulation through modification of chromatin structure. Genetic and epigenetic changes and deregulation of signal transduction pathways have been implicated in the development of breast cancer. Downregulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression is one of the mechanisms behind the acquisition of endocrine resistance. Sustained and increased hormone and growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer cells contribute to resistance to endocrine therapy. Both HDACs and the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway are becoming promising targets in breast cancer, reversing also acquired hormone resistance. Here we show how mitogens, activating the PI3K/mTOR pathway, trigger the phosphorylation of HDAC1 in breast cancer cells, which is completely dependent on the activity of the p70 S6 kinase (S6K1). Our findings show that S6K1, overexpressed in many breast cancers, controls HDAC1-dependent transcriptional regulation of ERα levels upon mitogenic stimuli, controlling HDAC1 recruitment to the ERα promoter. Furthermore, cell treatment with both mTOR and HDACs inhibitors shows an additive effect in inhibiting breast cancer proliferation. This confirms the novel cross-talk between the HDAC1 and PI3K pathways with clinical implications towards the treatment of this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Citro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Miccolo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Meloni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy Present address: Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde, 927 VIB west, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susanna Chiocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
In MCF-7 breast cancer cells epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cell proliferation, whereas heregulin (HRG)/neuregulin (NRG) induces irreversible phenotypic changes accompanied by lipid accumulation. Although these changes in breast cancer cells resemble processes that take place in the tissue, there is no understanding of signalling mechanisms regulating it. To identify molecular mechanisms mediating this cell-fate decision process, we applied different perturbations to pathways activated by these growth factors. The results demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex (mTORC)1 activation is necessary for lipid accumulation that can also be induced by insulin, whereas stimulation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is surprisingly dispensable. Interestingly, insulin exposure, as short as 4 h, was sufficient for triggering the lipid accumulation, whereas much longer treatment with HRG was required for achieving similar cellular response. Further, activation patterns of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), an enzyme playing a central role in linking glycolytic and lipogenic pathways, suggest that lipids accumulated within cells are produced de novo rather than absorbed from the environment. In the present study, we demonstrate that PI3K pathway regulates phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells, whereas signal intensity and duration is crucial for cell fate decisions and commitment. Our findings reveal that MCF-7 cell fate decisions are controlled by a network of positive and negative regulators of both signalling and metabolic pathways. Excessive production and accumulation of lipids is often observed in breast cancer tissue. In the current study, we investigate signalling mechanisms regulating this process using a model cell line.
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Role of phosphatidylinositol phosphate signaling in the regulation of the filamentous-growth mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:427-40. [PMID: 25724886 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00013-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a key event in the determination of organelle identity and an underlying regulatory feature in many biological processes. Here, we investigated the role of PI signaling in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that controls filamentous growth in yeast. Lipid kinases that generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] at the Golgi (Pik1p) or PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane (PM) (Mss4p and Stt4p) were required for filamentous-growth MAPK pathway signaling. Introduction of a conditional allele of PIK1 (pik1-83) into the filamentous (Σ1278b) background reduced MAPK activity and caused defects in invasive growth and biofilm/mat formation. MAPK regulatory proteins that function at the PM, including Msb2p, Sho1p, and Cdc42p, were mislocalized in the pik1-83 mutant, which may account for the signaling defects of the PI(4)P kinase mutants. Other PI kinases (Fab1p and Vps34p), and combinations of PIP (synaptojanin-type) phosphatases, also influenced the filamentous-growth MAPK pathway. Loss of these proteins caused defects in cell polarity, which may underlie the MAPK signaling defect seen in these mutants. In line with this possibility, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin A (LatA) dampened the filamentous-growth pathway. Various PIP signaling mutants were also defective for axial budding in haploid cells, cell wall construction, or proper regulation of the high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) pathway. Altogether, the study extends the roles of PI signaling to a differentiation MAPK pathway and other cellular processes.
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Wan J, Che Y, Kang N, Wu W. SOCS3 blocks HIF-1α expression to inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis of human small cell lung cancer by downregulating activation of Akt, but not STAT3. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:83-92. [PMID: 25695729 PMCID: PMC4438922 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a major negative regulator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) during tumorigenesis. Previous studies have indicated that SOCS3 also regulates other signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt. However, little is known about the specific molecular mechanisms by which SOCS3 regulates the proliferation and angiogenesis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. The present study investigated the effect of SOCS3 upregulation on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and how this affects the proliferation and angiogenesis of SCLC cells. It was investigated whether this interaction is associated with STAT3 or the Akt signaling pathway. The results of the present study revealed that SOCS3 negatively regulates proliferation and angiogenesis of NCI-H446 cells and that HIF-1α is required in this process. The results also suggested a suppressive role of SOCS3 in Akt signaling, but not STAT3 signaling to block HIF-1α expression and a previously unidentified regulatory mechanism for Akt function. In conclusion, the present study suggested that SOCS3 targets the Akt signaling pathway to inhibit HIF-1α expression and affect the growth and angio-genesis of SCLC cells, and may therefore be considered as a potential novel therapeutic for the treatment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yun Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Kang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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Geuna E, Milani A, Martinello R, Aversa C, Valabrega G, Scaltriti M, Montemurro F. Buparlisib , an oral pan-PI3K inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:421-31. [PMID: 25645727 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1008132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) intracellular signaling pathway is common in breast cancer (BC) and has been found to be potentially implicated in resistance to endocrine and anti-HER2 therapies. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may remove this inhibition and restore sensitivity to these compounds. Buparlisib (BKM120) is a potent oral pan-class I PI3K inhibitor that is being extensively evaluated in multiple tumor types. AREAS COVERED This review briefly summarizes the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of buparlisib, focusing on preclinical and clinical data in BC and on ongoing randomized trials. EXPERT OPINION Overall, buparlisib is a safe and tolerable drug and, despite its peculiar toxicity profile, it is suitable for studies in combination with other anticancer agents in BC. Early-phase clinical trials in BC have provided evidence of antitumor activity. Several trials are being conducted in all the biological subsets of BC, including combinations with endocrine therapy, anti-HER2 agents, PARP-inhibitors and chemotherapy. While clinical results are eagerly awaited, biological material suitable for both genomic and non-genomic analyses is being collected. The authors expect an intense investigation of the potential biomarkers that explain response or resistance to buparlisib and inspire strategies to rationally explore the therapeutic potential of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Geuna
- Investigative Clinical Oncology (INCO), Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) - Candiolo Cancer Center (IRCCs), Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment of Candiolo , Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, CAP 10060, Candiolo, Turin , Italy +39 0119933958 ; +39 0119621525 ;
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Yanai A, Inoue N, Yagi T, Nishimukai A, Miyagawa Y, Murase K, Imamura M, Enomoto Y, Takatsuka Y, Watanabe T, Hirota S, Sasa M, Katagiri T, Miyoshi Y. Activation of mTOR/S6K But Not MAPK Pathways Might Be Associated With High Ki-67, ER(+), and HER2(-) Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 15:197-203. [PMID: 25600244 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We determined the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in 108 cases of estrogen receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer with high and low Ki-67 expression. The expression levels of Ki-67, p53, phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK), and protein S6 (pS6; downstream molecule of PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/S6 kinase pathway) were determined immunohistochemically. pS6 positivity, but not pMAPK positivity, was significantly associated with the high Ki-67 expression subset. BACKGROUND Evaluation of luminal A and luminal B characteristics of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer is considered important. Although the phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are thought to be involved in the luminal B subtype, the details of their contribution to breast cancer remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the activation of these pathways (phosphorylated MAPK [pMAPK] and protein S6 [pS6; a downstream molecule of PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase (S6K)]) in 108 ER(+), HER2(-) breast cancer cases with high and low Ki-67 expression. The ER, progesterone receptor (PgR), Ki-67, p53 expression levels were also determined immunohistochemically. The cutoff value for Ki-67 was set at 15%. RESULTS A significantly greater percentage of cancer cases with high Ki-67 expression showed pS6 positivity than did those with low Ki-67 expression (53.2% vs. 19.7%; P = .0003). No significant differences were found between the cases with high and low expression levels were detected for p53 (23.4% vs. 11.5%; P = .12) or pMAPK (36.2% vs. 34.4%; P = .85) positivity. Multivariate analysis showed that pS6 positivity (odds ratio 5.16, 95% confidence interval 1.95-13.63; P = .0009), nuclear grade 2 and 3, and low PgR expression (≤ 20%) were independently associated with the high Ki-67 subset. CONCLUSION From our findings, we have concluded that the pS6 expression level is associated with the characteristics of breast cancer with high Ki-67 expression. Because these associations were observed, irrespective of menopausal status, the biologic difference seems to be less affected by estrogen signaling than by activation of S6 protein, especially in terms of proliferation. Our findings have also indicated that targeting the mTOR/S6K pathway might be a useful strategy for the treatment of ER(+)/HER2(-) breast cancer with high Ki-67 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yanai
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Inoue
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yagi
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Arisa Nishimukai
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Miyagawa
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keiko Murase
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Michiko Imamura
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukie Enomoto
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takatsuka
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Sasa
- Tokushima Breast Care Clinic, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miyoshi
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Milani A, Geuna E, Mittica G, Valabrega G. Overcoming endocrine resistance in metastatic breast cancer: Current evidence and future directions. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:990-1001. [PMID: 25493235 PMCID: PMC4259959 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About 75% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive. They generally have a more favorable clinical behavior, prognosis, and pattern of recurrence, and endocrine therapy forms the backbone of treatment. Anti-estrogens (such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant) and aromatase inhibitors (such as anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) can effectively control the disease and induce tumor responses in a large proportion of patients. However, the majority of patients progress during endocrine therapy (acquired resistance) and a proportion of patients may fail to respond to initial therapy (de novo resistance). Endocrine resistance is therefore of clinical concern and there is great interest in strategies that delay or circumvent it. A deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that drive endocrine resistance has recently led to development of new strategies that have the promise to effectively overcome it. Many resistance mechanisms have been described, and the crosstalk between ER and growth factor receptor signaling pathways seems to represent one of the most relevant. Compounds that are able to inhibit key elements of these pathways and restore endocrine sensitivity have been studied and more are currently under development. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular pathophysiology of endocrine resistance in breast cancer and its impact on current clinical management.
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Effect of evodiagenine mediates photocytotoxicity on human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 through inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and activation of p38 pathways. Fitoterapia 2014; 99:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang S, Sun Y, He A, Zheng C, Zheng X. Predictive value of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin for disease-free survival in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2642-2648. [PMID: 25364442 PMCID: PMC4214504 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) pathway plays a critical role in cell growth, survival and angiogenesis, and has been demonstrated to correlate with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), also known as preoperative therapy, is now well established in the treatment of inoperable locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. In vitro study has shown that mTOR inhibitors, together with cytotoxic agents, exhibit tumor cell killing activity. A number of non-randomized studies in HER2-positive trastuzumab-resistant metastatic breast cancer have revealed the antitumor activity of mTOR inhibitors when used together with standard chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. In the present study, the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 were analyzed in breast cancer patients prior to and following NAC, to determine whether p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 affect the response to NAC and the subsequent survival. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues representing matched pairs of core biopsy (pre-NAC) and surgical specimen (post-NAC) from 83 patients with invasive ductal carcinomas were collected. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 using a semi-quantitative scoring system by two pathologists. It was found that the expression of p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 was downregulated following NAC. The decrease in mTOR expression following NAC was found to positively correlate with HER2 expression and the reduction of tumor sizes. The high expression of p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 in pre-NAC specimens was associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS). Furthermore, the high expression of p-mTOR in post-NAC specimens was associated with poor DFS, regardless of whether the expression was high or low in the pre-NAC specimens. In conclusion, NAC was found to decrease the expression levels of p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1. The p-mTOR expression post-NAC may potentially serve as a predictor for DFS. However, further study is required to clarify the mechanism and to evaluate the predictive value of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway in NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Sun
- Department of Burns, General Hospital of Benxi Iron and Steel Company, Benxi, Liaoning 117000, P.R. China
| | - Anning He
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Caiwei Zheng
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China ; Lab 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway mediates contractility of human endometriotic stromal cells: A promising new target for the treatment of endometriosis-associated fibrosis. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gmit.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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81
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Moreno E, Doughty-Shenton D, Plano D, Font M, Encío I, Palop JA, Sanmartín C. A dihydroselenoquinazoline inhibits S6 ribosomal protein signalling, induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy in MCF-7 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 63:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Estévez LG, Suarez-Gauthier A, García E, Miró C, Calvo I, Fernández-Abad M, Herrero M, Marcos M, Márquez C, Lopez Ríos F, Perea S, Hidalgo M. Molecular effects of lapatinib in patients with HER2 positive ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R76. [PMID: 25186428 PMCID: PMC4448559 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification is frequent in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and is associated with poorly differentiated tumors and adverse prognosis features. This study aimed to determine the molecular effects of the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib in patients with HER2 positive DCIS. Methods Patients with HER2 positive DCIS received 1,500 mg daily of lapatinib for four consecutive weeks prior to surgical resection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to determine changes in tumor volume. The molecular effects of lapatinib on HER2 signaling (PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways), cell proliferation (Ki67 and p27) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were determined in pre and post-lapatinib treatment samples. Results A total of 20 patients were included. Lapatinib was well tolerated with only minor and transient side effects. The agent effectively modulated HER2 signaling decreasing significantly pHER2 and pERK1 expression, together with a decrease in tumor size evaluated by MRI. There was no evidence of changes in Ki67. Conclusions Four weeks of neoadjuvant lapatinib in patients with HER2-positive DCIS resulted in inhibition of HER2 and RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. Trial registration 2008-004492-21 (Registered June 25th 2008). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/bcr3695) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Estévez
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Ana Suarez-Gauthier
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Elena García
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, 28922, Spain.
| | - Cristina Miró
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Isabel Calvo
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - María Fernández-Abad
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Herrero
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Manuel Marcos
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Cristina Márquez
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Fernando Lopez Ríos
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Sofía Perea
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain. .,Clinical Research Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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Wang Y, Lin L, Xu H, Li T, Zhou Y, Dan H, Jiang L, Liao G, Zhou M, Li L, Zeng X, Li J, Chen Q. Genetic variants in AKT1 gene were associated with risk and survival of OSCC in Chinese Han Population. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:45-50. [PMID: 25060489 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKT1 is an important downstream effector of PTEN/PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway. Aberrant expression and genetic variant of AKT1 gene are suggested to be involved in several types of human cancers, including OSCC. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between AKT1 gene polymorphisms and OSCC in Chinese Han Population. METHODS A total of 182 OSCC patients and 207 cancer-free controls were enrolled for this hospital-based study. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on AKT1 (rs1130214, rs1130233, rs2494732, rs3730358, rs3803300) were investigated and genotyped by Sequenom Mass ARRAY & iPLEX-MALDI-TOF technology. Chi-square test, SHEsis software, and Kaplan-Meier method were used to evaluate the relationship between selected SNPs and OSCC susceptibility and progression. RESULTS Significant difference of genotype distribution was observed between cases and control group at SNP sites rs1130214 (P = 0.006) and rs3803300 (P = 0.033, P = 0.003 for heterozygote and homozygous mutant, respectively). In the haplotype analysis, haplotype H4 which contained mutant-type allele of rs1130214 and rs3803300 was also related to OSCC risk (OR = 1.974, 95% CI = 1.048-3.718). Moreover, CT genotype of rs3730358 was associated with higher risk of OSCC progression (HR = 2.466, 95% CI = 1.017-5.981). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that rs1130214 and rs3803300 were related to OSCC susceptibility in Chinese Han Population. In addition, rs3730358 might be associated with progression-free survival time of OSCC patients, suggesting that this SNP could be a potential prognosis marker for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jayarama S, Li LC, Ganesh L, Mardi D, Kanteti P, Hay N, Li P, Prabhakar BS. MADD is a downstream target of PTEN in triggering apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:261-70. [PMID: 24038283 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated kinase activating death domain containing protein (MADD) is abundantly expressed in cancer cells and necessary for maintaining cancer cell survival. However, this survival function of MADD is dependent upon its phosphorylation by protein kinase B (Akt). The tumour suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is a lipid phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway. The downstream targets of PTEN in triggering apoptosis have not yet been completely identified. Here, we report that MADD can act as a pro-apoptotic factor to initiate TRAIL-induced apoptosis when its phosphorylation is attenuated by PTEN. Our data show that tumor necrosis factor α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced a reduction in MADD phosphorylation with a concomitant up-regulation of PTEN. Knock down of PTEN using a specific siRNA prevented TRAIL-induced reduction in pMADD levels. Surprisingly, Akt non-phosphorylated MADD translocated from the plasma membrane to cytoplasm where it bound to 14-3-3 and displaced 14-3-3 associated Bax, which translocated to mitochondria resulting in cytochrome c release. Taken together, our data reveal that PTEN can convey the death signal by preventing MADD phosphorylation by Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Jayarama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
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Zhu F, Guan Y. Predicting dynamic signaling network response under unseen perturbations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:2772-8. [PMID: 24919880 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Predicting trajectories of signaling networks under complex perturbations is one of the most valuable, but challenging, tasks in systems biology. Signaling networks are involved in most of the biological pathways, and modeling their dynamics has wide applications including drug design and treatment outcome prediction. RESULTS In this paper, we report a novel model for predicting the cell type-specific time course response of signaling proteins under unseen perturbations. This algorithm achieved the top performance in the 2013 8th Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods (DREAM 8) subchallenge: time course prediction in breast cancer cell lines. We formulate the trajectory prediction problem into a standard regularization problem; the solution becomes solving this discrete ill-posed problem. This algorithm includes three steps: denoising, estimating regression coefficients and modeling trajectories under unseen perturbations. We further validated the accuracy of this method against simulation and experimental data. Furthermore, this method reduces computational time by magnitudes compared to state-of-the-art methods, allowing genome-wide modeling of signaling pathways and time course trajectories to be carried out in a practical time. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code is available at http://guanlab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/DREAM/code.html and as supplementary file online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wu MH, Chen YA, Chen HH, Chang KW, Chang IS, Wang LH, Hsu HL. MCT-1 expression and PTEN deficiency synergistically promote neoplastic multinucleation through the Src/p190B signaling activation. Oncogene 2014; 33:5109-20. [PMID: 24858043 PMCID: PMC4287651 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multinucleation is associated with malignant neoplasms; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the nuclear abnormality remains unclear. Loss or mutation of PTEN promotes the development of malignant tumors. We now demonstrate that increased expression of the oncogene MCT-1 (multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1) antagonizes PTEN gene presentation, PTEN protein stability and PTEN functional activity, thereby further promoting phosphoinositide 3 kinase/AKT signaling, survival rate and malignancies of the PTEN-deficient cells. In the PTEN-null cancer cells, MCT-1 interacts with p190B and Src in vivo, supporting that they are in proximity of the signaling complexes. MCT-1 overexpression and PTEN loss synergistically augments the Src/p190B signaling function that leads to inhibition of RhoA activity. Under such a condition, the incidence of mitotic catastrophes including spindle multipolarity and cytokinesis failure is enhanced, driving an Src/p190B/RhoA-dependent neoplastic multinucleation. Targeting MCT-1 by the short hairpin RNA markedly represses the Src/p190B function, improves nuclear structures and suppresses xenograft tumorigenicity of the PTEN-null breast cancer cells. Consistent with the oncogenic effects in vitro, clinical evidence has confirmed that MCT-1 gene stimulation is correlated with p190B gene promotion and PTEN gene suppression in human breast cancer. Accordingly, MCT-1 gene induction is recognized as a potential biomarker of breast tumor development. Abrogating MCT-1 function may be a promising stratagem for management of breast cancer involving Src hyperactivation and/or PTEN dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y-A Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-H Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K-W Chang
- Institute of Population Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research and Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - L-H Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-L Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
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de Renty C, DePamphilis ML, Ullah Z. Cytoplasmic localization of p21 protects trophoblast giant cells from DNA damage induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97434. [PMID: 24848107 PMCID: PMC4029599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) can differentiate into nonproliferating but viable trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) that are resistant to DNA damage induced apoptosis. Differentiation is associated with selective up-regulation of the Cip/Kip cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p57 and p21; expression of p27 remains constant. Previous studies showed that p57 localizes to the nucleus in TGCs where it is essential for endoreplication. Here we show that p27 also remains localized to the nucleus during TSC differentiation where it complements the role of p57. Unexpectedly, p21 localized to the cytoplasm where it was maintained throughout both the G- and S-phases of endocycles, and where it prevented DNA damage induced apoptosis. This unusual status for a Cip/Kip protein was dependent on site-specific phosphorylation of p21 by the Akt1 kinase that is also up-regulated in TGCs. Although cytoplasmic p21 is widespread among cancer cells, among normal cells it has been observed only in monocytes. The fact that it also occurs in TGCs reveals that p57 and p21 serve nonredundant functions, and suggests that the role of p21 in suppressing apoptosis is restricted to terminally differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle de Renty
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Hamilton AM, Dees WL. Prepubertal exposure to elevated manganese results in estradiol regulated mammary gland ductal differentiation and hyperplasia in female rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:871-882. [PMID: 24845367 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that environmental substances regulating estrogenic pathways during puberty may be detrimental to the developing mammary gland (MG). Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral required for normal physiological processes. Prepubertal exposure to Mn induces precocious puberty in rats, an event associated with early elevations in puberty-related hormones, including estradiol (E2). However, until now the effect of Mn-induced precocious MG development has not been determined. Therefore, we assessed the ability of prepubertal Mn exposure to advance normal MG development and alter E2 driven pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Sprague Dawley female rats were gavaged daily with either 10 mg/kg manganese chloride (MnCl2) or saline (control) from postnatal day (PND) 12 through PND 30. Blood and MGs were collected on PNDs 30 and 120. Compared to controls, serum E2 levels on PND 30 were elevated (p < 0.05) in the Mn-treated group. Mn exposure significantly increased differentiated MG terminal ductal structures and the percentage of MG epithelial cells that stained positive for the proliferative marker, Ki67, at PND 30 (p < 0.001) and PND 120 (p < 0.001). Levels of Mn (ppm) were not elevated in these MGs. Mn-treated animals (40%) exhibited reactive stroma and intra-luminal focal hyperplasia in hemotoxylin and eosin stained MGs at PND 120. Furthermore, Mn exposure resulted in elevated protein expression levels of estrogen receptor α, activator protein 2α, phosphorylated (p)-Akt, and p53 in MGs on PND 120, but not on PND 30. Collectively, these data show that exposure to a supplemental dose of Mn causes accelerated pubertal MG growth which can progress to adult hyperplasia; thus, providing evidence that early life Mn exposure may increase susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Dearth
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Alina M Hamilton
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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89
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Villegas-Comonfort S, Castillo-Sanchez R, Serna-Marquez N, Cortes-Reynosa P, Salazar EP. Arachidonic acid promotes migration and invasion through a PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:169-77. [PMID: 24565443 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a common dietary n-6 cis polyunsaturated fatty acid that under physiological conditions is present in an esterified form in cell membrane phospholipids, however it might be present in the extracellular microenvironment. AA and its metabolites mediate FAK activation, adhesion and migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. However, it remains to be investigated whether AA promotes invasion and the signal transduction pathways involved in migration and invasion. Here, we demonstrate that AA induces Akt2 activation and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells. Akt2 activation requires the activity of Src, EGFR, and PIK3, whereas migration and invasion require Akt, PI3K, EGFR and metalloproteinases activity. Moreover, AA also induces NFκB-DNA binding activity through a PI3K and Akt-dependent pathway. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that Akt/PI3K and EGFR pathways mediate migration and invasion induced by AA in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socrates Villegas-Comonfort
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico
| | - Rocio Castillo-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico
| | - Nathalia Serna-Marquez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico
| | - Pedro Cortes-Reynosa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Perez Salazar
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico.
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90
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Abramson VG, Cooper Lloyd M, Ballinger T, Sanders ME, Du L, Lai D, Su Z, Mayer I, Levy M, LaFrance DR, Vnencak-Jones CL, Shyr Y, Dahlman KB, Pao W, Arteaga CL. Characterization of breast cancers with PI3K mutations in an academic practice setting using SNaPshot profiling. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:389-99. [PMID: 24722917 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PIK3CA gene are common in breast cancer and represent a clinically useful therapeutic target. Several larger, population-based studies have shown a positive prognostic significance associated with these mutations. This study aims to further identify characteristics of patients harboring PIK3CA mutations while evaluating the clinical impact of genomic testing for these mutations. Tumors from 312 patients at Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center were analyzed for PIK3CA mutations using a multiplex screening assay (SNaPshot). Mutation rates, receptor status, histopathologic characteristics, and time to recurrence were assessed. The number of patients participating in clinical trials, specifically trials relating to the PIK3CA mutation, was examined. Statistically significant differences between wild-type and mutated tumors were determined using the Wilcoxon, Pearson, and Fischer exact tests. The PIK3CA mutation was found in 25 % of tumors tested. Patients with PIK3CA mutations were significantly more likely to express hormone receptors, be of lower combined histological grade, and have a reduced time to recurrence. Patients found to have a PIK3CA mutation were significantly more likely to enter a PIK3CA-specific clinical trial. In addition to confirming previously established positive prognostic characteristics of tumors harboring PIK3CA mutations, this study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of mutation profiling in a clinical setting. PIK3CA mutation testing impacted treatment and resulted in more patients entering mutation-specific clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana G Abramson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave, 777 PRB, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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91
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Kuger S, Cörek E, Polat B, Kämmerer U, Flentje M, Djuzenova CS. Novel PI3K and mTOR Inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 Radiosensitizes Breast Cancer Cell Lines under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2014; 8:39-49. [PMID: 24678241 PMCID: PMC3964191 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed, if the novel dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 radiosensitizes triple negative (TN) MDA-MB-231 and estrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF-7 cells to ionizing radiation under various oxygen conditions, simulating different microenvironments as occurring in the majority of breast cancers (BCs). Irradiation (IR) of BC cells cultivated in hypoxic conditions revealed increased radioresistance compared to normoxic controls. Treatment with NVP-BEZ235 completely circumvented this hypoxia-induced effects and radiosensitized normoxic, reoxygenated, and hypoxic cells to similar extents. Furthermore, NVP-BEZ235 treatment suppressed HIF-1α expression and PI3K/mTOR signaling, induced autophagy, and caused protracted DNA damage repair in both cell lines in all tested oxygen conditions. Moreover, after incubation with NVP-BEZ235, MCF-7 cells revealed depletion of phospho-AKT and considerable signs of apoptosis, which were significantly enhanced by radiation. Our findings clearly demonstrate that NVP-BEZ235 has a clinical relevant potential as a radiosensitizer in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emre Cörek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bülent Polat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cholpon S. Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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92
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer cells can develop resistance to standard hormonal treatment and chemotherapy with the activation of the mTOR pathway; this is supported by results of preclinical and clinical studies. In clinical trials, the addition of everolimus to hormonal treatment or anti-HER2 treatment improved the outcomes of breast cancer patients. The aim of this review is to discuss the efficacy and safety data of everolimus in all categories of breast cancer in recent published studies. SCOPE Everolimus showed positive results in clinical studies. A literature search was made from PubMed, ASCO and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium Meeting abstracts by using the following search key words: 'everolimus', 'RAD001', 'mTOR inhibitor', 'breast cancer' 'endocrine therapy resistance' and 'HER-2 targeted therapies'. The last search was on June 10, 2013. The most important limitation of our review is that most of the data on everolimus rely on phase I and II trials. FINDINGS Preclinical studies showed that mTOR activation can be the responsible mechanism in all subgroups of breast cancer. Results of both the TAMRAD and BOLERO-2 studies have showed that mTOR inhibition in combination with endocrine therapy can be a new treatment strategy for MBC patients who are resistant to aromatase inhibitors. In the BOLERO-2 study, time to deterioration in health-related quality of life was also significantly higher in the everolimus and exemestane arm compared to the exemestane plus placebo arm. The recently completed BOLERO-3 study showed that mTOR inhibition in combination with trastuzumab plus vinorelbine treatment significantly improved PFS compared to trastuzumab plus vinorelbine alone in trastuzumab-resistant MBC patients. CONCLUSION Recent trials have shown that everolimus has produced promising anti-tumor activity in combination with trastuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and in combination with exemestane in patients with hormone-receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer who had recurrence or progression while receiving a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. Results of ongoing studies with everolimus show evidence that using everolimus in earlier stages of the disease, namely in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings, could be benefical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A N Sendur
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey
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93
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Calderaro J, Rebouissou S, de Koning L, Masmoudi A, Hérault A, Dubois T, Maille P, Soyeux P, Sibony M, de la Taille A, Vordos D, Lebret T, Radvanyi F, Allory Y. PI3K/AKT pathway activation in bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1776-84. [PMID: 24122582 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to play a major role in bladder carcinogenesis, but its relationships with other molecular alterations observed in bladder cancer remain unknown. We investigated PI3K/AKT pathway activation in a series of human bladder urothelial carcinomas (UC) according to PTEN expression, PTEN deletions and FGFR3, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, NRAS and TP53 gene mutations. The series included 6 normal bladder urothelial samples and 129 UC (Ta n = 25, T1 n = 34, T2-T3-T4 n = 70). Expression of phospho-AKT (pAKT), phospho-S6-Ribosomal Protein (pS6) (one downstream effector of PI3K/AKT pathway) and PTEN was evaluated by reverse phase protein Array. Expression of miR-21, miR-19a and miR-222, known to regulate PTEN expression, was also evaluated. pAKT expression levels were higher in tumors than in normal urothelium (p < 0.01), regardless of stage and showed a weak and positive correlation with pS6 (Spearman coefficient RS = 0.26; p = 0.002). No association was observed between pAKT or pS6 expression and the gene mutations studied. PTEN expression was decreased in PTEN-deleted tumors, and in T1 (p = 0.0089) and T2-T3-T4 (p < 0.001) tumors compared to Ta tumors; it was also negatively correlated with miR-19a (RS = -0.50; p = 0.0088) and miR-222 (RS = -0.48; p = 0.0132), but not miR-21 (RS = -0.27; p = 0.18) expression. pAKT and PTEN expressions were not negatively correlated, and, on the opposite, a positive and moderate correlation was observed in Ta (RS = 0.54; p = 0.0056) and T1 (RS = 0.56; p = 0.0006) tumors. Our study suggests that PI3K/AKT pathway activation occurs in the entire spectrum of bladder UC regardless of stage or known most frequent molecular alterations, and independently of low PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Calderaro
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Département de Pathologie, 51 avenue du Mal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France; INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
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94
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Wu Y, Sarkissyan M, Elshimali Y, Vadgama JV. Triple negative breast tumors in African-American and Hispanic/Latina women are high in CD44+, low in CD24+, and have loss of PTEN. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78259. [PMID: 24167614 PMCID: PMC3805609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-American women have higher mortality from breast cancer than other ethnic groups. The association between poor survival and differences with tumor phenotypes is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical significance of (1) Stem cell-like markers CD44 and CD24; (2) PI3K/Akt pathway associated targets PTEN, activation of Akt, and FOXO1; and (3) the Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) in different breast cancer subtypes, and compare the differences between African-American and Hispanic/Latina women who have similar social-economic-status. METHODS A total of N=318 African-American and Hispanic/Latina women, with clinically-annotated information within the inclusion criteria were included. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues from these patients were tested for the different markers using immunohistochemistry techniques. Kaplan-Meier survival-curves and Cox-regression analyses were used to assess Relative Risk and Disease-Free-Survival (DFS). RESULTS The triple-negative-breast-cancer (TNBC) receptor-subtype was more prevalent among premenopausal women, and the Hormonal Receptor (HR) positive subtype was most common overall. TNBC tumors were more likely to have loss of PTEN, express high Ki67, and have increased CD44+/CD24- expression. TNBC was also associated with higher plasma-IGF-I levels. HR-/HER2+ tumors showed high pAkt, decreased FOXO1, and high CD24+ expression. The loss of PTEN impacted DFS significantly in African Americans, but not in Hispanics/Latinas after adjusted for treatment and other tumor pathological factors. The CD44+/CD24- and CD24+/CD44- phenotypes decreased DFS, but were not independent predictors for DFS. HER2-positive and TNBC type of cancers continued to exhibit significant decrease in DFS after adjusting for the selected biomarkers and treatment. CONCLUSIONS TNBC incidence is high among African-American and Hispanic/Latino women residing in South Los Angeles. Our study also shows for the first time that TNBC was significantly associated with PTEN loss, high Ki67 and the CD44+/CD24- phenotype. The loss of PTEN impacts DFS significantly in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Wu
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marianna Sarkissyan
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yahya Elshimali
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jaydutt V. Vadgama
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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95
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DRR regulates AKT activation to drive brain cancer invasion. Oncogene 2013; 33:4952-60. [PMID: 24141773 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and invasive adult brain cancer. The rapid invasion of cancer cells into the normal brain is a major cause of treatment failure, yet the mechanisms that regulate this process are poorly understood. We have identified a novel mechanism of brain cancer invasion. We show that downregulated in renal cell carcinoma (DRR), which is newly expressed in invasive gliomas, recruits AKT to focal adhesions. This DRR- induced pathological relocalization of AKT bypasses commonly altered upstream signaling events and leads to AKT activation and invasion. We also developed an oligonucleotide therapeutic that reduces DRR expression and prevents glioma invasion in an in vivo preclinical model of the disease. Our findings identify DRR as a novel GBM target and show that oligonucleotides targeting DRR is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of DRR-positive GBMs.
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96
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Li X, Kong X, Wang Y, Yang Q. BRCC2 inhibits breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo via downregulating AKT pathway. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e757. [PMID: 23928696 PMCID: PMC3763451 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we demonstrated that the BRCC2 (breast cancer cell 2) gene is a proapoptotic molecule that interacts with Bcl-XL. BRCC2 downregulation is associated with poor disease-free and overall survival in breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of BRCC2 in tumor suppression in breast cancer. In clinical breast cancer samples, we found that BRCC2 expression was significantly downregulated in cancer lesions compared with paired normal breast tissues. By silencing or overexpressing BRCC2 in breast cancer cells, we found that BRCC2 could inhibit cell growth and metastasis in vitro. An in vivo assay showed that BRCC2 not only dramatically inhibited breast cancer cell xenograft formation and growth but also inhibited breast cancer cell metastasis in a lung metastasis model. Moreover, we demonstrated that BRCC2 inhibited breast cancer metastasis via regulation of the Akt pathway. Thus, our study provided evidence that BRCC2 functions as a novel tumor suppressor in breast cancer and may be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No.107, Ji'nan 250012, China
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97
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Cecim RL, Carmo HAF, Kataoka MSS, Freitas VM, de Melo Alves Júnior S, Pedreira EN, Jaeger RG, Pinheiro JJV. Expression of molecules related to AKT pathway as putative regulators of ameloblastoma local invasiveness. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:143-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolpho L. Cecim
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pará; Belem Brazil
| | - Hicso A. F. Carmo
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pará; Belem Brazil
| | - Maria S. S. Kataoka
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pará; Belem Brazil
| | - Vanessa M. Freitas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Erick N. Pedreira
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pará; Belem Brazil
| | - Ruy G. Jaeger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Joao J. V. Pinheiro
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pará; Belem Brazil
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98
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Toker A. Achieving specificity in Akt signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 52:78-87. [PMID: 21986444 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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99
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Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype, defined clinically by the lack of estrogen, progesterone, and Her2 receptor expression, accounts for 10% to 15% of annual breast cancer diagnoses. Currently, limited therapeutic options have shown clinical benefit beyond cytotoxic chemotherapy. Defining this clinical cohort and identifying subtype-specific molecular targets remain critical for new therapeutic development. The current era of high-throughput molecular analysis has revealed new insights into these targets and confirmed the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) as a key player in pathogenesis. The improved knowledge of the molecular basis of TNBC in parallel with efforts to develop new PI3K pathway-specific inhibitors may finally produce the therapeutic breakthrough that is desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vallerie Gordon
- Department of Medical Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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100
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Berndt N, Patel R, Yang H, Balasis ME, Sebti SM. Akt2 and acid ceramidase cooperate to induce cell invasion and resistance to apoptosis. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2024-32. [PMID: 23777806 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Akt 2 and acid ceramidase (ASAH1) are found aberrantly overexpressed in cancer cells, but whether these two enzymes cooperate to induce malignant transformation is not known. We found that in immortalized, non-transformed cells, ectopic co-expression of Akt2 and ASAH1 is significantly more effective than expression of each gene alone at inducing cell invasion and at conferring resistance to apoptosis. Consistent with these observations, siRNA-mediated depletion of both Akt2 and ASAH1 is much more potent than depleting each alone at inhibiting cell viability/proliferation and cell invasion. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of Akt (TCN or MK-2206) and ASAH1 (B13) synergize to inhibit cell viability/proliferation, and combinations of these drugs are more effective than single-agent treatments at inhibiting cell invasion. Taken together, the results suggest that these two enzymes cooperate to induce malignant transformation and warrant further preclinical studies to evaluate the potential of combining inhibitors of Akt and ASAH1 to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Berndt
- Drug Discovery Department and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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