51
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A promising new approach to cancer therapy: Targeting iron metabolism in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:125-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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52
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Tumour microenvironment and metabolic plasticity in cancer and cancer stem cells: Perspectives on metabolic and immune regulatory signatures in chemoresistant ovarian cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:265-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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53
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Geng J, Yuan X, Wei M, Wu J, Qin ZH. The diverse role of TIGAR in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1240-1249. [PMID: 30284488 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1489133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is a p53 target protein that plays critical roles in glycolysis and redox balance. Accumulating evidence shows that TIGAR is highly expressed in cancer. TIGAR redirects glycolysis and promotes carcinoma growth by providing metabolic intermediates and reductive power derived from pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The expression of TIGAR in cancer is positively associated with chemotherapy resistance, suggesting that TIGAR could be a novel therapeutic target. In this review, we briefly presented the function of TIGAR in metabolic homeostasis in normal and cancer cells. Finally, we discussed the future directions of TIGAR research in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Geng
- a Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- b Pathology Department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
| | - Mingzhen Wei
- a Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
| | - Junchao Wu
- a Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- a Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
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54
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Bartrons R, Simon-Molas H, Rodríguez-García A, Castaño E, Navarro-Sabaté À, Manzano A, Martinez-Outschoorn UE. Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate in Cancer Cell Metabolism. Front Oncol 2018; 8:331. [PMID: 30234009 PMCID: PMC6131595 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, pioneers in the field of cancer cell metabolism, such as Otto Warburg, have focused on the idea that tumor cells maintain high glycolytic rates even with adequate oxygen supply, in what is known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. Recent studies have reported a more complex situation, where the tumor ecosystem plays a more critical role in cancer progression. Cancer cells display extraordinary plasticity in adapting to changes in their tumor microenvironment, developing strategies to survive and proliferate. The proliferation of cancer cells needs a high rate of energy and metabolic substrates for biosynthesis of biomolecules. These requirements are met by the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and others present in the tumor microenvironment, which is essential for tumor survival and spread. Metabolic reprogramming involves a complex interplay between oncogenes, tumor suppressors, growth factors and local factors in the tumor microenvironment. These factors can induce overexpression and increased activity of glycolytic isoenzymes and proteins in stromal and cancer cells which are different from those expressed in normal cells. The fructose-6-phosphate/fructose-1,6-bisphosphate cycle, catalyzed by 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase/fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (PFK1/FBPase1) isoenzymes, plays a key role in controlling glycolytic rates. PFK1/FBpase1 activities are allosterically regulated by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, the product of the enzymatic activity of the dual kinase/phosphatase family of enzymes: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB1-4) and TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), which show increased expression in a significant number of tumor types. In this review, the function of these isoenzymes in the regulation of metabolism, as well as the regulatory factors modulating their expression and activity in the tumor ecosystem are discussed. Targeting these isoenzymes, either directly or by inhibiting their activating factors, could be a promising approach for treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Bartrons
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Catalunya, Spain
| | - Helga Simon-Molas
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-García
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Catalunya, Spain
| | - Esther Castaño
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Àurea Navarro-Sabaté
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Catalunya, Spain
| | - Anna Manzano
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Catalunya, Spain
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55
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Zhu Y, Dean AE, Horikoshi N, Heer C, Spitz DR, Gius D. Emerging evidence for targeting mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3682-3691. [PMID: 30168803 DOI: 10.1172/jci120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells use a complex network of redox-dependent processes necessary to maintain cellular integrity during oxidative metabolism, as well as to protect against and/or adapt to stress. The disruption of these redox-dependent processes, including those in the mitochondria, creates a cellular environment permissive for progression to a malignant phenotype and the development of resistance to commonly used anticancer agents. An extension of this paradigm is that when these mitochondrial functions are altered by the events leading to transformation and ensuing downstream metabolic processes, they can be used as molecular biomarkers or targets in the development of new therapeutic interventions to selectively kill and/or sensitize cancer versus normal cells. In this Review we propose that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is altered in tumor cells, and the central theme of this dysregulation is electron transport chain activity, folate metabolism, NADH/NADPH metabolism, thiol-mediated detoxification pathways, and redox-active metal ion metabolism. It is proposed that specific subgroups of human malignancies display distinct mitochondrial transformative and/or tumor signatures that may benefit from agents that target these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela Elizabeth Dean
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Collin Heer
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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56
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Tseng PL, Chen CW, Hu KH, Cheng HC, Lin YH, Tsai WH, Cheng TJ, Wu WH, Yeh CW, Lin CC, Tsai HJ, Chang HC, Chuang JH, Shan YS, Chang WT. The decrease of glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 1 accelerates tumor malignancy via deregulating energy metabolism but sensitizes cancer cells to 2-deoxyglucose inhibition. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18949-18969. [PMID: 29721175 PMCID: PMC5922369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors often display an aberrant energy metabolism that relies primarily on glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the so-called Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis. Thus, the elucidation of this energetic alteration in malignant tumors is important in the search for more effective therapeutics against malignant cancers, the most deadly human disease. To investigate whether attenuated glycolytic activity modulates tumor progression, the effects of silencing the first and rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK) isozymes HK1 and HK2 were examined. There was an inverse correlation between the expression of HK1 and HK2 in human cancer cells. In cervical carcinoma cells, the HK1 but not HK2 knockdown induced a phenotypic change characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which accelerated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo analyses. Notably, the silencing of HK1 disrupted aerobic respiration and increased glycolysis, but it had no effect on ATP generation. These metabolic changes were associated with higher HK2 and lactate dehydrogenase 1 expression but a lower citrate synthase level. Particularly, the HK1 knockdown induced aberrant energy metabolism that was almost recapitulated by HK2 overexpression. Moreover, the HK1-silenced cells showed strong glucose-dependent growth and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) induced cell proliferation inhibition. These results clearly indicate that the silencing of HK1, but not HK2, alters energy metabolism and induces an EMT phenotype, which enhances tumor malignancy, but increases the susceptibility of cancer cells to 2-DG inhibition. In addition, this work also suggests that the glycolytic inhibitors should be used only to treat cancers with elevated glycolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 302, Taiwan.,Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Foundation Medical Centre, Tainan 710, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Safety and Health/Institute of Industrial Safety and Disaster Prevention, College of Sustainable Environment, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hsun Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ho Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Tsai
- Department of Paediatrics, Chi Mei Foundation Medical Centre, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Tain-Junn Cheng
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health/Institute of Industrial Safety and Disaster Prevention, College of Sustainable Environment, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology and Occupational Medicine, Chi Mei Foundation Medical Centre, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chih Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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57
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Zielinska HA, Holly JMP, Bahl A, Perks CM. Inhibition of FASN and ERα signalling during hyperglycaemia-induced matrix-specific EMT promotes breast cancer cell invasion via a caveolin-1-dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:187-202. [PMID: 29331414 PMCID: PMC5832758 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since disturbed metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes can be critical determinants of breast cancer progression and therapeutic failure, we aimed to determine the mechanism responsible for their pro-oncogenic effects. Using non-invasive, epithelial-like ERα-positive MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cells we found that hyperglycaemia induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key programme responsible for the development of metastatic disease. This was demonstrated by loss of the epithelial marker E-cadherin together with increases in mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, fibronectin and the transcription factor SLUG, together with an enhancement of cell growth and invasion. These phenotypic changes were only observed with cells grown on fibronectin and not with those plated on collagen. Analyzing metabolic parameters, we found that hyperglycaemia-induced, matrix-specific EMT promoted the Warburg effect by upregulating glucose uptake, lactate release and specific glycolytic enzymes and transporters. We showed that silencing of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and the downstream ERα, which we showed previously to mediate hyperglycaemia-induced chemoresistance in these cells, resulted in suppression of cell growth: however, this also resulted in a dramatic enhancement of cell invasion and SLUG mRNA levels via a novel caveolin-1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Zielinska
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - J M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - A Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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58
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Icard P, Shulman S, Farhat D, Steyaert JM, Alifano M, Lincet H. How the Warburg effect supports aggressiveness and drug resistance of cancer cells? Drug Resist Updat 2018; 38:1-11. [PMID: 29857814 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells employ both conventional oxidative metabolism and glycolytic anaerobic metabolism. However, their proliferation is marked by a shift towards increasing glycolytic metabolism even in the presence of O2 (Warburg effect). HIF1, a major hypoxia induced transcription factor, promotes a dissociation between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a process limiting the efficient production of ATP and citrate which otherwise would arrest glycolysis. The Warburg effect also favors an intracellular alkaline pH which is a driving force in many aspects of cancer cell proliferation (enhancement of glycolysis and cell cycle progression) and of cancer aggressiveness (resistance to various processes including hypoxia, apoptosis, cytotoxic drugs and immune response). This metabolism leads to epigenetic and genetic alterations with the occurrence of multiple new cell phenotypes which enhance cancer cell growth and aggressiveness. In depth understanding of these metabolic changes in cancer cells may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which when combined with existing cancer treatments, might improve their effectiveness and/or overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Icard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, BioTICLA axis (Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers), Caen, France; UNICANCER, Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, BioTICLA lab, Caen, France; Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Caen, France
| | | | - Diana Farhat
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), France; Université Lyon Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France; Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, EDST-PRASE, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique (LIX), Palaiseau, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paris Center University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Lincet
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), France; Université Lyon Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France; ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.
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59
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Decreased succinate dehydrogenase B in human hepatocellular carcinoma accelerates tumor malignancy by inducing the Warburg effect. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3081. [PMID: 29449614 PMCID: PMC5814459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in TCA cycle enzymes or respiratory activity are possible mechanisms of aerobic glycolysis that contributes to tumor progression. To clarify whether the decrease of succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) alters energy metabolism, induces the Warburg effect and results in tumor malignancy, SDHB expression was examined and modulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cells, respectively. SDHB level was often decreased in malignant HCC cells and tissues. Furthermore, the reduced SDHB expression was associated with advanced tumor stage and poor survival rate. Moreover, silencing of SDHB altered energy metabolism switched from aerobic respiration to glycolysis, resulted in the Warburg effect, and enhanced cell proliferation and motility. In contrast, the SDHB overexpression deregulated bioenergetic metabolism and decreased cell growth and migration. In mouse xenograft models, subcutaneous implantation and tail vein injection with SDHB knockdown cells resulted in a larger tumor volume and accelerated cancer metastasis, respectively. A mutation or decrease in SDHB induced the switch from aerobic respiration to glycolysis. This metabolic alteration was associated with tumor cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, motility and overall patient survival in HCC.
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60
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Jochmanova I, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma: The First Metabolic Endocrine Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 22:5001-5011. [PMID: 27742786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism is one of the key characteristics of cancer cells. The most prominent alterations are present during regulation of cell respiration, which leads to a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic shift results in activation of numerous signaling and metabolic pathways supporting cell proliferation and survival. Recent progress in genetics and metabolomics has allowed us to take a closer look at the metabolic changes present in pheochromocytomas (PHEO) and paragangliomas (PGL). These neuroendocrine tumors often exhibit dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism, which is driven by mutations in genes encoding Krebs cycle enzymes or by activation of hypoxia signaling. Present metabolic changes are involved in processes associated with tumorigenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, and resistance to various cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the metabolic nature of PHEOs/PGLs and how unveiling the metabolic disturbances present in tumors could lead to identification of new biomarkers and personalized cancer therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(20); 5001-11. ©2016 AACR SEE ALL ARTICLES IN THIS CCR FOCUS SECTION, "ENDOCRINE CANCERS REVISING PARADIGMS".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jochmanova
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty of P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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61
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Schwab A, Siddiqui A, Vazakidou ME, Napoli F, Böttcher M, Menchicchi B, Raza U, Saatci Ö, Krebs AM, Ferrazzi F, Rapa I, Dettmer-Wilde K, Waldner MJ, Ekici AB, Rasheed SAK, Mougiakakos D, Oefner PJ, Sahin O, Volante M, Greten FR, Brabletz T, Ceppi P. Polyol Pathway Links Glucose Metabolism to the Aggressiveness of Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1604-1618. [PMID: 29343522 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells alter their metabolism to support their malignant properties. In this study, we report that the glucose-transforming polyol pathway (PP) gene aldo-keto-reductase-1-member-B1 (AKR1B1) strongly correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This association was confirmed in samples from lung cancer patients and from an EMT-driven colon cancer mouse model with p53 deletion. In vitro, mesenchymal-like cancer cells showed increased AKR1B1 levels, and AKR1B1 knockdown was sufficient to revert EMT. An equivalent level of EMT suppression was measured by targeting the downstream enzyme sorbitol-dehydrogenase (SORD), further pointing at the involvement of the PP. Comparative RNA sequencing confirmed a profound alteration of EMT in PP-deficient cells, revealing a strong repression of TGFβ signature genes. Excess glucose was found to promote EMT through autocrine TGFβ stimulation, while PP-deficient cells were refractory to glucose-induced EMT. These data show that PP represents a molecular link between glucose metabolism, cancer differentiation, and aggressiveness, and may serve as a novel therapeutic target.Significance: A glucose-transforming pathway in TGFβ-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition provides novel mechanistic insights into the metabolic control of cancer differentiation. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1604-18. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Schwab
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aarif Siddiqui
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Vazakidou
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bianca Menchicchi
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Angela M Krebs
- Experimental Medicine I, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ida Rapa
- Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Katja Dettmer-Wilde
- Institute of Functional Genomics University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marco Volante
- Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Florian R Greten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Experimental Medicine I, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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62
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Gómez de Cedrón M, Acín Pérez R, Sánchez-Martínez R, Molina S, Herranz J, Feliu J, Reglero G, Enríquez JA, Ramírez de Molina A. MicroRNA-661 modulates redox and metabolic homeostasis in colon cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1768-1787. [PMID: 28981199 PMCID: PMC5709620 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell survival and metastasis are dependent on metabolic reprogramming that is capable of increasing resistance to oxidative and energetic stress. Targeting these two processes can be crucial for cancer progression. Herein, we describe the role of microRNA‐661 (miR661) as epigenetic regulator of colon cancer (CC) cell metabolism. MicroR661 induces a global increase in reactive oxygen species, specifically in mitochondrial superoxide anions, which appears to be mediated by decreased carbohydrate metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway, and by a higher dependency on mitochondrial respiration. MicroR661 overexpression in non‐metastatic human CC cells induces an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition phenotype, and a reduced tolerance to metabolic stress. This seems to be a general effect of miR661 in CC, since metastatic CC cell metabolism is also compromised upon miR661 overexpression. We propose hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase M2 as two key players related to the observed metabolic reprogramming. Finally, the clinical relevance of miR661 expression levels in stage‐II and III CC patients is discussed. In conclusion, we propose miR661 as a potential modulator of redox and metabolic homeostasis in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Acín Pérez
- Functional Genetics of the Oxidative Phosphorylation System, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Sánchez-Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Molina
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Herranz
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Feliu
- Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Enríquez
- Functional Genetics of the Oxidative Phosphorylation System, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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63
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Gabriel BM, Al-Tarrah M, Alhindi Y, Kilikevicius A, Venckunas T, Gray SR, Lionikas A, Ratkevicius A. H55N polymorphism is associated with low citrate synthase activity which regulates lipid metabolism in mouse muscle cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185789. [PMID: 29095821 PMCID: PMC5667803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The H55N polymorphism in the Cs gene of A/J mice has been linked to low activity of the enzyme in skeletal muscles. The aim of the study was to test this hypothesis and examine effects of low citrate synthase (CS) activity on palmitate metabolism in muscle cells. Results of the study showed that carriers of the wild type (WT) Cs (C57BL/6J and Balb/cByJ mouse strains) had higher CS activity (p < 0.01) than carriers of the A/J variant (B6.A-(rs3676616-D10Utsw1)/KjnB6 and A/J mouse strains) in the heart, liver and gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, the recombinant CS protein of WT showed higher CS activity than the A/J variant. In C2C12 muscle cells the shRNA mediated 47% knockdown of CS activity reduced the rate of fatty acid oxidation compared to the control cells. In summary, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that H55N substitution causes a reduction in CS activity. Furthermore, low CS activity interferes with metabolic flexibility of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M. Gabriel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mustafa Al-Tarrah
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yosra Alhindi
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Audrius Kilikevicius
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Stuart R. Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Arimantas Lionikas
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aivaras Ratkevicius
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- * E-mail:
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64
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Glass OK, Bowie M, Fuller J, Darr D, Usary J, Boss K, Choudhury KR, Liu X, Zhang Z, Locasale JW, Williams C, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW, Seewaldt V. Differential response to exercise in claudin-low breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100989-101004. [PMID: 29254140 PMCID: PMC5731850 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to exercise following a breast cancer diagnosis is associated with reductions in the risk of recurrence. However, it is not known whether breast cancers within the same molecular-intrinsic subtype respond differently to exercise. Syngeneic mouse models of claudin-low breast cancer (i.e., EO771, 4TO7, and C3(1)SV40Tag-p16-luc) were allocated to a uniform endurance exercise treatment dose (forced treadmill exercise) or sham-exercise (stationary treadmill). Compared to sham-controls, endurance exercise treatment differentially affected tumor growth rate: 1- slowed (EO771), 2- accelerated (C3(1)SV40Tag-p16-luc), or 3- was not affected (4TO7). Differential sensitivity of the three tumor lines to exercise was paralleled by effects on intratumoral Ki-67, Hif1-α, and metabolic programming. Inhibition of Hif1-α synthesis by the cardiac glycoside, digoxin, completely abrogated exercise-accelerated tumor growth in C3(1)SV40Tag-p16-luc. These results suggest that intratumoral Hif1-α expression is an important determinant of claudin-low breast cancer adaptation to exercise treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Darr
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Keara Boss
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Zoe Zhang
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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65
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Vantaku V, Donepudi SR, Ambati CR, Jin F, Putluri V, Nguyen K, Rajapakshe K, Coarfa C, Battula VL, Lotan Y, Putluri N. Expression of ganglioside GD2, reprogram the lipid metabolism and EMT phenotype in bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95620-95631. [PMID: 29221154 PMCID: PMC5707048 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade Bladder Cancer (BLCA) represents the most aggressive and treatment-resistant cancer that renders the patients with poor survival. However, only a few biomarkers have been identified for the detection and treatment of BLCA. Recent studies show that ganglioside GD2 can be used as cancer biomarker and/or therapeutic target for various cancers. Despite its potential relevance in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, the role of GD2 is unknown in BLCA. Here, we report for the first time that high-grade BLCA tissues and cell lines have higher expression of GD2 compared to low-grade by high-resolution Mass Spectrometry. The muscle invasive UMUC3 cell line showed high GD2, mesenchymal phenotype, and cell proliferation. Besides, we have shown the cancer stem cells (CSC) property (CD44hiCD24lo) of GD2+ UMUC3 and J82 cells. Also, the evaluation of lipid metabolism in GD2+ BLCA cell lines revealed higher levels of Phosphatidylinositol (PI), Phosphatidic acid (PA), Cardiolipin (CL) and lower levels of Phosphatidylserine (PS), plasmenyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (pPE), plasmenyl-phosphocholines (pPC), sphingomyelins (SM), triglycerides (TGs) and N-Acetylneuraminic acid. These findings are significantly correlated with the tissues of BLCA patients. Based on this evidence, we propose that GD2 may be used as an effective diagnostic and therapeutic target for aggressive BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatrao Vantaku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chandrashekar R Ambati
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Jin
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, and Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkata Lokesh Battula
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, and Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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66
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Anderson NM, Mucka P, Kern JG, Feng H. The emerging role and targetability of the TCA cycle in cancer metabolism. Protein Cell 2017; 9:216-237. [PMID: 28748451 PMCID: PMC5818369 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central route for oxidative phosphorylation in cells, and fulfills their bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and redox balance requirements. Despite early dogma that cancer cells bypass the TCA cycle and primarily utilize aerobic glycolysis, emerging evidence demonstrates that certain cancer cells, especially those with deregulated oncogene and tumor suppressor expression, rely heavily on the TCA cycle for energy production and macromolecule synthesis. As the field progresses, the importance of aberrant TCA cycle function in tumorigenesis and the potentials of applying small molecule inhibitors to perturb the enhanced cycle function for cancer treatment start to evolve. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the fuels feeding the cycle, effects of oncogenes and tumor suppressors on fuel and cycle usage, common genetic alterations and deregulation of cycle enzymes, and potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting the TCA cycle in cancer cells. With the application of advanced technology and in vivo model organism studies, it is our hope that studies of this previously overlooked biochemical hub will provide fresh insights into cancer metabolism and tumorigenesis, subsequently revealing vulnerabilities for therapeutic interventions in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Anderson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Mucka
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph G Kern
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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67
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Ren JG, Seth P, Ye H, Guo K, Hanai JI, Husain Z, Sukhatme VP. Citrate Suppresses Tumor Growth in Multiple Models through Inhibition of Glycolysis, the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and the IGF-1R Pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4537. [PMID: 28674429 PMCID: PMC5495754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have tested the efficacy of citrate therapy in various cancer models. We found that citrate administration inhibited A549 lung cancer growth and additional benefit accrued in combination with cisplatin. Interestingly, citrate regressed Ras-driven lung tumors. Further studies indicated that citrate induced tumor cell differentiation. Additionally, citrate treated tumor samples showed significantly higher infiltrating T-cells and increased blood levels of numerous cytokines. Moreover, we found that citrate inhibited IGF-1R phosphorylation. In vitro studies suggested that citrate treatment inhibited AKT phosphorylation, activated PTEN and increased expression of p-eIF2a. We also found that p-eIF2a was decreased when PTEN was depleted. These data suggest that citrate acts on the IGF-1R-AKT-PTEN-eIF2a pathway. Additionally, metabolic profiling suggested that both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were suppressed in a similar manner in vitro in tumor cells and in vivo but only in tumor tissue. We reproduced many of these observations in an inducible Her2/Neu-driven breast cancer model and in syngeneic pancreatic tumor (Pan02) xenografts. Our data suggests that citrate can inhibit tumor growth in diverse tumor types and via multiple mechanisms. Dietary supplementation with citrate may be beneficial as a cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Ren
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kun Guo
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun-Ichi Hanai
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zaheed Husain
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vikas P Sukhatme
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine and the Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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68
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Ciccarone F, Vegliante R, Di Leo L, Ciriolo MR. The TCA cycle as a bridge between oncometabolism and DNA transactions in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017. [PMID: 28645607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit metabolic rearrangements for sustaining their high proliferation rate and energy demand. The TCA cycle is a central metabolic hub necessary for ATP production and for providing precursors used in many biosynthetic pathways. Thus, dysregulation of the TCA cycle flux is frequently observed in cancer. The identification of mutations in several enzymes of the TCA cycle in human tumours demonstrated a direct connection between this metabolic pathway and cancer occurrence. Moreover, changes in the expression/activity of these enzymes were also shown to promote metabolic adaptation of cancer cells. In this review, the main genetic and non-genetic alterations of TCA cycle in cancer will be described. Particular attention will be given to extrametabolic roles of TCA cycle enzymes and metabolites underlying the regulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rolando Vegliante
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Di Leo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele 'La Pisana', Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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69
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Sciacovelli M, Frezza C. Metabolic reprogramming and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer. FEBS J 2017; 284:3132-3144. [PMID: 28444969 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that during transformation epithelial cancer cells can acquire mesenchymal features via a process called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process endows cancer cells with increased invasive and migratory capacity, enabling tumour dissemination and metastasis. EMT is associated with a complex metabolic reprogramming, orchestrated by EMT transcription factors, which support the energy requirements of increased motility and growth in harsh environmental conditions. The discovery that mutations in metabolic genes such as FH, SDH and IDH activate EMT provided further evidence that EMT and metabolism are intertwined. In this review, we discuss the role of EMT in cancer and the underpinning metabolic reprogramming. We also put forward the hypothesis that, by altering chromatin structure and function, metabolic pathways engaged by EMT are necessary for its full activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sciacovelli
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
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70
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Sajnani K, Islam F, Smith RA, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. Genetic alterations in Krebs cycle and its impact on cancer pathogenesis. Biochimie 2017; 135:164-172. [PMID: 28219702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit alterations in many cellular processes, including oxygen sensing and energy metabolism. Glycolysis in non-oxygen condition is the main energy production process in cancer rather than mitochondrial respiration as in benign cells. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of Krebs cycle enzymes favour the shift of cancer cells from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. Mutations in genes encoding aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and citrate synthase are noted in many cancers. Abnormalities of Krebs cycle enzymes cause ectopic production of Krebs cycle intermediates (oncometabolites) such as 2-hydroxyglutarate, and citrate. These oncometabolites stabilize hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1), nuclear factor like 2 (Nrf2), inhibit p53 and prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PDH3) activities as well as regulate DNA/histone methylation, which in turn activate cell growth signalling. They also stimulate increased glutaminolysis, glycolysis and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, genetic alterations in Krebs cycle enzymes are involved with increased fatty acid β-oxidations and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction. These altered phenomena in cancer could in turn promote carcinogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and survival. Overall, epigenetic and genetic changes of Krebs cycle enzymes lead to the production of oncometabolite intermediates, which are important driving forces of cancer pathogenesis and progression. Understanding and applying the knowledge of these mechanisms opens new therapeutic options for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Sajnani
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Robert Anthony Smith
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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71
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Lee SY, Jeong EK, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Kim MY, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28137309 PMCID: PMC5282724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the major tools of cancer treatment, and is widely used for a variety of malignant tumours. Radiotherapy causes DNA damage directly by ionization or indirectly via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby destroying cancer cells. However, ionizing radiation (IR) paradoxically promotes metastasis and invasion of cancer cells by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metastasis is a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy, and is closely linked to the rates of morbidity and mortality of many cancers. ROS have been shown to play important roles in mediating the biological effects of IR. ROS have been implicated in IR-induced EMT, via activation of several EMT transcription factors—including Snail, HIF-1, ZEB1, and STAT3—that are activated by signalling pathways, including those of TGF-β, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, G-CSF, EGFR/PI3K/Akt, and MAPK. Cancer cells that undergo EMT have been shown to acquire stemness and undergo metabolic changes, although these points are debated. IR is known to induce cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, including dedifferentiation and self-renewal, and to promote oncogenic metabolism by activating these EMT-inducing pathways. Much accumulated evidence has shown that metabolic alterations in cancer cells are closely associated with the EMT and CSC phenotypes; specifically, the IR-induced oncogenic metabolism seems to be required for acquisition of the EMT and CSC phenotypes. IR can also elicit various changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) that may affect invasion and metastasis. EMT, CSC, and oncogenic metabolism are involved in radioresistance; targeting them may improve the efficacy of radiotherapy, preventing tumour recurrence and metastasis. This study focuses on the molecular mechanisms of IR-induced EMT, CSCs, oncogenic metabolism, and alterations in the TME. We discuss how IR-induced EMT/CSC/oncogenic metabolism may promote resistance to radiotherapy; we also review efforts to develop therapeutic approaches to eliminate these IR-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Eui Kyong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Pusan, 619-953, Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.,DNA Identification Center, National Forensic Service, Seoul, 158-707, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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72
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Sullivan LB, Gui DY, Vander Heiden MG. Altered metabolite levels in cancer: implications for tumour biology and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:680-693. [PMID: 27658530 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered cell metabolism is a characteristic feature of many cancers. Aside from well-described changes in nutrient consumption and waste excretion, altered cancer cell metabolism also results in changes to intracellular metabolite concentrations. Increased levels of metabolites that result directly from genetic mutations and cancer-associated modifications in protein expression can promote cancer initiation and progression. Changes in the levels of specific metabolites, such as 2-hydroxyglutarate, fumarate, succinate, aspartate and reactive oxygen species, can result in altered cell signalling, enzyme activity and/or metabolic flux. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms that lead to changes in metabolite concentrations in cancer cells, the consequences of these changes for the cells and how they might be exploited to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Sullivan
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dan Y Gui
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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73
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Sánchez-Martínez R, Cruz-Gil S, Gómez de Cedrón M, Álvarez-Fernández M, Vargas T, Molina S, García B, Herranz J, Moreno-Rubio J, Reglero G, Pérez-Moreno M, Feliu J, Malumbres M, Ramírez de Molina A. A link between lipid metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition provides a target for colon cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38719-36. [PMID: 26451612 PMCID: PMC4770732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The alterations in carbohydrate metabolism that fuel tumor growth have been extensively studied. However, other metabolic pathways involved in malignant progression, demand further understanding. Here we describe a metabolic acyl-CoA synthetase/stearoyl-CoA desaturase ACSL/SCD network causing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program that promotes migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. The mesenchymal phenotype produced upon overexpression of these enzymes is reverted through reactivation of AMPK signaling. Furthermore, this network expression correlates with poorer clinical outcome of stage-II colon cancer patients. Finally, combined treatment with chemical inhibitors of ACSL/SCD selectively decreases cancer cell viability without reducing normal cells viability. Thus, ACSL/SCD network stimulates colon cancer progression through conferring increased energetic capacity and invasive and migratory properties to cancer cells, and might represent a new therapeutic opportunity for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sánchez-Martínez
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cruz-Gil
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Teodoro Vargas
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén García
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Herranz
- Biostatistics Unit, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Moreno-Rubio
- Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Precision Oncology Laboratory (POL), Infanta Sofía University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirna Pérez-Moreno
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Feliu
- Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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74
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Napoli E, Song G, Schneider A, Hagerman R, Eldeeb MAAA, Azarang A, Tassone F, Giulivi C. Warburg effect linked to cognitive-executive deficits in FMR1 premutation. FASEB J 2016; 30:3334-3351. [PMID: 27335370 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 55-200 CGG repeat expansion in the 5'-UTR of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene is known as a premutation. Some carriers are affected by the neurodegenerative disorder fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), primary ovarian insufficiency, and neurobehavioral impairments. Based on the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in fibroblasts and brain samples from carriers, as well as in neurons and brains from a mouse model of the premutation, we evaluated the presence of the Warburg effect in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 premutation carriers with either a rebalance of the metabolism [increasing glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos)] or a metabolic amplification (increasing glycolysis while maintaining/increasing oxphos). Deficits in oxphos-more pronounced in FXTAS-affected subjects-were accompanied by a shift toward glycolysis, suggesting increased glycolysis despite aerobic conditions. Differential proteomics extended these findings, unveiling a decreased antioxidant response, translation, and disrupted extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton organization with activation of prosenescence pathways. Lower bioenergetics segregated with increased incidence of low executive function, tremors, below-average IQ, and FXTAS. The combination of functional and proteomic data unveiled new mechanisms related to energy production in the premutation, showing the potential of being applicable to other psychiatric disorders to identify endophenotype-specific responses relevant to neurobiology.-Napoli, E., Song, G., Schneider, A., Hagerman, R., Eldeeb, M. A. A. A., Azarang, A., Tassone, F., Giulivi, C. Warburg effect linked to cognitive-executive deficits in FMR1 premutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gyu Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento California, USA; and
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento California, USA; and
| | - Marwa Abd Al Azaim Eldeeb
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Atoosa Azarang
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento California, USA; and
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75
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Trousil S, Kaliszczak M, Schug Z, Nguyen QD, Tomasi G, Favicchio R, Brickute D, Fortt R, Twyman FJ, Carroll L, Kalusa A, Navaratnam N, Adejumo T, Carling D, Gottlieb E, Aboagye EO. The novel choline kinase inhibitor ICL-CCIC-0019 reprograms cellular metabolism and inhibits cancer cell growth. Oncotarget 2016; 7:37103-37120. [PMID: 27206796 PMCID: PMC5095062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycerophospholipid phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid species of eukaryotic membranes and essential for structural integrity and signaling function of cell membranes required for cancer cell growth. Inhibition of choline kinase alpha (CHKA), the first committed step to phosphatidylcholine synthesis, by the selective small-molecule ICL-CCIC-0019, potently suppressed growth of a panel of 60 cancer cell lines with median GI50 of 1.12 μM and inhibited tumor xenograft growth in mice. ICL-CCIC-0019 decreased phosphocholine levels and the fraction of labeled choline in lipids, and induced G1 arrest, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Changes in phosphocholine cellular levels following treatment could be detected non-invasively in tumor xenografts by [18F]-fluoromethyl-[1,2-2H4]-choline positron emission tomography. Herein, we reveal a previously unappreciated effect of choline metabolism on mitochondria function. Comparative metabolomics demonstrated that phosphatidylcholine pathway inhibition leads to a metabolically stressed phenotype analogous to mitochondria toxin treatment but without reactive oxygen species activation. Drug treatment decreased mitochondria function with associated reduction of citrate synthase expression and AMPK activation. Glucose and acetate uptake were increased in an attempt to overcome the metabolic stress. This study indicates that choline pathway pharmacological inhibition critically affects the metabolic function of the cell beyond reduced synthesis of phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Trousil
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maciej Kaliszczak
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Zachary Schug
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Giampaolo Tomasi
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rosy Favicchio
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diana Brickute
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robin Fortt
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Frazer J. Twyman
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laurence Carroll
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Kalusa
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Naveenan Navaratnam
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas Adejumo
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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76
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Porporato PE, Payen VL, Baselet B, Sonveaux P. Metabolic changes associated with tumor metastasis, part 2: Mitochondria, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1349-63. [PMID: 26646069 PMCID: PMC11108268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations are a hallmark of cancer controlling tumor progression and metastasis. Among the various metabolic phenotypes encountered in tumors, this review focuses on the contributions of mitochondria, lipid and amino acid metabolism to the metastatic process. Tumor cells require functional mitochondria to grow, proliferate and metastasize, but shifts in mitochondrial activities confer pro-metastatic traits encompassing increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), enhanced resistance to apoptosis and the increased or de novo production of metabolic intermediates of the TCA cycle behaving as oncometabolites, including succinate, fumarate, and D-2-hydroxyglutarate that control energy production, biosynthesis and the redox state. Lipid metabolism and the metabolism of amino acids, such as glutamine, glutamate and proline are also currently emerging as focal control points of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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77
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Hilvo M, de Santiago I, Gopalacharyulu P, Schmitt WD, Budczies J, Kuhberg M, Dietel M, Aittokallio T, Markowetz F, Denkert C, Sehouli J, Frezza C, Darb-Esfahani S, Braicu EI. Accumulated Metabolites of Hydroxybutyric Acid Serve as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers of Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2016; 76:796-804. [PMID: 26685161 PMCID: PMC4762194 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease of low prevalence, but poor survival. Early diagnosis is critical for survival, but it is often challenging because the symptoms of ovarian cancer are subtle and become apparent only during advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, the identification of robust biomarkers of early disease is a clinical priority. Metabolomic profiling is an emerging diagnostic tool enabling the detection of biomarkers reflecting alterations in tumor metabolism, a hallmark of cancer. In this study, we performed metabolomic profiling of serum and tumor tissue from 158 patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and 100 control patients with benign or non-neoplastic lesions. We report metabolites of hydroxybutyric acid (HBA) as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers associated with tumor burden and patient survival. The accumulation of HBA metabolites caused by HGSOC was also associated with reduced expression of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (encoded by ALDH5A1), and with the presence of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene signature, implying a role for these metabolic alterations in cancer cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, our findings represent the first comprehensive metabolomics analysis in HGSOC and propose a new set of metabolites as biomarkers of disease with diagnostic and prognostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hilvo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ines de Santiago
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | | | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Kuhberg
- Department for Gynecology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité Medical University, Berlin
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Florian Markowetz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department for Gynecology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité Medical University, Berlin
- On behalf of the Tumor Bank Ovarian Cancer Network (www.toc-network.de)
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Elena Ioana Braicu
- Department for Gynecology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité Medical University, Berlin
- On behalf of the Tumor Bank Ovarian Cancer Network (www.toc-network.de)
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78
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Aguilar E, Marin de Mas I, Zodda E, Marin S, Morrish F, Selivanov V, Meca-Cortés Ó, Delowar H, Pons M, Izquierdo I, Celià-Terrassa T, de Atauri P, Centelles JJ, Hockenbery D, Thomson TM, Cascante M. Metabolic Reprogramming and Dependencies Associated with Epithelial Cancer Stem Cells Independent of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Program. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1163-76. [PMID: 27146024 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, cancer stem cells (CSCs) can arise independently of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In spite of recent efforts, the metabolic reprogramming associated with CSC phenotypes uncoupled from EMT is poorly understood. Here, by using metabolomic and fluxomic approaches, we identify major metabolic profiles that differentiate metastatic prostate epithelial CSCs (e-CSCs) from non-CSCs expressing a stable EMT. We have found that the e-CSC program in our cellular model is characterized by a high plasticity in energy substrate metabolism, including an enhanced Warburg effect, a greater carbon and energy source flexibility driven by fatty acids and amino acid metabolism and an essential reliance on the proton buffering capacity conferred by glutamine metabolism. An analysis of transcriptomic data yielded a metabolic gene signature for our e-CSCs consistent with the metabolomics and fluxomics analyses that correlated with tumor progression and metastasis in prostate cancer and in 11 additional cancer types. Interestingly, an integrated metabolomics, fluxomics, and transcriptomics analysis allowed us to identify key metabolic players regulated at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to effectively forestall metastasis. Stem Cells 2016;34:1163-1176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Marin de Mas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Zodda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Vitaly Selivanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Meca-Cortés
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hossain Delowar
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Pons
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro de Atauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep J Centelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Hockenbery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy M Thomson
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
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79
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Wei H, Guo L, Li L, Zhou Q, Wu Z. [Mechanism of Warburg effect and its effect on tumor metastasis]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:179-83. [PMID: 25800576 PMCID: PMC6000011 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.03.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
肿瘤细胞葡萄糖代谢的一个特点就是在氧含量正常的情况下依然选择利用糖酵解,即Warburg效应。Warburg效应的内在机制十分复杂,可能与癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活,糖代谢酶表达异常和肿瘤微环境改变等有关,具体的机制还有待进一步研究。Warburg效应这种代谢重编程与肿瘤的发生发展有着密切联系,为肿瘤细胞提供生长优势,帮助其逃避凋亡,同时为肿瘤的转移创造合适的环境,促进肿瘤转移。本文概述了Warburg效应的发生机制及其对肿瘤转移的作用。
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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80
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Abstract
Although metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of oncogenic transformation and growth of primary tumor cells, little is known about how metabolic alterations impact metastasis. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Dupuy et al. (2015) show that primary breast cancer cells display metabolic heterogeneity, and that their distinct metabolic programs define their sites of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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81
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Jaiswal M, Haelterman NA, Sandoval H, Xiong B, Donti T, Kalsotra A, Yamamoto S, Cooper TA, Graham BH, Bellen HJ. Impaired Mitochondrial Energy Production Causes Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration Independent of Oxidative Stress. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002197. [PMID: 26176594 PMCID: PMC4503542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two insults often underlie a variety of eye diseases including glaucoma, optic atrophy, and retinal degeneration—defects in mitochondrial function and aberrant Rhodopsin trafficking. Although mitochondrial defects are often associated with oxidative stress, they have not been linked to Rhodopsin trafficking. In an unbiased forward genetic screen designed to isolate mutations that cause photoreceptor degeneration, we identified mutations in a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene, ppr, a homolog of human LRPPRC. We found that ppr is required for protection against light-induced degeneration. Its function is essential to maintain membrane depolarization of the photoreceptors upon repetitive light exposure, and an impaired phototransduction cascade in ppr mutants results in excessive Rhodopsin1 endocytosis. Moreover, loss of ppr results in a reduction in mitochondrial RNAs, reduced electron transport chain activity, and reduced ATP levels. Oxidative stress, however, is not induced. We propose that the reduced ATP level in ppr mutants underlies the phototransduction defect, leading to increased Rhodopsin1 endocytosis during light exposure, causing photoreceptor degeneration independent of oxidative stress. This hypothesis is bolstered by characterization of two other genes isolated in the screen, pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Their loss also causes a light-induced degeneration, excessive Rhodopsin1 endocytosis and reduced ATP without concurrent oxidative stress, unlike many other mutations in mitochondrial genes that are associated with elevated oxidative stress and light-independent photoreceptor demise. Some mitochondrial disorders cause blindness through increased oxidative stress. This study shows that in other such disorders, light-activated photoreceptors degenerate because the shortfall in mitochondrial energy production impairs rhodopsin trafficking and induces toxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a number of metabolic and neurological diseases such as Leigh syndrome and progressive blindness. Increased oxidative stress, which is often associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, is thought to be a common cause of disease progression. Here, we identified nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins, whose loss causes the demise of photoreceptor neurons. Contrary to the common idea that this degeneration is triggered by elevated levels of oxidative stress, we find no change in the levels of oxidative stress. We show that activating photoreceptor neurons with light significantly increases energy production, and that this process is required to sustain their activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs this capacity and leads to a premature termination of the light response. This in turn impairs the cycling of the light-sensitive receptor Rhodopsin in photoreceptors, and Rhodopsin accumulates in the cell inducing toxicity. This distinct mechanism of degeneration suggests that different mitochondrial diseases may follow different paths of disease progression and would hence respond differently to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nele A. Haelterman
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taraka Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Cooper
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brett H. Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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82
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Adaptation of oxidative phosphorylation to photoperiod-induced seasonal metabolic states in migratory songbirds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 184:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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83
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Konieczna A, Szczepańska A, Sawiuk K, Węgrzyn G, Łyżeń R. Effects of partial silencing of genes coding for enzymes involved in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle on the enterance of human fibroblasts to the S phase. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:16. [PMID: 26017754 PMCID: PMC4446904 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously published reports indicated that some enzymes of the central carbon metabolism (CCM), particularly those involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, may contribute to regulation of DNA replication. However, vast majority of such works was performed with the use of cancer cells, in the light of carcinogenesis. On the other hand, recent experiments conducted on bacterial models provided evidence for the direct genetic link between CCM and DNA replication. Therefore, we asked if silencing of genes coding for glycolytic and/or Krebs cycle enzymes may affect the control of DNA replication in normal human fibroblasts. Results Particular genes coding for these enzymes were partially silenced with specific siRNAs. Such cells remained viable. We found that silencing of certain genes resulted in either less efficient or delayed enterance to the S phase. This concerned following genes: HK2, PFKM, TPI, GAPDH, ENO1, LDHA, CS1, ACO2, SUCLG2, SDHA, FH and MDH2. Decreased levels of expression of HK2, GADPH, CS1, ACO2, FH and MDH2 caused also a substantial impairment in DNA synthesis efficiency. Conclusions The presented results illustrate the complexity of the influence of genes coding for enzymes of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle on the control of DNA replication in human fibroblasts, and indicate which of them are especially important in this process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-015-0062-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Konieczna
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Aneta Szczepańska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Karolina Sawiuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Robert Łyżeń
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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85
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Zielinska HA, Bahl A, Holly JM, Perks CM. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer: a role for insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3? BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2015; 7:9-19. [PMID: 25632238 PMCID: PMC4304531 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s43932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that for most human cancers the problem is not that gene mutations occur but is more dependent upon how the body deals with damaged cells. It has been estimated that only about 1% of human cancers can be accounted for by unmistakable hereditary cancer syndromes, only up to 5% can be accounted for due to high-penetrance, single-gene mutations, and in total only 5%-15% of all cancers may have a major genetic component. The predominant contribution to the causation of most sporadic cancers is considered to be environmental factors contributing between 58% and 82% toward different cancers. A nutritionally poor lifestyle is associated with increased risk of many cancers, including those of the breast. As nutrition, energy balance, macronutrient composition of the diet, and physical activity levels are major determinants of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) bioactivity, it has been proposed that, at least in part, these increases in cancer risk and progression may be mediated by alterations in the IGF axis, related to nutritional lifestyle. Localized breast cancer is a manageable disease, and death from breast cancer predominantly occurs due to the development of metastatic disease as treatment becomes more complicated with poorer outcomes. In recent years, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition has emerged as an important contributor to breast cancer progression and malignant transformation resulting in tumor cells with increased potential for migration and invasion. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests a strong link between components of the IGF pathway, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and breast cancer mortality. Here, we highlight some recent studies highlighting the relationship between IGFs, IGF-binding protein 3, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna A Zielinska
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff Mp Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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86
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Konieczna A, Szczepańska A, Sawiuk K, Łyżeń R, Węgrzyn G. Enzymes of the central carbon metabolism: Are they linkers between transcription, DNA replication, and carcinogenesis? Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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87
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Qureshi R, Arora H, Rizvi M. EMT in cervical cancer: Its role in tumour progression and response to therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:321-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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88
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Chen L, Liu T, Zhou J, Wang Y, Wang X, Di W, Zhang S. Citrate synthase expression affects tumor phenotype and drug resistance in human ovarian carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115708. [PMID: 25545012 PMCID: PMC4278743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrate synthase (CS), one of the key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, catalyzes the reaction between oxaloacetic acid and acetyl coenzyme A to generate citrate. Increased CS has been observed in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we found higher CS expression in malignant ovarian tumors and ovarian cancer cell lines compared to benign ovarian tumors and normal human ovarian surface epithelium, respectively. CS knockdown by RNAi could result in the reduction of cell proliferation, and inhibition of invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. The drug resistance was also inhibited possibly through an excision repair cross complementing 1 (ERCC1)-dependent mechanism. Finally, upon CS knockdown we observed significant increase expression of multiple genes, including ISG15, IRF7, CASP7, and DDX58 in SKOV3 and A2780 cells by microarray analysis and real-time PCR. Taken together, these results suggested that CS might represent a potential therapeutic target for ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (WD); (SZ)
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (WD); (SZ)
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89
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Ulanet DB, Couto K, Jha A, Choe S, Wang A, Woo HK, Steadman M, DeLaBarre B, Gross S, Driggers E, Dorsch M, Hurov JB. Mesenchymal phenotype predisposes lung cancer cells to impaired proliferation and redox stress in response to glutaminase inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115144. [PMID: 25502225 PMCID: PMC4264947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted glutaminase (GLS) as a key player in cancer cell metabolism, providing glutamine-derived carbon and nitrogen to pathways that support proliferation. There is significant interest in targeting GLS for cancer therapy, although the gene is not known to be mutated or amplified in tumors. As a result, identification of tractable markers that predict GLS dependence is needed for translation of GLS inhibitors to the clinic. Herein we validate a small molecule inhibitor of GLS and show that non-small cell lung cancer cells marked by low E-cadherin and high vimentin expression, hallmarks of a mesenchymal phenotype, are particularly sensitive to inhibition of the enzyme. Furthermore, lung cancer cells induced to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) acquire sensitivity to the GLS inhibitor. Metabolic studies suggest that the mesenchymal cells have a reduced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, rendering them unable to cope with the perturbations induced by GLS inhibition. These findings elucidate selective metabolic dependencies of mesenchymal lung cancer cells and suggest novel pathways as potential targets in this aggressive cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B. Ulanet
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kiley Couto
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sung Choe
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Wang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hin-Koon Woo
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mya Steadman
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Byron DeLaBarre
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward Driggers
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marion Dorsch
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Hurov
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Wong EYL, Wong SCC, Chan CML, Lam EKY, Ho LY, Lau CPY, Au TCC, Chan AKC, Tsang CM, Tsao SW, Lui VWY, Chan ATC. TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator promotes proliferation and invasiveness of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:569-574. [PMID: 25621025 PMCID: PMC4301475 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is the protein product of the p53 target gene, C12orf5. TIGAR blocks glycolysis and promotes cellular metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway; it promotes the production of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which leads to enhanced scavenging of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in normal cells. Our previous study identified a novel nucleoside analog that inhibited cellular growth and induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines via downregulation of TIGAR expression. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory effects of c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors were ameliorated by the overexpression of TIGAR in the NPC cell lines. These results indicate a significant role for TIGAR expression in the survival of NPCs. The present study aimed to further define the function of TIGAR expression in NPC cells. In total, 36 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NPC tissue samples were obtained for the immunohistochemical determination of TIGAR expression. The effects of TIGAR expression on cell proliferation, NADPH production and cellular invasiveness were also assessed in NPC cell lines. Overall, TIGAR was overexpressed in 27/36 (75%) of the NPC tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancer epithelial cells. Similarly, TIGAR overexpression was also observed in a panel of six NPC cell lines compared with normal NP460 hTert and Het1A cell lines. TIGAR overexpression led to increased cellular growth, NADPH production and invasiveness of the NPC cell lines, whereas a knockdown of TIGAR expression resulted in significant inhibition of cellular growth and invasiveness. The expression of the two mesenchymal markers, fibronectin and vimentin, was increased by TIGAR overexpression, but reduced following TIGAR-knockdown. The present study revealed that TIGAR overexpression led to increased cellular growth, NADPH production and invasiveness, and the maintenance of a mesenchymal phenotype, in NPC tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Yue Ling Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sze-Chuen Cesar Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China ; Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Charles Ming Lok Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Emily Kai Yee Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Louisa Yeung Ho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cecilia Pik Yuk Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Chi Chuen Au
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Amanda Kit Ching Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Anthony Tak Cheung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, P.R. China
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91
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Adhikari H, Cullen PJ. Metabolic respiration induces AMPK- and Ire1p-dependent activation of the p38-Type HOG MAPK pathway. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004734. [PMID: 25356552 PMCID: PMC4214603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways regulate the response to stress as well as cell differentiation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, growth in non-preferred carbon sources (like galactose) induces differentiation to the filamentous cell type through an extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-type MAPK pathway. The filamentous growth MAPK pathway shares components with a p38-type High Osmolarity Glycerol response (HOG) pathway, which regulates the response to changes in osmolarity. To determine the extent of functional overlap between the MAPK pathways, comparative RNA sequencing was performed, which uncovered an unexpected role for the HOG pathway in regulating the response to growth in galactose. The HOG pathway was induced during growth in galactose, which required the nutrient regulatory AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) Snf1p, an intact respiratory chain, and a functional tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The unfolded protein response (UPR) kinase Ire1p was also required for HOG pathway activation in this context. Thus, the filamentous growth and HOG pathways are both active during growth in galactose. The two pathways redundantly promoted growth in galactose, but paradoxically, they also inhibited each other's activities. Such cross-modulation was critical to optimize the differentiation response. The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans showed a similar regulatory circuit. Thus, an evolutionarily conserved regulatory axis links metabolic respiration and AMPK to Ire1p, which regulates a differentiation response involving the modulated activity of ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. In fungal species, differentiation to the filamentous/hyphal cell type is critical for entry into host cells and virulence. Comparative RNA sequencing was used to explore the pathways that regulate differentiation to the filamentous cell type in yeast. This approach uncovered a role for the stress-response MAPK pathway, HOG, during the increased metabolic respiration that induces filamentous growth. In this context, the AMPK Snf1p and ER stress kinase Ire1p regulated the HOG pathway. Cross-modulation between the HOG and filamentous growth (ERK-type) MAPK pathways optimized the differentiation response. The regulatory circuit described here may extend to behaviors in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Adhikari
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Gaude E, Frezza C. Defects in mitochondrial metabolism and cancer. Cancer Metab 2014; 2:10. [PMID: 25057353 PMCID: PMC4108232 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous set of diseases characterized by different molecular and cellular features. Over the past decades, researchers have attempted to grasp the complexity of cancer by mapping the genetic aberrations associated with it. In these efforts, the contribution of mitochondria to the pathogenesis of cancer has tended to be neglected. However, more recently, a growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria play a key role in cancer. In fact, dysfunctional mitochondria not only contribute to the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells but they also modulate a plethora of cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe the link between mutations to mitochondrial enzymes and tumor formation. We also discuss the hypothesis that mutations to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA could cooperate to promote the survival of cancer cells in an evolving metabolic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Gaude
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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93
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The metabolic cooperation between cells in solid cancer tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:216-25. [PMID: 24983675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells cooperate with stromal cells and use their environment to promote tumor growth. Energy production depends on nutrient availability and O₂ concentration. Well-oxygenated cells are highly proliferative and reorient the glucose metabolism towards biosynthesis, whereas glutamine oxidation replenishes the TCA cycle coupled with OXPHOS-ATP production. Glucose, glutamine and alanine transformations sustain nucleotide and fatty acid synthesis. In contrast, hypoxic cells slow down their proliferation, enhance glycolysis to produce ATP and reject lactate which is recycled as fuel by normoxic cells. Thus, glucose is spared for biosynthesis and/or for hypoxic cell function. Environmental cells, such as fibroblasts and adipocytes, serve as food donors for cancer cells, which reject waste products (CO₂ , H⁺, ammoniac, polyamines…) promoting EMT, invasion, angiogenesis and proliferation. This metabolic-coupling can be considered as a form of commensalism whereby non-malignant cells support the growth of cancer cells. Understanding these cellular cooperations within tumors may be a source of inspiration to develop new anti-cancer agents.
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94
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Pacini N, Borziani F. Cancer stem cell theory and the warburg effect, two sides of the same coin? Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8893-930. [PMID: 24857919 PMCID: PMC4057766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 100 years, many studies have been performed to determine the biochemical and histopathological phenomena that mark the origin of neoplasms. At the end of the last century, the leading paradigm, which is currently well rooted, considered the origin of neoplasms to be a set of genetic and/or epigenetic mutations, stochastic and independent in a single cell, or rather, a stochastic monoclonal pattern. However, in the last 20 years, two important areas of research have underlined numerous limitations and incongruities of this pattern, the hypothesis of the so-called cancer stem cell theory and a revaluation of several alterations in metabolic networks that are typical of the neoplastic cell, the so-called Warburg effect. Even if this specific “metabolic sign” has been known for more than 85 years, only in the last few years has it been given more attention; therefore, the so-called Warburg hypothesis has been used in multiple and independent surveys. Based on an accurate analysis of a series of considerations and of biophysical thermodynamic events in the literature, we will demonstrate a homogeneous pattern of the cancer stem cell theory, of the Warburg hypothesis and of the stochastic monoclonal pattern; this pattern could contribute considerably as the first basis of the development of a new uniform theory on the origin of neoplasms. Thus, a new possible epistemological paradigm is represented; this paradigm considers the Warburg effect as a specific “metabolic sign” reflecting the stem origin of the neoplastic cell, where, in this specific metabolic order, an essential reason for the genetic instability that is intrinsic to the neoplastic cell is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pacini
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Fabio Borziani
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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95
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Marín-Hernández A, Saavedra E, Pardo JP, Ralph SJ, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Who controls the ATP supply in cancer cells? Biochemistry lessons to understand cancer energy metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 50:10-23. [PMID: 24513530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Applying basic biochemical principles, this review analyzes data that contrasts with the Warburg hypothesis that glycolysis is the exclusive ATP provider in cancer cells. Although disregarded for many years, there is increasing experimental evidence demonstrating that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) makes a significant contribution to ATP supply in many cancer cell types and under a variety of conditions. Substrates oxidized by normal mitochondria such as amino acids and fatty acids are also avidly consumed by cancer cells. In this regard, the proposal that cancer cells metabolize glutamine for anabolic purposes without the need for a functional respiratory chain and OxPhos is analyzed considering thermodynamic and kinetic aspects for the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. In addition, metabolic control analysis (MCA) studies applied to energy metabolism of cancer cells are reevaluated. Regardless of the experimental/environmental conditions and the rate of lactate production, the flux-control of cancer glycolysis is robust in the sense that it involves the same steps: glucose transport, hexokinase, hexosephosphate isomerase and glycogen degradation, all at the beginning of the pathway; these steps together with phosphofructokinase 1 also control glycolysis in normal cells. The respiratory chain complexes exert significantly higher flux-control on OxPhos in cancer cells than in normal cells. Thus, determination of the contribution of each pathway to ATP supply and/or the flux-control distribution of both pathways in cancer cells is necessary in order to identify differences from normal cells which may lead to the design of rational alternative therapies that selectively target cancer energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alvaro Marín-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan P Pardo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Qld, Australia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Laboratorio de Medicina Translacional, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
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96
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Christensen CE, Karlsson M, Winther JR, Jensen PR, Lerche MH. Non-invasive in-cell determination of free cytosolic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratios using hyperpolarized glucose show large variations in metabolic phenotypes. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2344-52. [PMID: 24302737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.498626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that the pyridine nucleotide NAD has far wider biological functions than its classical role in energy metabolism. NAD is used by hundreds of enzymes that catalyze substrate oxidation and, as such, it plays a key role in various biological processes such as aging, cell death, and oxidative stress. It has been suggested that changes in the ratio of free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] reflects metabolic alterations leading to, or correlating with, pathological states. We have designed an isotopically labeled metabolic bioprobe of free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] by combining a magnetic enhancement technique (hyperpolarization) with cellular glycolytic activity. The bioprobe reports free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratios based on dynamically measured in-cell [pyruvate]/[lactate] ratios. We demonstrate its utility in breast and prostate cancer cells. The free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio determined in prostate cancer cells was 4 times higher than in breast cancer cells. This higher ratio reflects a distinct metabolic phenotype of prostate cancer cells consistent with previously reported alterations in the energy metabolism of these cells. As a reporter on free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio, the bioprobe will enable better understanding of the origin of diverse pathological states of the cell as well as monitor cellular consequences of diseases and/or treatments.
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97
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Abstract
The age-related epithelial cancers of the breast, colorectum and prostate are the most prevalent and are increasing in our aging populations. Epithelial cells turnover rapidly and mutations naturally accumulate throughout life. Most epithelial cancers arise from this normal mutation rate. All elderly individuals will harbour many cells with the requisite mutations and most will develop occult neoplastic lesions. Although essential for initiation, these mutations are not sufficient for the progression of cancer to a life-threatening disease. This progression appears to be dependent on context: the tissue ecosystem within individuals and lifestyle exposures across populations of individuals. Together, this implies that the seeds may be plentiful but they only germinate in the right soil. The incidence of these cancers is much lower in Eastern countries but is increasing with Westernisation and increases more acutely in migrants to the West. A Western lifestyle is strongly associated with perturbed metabolism, as evidenced by the epidemics of obesity and diabetes: this may also provide the setting enabling the progression of epithelial cancers. Epidemiology has indicated that metabolic biomarkers are prospectively associated with cancer incidence and prognosis. Furthermore, within cancer research, there has been a rediscovery that a switch in cell metabolism is critical for cancer progression but this is set within the metabolic status of the host. The seed may only germinate if the soil is fertile. This perspective brings together the different avenues of investigation implicating the role that metabolism may play within the context of post-genomic concepts of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK,
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98
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Abstract
The function of p53 is best understood in response to genotoxic stress, but increasing evidence suggests that p53 also plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. p53 and its family members directly influence various metabolic pathways, enabling cells to respond to metabolic stress. These functions are likely to be important for restraining the development of cancer but could also have a profound effect on the development of metabolic diseases, including diabetes. A better understanding of the metabolic functions of p53 family members may aid in the identification of therapeutic targets and reveal novel uses for p53-modulating drugs.
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