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Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Zanardini R, Tosato S, Ventriglia M, Ferrari C, Bonetto C, Lasalvia A, Giubilini F, Fioritti A, Pileggi F, Pratelli M, Pavanati M, Favaro A, De Girolamo G, Frisoni GB, Ruggeri M, Gennarelli M. Immune and metabolic alterations in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:315-324. [PMID: 29548996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular underpinnings associated to first episode psychosis (FEP) remains to be elucidated, but compelling evidence supported an association of FEP with blood alterations in biomarkers related to immune system, growth factors and metabolism regulators. Many of these studies have not been already confirmed in larger samples or have not considered the FEP diagnostic subgroups. In order to identify biochemical signatures of FEP, the serum levels of the growth factors BDNF and VEGF, the immune regulators IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17, RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1b/CCL4, IL-8 and the metabolic regulators C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin and visfatin were analysed in 260 subjects collected in the GET UP project. The results indicated an increase of MIP-1b/CCL4, VEGF, IL-6 and PAI-1, while IL-17, ghrelin, glucagon and GLP-1 were decreased in the whole sample of FEP patients (p < 0.01 for all markers except for PAI-1 p < 0.05). No differences were evidenced for these markers among the diagnostic groups that constitute the FEP sample, whereas IL-8 is increased only in patients with a diagnosis of affective psychosis. The principal component analysis (PCA) and variable importance analysis (VIA) indicated that MIP-1b/CCL4, ghrelin, glucagon, VEGF and GLP-1 were the variables mostly altered in FEP patients. On the contrary, none of the analysed markers nor a combination of them can discriminate between FEP diagnostic subgroups. These data evidence a profile of immune and metabolic alterations in FEP patients, providing new information on the molecular mechanism associated to the psychosis onset for the development of preventive strategies and innovative treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy.
| | | | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation, AFaR Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Michele Pavanati
- Department of Medical Sciences of Communication and Behavior, Section of Psychiatry, The Consultation-Liaison Psychiatric Service and Psychiatric Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedaliera, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Frisoni
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Italy
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Wu DM, Wang S, Shen M, Wang YJ, Zhang B, Wu ZQ, Lu J, Zheng YL. S100A9 gene silencing inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by blocking the IL-17 signalling pathway in mice with acute pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2378-2389. [PMID: 29441717 PMCID: PMC5867138 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate whether S100A9 gene silencing mediating the IL‐17 pathway affected the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in acute pancreatitis (AP). Kunming mice were assigned to the normal, AP, AP + negative control (NC), AP + shRNA, AP + IgG and AP + anti IL‐17 groups. ELISA was applied to measure expressions of AMY, LDH, CRP, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8. The cells were distributed into the control, blank, NC, shRNA1 and shRNA2 groups. MTT assay, flow cytometry, RT‐qPCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, and expressions of S100A9, TLR4, RAGE, IL‐17, HMGB1 and S100A12 in tissues and cells. Compared with the normal group, the AP group displayed increased expressions of AMY, LDH, CRP, TNFα, IL‐6, IL‐8, S100A9, TLR4, RAGE, IL‐17, HMGB1 and S100A12. The AP + shRNA and AP + anti IL‐17 groups exhibited an opposite trend. The in vivo results: Compare with the control group, the blank, NC, shRNA1 and shRNA2 groups demonstrated increased expressions of S100A9, TLR4, RAGE, IL‐17, HMGB1 and S100A12, as well as cell apoptosis and cells at the G1 phase, with reduced proliferation. Compared with the blank and NC groups, the shRNA1 and shRNA2 groups had declined expressions of S100A9, TLR4, RAGE, IL‐17, HMGB1 and S100A12, as well as cell apoptosis and cells at the G1 phase, with elevated proliferation. The results indicated that S100A9 gene silencing suppressed the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines through blocking of the IL‐17 pathway in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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53
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Trenova AG, Slavov GS, Draganova-Filipova MN, Mateva NG, Manova MG, Miteva LD, Stanilova SA. Circulating levels of interleukin-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-18, interleukin-10, and cognitive performance of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 2018; 40:153-159. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1420522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgi S. Slavov
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nonka G. Mateva
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and Electronic Education, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya G. Manova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lyuba D. Miteva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Spaska A. Stanilova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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54
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Biragyn A, Aliseychik M, Rogaev E. Potential importance of B cells in aging and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:283-294. [PMID: 28083646 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of B cells as merely antibody producers is slowly changing. Alone or in concert with antibody, they control outcomes of seemingly different diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. While their role in activation of effector immune cells is beneficial in cancer but bad in autoimmune diseases, their immunosuppressive and regulatory subsets (Bregs) inhibit autoimmune and anticancer responses. These pathogenic and suppressive functions are not static and appear to be regulated by the nature and strength of inflammation. Although aging increases inflammation and changes the composition and function of B cells, surprisingly, little is known whether the change affects aging-associated neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, by analyzing B cells in cancer and autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases, we elucidate their potential importance in AD and other aging-associated neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation section, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Maria Aliseychik
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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55
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Debnath M, Berk M. Functional Implications of the IL-23/IL-17 Immune Axis in Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8170-8178. [PMID: 27900676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of schizophrenia seems to stem from complex interactions amongst environmental, genetic, metabolic, immunologic and oxidative components. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been persistently linked to schizophrenia, and this has primarily been based on the findings derived from Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. While the IL-23/IL-17 axis plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, it has remained relatively unexplored in neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered levels of cytokines related to IL-23/IL-17 axis have been observed in schizophrenia patients in a few studies. In addition, other indirect factors known to confer schizophrenia risk like complement activation and altered gut microbiota are shown to modulate the IL-23/IL-17 axis. These preliminary observations provide crucial clues about the functional implications of IL-23/IL-17 axis in schizophrenia. In this review, an attempt has been made to highlight the biology of IL-23/IL-17 axis and its relevance to schizophrenia risk and pathogenesis. Given the pathogenic potential of the IL-23/IL-17 axis, therapeutic targeting of this axis may be a promising approach to benefit patients suffering from this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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56
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Chiricozzi A, Romanelli M, Saraceno R, Torres T. No meaningful association between suicidal behavior and the use of IL-17A-neutralizing or IL-17RA-blocking agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15:1653-1659. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2016.1228872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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57
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He JJ, Sun FJ, Wang Y, Luo XQ, Lei P, Zhou J, Zhu D, Li ZY, Yang H. Increased expression of interleukin 17 in the cortex and hippocampus from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:153-9. [PMID: 27609289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsies in adults and proinflammatory cytokines have long been thought to play an important role in pathogenesis and epileptogenicity. In the present study, we investigated the levels and expression patterns of the interleukin 17 (IL-17) system in temporal neocortex and hippocampus from 24 patients with MTLE and 8 control (Ctr) samples. We found that IL-17 and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) were clearly upregulated in MTLE at both mRNA and protein levels, compared with Ctr. Immunostaining indicated that neurons, astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells of blood vessels are the major sources of IL-17. These findings suggest that IL-17 system may be involved in the pathogenesis and epileptogenicity of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Fei-Ji Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Mianzhu People's Hospital, Sichuan 618200, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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58
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McColl A, Thomson CA, Nerurkar L, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. TLR7-mediated skin inflammation remotely triggers chemokine expression and leukocyte accumulation in the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:102. [PMID: 27160148 PMCID: PMC4862138 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between the brain and the immune system has become increasingly topical as, although it is immune-specialised, the CNS is not free from the influences of the immune system. Recent data indicate that peripheral immune stimulation can significantly affect the CNS. But the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain unclear. The standard approach to understanding this relationship has relied on systemic immune activation using bacterial components, finding that immune mediators, such as cytokines, can have a significant effect on brain function and behaviour. More rarely have studies used disease models that are representative of human disorders. Methods Here we use a well-characterised animal model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation—imiquimod—to investigate the effects of tissue-specific peripheral inflammation on the brain. We used full genome array, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell infiltration, doublecortin staining for neural precursor cells and a behavioural read-out exploiting natural burrowing behaviour. Results We found that a number of genes are upregulated in the brain following treatment, amongst which is a subset of inflammatory chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, CCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL16 and CCR5). Strikingly, this model induced the infiltration of a number of immune cell subsets into the brain parenchyma, including T cells, NK cells and myeloid cells, along with a reduction in neurogenesis and a suppression of burrowing activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that cutaneous, peripheral immune stimulation is associated with significant leukocyte infiltration into the brain and suggest that chemokines may be amongst the key mediators driving this response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0562-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McColl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Louis Nerurkar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
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59
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Ma HY, Xu J, Liu X, Zhu Y, Gao B, Karin M, Tsukamoto H, Jeste DV, Grant I, Roberts AJ, Contet C, Geoffroy C, Zheng B, Brenner D, Kisseleva T. The role of IL-17 signaling in regulation of the liver-brain axis and intestinal permeability in Alcoholic Liver Disease. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:27-35. [PMID: 27239399 PMCID: PMC4878828 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) progresses from a normal liver, to steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite intensive studies, the pathogenesis of ALD is poorly understood, in part due to a lack of suitable animal models which mimic the stages of ALD progression. Furthermore, the role of IL-17 in ALD has not been evaluated. We and others have recently demonstrated that IL-17 signaling plays a critical role in development of liver fibrosis and cancer. Here we summarize the most recent evidence supporting the role of IL-17 in ALD. As a result of a collaborative effort of Drs. Karin, Gao, Tsukamoto and Kisseleva, we developed several improved models of ALD in mice: 1) chronic-plus-binge model that mimics early stages of steatohepatitis, 2) intragastric ethanol feeding model that mimics alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis, and 3) diethylnitrosamine (DEN)+alcohol model that mimics alcoholic liver cancer. These models might provide new insights into the mechanism of IL-17 signaling in ALD and help identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yunheng Zhu
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Surgery, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD & Cirrhosis Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, and Department of Veterans Affairs Great Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Stein Institute for Research on Aging, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Candice Contet
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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60
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Liu Q, Sanai N, Jin WN, La Cava A, Van Kaer L, Shi FD. Neural stem cells sustain natural killer cells that dictate recovery from brain inflammation. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:243-52. [PMID: 26752157 PMCID: PMC5336309 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from organ-specific autoimmune diseases largely relies on the mobilization of endogenous repair mechanisms and local factors that control them. Natural killer (NK) cells are swiftly mobilized to organs targeted by autoimmunity and typically undergo numerical contraction when inflammation wanes. We report the unexpected finding that NK cells are retained in the brain subventricular zone (SVZ) during the chronic phase of multiple sclerosis in humans and its animal model in mice. These NK cells were found preferentially in close proximity to SVZ neural stem cells (NSCs) that produce interleukin-15 and sustain functionally competent NK cells. Moreover, NK cells limited the reparative capacity of NSCs following brain inflammation. These findings reveal that reciprocal interactions between NSCs and NK cells regulate neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Alshammari MA, Alshammari TK, Nenov MN, Scala F, Laezza F. Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 Modulates the Neurogenesis of Granule Neurons in the Adult Dentate Gyrus. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7254-7270. [PMID: 26687232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the production of mature neurons from progenitor cells in the adult mammalian brain, is linked to the etiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. However, a thorough understanding of the molecular elements at the base of adult neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence for a previously undescribed function of fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), a brain disease-associated factor that controls neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, in regulating adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). We found that FGF14 is dynamically expressed in restricted subtypes of sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2)-positive and doublecortin (DCX)-positive neural progenitors in the DG. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation studies and confocal imaging revealed that genetic deletion of Fgf14 in Fgf14 -/- mice leads to a significant change in the proportion of proliferating and immature and mature newly born adult granule cells. This results in an increase in the late immature and early mature population of DCX and calretinin (CR)-positive neurons. Electrophysiological extracellular field recordings showed reduced minimal threshold response and impaired paired-pulse facilitation at the perforant path to DG inputs in Fgf14 -/- compared to Fgf14 +/+ mice, supporting disrupted synaptic connectivity as a correlative read-out to impaired neurogenesis. These new insights into the biology of FGF14 in neurogenesis shed light into the signaling pathways associated with disrupted functions in complex brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaad A Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Tahani K Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Federico Scala
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 7.102B, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Rosani U, Varotto L, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Venier P. IL-17 signaling components in bivalves: Comparative sequence analysis and involvement in the immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:255-268. [PMID: 26026244 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of soluble immune-regulatory molecules in invertebrates takes advantage of the rapid growth of next generation sequencing datasets. Following protein domain searches in the transcriptomes of 31 bivalve spp. and in few available mollusk genomes, we retrieved 59 domains uniquely identifying interleukin 17 (IL-17) and 96 SEFIR domains typical of IL-17 receptors and CIKS/ACT1 proteins acting downstream in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Compared to the Chordata IL-17 family members, we confirm a separate clustering of the bivalve domain sequences and a consistent conservation pattern of amino acid residues. Analysis performed at transcript and genome level allowed us to propose an updated view of the components outlining the IL-17 signaling pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Crassostrea gigas (in both species, homology modeling reduced the variety of IL-17 domains to only two 3D structures). Digital expression analysis indicated more heterogeneous expression levels for the mussel and oyster IL-17 ligands than for IL-17 receptors and CIKS/CIKSL proteins. Besides, new qPCR analyses confirmed such gene expression trends in hemocytes and gills of mussels challenged with heat-killed bacteria. These results uphold the involvement of an ancient IL-17 signaling pathway in the bivalve immune responses and, likewise in humans, suggest the possibility of distinctive modulatory roles of individual IL-17s/IL-17 receptors. Overall, the common evidence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inter-related intracellular signaling pathways in bivalves definitely adds complexity to the invertebrate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Varotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgeri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgeri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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Hachisu M, Konishi K, Hosoi M, Tani M, Tomioka H, Kitajima Y, Inamoto A, Hirata A, Koganemaru T, Tomita A, Akashi N, Hori K. Serum Anticholinergic Activity as an Index of Anticholinergic Activity Load in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:134-9. [PMID: 26138490 DOI: 10.1159/000381483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported a procedure of serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) measurement and the reliability and reproducibility of the receptor binding assay, and we also described the usefulness of SAA measurement reflecting the anticholinergic activity (AA) in the central nervous system (CNS). According to the results of a 10 times repeated measurement of standard atropine binding, the relative error was between -5.5 and +3.7%, and we considered that measurement of SAA in our studies is accurate and validated. Downregulation of acetylcholine activates inflammation in both CNS and peripheral tissue, which causes AA in both sites. Therefore, changes of AA in the CNS link with SAA in the peripheral system even if a substance having AA does not penetrate through the blood-brain barrier. Then we redescribe issues that require attention in the measurement of SAA. It is generally defined that any SAA greater than the detection limit of a quantitative atropine equivalent level (≥1.95 nM in our study) is positive. According to previous studies, SAA is considered to be positive when its atropine equivalent is ≥1.95 nM and undetectable when this is <1.95 nM. Nevertheless, as a low SAA can act as AA in the CNS, we should assume that SAA might also be positive if its marker concentration is between 0 and 1.95 nM. In addition, SAA should be measured around 11 a.m. or somewhat later because of the diurnal rhythm of cortisol in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Hachisu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Yokohama, Japan
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