51
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Zhao H, Yi B, Liang Z, Phillips C, Lin HY, Riker AI, Xi Y. Cyclin G2, a novel target of sulindac to inhibit cell cycle progression in colorectal cancer. Genes Dis 2021; 8:320-330. [PMID: 33997179 PMCID: PMC8093647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulindac has shown significant clinical benefit in preventing colorectal cancer progression, but its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. We have found that sulindac sulfide (SS) is able to inhibit cell cycle progression in human colorectal cancer cells, particularly through G1 arrest. To understand the underlying mechanisms of sulindac inhibitory activity, we have demonstrated that Cyclin G2 up-regulation upon SS treatment can substantially delay cell cycle progression by enhancing the transcriptional activity of FOXO3a in human colorectal tumor cells. MiR-182, an oncogenic microRNA known to inhibit FOXO3a gene expression, is also involved in the suppressive effect of SS on cell cycle progression. This process begins with the down-regulation of miR-182, followed by the enhancement of FOXO3a transcriptional activity and the up-regulation of Cyclin G2. To further determine the clinical utility of this axis, we analyzed the expression of miR-182/FOXO3a/Cyclin G2 in human colorectal tumor samples. Our results show not only that there are significant differences in miR-182/FOXO3a/Cyclin G2 between tumors and normal tissues, but also that the synergetic effect of miR-182 and FOXO3a is associated with predicting tumor progression. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanistic axis consisting of miR-182/FOXO3a/Cyclin G2 that mediates sulindac inhibition of cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Zhipin Liang
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Ches’Nique Phillips
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Adam I. Riker
- Geaton and JoAnn DeCesaris Cancer Institute, Anne Arundel Medical Center, Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
| | - Yaguang Xi
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
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52
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Macrophage Exosomes Resolve Atherosclerosis by Regulating Hematopoiesis and Inflammation via MicroRNA Cargo. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107881. [PMID: 32668250 PMCID: PMC8143919 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing strategies that promote the resolution of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis remains a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we show that exosomes produced by naive bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM-exo) contain anti-inflammatory microRNA-99a/146b/378a that are further increased in exosomes produced by BMDM polarized with IL-4 (BMDM-IL-4-exo). These exosomal microRNAs suppress inflammation by targeting NF-κB and TNF-α signaling and foster M2 polarization in recipient macrophages. Repeated infusions of BMDM-IL-4-exo into Apoe−/− mice fed a Western diet reduce excessive hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and thereby the number of myeloid cells in the circulation and macrophages in aortic root lesions. This also leads to a reduction in necrotic lesion areas that collectively stabilize atheroma. Thus, BMDM-IL-4-exo may represent a useful therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis and other inflammatory disorders by targeting NF-κB and TNF-α via microRNA cargo delivery. Anti-inflammatory properties of M2 macrophages can be communicated as miRNA packaged into exosomes. Bouchareychas et al. show that when tested in the Apoe−/− mouse model of hyperlipidemia, M2 macrophage exosomes reduced hematopoiesis and the inflammatory state of circulating monocytes and macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques.
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53
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Simna SP, Han Z. Prospects Of Non-Coding Elements In Genomic Dna Based Gene Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:89-103. [PMID: 33874871 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210419090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has made significant development since the commencement of the first clinical trials a few decades ago and has remained a dynamic area of research regardless of obstacles such as immune response and insertional mutagenesis. Progression in various technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) and nanotechnology has established the importance of non-coding segments of a genome, thereby taking gene therapy to the next level. In this review, we have summarized the importance of non-coding elements, highlighting the advantages of using full-length genomic DNA loci (gDNA) compared to complementary DNA (cDNA) or minigene, currently used in gene therapy. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the advances and the future of potential use of gDNA loci in gene therapy, expanding the therapeutic repertoire in molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Simna
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. United States
| | - Zongchao Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. United States
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54
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He C, Han S, Chang Y, Wu M, Zhao Y, Chen C, Chu X. CRISPR screen in cancer: status quo and future perspectives. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1031-1050. [PMID: 33948344 PMCID: PMC8085856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system offers a powerful platform for genome manipulation, including protein-coding genes, noncoding RNAs and regulatory elements. The development of CRISPR screen enables high-throughput interrogation of gene functions in diverse tumor biologies, such as tumor growth, metastasis, synthetic lethal interactions, therapeutic resistance and immunotherapy response, which are mostly performed in vitro or in transplant models. Recently, direct in vivo CRISPR screens have been developed to identify drivers of tumorigenesis in native microenvironment. Key parameters of CRISPR screen are constantly being optimized to achieve higher targeting efficiency and lower off-target effect. Here, we review the recent advances of CRISPR screen in cancer studies both in vitro and in vivo, with a particular focus on identifying cancer immunotherapy targets, and propose optimizing strategies and future perspectives for CRISPR screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| | - Siqi Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| | - Yulu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210002, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
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55
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Fa HG, Chang WG, Zhang XJ, Xiao DD, Wang JX. Noncoding RNAs in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:499-507. [PMID: 32694762 PMCID: PMC8114921 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (DOX), are well known for their high efficacy in treating multiple cancers, but their clinical usage is limited due to their potential to induce fatal cardiotoxicity. Such detrimental effects significantly impact the overall physical condition or even induce the morbidity and mortality of cancer survivors. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the mechanisms of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity to develop methods for the early detection of cytotoxicity and therapeutic applications. Studies have shown that many molecular events are involved in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. However, the precise mechanisms are still not completely understood. Recently, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been extensively studied in a diverse range of regulatory roles in cellular physiological and pathological processes. With respect to their roles in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most widely studied, and studies have focused on the regulatory roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which have been shown to have significant functions in the cardiovascular system. Recent discoveries on the roles of ncRNAs in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity have prompted extensive interest in exploring candidate ncRNAs for utilization as potential therapeutic targets and/or diagnostic biomarkers. This review presents the frontier studies on the roles of ncRNAs in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, addresses the possibility and prospects of using ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets, and discusses the possible reasons for related discrepancies and limitations of their use.
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miRNA Regulatory Functions in Farm Animal Diseases, and Biomarker Potentials for Effective Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063080. [PMID: 33802936 PMCID: PMC8002598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting either the 3′ untranslated or coding regions of genes. They have been reported to play key roles in a wide range of biological processes. The recent remarkable developments of transcriptomics technologies, especially next-generation sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatics tools, allow more in-depth exploration of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs. These technologies have offered great opportunities for a deeper exploration of miRNA involvement in farm animal diseases, as well as livestock productivity and welfare. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of miRNA roles in major farm animal diseases with a particular focus on diseases of economic importance. In addition, we discuss the steps and future perspectives of using miRNAs as biomarkers and molecular therapy for livestock disease management as well as the challenges and opportunities for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs related to disease pathogenesis.
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57
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Yang Y, Xu J, Ge S, Lai L. CRISPR/Cas: Advances, Limitations, and Applications for Precision Cancer Research. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:649896. [PMID: 33748164 PMCID: PMC7965951 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.649896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most leading causes of mortalities worldwide. It is caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in 2 types of genes: tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and proto-oncogenes. In recent years, development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has revolutionized genome engineering for different cancer research ranging for research ranging from fundamental science to translational medicine and precise cancer treatment. The CRISPR/CRISPR associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) are prokaryote-derived genome editing systems that have enabled researchers to detect, image, manipulate and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in various types of living cells. The CRISPR/Cas systems have significant contributions to discovery of proto-oncogenes and TSGs, tumor cell epigenome normalization, targeted delivery, identification of drug resistance mechanisms, development of high-throughput genetic screening, tumor models establishment, and cancer immunotherapy and gene therapy in clinics. Robust technical improvements in CRISPR/Cas systems have shown a considerable degree of efficacy, specificity, and flexibility to target the specific locus in the genome for the desired applications. Recent developments in CRISPRs technology offers a significant hope of medical cure against cancer and other deadly diseases. Despite significant improvements in this field, several technical challenges need to be addressed, such as off-target activity, insufficient indel or low homology-directed repair (HDR) efficiency, in vivo delivery of the Cas system components, and immune responses. This study aims to overview the recent technological advancements, preclinical and perspectives on clinical applications of CRISPR along with their advantages and limitations. Moreover, the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas in precise cancer tumor research, genetic, and other precise cancer treatments discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Pathology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Lai
- Department of Pathology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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58
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Raue R, Frank AC, Syed SN, Brüne B. Therapeutic Targeting of MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042210. [PMID: 33672261 PMCID: PMC7926641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-microenvironment (TME) is an amalgamation of various factors derived from malignant cells and infiltrating host cells, including cells of the immune system. One of the important factors of the TME is microRNAs (miRs) that regulate target gene expression at a post transcriptional level. MiRs have been found to be dysregulated in tumor as well as in stromal cells and they emerged as important regulators of tumorigenesis. In fact, miRs regulate almost all hallmarks of cancer, thus making them attractive tools and targets for novel anti-tumoral treatment strategies. Tumor to stroma cell cross-propagation of miRs to regulate protumoral functions has been a salient feature of the TME. MiRs can either act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs) and both miR mimics as well as miR inhibitors (antimiRs) have been used in preclinical trials to alter cancer and stromal cell phenotypes. Owing to their cascading ability to regulate upstream target genes and their chemical nature, which allows specific pharmacological targeting, miRs are attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we cover a recent update on our understanding of dysregulated miRs in the TME and provide an overview of how these miRs are involved in current cancer-therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Raue
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Ann-Christin Frank
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Shahzad Nawaz Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
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59
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Pinnell JR, Cui M, Tieu K. Exosomes in Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2021; 157:413-428. [PMID: 33372290 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease, in which the formation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein is a key neuropathological hallmark. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles such as exosomes present a potential mechanism for propagation of pathological α-synuclein throughout the brain. The ability of exosomes to transport proteins and genetic material between cells, including mRNA and microRNAs which have been implicated in PD pathology, provides critical insights as to how exosomes may contribute to pathological progression in PD. Advances have also been made in the investigation of exosomes as potential tools for the modulation of Parkinson's pathology; their detection extracellularly may facilitate their use as biomarkers, while their small size could be utilised as vectors for the delivery of therapeutics. The aim of this review was to highlight our current knowledge of the role of exosomes in PD and potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pinnell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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60
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Weidle UH, Birzele F, Nopora A. microRNAs Promoting Growth of Gastric Cancer Xenografts and Correlation to Clinical Prognosis. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:1-15. [PMID: 33419892 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual death toll for gastric cancer is in the range of 700,000 worldwide. Even in patients with early-stage gastric cancer recurrence within five years has been observed after surgical resection and following chemotherapy with therapy-resistant features. Therefore, the identification of new targets and treatment modalities for gastric cancer is of paramount importance. In this review we focus on the role of microRNAs with documented efficacy in preclinical xenograft models with respect to growth of human gastric cancer cells. We have identified 31 miRs (-10b, -19a, -19b, -20a, -23a/b, -25, -27a-3p, -92a, -93, -100, -106a, -130a, -135a, -135b-5p, -151-5p, -187, -199-3p, -215, -221-3p, -224, -340a, -382, -421, -425, -487a, -493, -532-3p, -575, -589, -664a-3p) covering 26 different targets which promote growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo as xenografts. Five miRs (miRs -10b, 151-5p, -187, 532-3p and -589) additionally have an impact on metastasis. Thirteen of the identified miRs (-19b, -20a/b, -25, -92a, -106a, -135a, -187, -221-3p, -340a, -421, -493, -575 and -589) have clinical impact on worse prognosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany;
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany;
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61
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding single-stranded RNA molecules containing 18-22 nucleotides that play an important role in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Loss-of-function studies are the fundamental strategy to examine miRNA function and target genes in cellular and molecular biology. Traditional methods for miRNA loss-of-function studies include miRNA-specific antisense inhibitors, miRNA sponges, and genetic knockout. However, efficiency, specificity, and stability of these methods are not adequate. Our study suggests that CRISPR/Cas9 is an economic, convenient, and innovative strategy with high efficiency, specificity, and stability for the modulation of miRNA expression. Herein, we describe a detailed protocol for knocking out miRNA genes in vitro and in vivo with the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yi
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kristina Larter
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yaguang Xi
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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62
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Adil MS, Khulood D, Somanath PR. Targeting Akt-associated microRNAs for cancer therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 189:114384. [PMID: 33347867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells because of activating protooncogenes and/or inactivating tumor suppressor genes are the hallmarks of cancer. The PI3K/Akt signaling is one of the most frequently activated pathways in cancer cells responsible for the regulation of cell survival and proliferation in stress and hypoxic conditions during oncogenesis. Non-coding RNAs are a large family of RNAs that are not involved in protein-coding, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are a sub-set of non-coding RNAs with a single strand of 18-25 nucleotides. miRNAs are extensively involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and play an extensive role in the regulatory mechanisms including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The impact of cancer on mRNA stability and translation efficiency is extensive and therefore, cancerous tissues exhibit drastic alterations in the expression of miRNAs. miRNAs can be modulated by utilizing techniques such as miRNA mimics, miRNA antagonists, or CRISPR/Cas9. In addition to their capacity as potential targets in cancer therapy, they can be used as reliable biomarkers to diagnose the disease at the earliest stage. Recent evidence indicates that microRNA-mediated gene regulation intersects with the Akt pathway, forming an Akt-microRNA regulatory network. miRNAs and Akt in this network operate together to exert their cellular tasks. In the current review, we discuss the Akt-associated miRNAs in several cancers, their molecular regulation, and how this newly emerging knowledge may contribute greatly to revolutionize cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S Adil
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Daulat Khulood
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
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63
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Liang Z, Qin Z, Riker AI, Xi Y. CRISPR/Cas9 ablating viral microRNA promotes lytic reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1400-1405. [PMID: 33092788 PMCID: PMC7813130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated gene 9) system is an RNA-guided, DNA editing method that has been widely used for gene editing, including human viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8), following latent infection in human cells, can cause a variety of malignancies, such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), with a high prevalence in immunocompromised patients. Of significant concern, the latent infection with KSHV has been shown to lead to increased resistance to antiviral therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a set of non-coding, small RNA molecules that regulate protein-coding genes at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. KSHV has its miRNAs, most of which are expressed in latently infected cells and play a crucial role in maintaining KSHV latency. Notably, by regulating the expression of the downstream target genes in host cells, KSHV miRNAs can interact with the host environment to promote the development of KSHV-related diseases. Although CRISPR/Cas9 has been reported to edit KSHV protein-coding genes, there is no published literature on whether the CRISPR/Cas9 system can regulate the expression of KSHV miRNAs. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to inhibit the expression of KSHV miRNAs by directly editing the DNA sequences of individual KSHV miRNAs, or the promoter of clustered KHSV miRNAs, in latent KSHV-infected PEL cells. Our results show that CRISPR/Cas9 can ablate KSHV miRNAs expression, which in turn leads to the upregulation of viral lytic genes and alteration of host cellular gene expression. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first reported demonstration of the CRISPR/Cas9 system editing KSHV miRNAs, further expanding the application of CRISPR/Cas9 as a novel antiviral strategy targeting KSHV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipin Liang
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adam I Riker
- Geaton and JoAnn DeCesaris Cancer Institute, Anne Arundel Medical Center, Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Yaguang Xi
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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64
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Chung PJ, Chung H, Oh N, Choi J, Bang SW, Jung SE, Jung H, Shim JS, Kim JK. Efficiency of Recombinant CRISPR/rCas9-Mediated miRNA Gene Editing in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249606. [PMID: 33339449 PMCID: PMC7766165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major environmental stresses adversely affecting crop productivity worldwide. Precise characterization of genes involved in drought response is necessary to develop new crop varieties with enhanced drought tolerance. Previously, we identified 66 drought-induced miRNAs in rice plants. For the further functional investigation of the miRNAs, we applied recombinant codon-optimized Cas9 (rCas9) for rice with single-guide RNAs specifically targeting mature miRNA sequences or sites required for the biogenesis of mature miRNA. A total of 458 T0 transgenic plants were analyzed to determine the frequency and type of mutations induced by CRISPR/rCas9 on 13 independent target miRNAs. The average mutation frequency for 13 genes targeted by single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) in T0 generation was 59.4%, including mono-allelic (8.54%), bi-allelic (11.1%), and hetero-allelic combination (39.7%) mutations. The mutation frequency showed a positive correlation with Tm temperature of sgRNAs. For base insertion, one base insertion (99%) was predominantly detected in transgenic plants. Similarly, one base deletion accounted for the highest percentage, but there was also a significant percentage of cases in which more than one base was deleted. The deletion of more than two bases in OsmiR171f and OsmiR818b significantly reduced the level of corresponding mature miRNAs. Further functional analysis using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis confirmed that OsmiR818b is involved in drought response in rice plants. Overall, this study suggests that the CRISPR/rCas9 system is a powerful tool for loss-of-function analysis of miRNA in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Joong Chung
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
- 3BIGS, Suwon 16506, Korea
| | - Nuri Oh
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joohee Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
- Novel food Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Seung Woon Bang
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Se Eun Jung
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Harin Jung
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Jae Sung Shim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.S.); (J.-K.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-0507 (J.S.S.); +82-33-339-5826 (J.-K.K.)
| | - Ju-Kon Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (P.J.C.); (H.C.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (S.W.B.); (S.E.J.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.S.); (J.-K.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-0507 (J.S.S.); +82-33-339-5826 (J.-K.K.)
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Yang X, Liang Y, Bamunuarachchi G, Xu Y, Vaddadi K, Pushparaj S, Xu D, Zhu Z, Blaha R, Huang C, Liu L. miR-29a is a negative regulator of influenza virus infection through targeting of the frizzled 5 receptor. Arch Virol 2020; 166:363-373. [PMID: 33206218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections result in a large number of deaths and substantial economic losses each year. MicroRNAs repress gene expression and are involved in virus-host interactions. miR-29a is known to have anti-tumor and anti-fibrotic effects. However, the role of miR-29a in IAV infection is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of miR-29a on IAV infection and the mechanisms by which it functions. IAV infection was found to cause decreased miR-29a expression in lung epithelial A549 cells and mouse lungs. Overexpression of miR-29a reduced IAV mRNA and protein levels and progeny virus production in HEK293 and A549 cells. Inhibition of IAV infection by miR-29a was observed with different strains of IAV, including A/PR/8/34, A/WSN/1933, and clinical isolates A/OK/3052/09 and A/OK/309/06 H3N2. Knockout of miR-29a using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in an increase in viral mRNA and protein levels, confirming that miR-29a suppresses IAV infection. A 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) reporter assay showed that miR-29a had binding sites in the 3'-UTR of the Wnt-Ca2+ signaling receptor frizzled 5 gene, and overexpression of miR-29a reduced the level of the endogenous frizzled 5 protein. Wnt5a treatment of HEK293 and A549 cells enhanced IAV infection. Our results suggest that miR-29a inhibits IAV infection, probably via the frizzled 5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Yang
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yurong Liang
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yanzhao Xu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Kishore Vaddadi
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Samuel Pushparaj
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Dao Xu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zhengyu Zhu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Rachel Blaha
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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66
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Garcia A, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Fish RJ, Neerman-Arbez M, Reny JL, Fontana P. Methods to Investigate miRNA Function: Focus on Platelet Reactivity. Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:409-421. [PMID: 33124028 PMCID: PMC8263142 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs modulating protein production. They are key players in regulation of cell function and are considered as biomarkers in several diseases. The identification of the proteins they regulate, and their impact on cell physiology, may delineate their role as diagnostic or prognostic markers and identify new therapeutic strategies. During the last 3 decades, development of a large panel of techniques has given rise to multiple models dedicated to the study of miRNAs. Since plasma samples are easily accessible, circulating miRNAs can be studied in clinical trials. To quantify miRNAs in numerous plasma samples, the choice of extraction and purification techniques, as well as normalization procedures, are important for comparisons of miRNA levels in populations and over time. Recent advances in bioinformatics provide tools to identify putative miRNAs targets that can then be validated with dedicated assays. In vitro and in vivo approaches aim to functionally validate candidate miRNAs from correlations and to understand their impact on cellular processes. This review describes the advantages and pitfalls of the available techniques for translational research to study miRNAs with a focus on their role in regulating platelet reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Garcia
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard J Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marguerite Neerman-Arbez
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Reny
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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67
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Malik S, Lim J, Slack FJ, Braddock DT, Bahal R. Next generation miRNA inhibition using short anti-seed PNAs encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles. J Control Release 2020; 327:406-419. [PMID: 32835710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of microRNAs (miRNAs) offers a new avenue for cancer therapeutics. While most of the current anti-miRNA (antimiR) reagents target full length miRNAs, here we investigate novel nanoparticle-delivered short PNA probes containing cationic domains targeting the seed region of the miRNA for effective antimiR therapy. For proof of concept, we tested PNAs targeting miRNA-155 and employed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticle formulation for delivery. A comprehensive evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) containing short PNA probes showed significantly superior loading, release profile, and uniform size distribution, compared to conventional non-cationic PNA probes. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses showed efficient transfection efficiency and uniform distribution of PLGA NPs containing short PNA probes in the cytoplasm. Functional analysis also confirmed efficient miRNA-155 inhibition including an effect on its downstream target proteins. Further, reduced tumor growth was observed after systemic delivery of PLGA nanoparticles containing short PNA probes in vivo in a xenograft mouse model following inhibition of miR-155. There was no evidence of acute or chronic toxicity associated with systemic delivery of PLGA NPs containing short PNA probes in the mice. Overall, in this paper we present a novel antimiR strategy based on PLGA nanoparticle delivered short PNA probes for potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jihoon Lim
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330, Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330, Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Demetrios T Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Eckburg A, Dein J, Berei J, Schrank Z, Puri N. Oligonucleotides and microRNAs Targeting Telomerase Subunits in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092337. [PMID: 32825005 PMCID: PMC7565511 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase provides cancer cells with replicative immortality, and its overexpression serves as a near-universal marker of cancer. Anti-cancer therapeutics targeting telomerase have garnered interest as possible alternatives to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Oligonucleotide-based therapies that inhibit telomerase through direct or indirect modulation of its subunits, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and human telomerase RNA gene (hTERC), are a unique and diverse subclass of telomerase inhibitors which hold clinical promise. MicroRNAs that play a role in the upregulation or downregulation of hTERT and respective progression or attenuation of cancer development have been effectively targeted to reduce telomerase activity in various cancer types. Tumor suppressor miRNAs, such as miRNA-512-5p, miRNA-138, and miRNA-128, and oncogenic miRNAs, such as miRNA-19b, miRNA-346, and miRNA-21, have displayed preclinical promise as potential hTERT-based therapeutic targets. Antisense oligonucleotides like GRN163L and T-oligos have also been shown to uniquely target the telomerase subunits and have become popular in the design of novel cancer therapies. Finally, studies suggest that G-quadruplex stabilizers, such as Telomestatin, preserve telomeric oligonucleotide architecture, thus inhibiting hTERC binding to the telomere. This review aims to provide an adept understanding of the conceptual foundation and current state of therapeutics utilizing oligonucleotides to target the telomerase subunits, including the advantages and drawbacks of each of these approaches.
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69
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CRISPR-Cas9 system: A genome-editing tool with endless possibilities. J Biotechnol 2020; 319:36-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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70
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Peng H, Ji W, Zhao R, Yang J, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhang X. Exosome: a significant nano-scale drug delivery carrier. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7591-7608. [PMID: 32697267 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the limitations of the nature of therapeutic agents, many synthetic nano-delivery systems have emerged to enhance the efficacy of drugs. Extracellular vesicles are currently a class of natural nano-scale drug carriers released by cells. As a tiny vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane that can be secreted by most cells in the body, exosomes carry and transmit important signal molecules, Therefore, they have been a research hotspot in biomedicine and biomaterials due to their size advantages and huge potential in drug therapy. Many people are optimistic about the clinical application prospects of exosomes and are actively exploring the broad functions of exosomes and developing exosome therapeutic agents to make positive contributions to human health. In this review, we provide basic knowledge and focus on summarizing the advantages of exosomes as drug carriers, methods of loading drugs, targeting strategies, in vivo and in vitro tracing methods, and some of the latest developments in exosomes as drug carriers. In particular, the review provides an outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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71
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Mohammadinejad R, Biagioni A, Arunkumar G, Shapiro R, Chang KC, Sedeeq M, Taiyab A, Hashemabadi M, Pardakhty A, Mandegary A, Thiery JP, Aref AR, Azimi I. EMT signaling: potential contribution of CRISPR/Cas gene editing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2701-2722. [PMID: 32008085 PMCID: PMC11104910 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex plastic and reversible cellular process that has critical roles in diverse physiological and pathological phenomena. EMT is involved in embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue repair, as well as in fibrosis, cancer metastasis and drug resistance. In recent years, the ability to edit the genome using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated protein (Cas) system has greatly contributed to identify or validate critical genes in pathway signaling. This review delineates the complex EMT networks and discusses recent studies that have used CRISPR/Cas technology to further advance our understanding of the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alessio Biagioni
- Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ganesan Arunkumar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Mohammed Sedeeq
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Aftab Taiyab
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Iman Azimi
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Grillone K, Riillo C, Scionti F, Rocca R, Tradigo G, Guzzi PH, Alcaro S, Di Martino MT, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Non-coding RNAs in cancer: platforms and strategies for investigating the genomic "dark matter". J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:117. [PMID: 32563270 PMCID: PMC7305591 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the onset and progression of malignancies is a promising frontier of cancer genetics. It is clear that ncRNAs are candidates for therapeutic intervention, since they may act as biomarkers or key regulators of cancer gene network. Recently, profiling and sequencing of ncRNAs disclosed deep deregulation in human cancers mostly due to aberrant mechanisms of ncRNAs biogenesis, such as amplification, deletion, abnormal epigenetic or transcriptional regulation. Although dysregulated ncRNAs may promote hallmarks of cancer as oncogenes or antagonize them as tumor suppressors, the mechanisms behind these events remain to be clarified. The development of new bioinformatic tools as well as novel molecular technologies is a challenging opportunity to disclose the role of the "dark matter" of the genome. In this review, we focus on currently available platforms, computational analyses and experimental strategies to investigate ncRNAs in cancer. We highlight the differences among experimental approaches aimed to dissect miRNAs and lncRNAs, which are the most studied ncRNAs. These two classes indeed need different investigation taking into account their intrinsic characteristics, such as length, structures and also the interacting molecules. Finally, we discuss the relevance of ncRNAs in clinical practice by considering promises and challenges behind the bench to bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Grillone
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Riillo
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical and Translational Oncology Units, AOU Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4science srl, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tradigo
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pietro Hiram Guzzi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Net4science srl, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical and Translational Oncology Units, AOU Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical and Translational Oncology Units, AOU Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Laboratory of Translational Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical and Translational Oncology Units, AOU Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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73
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Kwon Y, Kim M, Kim Y, Jung HS, Jeoung D. Exosomal MicroRNAs as Mediators of Cellular Interactions Between Cancer Cells and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32595638 PMCID: PMC7300210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment consists of cancer cells and various stromal cells such as endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), neutrophils, macrophages, and other innate and adaptive immune cells. Of these innate immune cells, macrophages are an extremely heterogeneous population, and display both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. While M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages) display anti-tumoral and pro-inflammatory functions, M2 macrophages display pro-tumoral and anti-inflammatory functions. Cellular interactions and molecular factors in the tumor microenvironment affect the polarization of macrophages. We review molecules and immune cells that influence the polarization status of macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) generally express M2 phenotype, and mediate many processes that include tumor initiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. A high number of TAMs has been associated with the poor prognosis of cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been known to regulate cellular interactions that involve cancer cells and macrophages. Tumor-derived exosomes play critical roles in inducing the M1 or M2-like polarization of macrophages. The roles of exosomal miRNAs from tumor cells in the polarization of macrophages are also discussed and the targets of these miRNAs are presented. We review the effects of exosomal miRNAs from TAMs on cancer cell invasion, growth, and anti-cancer drug resistance. The relevance of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) as targets for the development of anti-cancer drugs is discussed. We review recent progress in the development of miRNA therapeutics aimed at elevating or decreasing levels of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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74
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Liu W, Li W, Cai X, Yang Z, Li H, Su X, Song M, Zhou DS, Li X, Zhang C, Shao M, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Chang H, Yao YG, Fang Y, Lv L, Li M, Xiao X. Identification of a functional human-unique 351-bp Alu insertion polymorphism associated with major depressive disorder in the 1p31.1 GWAS risk loci. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1196-1206. [PMID: 32193514 PMCID: PMC7235090 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported substantial single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), but the underlying functional variations in the GWAS risk loci are unclear. Here we show that the European MDD genome-wide risk-associated allele of rs12129573 at 1p31.1 is associated with MDD in Han Chinese, and this SNP is in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a human-unique Alu insertion polymorphism (rs70959274) in the 5' flanking region of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01360 (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 1360), which is preferably expressed in human testis in the currently available expression datasets. The risk allele at rs12129573 is almost completely linked with the absence of this Alu insertion. The Alu insertion polymorphism (rs70959274) is significantly associated with a lower RNA level of LINC01360 and acts as a transcription silencer likely through modulating the methylation of its internal CpG sites. Luciferase assays confirm that the presence of Alu insertion at rs70959274 suppresses transcriptional activities in human cells, and deletion of the Alu insertion through CRISPR/Cas9-directed genome editing increases RNA expression of LINC01360. Deletion of the Alu insertion in human cells also leads to dysregulation of gene expression, biological processes and pathways relevant to MDD, such as the alterations of mRNA levels of DRD2 and FLOT1, transcription of genes involved in synaptic transmission, neurogenesis, learning or memory, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In summary, we identify a human-unique DNA repetitive polymorphism in robust LD with the MDD risk-associated SNP at the prominent 1p31.1 GWAS loci, and offer insights into the molecular basis of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Liu
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Xin Cai
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Huijuan Li
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Xi Su
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Meng Song
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- 0000 0004 1782 599Xgrid.452715.0Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- 0000 0004 1782 599Xgrid.452715.0Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cShanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Yan Zhang
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- 0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China ,0000 0004 1808 322Xgrid.412990.7Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Hong Chang
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eKey Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eKIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Yiru Fang
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cShanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China. .,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China. .,Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Li J, Wang L, Hua X, Tang H, Chen R, Yang T, Das S, Xiao J. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated miR-29b Editing as a Treatment of Different Types of Muscle Atrophy in Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1359-1372. [PMID: 32222157 PMCID: PMC7210721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength in response to diverse catabolic stimuli. At present, no effective treatments except exercise have been shown to reduce muscle atrophy clinically. Here, we report that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing through local injection into gastrocnemius muscles or tibialis anterior muscle efficiently targets the biogenesis processing sites in pre-miR-29b. In vivo, this CRISPR-based treatment prevented the muscle atrophy induced by angiotensin II (AngII), immobilization, and denervation via activation of the AKT-FOXO3A-mTOR signaling pathway and protected against AngII-induced myocyte apoptosis in mice, leading to significantly increased exercise capacity. Our work establishes CRISPR/Cas9-based gene targeting on miRNA as a potential durable therapy for the treatment of muscle atrophy and expands the strategies available interrogating miRNA function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuejiao Hua
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haifei Tang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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76
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Huang L, Tian H, Luo J, Song N, Wu J. CRISPR/Cas9 Based Knockout of miR-145 Affects Intracellular Fatty Acid Metabolism by Targeting INSIG1 in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5138-5146. [PMID: 32299216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MiR-145 modulates fatty acid metabolism by regulating the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in goat mammary epithelial cells. Previous studies using RNAi methods have clarified the function of miR-145 in lipogenesis. However, there are limiting factors such as short-term and inconsistent inhibition efficiency in RNAi method. On the basis of previous miR-145 functional studies, this study aims to knock out miR-145 and validate the function using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We successfully obtained the single cell clone which had single nucleotide deletion around the Drosha processing site. The expression of miR-145 was significantly decreased, and the mRNA and protein expression of target gene INSIG1 were both increased by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The expression of fatty acid metabolism-associated gene (DGAT1, AGPAT6, TIP47, ADFP, CD36, ACSL1, ATGL, ACOX, CPT1A, FADS2, ELOVL5, PPARA, SCD1, FASN, and ACACA) were decreased. The contents of triacylglycerol and cholesterol were significantly inhibited. The percentage of C17:0 and C18:0 saturated fatty acid increased. Taken together, these data suggested that knockout of miR-145 could inhibit TAG and cholesterol contents and affect fatty acid composition through regulating the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes. These findings provide a sufficient theoretical basis for improving goat milk quality by miR-145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Huibin Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ning Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
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77
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Gao Y, Li J, Li J, Hu C, Zhang L, Yan J, Li L, Zhang L. Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside alleviated inflammatory damage by mitophagy via AMPK related PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113997. [PMID: 32353422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative brain disorder with complex pathogenesis. The fibrillar peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) has a chief function in the pathogenesis of AD. Emerging evidence has indicated that there is a tight relationship between inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and Aβ formation. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is one of the main active components extracted from Polygonum multiflorum. Recent research corroborated the beneficial roles of TSG in alleviating the learning and memory of AD models. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism of TSG remains poorly elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of TSG on LPS/ATP and Aβ25-35-induced inflammation in microglia and neurons and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results found that treatment with TSG significantly attenuated the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, reduced NLRP3 inflammasome, and regulated mitophagy. TSG efficiently alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway both in microglia and neuron. Meanwhile, TSG promoted autophagy involved in the AMPK/PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway, which may contribute to the protective activity. Additional mechanistic investigations to evaluate the dependence of the neuroprotective role of TSG on PINK1 revealed that a lack of PINK1 inhibited autophagy, especially mitophagy in microglia. Importantly, knockdown of PINK1 or Parkin by siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 system abolished the protective effects of TSG. In conclusion, these phenomena suggested that TSG prevented LPS/ATP and Aβ-induced inflammation via AMPK/PINK1/Parkin-dependent enhancement of mitophagy. We found the neuroprotective effect of TSG, suggesting it may be beneficial for AD prevention and treatment by suppressing the activation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jianping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chaoying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
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78
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Nguyen TL, Nguyen TD, Bao S, Li S, Nguyen TA. The internal loops in the lower stem of primary microRNA transcripts facilitate single cleavage of human Microprocessor. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2579-2593. [PMID: 31956890 PMCID: PMC7049713 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Microprocessor complex cleaves primary microRNA (miRNA) transcripts (pri-miRNAs) to initiate miRNA synthesis. Microprocessor consists of DROSHA (an RNase III enzyme), and DGCR8. DROSHA contains two RNase III domains, RIIIDa and RIIIDb, which simultaneously cleave the 3p- and 5p-strands of pri-miRNAs, respectively. In this study, we show that the internal loop located in the lower stem of numerous pri-miRNAs selectively inhibits the cleavage of Microprocessor on their 3p-strand, thereby, facilitating the single cleavage on their 5p-strand. This single cleavage does not lead to the production of miRNA but instead, it downregulates miRNA expression. We also demonstrate that by manipulating the size of the internal loop in the lower stem of pri-miRNAs, we can alter the ratio of single-cut to double-cut products resulted from the catalysis of Microprocessor, thus changing miRNA production in the in vitro pri-miRNA processing assays and in human cells. Therefore, the oscillating level of the single cleavage suggests another way of regulation of miRNA expression and offers an alternative approach to miRNA knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Linh Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Trung Duc Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Bao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
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80
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Innao V, Allegra A, Pulvirenti N, Allegra AG, Musolino C. Therapeutic potential of antagomiRs in haematological and oncological neoplasms. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 29:e13208. [PMID: 31899849 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the role of MicroRNAs (or miRNAs) has been emphasised by the large number of studies in human tumour cells, underlining the high impact of post-transcriptional processes in cancer onset, progression, invasion and metastatisation. Currently known as oncomiR, real databases are collecting all the smaller fragments of RNA capable of participating in the oncogenesis. AIMS With the aim to collect for the first time the most important acquisitions in literature about antagomiRs in oncology, our narrative review is born with the purpose of showing that specific antisense oligonucleotides, capable to bind and antagonise single or multiple miRNAs, are effective as therapeutic compounds. RESULTS Peptide or locked nucleic acids, miRNA sponges or antagomiRs attached to plasmid or lentiviral vectors carrying miRNA sequences to its target are objects of our analysis, demonstrating their effectiveness in a large number and types of tumours. We have also tried how to overcome their high immunogenicity, which remains its greatest limit for clinical use. CONCLUSIONS They are ambitious but fascinating promise to alter the promotion of the tumour growth by binding specific molecular targets, with high precision and low toxicity, leaving the scientists the chance of development as anti-cancer drugs and not just.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Innao
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicolina Pulvirenti
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaetano Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Padayachee J, Singh M. Therapeutic applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in breast cancer and delivery potential of gold nanomaterials. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020; 7:1849543520983196. [PMID: 33488814 PMCID: PMC7768851 DOI: 10.1177/1849543520983196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately 1 in 4 cancers in women are diagnosed as breast cancer (BC). Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and therapy BCs, many patients develop metastases or relapses. Hence, novel therapeutic strategies are required, that can selectively and efficiently kill malignant cells. Direct targeting of the genetic and epigenetic aberrations that occur in BC development is a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of current therapies, which target the tumour phenotype. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system, composed of only an easily modifiable single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequence bound to a Cas9 nuclease, has revolutionised genome editing due to its simplicity and efficiency compared to earlier systems. CRISPR/Cas9 and its associated catalytically inactivated dCas9 variants facilitate the knockout of overexpressed genes, correction of mutations in inactivated genes, and reprogramming of the epigenetic landscape to impair BC growth. To achieve efficient genome editing in vivo, a vector is required to deliver the components to target cells. Gold nanomaterials, including gold nanoparticles and nanoclusters, display many advantageous characteristics that have facilitated their widespread use in theranostics, as delivery vehicles, and imaging and photothermal agents. This review highlights the therapeutic applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in treating BCs, and briefly describes gold nanomaterials and their potential in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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82
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Technologies to Address Plant microRNA Functions. CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35772-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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83
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Ooi JYY, Bernardo BC. Translational Potential of Non-coding RNAs for Cardiovascular Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:343-354. [PMID: 32285423 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y Y Ooi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bianca C Bernardo
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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84
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Solé C, Lawrie CH. MicroRNAs and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010096. [PMID: 31906022 PMCID: PMC7016783 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from the primary site of a cancer, is associated with almost 90% of all cancer deaths, and half of all cancer patients present with some form of metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Consequently, there is a clear clinical need for a better understanding of metastasis. The role of miRNAs in the metastatic process is beginning to be explored. However, much is still to be understood. In this review, we present the accumulating evidence for the importance of miRNAs in metastasis as key regulators of this hallmark of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Solé
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Charles H. Lawrie
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-943-006138
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85
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Metzinger-Le Meuth V, Fourdinier O, Charnaux N, Massy ZA, Metzinger L. The expanding roles of microRNAs in kidney pathophysiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:7-15. [PMID: 29800482 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that control gene expression through base pairing with regions within the 3'-untranslated region of target mRNAs. These small non-coding RNAs are now increasingly known to be involved in kidney physiopathology. In this review we will describe how miRNAs were in recent years implicated in cellular and animal models of kidney disease but also in chronic kidney disease, haemodialysed and grafted patients, acute kidney injury patients and so on. At the moment miRNAs are considered as potential biomarkers in nephrology, but larger cohorts as well as the standardization of methods of measurement will be needed to confirm their usefulness. It will further be of the utmost importance to select specific tissues and biofluids to make miRNAs appropriate in day-to-day clinical practice. In addition, up- or down-regulating miRNAs that were described as deregulated in kidney diseases may represent innovative therapeutic methods to cure these disorders. We will enumerate in this review the most recent methods that can be used to deliver miRNAs in a specific and suitable way in kidney and other organs damaged by kidney failure, such as the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Metzinger-Le Meuth
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Nathalie Charnaux
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris Ile de France Ouest (UVSQ) University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,INSERM U 1018, Team 5, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Laurent Metzinger
- HEMATIM, le Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé (CURS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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86
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Konovalova J, Gerasymchuk D, Parkkinen I, Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Interplay between MicroRNAs and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236055. [PMID: 31801298 PMCID: PMC6929013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, crucial for neuronal differentiation, survival, and activity. Age-related dysregulation of microRNA biogenesis increases neuronal vulnerability to cellular stress and may contribute to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. All major neurodegenerative disorders are also associated with oxidative stress, which is widely recognized as a potential target for protective therapies. Albeit often considered separately, microRNA networks and oxidative stress are inextricably entwined in neurodegenerative processes. Oxidative stress affects expression levels of multiple microRNAs and, conversely, microRNAs regulate many genes involved in an oxidative stress response. Both oxidative stress and microRNA regulatory networks also influence other processes linked to neurodegeneration, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulation of proteostasis, and increased neuroinflammation, which ultimately lead to neuronal death. Modulating the levels of a relatively small number of microRNAs may therefore alleviate pathological oxidative damage and have neuroprotective activity. Here, we review the role of individual microRNAs in oxidative stress and related pathways in four neurodegenerative conditions: Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), Huntington’s (HD) disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We also discuss the problems associated with the use of oversimplified cellular models and highlight perspectives of studying microRNA regulation and oxidative stress in human stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Konovalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Dmytro Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-448-4545
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87
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Zhao W, Cheng L, Quek C, Bellingham SA, Hill AF. Novel miR-29b target regulation patterns are revealed in two different cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17449. [PMID: 31767948 PMCID: PMC6877611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene or protein expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translational repression or mRNA degradation. Distinct expression levels of miRNAs, including miR-29b, have been detected in various biological fluids and tissues from a large variety of disease models. However, how miRNAs "react" and function in different cellular environments is still largely unknown. In this study, the regulation patterns of miR-29b between human and mouse cell lines were compared for the first time. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to stably knockdown miR-29b in human cancer HeLa cells and mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells with minimum off-targets. Genome editing revealed mir-29b-1, other than mir-29b-2, to be the main source of generating mature miR-29b. The editing of miR-29b decreased expression levels of its family members miR-29a/c via changing the tertiary structures of surrounding nucleotides. Comparing transcriptome profiles of human and mouse cell lines, miR-29b displayed common regulation pathways involving distinct downstream targets in macromolecular complex assembly, cell cycle regulation, and Wnt and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways; miR-29b also demonstrated specific functions reflecting cell characteristics, including fibrosis and neuronal regulations in NIH/3T3 cells and tumorigenesis and cellular senescence in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Camelia Quek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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To KKW, Fong W, Tong CWS, Wu M, Yan W, Cho WCS. Advances in the discovery of microRNA-based anticancer therapeutics: latest tools and developments. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:63-83. [PMID: 31739699 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1690449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that repress the expression of their target genes by reducing mRNA stability and/or inhibiting translation. miRNAs are known to be aberrantly regulated in cancers. Modulators of miRNA (mimics and antagonists) have emerged as novel therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.Areas covered: This review summarizes the various strategies that have been applied to correct the dysregulated miRNA in cancer cells. The authors also discuss the recent advances in the technical development and preclinical/clinical evaluation of miRNA-based therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: Application of miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment is appealing because they are able to modulate multiple dysregulated genes and/or signaling pathways in cancer cells. Major obstacles hindering their clinical development include drug delivery, off-target effects, efficacious dose determination, and safety. Tumor site-specific delivery of novel miRNA therapeutics may help to minimize off-target effects and toxicity. Combination of miRNA therapeutics with other anticancer treatment modalities could provide a synergistic effect, thus allowing the use of lower dose, minimizing off-target effects, and improving the overall safety profile in cancer patients. It is critical to identify individual miRNAs with cancer type-specific and context-specific regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in order to facilitate the precise use of miRNA anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winnie Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christy W S Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingxia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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89
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Yan J, Jia Y, Chen H, Chen W, Zhou X. Long non-coding RNA PXN-AS1 suppresses pancreatic cancer progression by acting as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-3064 to upregulate PIP4K2B expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:390. [PMID: 31488171 PMCID: PMC6727519 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in cancerous processes. Although miR-3064 was reported to be an important tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer, the cellular impact of miR-3064 on pancreatic cancer (PC) progression, its downstream target genes and upstream mechanisms that control the expression of miR-3064 remain to be fully clarified. METHODS We compared miRNA expression profiles between PC tissues compared with normal tissues using a miRNA microarray analysis of clinical samples, and screened the identified miRNAs for their influence on cell proliferation. We measured the expression of miR-3064 in PC tissues and PC cell lines using quantitative real-time PCR assays. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were conducted to explore the biologic significance of miR-3064 in PC progression both in vitro and in vivo. The interactions between miR-3064 and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) PXN-AS1 was verified using the luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS We showed that miR-3064 was significantly overexpressed in PC tissues compared to normal tissues. High miR-3064 was associated with worse prognosis in patients with PC. Functionally, ectopic expression of miR-3064 promoted the proliferation, invasion, clone formation and sphere formation of PC cells in vitro and stimulated PC growth in vivo, while specific knockdown of miR-3064 or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of miR-3064 resulted in opposite phenotypes. Further investigation revealed that miR-3064 directly targeted PIP4K2B, which was reduced in PC tissues and attenuated PC cell proliferation, invasion and sphere formation induced by miR-3064. Importantly, lncRNA PXN-AS1 expression was downregulated in PC samples, and it directly interacted with miR-3064 and suppressed its levels in PC cells. Enforced expression of PXN-AS1 remarkably decreased cell proliferation, invasion and sphere formation, while re-expression of miR-3064 abrogated these effects of PXN-AS1. CONCLUSIONS MiR-3064, a key oncogenic miRNA, could promote PC cell growth, invasion and sphere formation via downregulating the levels of tumor suppressor PIP4K2B. PXN-AS1 functioned as a sponge to suppress the expression of miR-3064. These observations offer fresh insight into the mechanisms through which miR-3064 modulates the development of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Yan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yunxi Jia
- Department of endoscopy of geriatric gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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90
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Patutina OA, Miroshnichenko SK, Mironova NL, Sen'kova AV, Bichenkova EV, Clarke DJ, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. Catalytic Knockdown of miR-21 by Artificial Ribonuclease: Biological Performance in Tumor Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:879. [PMID: 31456683 PMCID: PMC6698794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the expression of oncogenic small non-coding RNAs, notably microRNAs (miRNAs), is an attractive therapeutic approach. We report a design platform for catalytic knockdown of miRNA targets with artificial, sequence-specific ribonucleases. miRNases comprise a peptide [(LeuArg)2Gly]2 capable of RNA cleavage conjugated to the miRNA-targeted oligodeoxyribonucleotide, which becomes nuclease-resistant within the conjugate design, without resort to chemically modified nucleotides. Our data presented here showed for the first time a truly catalytic character of our miR-21-miRNase and its ability to cleave miR-21 in a multiple catalytic turnover mode. We demonstrate that miRNase targeted to miR-21 (miR-21-miRNase) knocked down malignant behavior of tumor cells, including induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell invasiveness, and retardation of tumor growth, which persisted on transplantation into mice of tumor cells treated once with miR-21-miRNase. Crucially, we discover that the high biological activity of miR-21-miRNase can be directly related not only to its truly catalytic sequence-specific cleavage of miRNA but also to its ability to recruit the non-sequence specific RNase H found in most cells to elevate catalytic turnover further. miR-21-miRNase worked synergistically even with low levels of RNase H. Estimated degradation in the presence of RNase H exceeded 103 miRNA target molecules per hour for each miR-21-miRNase molecule, which provides the potency to minimize delivery requirements to a few molecules per cell. In contrast to the comparatively high doses required for the simple steric block of antisense oligonucleotides, truly catalytic inactivation of miRNA offers more effective, irreversible, and persistent suppression of many copy target sequences. miRNase design can be readily adapted to target other pathogenic microRNAs overexpressed in many disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Patutina
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana K Miroshnichenko
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L Mironova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V Sen'kova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V Bichenkova
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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91
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Basso MF, Ferreira PCG, Kobayashi AK, Harmon FG, Nepomuceno AL, Molinari HBC, Grossi‐de‐Sa MF. MicroRNAs and new biotechnological tools for its modulation and improving stress tolerance in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1482-1500. [PMID: 30947398 PMCID: PMC6662102 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate the abundance and spatial-temporal accumulation of target mRNAs and indirectly regulate several plant processes. Transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding miRNAs (MIR genes) can be activated by numerous transcription factors, which themselves are regulated by other miRNAs. Fine-tuning of MIR genes or miRNAs is a powerful biotechnological strategy to improve tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses in crops of economic importance. Current approaches for miRNA fine-tuning are based on the down- or up-regulation of MIR gene transcription and the use of genetic engineering tools to manipulate the final concentration of these miRNAs in the cytoplasm. Transgenesis, cisgenesis, intragenesis, artificial MIR genes, endogenous and artificial target mimicry, MIR genes editing using Meganucleases, ZNF proteins, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 or CRISPR/Cpf1, CRISPR/dCas9 or dCpf1, CRISPR13a, topical delivery of miRNAs and epigenetic memory have been successfully explored to MIR gene or miRNA modulation and improve agronomic traits in several model or crop plants. However, advantages and drawbacks of each of these new biotechnological tools (NBTs) are still not well understood. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the biogenesis and role of miRNAs in response to abiotic or biotic stresses, we present critically the main NBTs used for the manipulation of MIR genes and miRNAs, we show current efforts and findings with the MIR genes and miRNAs modulation in plants, and we summarize the advantages and drawbacks of these NBTs and provide some alternatives to overcome. Finally, challenges and future perspectives to miRNA modulating in important crops are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank G. Harmon
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUSDA‐ARSAlbanyCAUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUC BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi‐de‐Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Post‐Graduation Program in Genomic Sciences and BiotechnologyCatholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Post‐Graduation Program in BiotechnologyPotiguar University (UNP)NatalRNBrazil
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92
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Li H, Zhou DS, Chang H, Wang L, Liu W, Dai SX, Zhang C, Cai J, Liu W, Li X, Fan W, Tang W, Tang W, Liu F, He Y, Bai Y, Hu Z, Xiao X, Gao L, Li M. Interactome Analyses implicated CAMK2A in the genetic predisposition and pharmacological mechanism of Bipolar Disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 115:165-175. [PMID: 31150948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mental illness characterized by fluctuations in mood states, behaviors and energy levels. Growing evidence suggests that genes associated with specific illnesses tend to interact together and encode a tight protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, providing valuable information for understanding their pathogenesis. To gain insights into the genetic and physiological foundation of BPD, we conduct the physical PPI analysis of 184 BPD risk genes distilled from genome-wide association studies and exome sequencing studies. We have identified several hub genes (CAMK2A, HSP90AA1 and PLCG1) among those risk genes, and observed significant enrichment of the BPD risk genes in certain pathways such as calcium signaling, oxytocin signaling and circadian entrainment. Furthermore, while none of the 184 genetic risk genes are "well established" BPD drug targets, our PPI analysis showed that αCaMKII (encoded by CAMK2A) had direct physical PPIs with targets (HRH1, SCN5A and CACNA1E) of clinically used anti-manic BPD drugs, such as carbamazepine. We thus speculated that αCaMKII might be involved in the cellular pharmacological actions of those drugs. Using cultured rat primary cortical neurons, we found that carbamazepine treatment induced phosphorylation of αCaMKII in dose-dependent manners. Intriguingly, previous study showed that CAMK2A heterozygous knockout (CAMK2A+/-) mice exhibited infradian oscillation of locomotor activities that can be rescued by carbamazepine. Our data, in combination with previous studies, provide convergent evidence for the involvement of CAMK2A in the risk of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shao-Xing Dai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanfang He
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; (m)CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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93
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Kluiver J, Niu F, Yuan Y, Kok K, van den Berg A, Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk A. NGS-Based High-Throughput Screen to Identify MicroRNAs Regulating Growth of B-Cell Lymphoma. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1956:269-282. [PMID: 30779039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9151-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in development, differentiation, and homeostasis by regulating protein translation. In B-cell lymphoma, many miRNAs have altered expression levels, and for a limited subset of them, experimental data supports their functional relevance in lymphoma pathogenesis. This chapter describes an unbiased next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based high-throughput screening approach to identify miRNAs that are involved in the control of cell growth. First, we provide a protocol for performing high-throughput screening for miRNA inhibition and overexpression. Second, we describe the procedure for next-generation sequencing library preparation. Third, we provide a workflow for data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kluiver
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fubiao Niu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Klaas Kok
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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94
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Jiang C, Meng L, Yang B, Luo X. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique in the study of cancer treatment. Clin Genet 2019; 97:73-88. [PMID: 31231788 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, gene editing, especially that using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9, has made great progress in the field of gene function. Rapid development of gene editing techniques has contributed to their significance in the field of medicine. Because the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool is not only powerful but also has features such as strong specificity and high efficiency, it can accurately and rapidly screen the whole genome, facilitating the administration of gene therapy for specific diseases. In the field of tumor research, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to edit genomes to explore the mechanisms of tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. In these years, this system has been increasingly applied in tumor treatment research. CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to treat tumors by repairing mutations or knocking out specific genes. To date, numerous preliminary studies have been conducted on tumor treatment in related fields. CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise for gene-level tumor treatment. Personalized and targeted therapy based on CRISPR/Cas9 will possibly shape the development of tumor therapy in the future. In this study, we review the findings of CRISPR/Cas9 for tumor treatment research to provide references for related future studies on the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Meng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Anorectal Surgery Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of PingLiang City, Second Affiliated Hospital of Gansu Medical College, PingLiang, People's Republic of China
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95
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Larcher LM, Wang T, Veedu RN. Development of Novel antimiRzymes for Targeted Inhibition of miR-21 Expression in Solid Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132489. [PMID: 31284665 PMCID: PMC6651226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Previous reports showed an over-expression of miRNA-21 (miR-21) in various cancer cells, and its up-regulation is closely related to cancer initiation, proliferation and metastasis. In this work, we envisioned the development of novel antimiRzymes (anti-miRNA-DNAzyme) that are capable of selectively targeting and cleaving miR-21 and inhibit its expression in cancer cells using the DNAzyme technique. For this purpose, we have designed different antimiRzyme candidates by systematically targeting different regions of miR-21. Our results demonstrated that RNV541, a potential arm-loop-arm type antimiRzyme, was very efficient (90%) to suppress miR-21 expression in U87MG malignant glioblastoma cell line at 200 nM concentration. In addition, RNV541 also inhibited miR-21 expression (50%) in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. For targeted delivery, we conjugated RNV541 with a transferrin receptor (TfR) targeting aptamer for TfR-mediated cancer cell delivery. As expected, the developed chimeric structure efficiently delivered the antimiRzyme RNV541 into TfR positive glioblastoma cells. TfR aptamer-RNV541 chimeric construct showed 52% inhibition of miR-21 expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells at 2000 nM concentration, without using any transfection reagents, making it a highly desirable strategy to tackle miR-21 over-expressed malignant cancers. Although these are in vitro based observations, based on our results, we firmly believe that our findings could be beneficial towards the development of targeted cancer therapeutics where conventional therapies face several challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Larcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Hannafon BN, Cai A, Calloway CL, Xu YF, Zhang R, Fung KM, Ding WQ. miR-23b and miR-27b are oncogenic microRNAs in breast cancer: evidence from a CRISPR/Cas9 deletion study. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:642. [PMID: 31253120 PMCID: PMC6599331 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is known to contribute to cancer progression. miR-23b and miR-27b, encoded within the same miRNA cluster, are reported to have both tumor suppressive and oncogenic activity across human cancers, including breast cancer. METHODS To clarify this dichotomous role in breast cancer, miR-23b and miR-27b were knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout technology, and the role of endogenous miR-23b and miR-27b was examined in a breast cancer model system in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Characterization of the knockout cells in vitro demonstrated that miR-23b and miR-27b are indeed oncogenic miRNAs in MCF7 breast cancer cells. miR-23b and miR-27b knockout reduced tumor growth in xenograft nude mice fed a standard diet, supporting their oncogenic role in vivo. However, when xenograft mice were provided a fish-oil diet, miR-27b depletion, but not miR-23b depletion, compromised fish-oil-induced suppression of xenograft growth, indicating a context-dependent nature of miR-27b oncogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that miR-23b and miR-27b are primarily oncogenic in MCF7 breast cancer cells and that miR-27b may have tumor suppressive activity under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany N. Hannafon
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Angela Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Cameron L. Calloway
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Yi-Fan Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Roy Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB401A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
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97
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Non-coding RNAs derailed: The many influences on the fatty acid reprogramming of cancer. Life Sci 2019; 231:116509. [PMID: 31152812 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (NcRNAs), a family of functional RNA molecules that cannot translate into proteins but control specific gene expression programs, have been shown to be implicated in various biological processes, including fatty acid metabolism. Fast-growing tumor cells rewire their fatty acid metabolic circuitry in order to meet the needs of energy storage, membrane proliferation, and the generation of signaling molecules, which is achieved by regulating a variety of key enzymes along with related signaling pathways in fatty acid metabolism. This review presents an update of our knowledge about the regulatory network of ncRNAs-specifically, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs)-in this metabolic shift and discusses the possibility of ncRNA-based therapeutics being applied to the restoration of cancer-related fatty acid metabolism.
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98
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Farhat S, Jain N, Singh N, Sreevathsa R, Dash PK, Rai R, Yadav S, Kumar P, Sarkar AK, Jain A, Singh NK, Rai V. CRISPR-Cas9 directed genome engineering for enhancing salt stress tolerance in rice. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 96:91-99. [PMID: 31075379 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Crop productivity in rice is harshly limited due to high concentration of salt in the soil. To understand the intricacies of the mechanism it is important to unravel the key pathways operating inside the plant cell. Emerging state-of-the art technologies have provided the tools to discover the key components inside the plant cell for salt tolerance. Among the molecular entities, transcription factors and/or other important components of sensing and signaling cascades have been the attractive targets and the role of NHX and SOS1 transporters amply described. Not only marker assisted programs but also transgenic approaches by using reverse genetic strategies (knockout or knockdown) or overexpression have been extensively used to engineer rice crop. CRISPR/Cas is an attractive paradigm and provides the feasibility for manipulating several genes simultaneously. Here, in this review we highlight some of the molecular entities that could be potentially targeted for generating rice amenable to sustain growth under high salinity conditions by employing CRISPR/Cas. We also try to address key questions for rice salt stress tolerance other than what is already known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufia Farhat
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Neha Jain
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Nisha Singh
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Rhitu Rai
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Pramod Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Ananda K Sarkar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Ajay Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Jaipur, India.
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Vandna Rai
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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99
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Miroshnichenko S, Patutina O. Enhanced Inhibition of Tumorigenesis Using Combinations of miRNA-Targeted Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:488. [PMID: 31156429 PMCID: PMC6531850 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for effective strategies to inhibit tumorigenesis remains one of the most relevant scientific challenges. Among the most promising approaches is the direct modulation of the function of short non-coding RNAs, particularly miRNAs. These molecules are propitious targets for anticancer therapy, since they perform key regulatory roles in a variety of signaling cascades related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. The development of pathological states is often associated with deregulation of miRNA expression. The present review describes in detail the strategies aimed at modulating miRNA activity that invoke antisense oligonucleotide construction, such as small RNA zippers, miRNases (miRNA-targeted artificial ribonucleases), miRNA sponges, miRNA masks, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides, and synthetic miRNA mimics. The broad impact of developed miRNA-based therapeutics on the various events of tumorigenesis is also discussed. Above all, the focus of this review is to evaluate the results of the combined application of different miRNA-based agents and chemotherapeutic drugs for the inhibition of tumor development. Many studies indicate a considerable increase in the efficacy of anticancer therapy as a result of additive or synergistic effects of simultaneously applied therapies. Different drug combinations, such as a cocktail of antisense oligonucleotides or multipotent miRNA sponges directed at several oncogenic microRNAs belonging to the same/different miRNA families, a mixture of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides and cytostatic drugs, and a combination of synthetic miRNA mimics, have a more complex and profound effect on the various events of tumorigenesis as compared with treatment with a single miRNA-based agent or chemotherapeutic drug. These data provide strong evidence that the simultaneous application of several distinct strategies aimed at suppressing different cellular processes linked to tumorigenesis is a promising approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Miroshnichenko
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Patutina
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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100
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Hudson M, Mead ATP, Chagné D, Roskruge N, Morrison S, Wilcox PL, Allan AC. Indigenous Perspectives and Gene Editing in Aotearoa New Zealand. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:70. [PMID: 31032252 PMCID: PMC6470265 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is arguably the most significant recent addition to the modern biotechnology toolbox, bringing both profoundly challenging and enabling opportunities. From a technical point of view the specificity and relative simplicity of these new tools has broadened the potential applications. However, from an ethical point of view it has re-ignited the debates generated by earlier forms of genetic modification. In New Zealand gene editing is currently considered genetic modification and is subject to approval processes under the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). This process requires decision makers to take into account Māori perspectives. This article outlines previously articulated Māori perspectives on genetic modification and considers the continuing influence of those cultural and ethical arguments within the new context of gene editing. It also explores the range of ways cultural values might be used to analyse the risks and benefits of gene editing in the Aotearoa New Zealand context. Methods used to obtain these perspectives consisted of (a) review of relevant literature regarding lessons learned from the responses of Maori to genetic modification, (b) interviews of selected 'key Maori informants' and (c) surveys of self-selected individuals from groups with interests in either genetics or environmental management. The outcomes of this pilot study identified that while Māori informants were not categorically opposed to new and emerging gene editing technologies a priori, they suggest a dynamic approach to regulation is required where specific uses or types of uses are approved on a case by case basis. This study demonstrates how the cultural cues that Māori referenced in the genetic modification debate continue to be relevant in the context of gene editing but that further work is required to characterize the strength of various positions across the broader community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maui Hudson
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - David Chagné
- Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick Roskruge
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sandy Morrison
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Phillip L Wilcox
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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