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Evaluation of Performance and Tunability of a Co-Flow Inertial Microfluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030287. [PMID: 32164264 PMCID: PMC7142704 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has gained a lot of attention for biological sample separation and purification methods over recent years. From many active and passive microfluidic techniques, inertial microfluidics offers a simple and efficient method to demonstrate various biological applications. One prevalent limitation of this method is its lack of tunability for different applications once the microfluidic devices are fabricated. In this work, we develop and characterize a co-flow inertial microfluidic device that is tunable in multiple ways for adaptation to different application requirements. In particular, flow rate, flow rate ratio and output resistance ratio are systematically evaluated for flexibility of the cutoff size of the device and modification of the separation performance post-fabrication. Typically, a mixture of single size particles is used to determine cutoff sizes for the outlets, yet this fails to provide accurate prediction for efficiency and purity for a more complex biological sample. Thus, we use particles with continuous size distribution (2–32 μm) for separation demonstration under conditions of various flow rates, flow rate ratios and resistance ratios. We also use A549 cancer cell line with continuous size distribution (12–27 μm) as an added demonstration. Our results indicate inertial microfluidic devices possess the tunability that offers multiple ways to improve device performance for adaptation to different applications even after the devices are prototyped.
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52
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Yoon K, Jung HW, Chun MS. Two-phase flow in microfluidic-chip design of hydrodynamic filtration for cell particle sorting. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1002-1010. [PMID: 32097495 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As one of the flow-based passive sorting, the hydrodynamic filtration using a microfluidic-chip has shown to effectively separate into different sizes of subpopulations from cell or particle suspensions. Its model framework involving two-phase Newtonian or generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF) was developed, by performing the complete analysis of laminar flow and complicated networks of main and multiple branch channels. To predict rigorously what occurs in flow fields, we estimated pressure drop, velocity profile, and the ratio of the flow fraction at each branch point, in which the analytical model was validated with numerical flow simulations. As a model fluid of the GNF, polysaccharide solution based on Carreau type was examined. The objective parameters aiming practical channel design include the number of the branches and the length of narrow section of each branch for arbitrary conditions. The flow fraction and the number of branches are distinctly affected by the viscosity ratio between feed and side flows. As the side flow becomes more viscous, the flow fraction increases but the number of branches decreases, which enables a compact chip designed with fewer branches being operated under the same throughput. Hence, our rational design analysis indicates the significance of constitutive properties of each stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Suk Chun
- National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Medical Department, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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53
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Lombodorj B, Tseng HC, Chang HY, Lu YW, Tumurpurev N, Lee CW, Ganbat B, Wu RG, Tseng FG. High-Throughput White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Enrichment from Whole Blood Using Hydrodynamic and Inertial Forces. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030275. [PMID: 32155862 PMCID: PMC7143169 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip, which can separate and enrich leukocytes from whole blood, is proposed. The chip has 10 switchback curve channels, which are connected by straight channels. The straight channels are designed to permit the inertial migration effect and to concentrate the blood cells, while the curve channels allow the Dean flow to further classify the blood cells based on the cell sizes. Hydrodynamic suction is also utilized to remove smaller blood cells (e.g., red blood cell (RBC)) in the curve channels for higher separation purity. By employing the inertial migration, Dean flow force, and hydrodynamic suction in a continuous flow system, our chip successfully separates large white blood cells (WBCs) from the whole blood with the processing rates as high as 1 × 108 cells/sec at a high recovery rate at 93.2% and very few RBCs (~0.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Batzorig Lombodorj
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Horas Cendana Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Namnan Tumurpurev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Chun-Wei Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Batdemberel Ganbat
- Department of Physics, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
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54
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Kothandan R, Govindarajan DK, Meganathan Y, Kandaswamy K. Active microfluidic systems for cell sorting and separation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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55
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Balyan P, Saini D, Das S, Kumar D, Agarwal A. Flow induced particle separation and collection through linear array pillar microfluidics device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024103. [PMID: 32206158 PMCID: PMC7082176 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle filtration and concentration have great significance in a multitude of applications. Physical filters are nearly indispensable in conventional separation processes. Similarly, microfabrication-based physical filters are gaining popularity as size-based particle sorters, separators, and prefiltration structures for microfluidics platforms. The work presented here introduces a linear combination of obstructions to provide size contrast-based particle separation. Polystyrene particles that are captured along the crossflow filters are packed in the direction of the dead-end filters. Separation of polydisperse suspension of 5 μm and 10 μm diameter polystyrene microspheres is attained with capture efficiency for larger particles as 95%. Blood suspension is used for biocharacterization of the device. A flow induced method is used to improve particle capture uniformity in a single microchannel and reduce microgap clogging to about 30%. This concept is extended to obtain semiquantification obtained by comparison of the initial particle concentration to captured-particle occupancy in a microfiltration channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Balyan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Deepika Saini
- CSIR-Central Electronics and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Supriyo Das
- CSIR-Central Electronics and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- CSIR-Central Electronics and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI) Campus, Pilani Rajasthan 333031, India
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56
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Mu T, Toyoda H, Kimura Y, Yamada M, Utoh R, Umeno D, Seki M. Laborless, Automated Microfluidic Tandem Cell Processor for Visualizing Intracellular Molecules of Mammalian Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2580-2588. [PMID: 31822057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Visualization and quantification of intracellular molecules of mammalian cells are crucial steps in clinical diagnosis, drug development, and basic biological research. However, conventional methods rely mostly on labor-intensive, centrifugation-based manual operations for exchanging the cell carrier medium and have limited reproducibility and recovery efficiency. Here we present a microfluidic cell processor that can perform four-step exchange of carrier medium, simply by introducing a cell suspension and fluid reagents into the device. The reaction time period for each reaction step, including fixation, membrane permeabilization, and staining, was tunable in the range of 2 to 15 min by adjusting the volume of the reaction tube connecting the neighboring exchanger modules. We double-stained the cell nucleus and cytoskeleton (F-actin) using the presented device with an overall reaction period of ∼30 min, achieving a high recovery ratio and high staining efficiency. Additionally, intracellular cytokine (IL-2) was visualized for T cells to demonstrate the feasibility of the device as a pretreatment system for downstream flow-cytometric analysis. The presented approach would facilitate the development of laborless, automated microfluidic systems that integrate cell processing and analysis operations and would pave a new path to high-throughput biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglin Mu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Hajime Toyoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
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57
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Viscoelastic microfluidics: progress and challenges. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:113. [PMID: 34567720 PMCID: PMC8433399 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of cells and particles suspended in viscoelastic fluids in microchannels has drawn increasing attention, in part due to the ability for single-stream three-dimensional focusing in simple channel geometries. Improvement in the understanding of non-Newtonian effects on particle dynamics has led to expanding exploration of focusing and sorting particles and cells using viscoelastic microfluidics. Multiple factors, such as the driving forces arising from fluid elasticity and inertia, the effect of fluid rheology, the physical properties of particles and cells, and channel geometry, actively interact and compete together to govern the intricate migration behavior of particles and cells in microchannels. Here, we review the viscoelastic fluid physics and the hydrodynamic forces in such flows and identify three pairs of competing forces/effects that collectively govern viscoelastic migration. We discuss migration dynamics, focusing positions, numerical simulations, and recent progress in viscoelastic microfluidic applications as well as the remaining challenges. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of viscoelastic flows in microfluidics can lead to increased sophistication of microfluidic platforms in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
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58
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Zhou J, Mukherjee P, Gao H, Luan Q, Papautsky I. Label-free microfluidic sorting of microparticles. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:041504. [PMID: 31832577 PMCID: PMC6906121 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive growth of the microfluidics field has triggered numerous advances in focusing, separating, ordering, concentrating, and mixing of microparticles. Microfluidic systems capable of performing these functions are rapidly finding applications in industrial, environmental, and biomedical fields. Passive and label-free methods are one of the major categories of such systems that have received enormous attention owing to device operational simplicity and low costs. With new platforms continuously being proposed, our aim here is to provide an updated overview of the state of the art for passive label-free microparticle separation, with emphasis on performance and operational conditions. In addition to the now common separation approaches using Newtonian flows, such as deterministic lateral displacement, pinched flow fractionation, cross-flow filtration, hydrodynamic filtration, and inertial microfluidics, we also discuss separation approaches using non-Newtonian, viscoelastic flow. We then highlight the newly emerging approach based on shear-induced diffusion, which enables direct processing of complex samples such as untreated whole blood. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of label-free passive sorting approaches can lead to sophisticated and useful platforms toward automation in industrial, environmental, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Prithviraj Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Qiyue Luan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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59
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Tang Q, Zhou S, Huang L, Chen Z. Diversity of 2D Acoustofluidic Fields in an Ultrasonic Cavity Generated by Multiple Vibration Sources. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E803. [PMID: 31766721 PMCID: PMC6952793 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional acoustofluidic fields in an ultrasonic chamber actuated by segmented ring-shaped vibration sources with different excitation phases are simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics. Diverse acoustic streaming patterns, including aggregation and rotational modes, can be feasibly generated by the excitation of several sessile ultrasonic sources which only vibrate along radial direction. Numerical simulation of particle trajectory driven by acoustic radiation force and streaming-induced drag force also demonstrates that micro-scale particles suspended in the acoustofluidic chamber can be trapped in the velocity potential well of fluid flow or can rotate around the cavity center with the circumferential acoustic streaming field. Preliminary investigation of simple Russian doll- or Matryoshka-type configurations (double-layer vibration sources) provide a novel method of multifarious structure design in future researches on the combination of phononic crystals and acoustic streaming fields. The implementation of multiple segmented ring-shaped vibration sources offers flexibility for the control of acoustic streaming fields in microfluidic devices for various applications. We believe that this kind of acoustofluidic design is expected to be a promising tool for the investigation of rapid microfluidic mixing on a chip and contactless rotational manipulation of biosamples, such as cells or nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Song Zhou
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Liang Huang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China;
| | - Zhong Chen
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.C.)
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60
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Size-dependent enrichment of leukocytes from undiluted whole blood using shear-induced diffusion. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3416-3426. [PMID: 31490514 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00786e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done in microfluidics with separation of cells directly from whole blood, and the handful of microfluidic systems reported the literature offer only limited throughput. Yet high throughput is highly desirable to avoid degradation of samples, which can result in loss of information critical to disease diagnosis or monitoring. In this work, we investigated particle migration dynamics in whole blood flow at a single-particle level and subsequently successfully demonstrated the preferential enrichment of white blood cells (WBCs) in unprocessed whole blood flows flanking a buffer flow. Our in-depth investigation reveals a counter-intuitive, size-based migration of cells in whole blood flow and their tendency to accumulate in the regions near flow interfaces, which is employed for inherent enrichment of WBCs. More importantly, we found the strong size-dependent migration in blood flow stemming from the differentiated downstream velocity of particles, which inversely scales with particle size. Our new insights improve understanding of this counterintuitive microfluidics field, offering guidance for new device design to directly handle whole blood and to expand the applications to meet the real-world need for ultra-fast cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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61
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Kim B, Kim KH, Chang Y, Shin S, Shin EC, Choi S. One-Step Microfluidic Purification of White Blood Cells from Whole Blood for Immunophenotyping. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13230-13236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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62
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Exploring contraction–expansion inertial microfluidic‐based particle separation devices integrated with curved channels. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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63
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Yanai T, Ouchi T, Yamada M, Seki M. Hydrodynamic Microparticle Separation Mechanism Using Three-Dimensional Flow Profiles in Dual-Depth and Asymmetric Lattice-Shaped Microchannel Networks. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060425. [PMID: 31242547 PMCID: PMC6632020 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We herein propose a new hydrodynamic mechanism of particle separation using dual-depth, lattice-patterned asymmetric microchannel networks. This mechanism utilizes three-dimensional (3D) laminar flow profiles formed at intersections of lattice channels. Large particles, primarily flowing near the bottom surface, frequently enter the shallower channels (separation channels), whereas smaller particles flowing near the microchannel ceiling primarily flow along the deeper channels (main channels). Consequently, size-based continuous particle separation was achieved in the lateral direction in the lattice area. We confirmed that the depth of the main channel was a critical factor dominating the particle separation efficiencies, and the combination of 15-μm-deep separation channels and 40-μm-deep main channels demonstrated the good separation ability for 3–10-μm particles. We prepared several types of microchannels and successfully tuned the particle separation size. Furthermore, the input position of the particle suspension was controlled by adjusting the input flow rates and/or using a Y-shaped inlet connector that resulted in a significant improvement in the separation precision. The presented concept is a good example of a new type of microfluidic particle separation mechanism using 3D flows and may potentially be applicable to the sorting of various types of micrometer-sized objects, including living cells and synthetic microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Takatomo Ouchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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64
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DEP-on-a-Chip: Dielectrophoresis Applied to Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060423. [PMID: 31238556 PMCID: PMC6630590 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric particles in a non-uniform electric field are subject to a force caused by a phenomenon called dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP is a commonly used technique in microfluidics for particle or cell separation. In comparison with other separation methods, DEP has the unique advantage of being label-free, fast, and accurate. It has been widely applied in microfluidics for bio-molecular diagnostics and medical and polymer research. This review introduces the basic theory of DEP, its advantages compared with other separation methods, and its applications in recent years, in particular, focusing on the different electrode types integrated into microfluidic chips, fabrication techniques, and operation principles.
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65
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Liu G, He F, Li Y, Zhao H, Li X, Tang H, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Effects of two surface acoustic wave sorting chips on particles multi-level sorting. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:59. [PMID: 31227912 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Particle/cell sorting has great potential in medical diagnosis and chemical analysis. Two kinds of microfluidic sorting chips (sequential sorting chip and direct sorting chip) are designed, which combine hydraulic force and acoustic radiation force to achieve continuous sorting of multiple particles. Firstly, the optimal values of the angle (α) between the interdigital transducer (IDT) and the main channel, the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp), the main flow velocity (Vmax) and the flow ratio (A) are determined by simulation and experiments, the related optimal parameters were obtained that the α = 15°, Vpp = 25 V, Vmax = 4 mm/s, flow ratio A1 = 0.2, and A2 = 0.5, respectively. Then, the corresponding sorting experiments were carried out using two kinds of sorting chips to sort the polystyrene (PS) particles with diameters of 1 μm, 5 μm, and 10 μm, and the sorting rate and purity of particles were calculated and analyzed. Experimental results show that the two kinds of sorting chips can achieve continuous sorting of multiple particles, and the sorting effect of sequential sorting chip (control flow ratio) is better than that of direct sorting chip. In addition, the sorting chips in our research have the advantages of simple structure, high sorting efficiency, and the ability to sort multiple particles, which can be applied in medical and chemical research fields, such as cell sorting and chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Liu
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xinbo Li
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Huajie Tang
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
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66
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Rapid and Safe Isolation of Human Peripheral Blood B and T Lymphocytes through Spiral Microfluidic Channels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8145. [PMID: 31148602 PMCID: PMC6544655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are mature lymphocytes that circulate in the blood rather than being localized to organs. A reliable label-free collection approach that can viably and appropriately isolate PBLs to establish in vitro culture systems is crucial for basic research and clinical requirements. However, isolation of PBLs from whole blood is difficult, and so the development of a rapid and safe method to perform this task is required. Microfluidic technology offers opportunities that challenge the performance of macroscale methods. In this study, we proposed a simple spiral microfluidic chip for efficient and high-throughput isolation of lymphocytes from a sample with prelysed RBCs. This spiral microfluidic platform does not rely on antibodies or biological markers for labeling cells of interest while isolating lymphocytes but rather enriches B and T lymphocytes through the different physical properties that are intrinsic to lymphocytes and other blood cells. The device was used to achieve high-throughput (~1.3 × 105 cells/min) separation of lymphocytes with high viability (>95%). Compared with previous approaches, our device provided rapid, label-free, high-throughput, and safe lymphocyte separation.
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67
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Manna RK, Shklyaev OE, Kauffman J, Tansi B, Sen A, Balazs AC. Light-Induced Convective Segregation of Different Sized Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18004-18012. [PMID: 30990309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using computational modeling, we design a facile method for sorting particles of different sizes in a fluid-filled microchamber. The microchamber is inclined at an angle with respect to the horizontal direction and contains suspended gold nanoparticles as well as the microparticles. With the application of ultraviolet light, the heat generated by illuminating the gold nanoparticles gives rise to thermal buoyancy effects, which drive the flow of the fluid in the chamber. This thermally driven, convective flow can be tailored by varying the intensity of the imposed light and the concentration of the gold nanoparticles in the solution. The competition between the drag force imposed by the fluid flows and the gravitational forces acting on the different sized particles produces the separation of the particles along the chamber's bottom, inclined wall. The separation distance between the particles can be increased by increasing the angle of inclination and the relative difference in the particle sizes. This system provides a label-free, membrane-less, and low-cost approach for sorting particles vital to a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Joshua Kauffman
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Benjamin Tansi
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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68
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Ozawa R, Iwadate H, Toyoda H, Yamada M, Seki M. A numbering-up strategy of hydrodynamic microfluidic filters for continuous-flow high-throughput cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1828-1837. [PMID: 30998230 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00053d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Even though a number of microfluidic systems for particle/cell sorting have been proposed, facile and versatile platforms that provide sufficient sorting throughput and good operability are still under development. Here we present a simple but effective numbering-up strategy to dramatically increase the throughput of a continuous-flow particle/cell sorting scheme based on hydrodynamic filtration (HDF). A microfluidic channel equipped with multiple branches has been employed as a unit structure for size-based filtration, which realizes precise sorting without necessitating sheath flows. According to the concept of resistive circuit models, we designed and fabricated microdevices incorporating 64 or 128 closely assembled, multiplied units with a separation size of 5.0/7.0 μm. In proof-of-concept experiments, we successfully separated single micrometer-sized model particles and directly separated blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) from blood samples. Additionally, we further increased the unit numbers by laminating multiple layers at a processing speed of up to 15 mL min-1. The presented numbering-up strategy would provide a valuable insight that is universally applicable to general microfluidic particle/cell sorters and may facilitate the actual use of microfluidic systems in biological studies and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoken Ozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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69
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Feng H, Zheng T, Li M, Wu J, Ji H, Zhang J, Zhao W, Guo J. Droplet-based microfluidics systems in biomedical applications. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1580-1590. [PMID: 30892714 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics has made a very impressive progress in the past decades due to its unique and instinctive advantages. Droplet-based microfluidic systems show excellent compatibility with many chemical and biological reagents and are capable of performing variety of operations that can implement microreactor, complex multiple core-shell structure, and many applications in biomedical research such as drug encapsulation, targeted drug delivery systems, and multifunctionalization on carriers. Droplet-based systems have been directly used to synthesize particles and encapsulate many biological entities for biomedicine applications due to their powerful encapsulation capability and facile versatility. In this paper, we review its origin, deviation, and evolution to draw a clear future, especially for droplet-based biomedical applications. This paper will focus on droplet generation, variations and complication as starter, and logistically lead to the numerous typical applications in biomedical research. Finally, we will summarize both its challenge and future prospects relevant to its droplet-based biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital & Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
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70
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Lee J, Mena SE, Burns MA. Micro-Particle Operations Using Asymmetric Traps. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1278. [PMID: 30718531 PMCID: PMC6362267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-particle operations in many lab-on-a-chip devices require active-type techniques that are accompanied by complex fabrication and operation. The present study describes an alternative method using a passive microfluidic scheme that allows for simpler operation and, therefore, potentially less expensive devices. We present three practical micro-particle operations using our previously developed passive mechanical trap, the asymmetric trap, in a non-acoustic oscillatory flow field. First, we demonstrate size-based segregation of both binary and ternary micro-particle mixtures using size-dependent trap-particle interactions to induce different transport speeds for each particle type. The degree of segregation, yield, and purity of the binary segregations are 0.97 ± 0.02, 0.96 ± 0.06, and 0.95 ± 0.05, respectively. Next, we perform a solution exchange by displacing particles from one solution into another in a trap array. Lastly, we focus and split groups of micro-particles by exploiting the transport polarity of asymmetric traps. These operations can be implemented in any closed fluidic circuit containing asymmetric traps using non-acoustic oscillatory flow, and they open new opportunities to flexibly control micro-particles in integrated lab-on-a-chip platforms with minimal external equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Mena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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71
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Xu K, Clark CP, Poe BL, Lounsbury JA, Nilsson J, Laurell T, Landers JP. Isolation of a Low Number of Sperm Cells from Female DNA in a Glass–PDMS–Glass Microchip via Bead-Assisted Acoustic Differential Extraction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2186-2191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johan Nilsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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72
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Nam J, Jang WS, Lim CS. Non-electrical powered continuous cell concentration for enumeration of residual white blood cells in WBC-depleted blood using a viscoelastic fluid. Talanta 2019; 197:12-19. [PMID: 30771912 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) are one of the critical components whose number has to be reduced before blood transfusion, failing which adverse transfusion effects may occur in patients. However, due to the extremely low concentration of residual WBCs (r-WBCs) in WBC-depleted blood, it is difficult to quantify r-WBCs accurately without using expensive and voluminous instruments. Therefore, the development of a continuous cell concentration technique is required to produce a countable number of cells from rare cells, which cannot normally be detected. In this paper, we present a viscoelastic microfluidic device for sheathless, continuous concentration of WBCs. The device performance was evaluated using polystyrene particles with different sizes at various flow rate conditions in a non-Newtonian fluid compared to a Newtonian fluid. Large particles with a blockage ratio higher than 0.1 were tightly focused at the center and collected at the center outlet with a 98% collection ratio. Meanwhile, the viscosity effect of lysed blood samples with various hematocrits was considered. Finally, diluted WBCs with various dilution ratios were concentrated by ~18-fold and continuous concentration of WBCs in lysed blood samples was performed using a non-electrical powered hand pump sprayer. Without using an external power source, center-focused WBCs were collected at the center outlet at approximately 150 μl/min and the final number of WBCs was increased to 1.8 × 104 cells/ml from undetectable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woong Sik Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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73
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Liu N, Petchakup C, Tay HM, Li KHH, Hou HW. Spiral Inertial Microfluidics for Cell Separation and Biomedical Applications. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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74
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Duchamp M, Dahoun T, Vaillier C, Arnaud M, Bobisse S, Coukos G, Harari A, Renaud P. Microfluidic device performing on flow study of serial cell–cell interactions of two cell populations. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41066-41073. [PMID: 35540074 PMCID: PMC9076435 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we present a novel microfluidic hydrodynamic trapping device to probe the cell–cell interaction between all cell samples of two distinct populations. We have exploited an hydrodynamic trapping method using microfluidics to immobilize a batch of cells from the first population at specific locations, then relied on hydrodynamic filtering principles, the flowing cells from the second cell population are placed in contact with the trapped ones, through a roll-over mechanism. The rolling cells interact with the serially trapped cells one after the other. The proposed microfluidic phenomenon was characterized with beads. We have shown the validity of our method by detecting the capacity of olfactory receptors to induce adhesion of cell doublets overexpressing these receptors. We report here the first controlled on-flow single cell resolution cell–cell interaction assay in a microfluidic device for future application in cell–cell interactions-based cell library screenings. In this study we present a novel microfluidic hydrodynamic trapping device to probe the cell–cell interaction between all cell samples of two distinct populations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Duchamp
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Thamani Dahoun
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Clarisse Vaillier
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Marion Arnaud
- Department of Oncology
- Lausanne University Hospital
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- University of Lausanne
- Lausanne CH-1066
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Department of Oncology
- Lausanne University Hospital
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- University of Lausanne
- Lausanne CH-1066
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology
- Lausanne University Hospital
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- University of Lausanne
- Lausanne CH-1066
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology
- Lausanne University Hospital
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- University of Lausanne
- Lausanne CH-1066
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
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75
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Fan L, Zhu X, Yan Q, Zhe J, Zhao L. A passive microfluidic device for continuous microparticle enrichment. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1000-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang‐Liang Fan
- School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Liang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH USA
| | - Qing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron OH USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
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76
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77
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Wu M, Chen K, Yang S, Wang Z, Huang PH, Mai J, Li ZY, Huang TJ. High-throughput cell focusing and separation via acoustofluidic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3003-3010. [PMID: 30131991 PMCID: PMC6203445 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Separation of particles and cells is an important function in many biological and biomedical protocols. Although a variety of microfluidic-based techniques have been developed so far, there is clearly still a demand for a precise, fast, and biocompatible method for separation of microparticles and cells. By combining acoustics and hydrodynamics, we have developed a method which we integrated into three-dimensional acoustofluidic tweezers (3D-AFT) to rapidly and efficiently separate microparticles and cells into multiple high-purity fractions. Compared with other acoustophoresis methods, this 3D-AFT method significantly increases the throughput by an order of magnitude, is label-free and gently handles the sorted cells. We demonstrate not only the separation of 10, 12, and 15 micron particles at a throughput up to 500 μl min-1 using this 3D-AFT method, but also the separation of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cancer cells. This 3D-AFT method is able to meet various separation demands thus offering a viable alternative with potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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78
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Single-Layered Microfluidic Network-Based Combinatorial Dilution for Standard Simplex Lattice Design. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9100489. [PMID: 30424422 PMCID: PMC6215202 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we presented a straightforward strategy to generate 15 combinations of three samples based on an experimental simplex lattice design using a single-layer microfluidic network. First, we investigated the performances of the plain structural and the groove structural combinatorial devices by computational simulation (CFD-ACE+). The simulated output concentrations were extremely close to the desirable values within an absolute error of less than 1%. Based on the simulated designs, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices were fabricated with soft lithography and tested with fluorescent dye (sodium salt). The mixing results for 15 combinations showed good performance, with an absolute error of less than 4%. We also investigated two liquid handling methods (bottom⁻up and top⁻down) for high-throughput screening and assay. The liquid-handling methods were successfully accomplished by adding the systematic structured groove sets on the mixing channels.
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79
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Li D, Zielinski J, Kozubowski L, Xuan X. Continuous sheath-free separation of drug-treated human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans by morphology in biocompatible polymer solutions. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2362-2369. [PMID: 29466605 PMCID: PMC6737929 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal central nervous system infections. Current antifungal treatments for cryptococcal infections are inadequate partly due to the occurrence of drug resistance. Recent studies indicate that the treatment of the azole drug fluconazole changes the morphology of C. neoformans to form enlarged "multimeras" that consist of three or more connected cells/buds. To analyze if these multimeric cells are a prerequisite for C. neoformans to acquire drug resistance, a tool capable of separating them from normal cells is critical. We extend our recently demonstrated sheath-free elasto-inertial particle separation technique to fractionate drug-treated C. neoformans cells by morphology in biocompatible polymer solutions. The separation performance is evaluated for both multimeric and normal cells in terms of three dimensionless metrics: efficiency, purity, and enrichment ratio. The effects of flow rate, polymer concentration, and microchannel height on cell separation are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA
| | - Jessica Zielinski
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0318, United States
| | - Lukasz Kozubowski
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0318, United States
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA
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80
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Zhou Y, Sriphutkiat Y. Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30199023 DOI: 10.3791/58085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University;
| | - Yannapol Sriphutkiat
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
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81
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Sohrabi S, Tan J, Yunus DE, He R, Liu Y. Label-free sorting of soft microparticles using a bioinspired synthetic cilia array. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042206. [PMID: 29861817 PMCID: PMC5962446 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Isolating cells of interest from a heterogeneous population has been of critical importance in biological studies and clinical applications. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for utilizing an active ciliary system in microfluidic devices to separate particles based on their physical properties. In this approach, the bottom of the microchannel is covered with an equally spaced cilia array of various patterns which is actuated by an external stimuli. 3D simulations are carried out to study cilia-particle interaction and isolation dynamic in a microfluidic channel. It is observed that these elastic hair-like filaments can influence particle's trajectories differently depending on their biophysical properties. This modeling study utilizes immersed boundary method coupled with the lattice Boltzmann method. Soft particles and cilia are implemented through the spring connected network model and point-particle scheme, respectively. It is shown that cilia array with proper stimulation is able to continuously and non-destructively separate cells into subpopulations based on their size, shape, and stiffness. At the end, a design map for fabrication of a programmable microfluidic device capable of isolating various subpopulations of cells is developed. This biocompatible, label-free design can separate cells/soft microparticles with high throughput which can greatly complement existing separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Sohrabi
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - Doruk Erdem Yunus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ran He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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82
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Isolation of cells from whole blood using shear-induced diffusion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9411. [PMID: 29925931 PMCID: PMC6010421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction of cells of interest directly from whole blood is in high demand, yet extraordinary challenging due to the complex hemodynamics and hemorheology of the sample. Herein, we describe a new microfluidic platform that exploits the intrinsic complex properties of blood for continuous size-selective focusing and separation of cells directly from unprocessed whole blood. The novel system only requires routinely accessible saline solution to form a sandwiched fluid configuration and to initiate a strong effect of shear-induced diffusion of cells, which is coupled with fluid inertia for effective separation. Separations of beads and cells from whole blood have been successfully demonstrated with high efficiency (89.8%) at throughput of 6.75 mL/hr (106–107 cells/s) of whole blood. Rapid isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood sample of hepatocarcinoma patients is also shown as a proof of principle.
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83
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Lee J, Burns MA. One-Way Particle Transport Using Oscillatory Flow in Asymmetric Traps. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702724. [PMID: 29377529 PMCID: PMC6324199 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One challenge of integrating of passive, microparticles manipulation techniques into multifunctional microfluidic devices is coupling the continuous-flow format of most systems with the often batch-type operation of particle separation systems. Here, a passive fluidic technique-one-way particle transport-that can conduct microparticle operations in a closed fluidic circuit is presented. Exploiting pass/capture interactions between microparticles and asymmetric traps, this technique accomplishes a net displacement of particles in an oscillatory flow field. One-way particle transport is achieved through four kinds of trap-particle interactions: mechanical capture of the particle, asymmetric interactions between the trap and the particle, physical collision of the particle with an obstacle, and lateral shift of the particle into a particle-trapping stream. The critical dimensions for those four conditions are found by numerically solving analytical mass balance equations formulated using the characteristics of the flow field in periodic obstacle arrays. Visual observation of experimental trap-particle dynamics in low Reynolds number flow (<0.01) confirms the validity of the theoretical predictions. This technique can transport hundreds of microparticles across trap rows in only a few fluid oscillations (<500 ms per oscillation) and separate particles by their size differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 3074 H. H. Dow, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 3074 H. H. Dow, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A. Gerstacker, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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84
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Delavari A, Agasanapura B, Baltus RE. The effect of particle rotation on the motion and rejection of capsular particles in slit pores. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Delavari
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringClarkson UniversityPotsdam NY13699
| | | | - Ruth E. Baltus
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringClarkson UniversityPotsdam NY13699
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85
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Serex L, Bertsch A, Renaud P. Microfluidics: A New Layer of Control for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E86. [PMID: 30393362 PMCID: PMC6187762 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in 3D printing have enabled the use of this technology in a growing number of fields, and have started to spark the interest of biologists. Having the particularity of being cell friendly and allowing multimaterial deposition, extrusion-based 3D printing has been shown to be the method of choice for bioprinting. However as biologically relevant constructs often need to be of high resolution and high complexity, new methods are needed, to provide an improved level of control on the deposited biomaterials. In this paper, we demonstrate how microfluidics can be used to add functions to extrusion 3D printers, which widens their field of application. Micromixers can be added to print heads to perform the last-second mixing of multiple components just before resin dispensing, which can be used for the deposition of new polymeric or composite materials, as well as for bioprinting new materials with tailored properties. The integration of micro-concentrators in the print heads allows a significant increase in cell concentration in bioprinting. The addition of rapid microfluidic switching as well as resolution increase through flow focusing are also demonstrated. Those elementary implementations of microfluidic functions for 3D printing pave the way for more complex applications enabling new prospects in 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Serex
- EPFL STI IMT LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- EPFL STI IMT LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Renaud
- EPFL STI IMT LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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86
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Akamatsu K, Minezaki K, Yamada M, Seki M, Nakao SI. Direct Observation of Splitting in Oil-In-Water-In-Oil Emulsion Droplets via a Microchannel Mimicking Membrane Pores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14087-14092. [PMID: 29140704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct observation of double emulsion droplet permeation through a microchannel that mimicked 100 μm membrane pores with a porosity of 66.7% provided insights regarding splitting mechanisms in porous membranes. The microchannel was fabricated by standard soft lithography, and the oil-in-water-in-oil double emulsion droplets were prepared with a glass capillary device. By changing the flow rate from 0.5 to 5.0 × 10-2 m s-1, three characteristic behaviors were observed: (a) passage into one channel without splitting; (b) division into two smaller components; and (c) stripping of the middle water phase of the double emulsion droplets into a smaller double emulsion droplet and a smaller water-in-oil single emulsion droplet. The mechanisms are discussed with respect to the balance of viscous forces and interfacial tension, the contact point with the tip of the channel, and the relative position of the innermost droplet within the middle droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Akamatsu
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University , 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Koki Minezaki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University , 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakao
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University , 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
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87
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Tasadduq B, Lam W, Alexeev A, Sarioglu AF, Sulchek T. Enhancing size based size separation through vertical focus microfluidics using secondary flow in a ridged microchannel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17375. [PMID: 29234006 PMCID: PMC5727182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput size based separation and sorting of bioparticles and cells is critical to a variety of biomedical processing steps for medical diagnostics and pharmaceutical purification. Improving microfluidic size-based particle/cell sorting is a challenge to better address the need for generating more homogeneous subpopulations for study and use. We propose a novel advance to microfluidic sorting devices that uses three-dimensional focusing of the sample to optimally position particles to amplify the size-dependent differences in trajectories caused by differential secondary flows. The result is an increase in the purity of small particles by 35- fold and large particles by 8-fold in comparison to unfocused flow. Our simulated and experimental data reveal for the first time that positioning particles in three-dimensional space can be used to better leverage the differential lateral movement of particles with different sizes as they flow in microchannel with transverse secondary flows. The focusing approach may also be useful to improve positioning of particles with inertial channels with multiple equilibrium positions. This technique performs continuous-flow, high throughput size based sorting of millions of particles and cells in a minute without any pre and post-processing. We have also demonstrated improved enrichment and recovery of white blood cells from human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Tasadduq
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Fatih Sarioglu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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88
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Urbansky A, Ohlsson P, Lenshof A, Garofalo F, Scheding S, Laurell T. Rapid and effective enrichment of mononuclear cells from blood using acoustophoresis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17161. [PMID: 29215046 PMCID: PMC5719459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective separation methods for fractionating blood components are needed for numerous diagnostic and research applications. This paper presents the use of acoustophoresis, an ultrasound based microfluidic separation technology, for label-free, gentle and continuous separation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from diluted whole blood. Red blood cells (RBCs) and MNCs behave similar in an acoustic standing wave field, compromising acoustic separation of MNC from RBC in standard buffer systems. However, by optimizing the buffer conditions and thereby changing the acoustophoretic mobility of the cells, we were able to enrich MNCs relative to RBCs by a factor of 2,800 with MNC recoveries up to 88%. The acoustophoretic microchip can perform cell separation at a processing rate of more than 1 × 105 cells/s, corresponding to 5 µl/min undiluted whole blood equivalent. Thus, acoustophoresis can be easily integrated with further down-stream applications such as flow cytometry, making it a superior alternative to existing MNC isolation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Urbansky
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lenshof
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabio Garofalo
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Scheding
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, 222 41, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, 04620, Seoul, South Korea
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89
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Che J, Yu V, Dhar M, Renier C, Matsumoto M, Heirich K, Garon EB, Goldman J, Rao J, Sledge GW, Pegram MD, Sheth S, Jeffrey SS, Kulkarni RP, Sollier E, Di Carlo D. Classification of large circulating tumor cells isolated with ultra-high throughput microfluidic Vortex technology. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12748-60. [PMID: 26863573 PMCID: PMC4914319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are emerging as rare but clinically significant non-invasive cellular biomarkers for cancer patient prognosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. Current CTC isolation approaches, such as immunoaffinity, filtration, or size-based techniques, are often limited by throughput, purity, large output volumes, or inability to obtain viable cells for downstream analysis. For all technologies, traditional immunofluorescent staining alone has been employed to distinguish and confirm the presence of isolated CTCs among contaminating blood cells, although cells isolated by size may express vastly different phenotypes. Consequently, CTC definitions have been non-trivial, researcher-dependent, and evolving. Here we describe a complete set of objective criteria, leveraging well-established cytomorphological features of malignancy, by which we identify large CTCs. We apply the criteria to CTCs enriched from stage IV lung and breast cancer patient blood samples using the High Throughput Vortex Chip (Vortex HT), an improved microfluidic technology for the label-free, size-based enrichment and concentration of rare cells. We achieve improved capture efficiency (up to 83%), high speed of processing (8 mL/min of 10x diluted blood, or 800 μL/min of whole blood), and high purity (avg. background of 28.8±23.6 white blood cells per mL of whole blood). We show markedly improved performance of CTC capture (84% positive test rate) in comparison to previous Vortex designs and the current FDA-approved gold standard CellSearch assay. The results demonstrate the ability to quickly collect viable and pure populations of abnormal large circulating cells unbiased by molecular characteristics, which helps uncover further heterogeneity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Che
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Victor Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manjima Dhar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Corinne Renier
- Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyra Heirich
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Goldman
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shruti Sheth
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institue, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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90
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Zhang J, Yuan D, Sluyter R, Yan S, Zhao Q, Xia H, Tan SH, Nguyen NT, Li W. High-Throughput Separation of White Blood Cells From Whole Blood Using Inertial Microfluidics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1422-1430. [PMID: 28866599 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2735440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) constitute only about 0.1% of human blood cells, yet contain rich information about the immune status of the body; thus, separation of WBCs from the whole blood is an indispensable and critical sample preparation step in many scientific, clinical, and diagnostic applications. In this paper, we developed a continuous and high-throughput microfluidic WBC separation platform utilizing the differential inertial focusing of particles in serpentine microchannels. First, separation performance of the proposed method is characterized and evaluated using polystyrene beads in the serpentine channel. The purity of 10-μm polystyrene beads is increased from 0.1% to 80.3% after two cascaded processes, with an average enrichment ratio of 28 times. Next, we investigated focusing and separation properties of Jurkat cells spiked in the blood to mimic the presence of WBCs in whole blood. Finally, separation of WBCs from human whole blood was conducted and separation purity of WBCs was measured by the flow cytometry. The results show that the purity of WBCs can be increased to 48% after two consecutive processes, with an average enrichment ratio of ten times. Meanwhile, a parallelized inertial microfluidic device was designed to provide a high processing flow rate of 288 ml/h for the diluted (×1/20) whole blood. The proposed microfluidic device can potentially work as an upstream component for blood sample preparation and analysis in the integrated microfluidic systems.
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91
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Redlinger-Pohn JD, König J, Radl S. Length-selective separation of cellulose fibres by hydrodynamic fractionation. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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92
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Inan H, Kingsley JL, Ozen MO, Tekin HC, Hoerner CR, Imae Y, Metzner TJ, Preiss JS, Durmus NG, Ozsoz M, Wakelee H, Fan AC, Tüzel E, Demirci U. Monitoring Neutropenia for Cancer Patients at the Point of Care. SMALL METHODS 2017; 1:1700193. [PMID: 30740513 PMCID: PMC6364993 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.201700193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have a critical role in regulating the immune system. The immune system is compromised during chemotherapy, increasing infection risks and imposing a need for regular monitoring of neutrophil counts. Although commercial hematology analyzers are currently used in clinical practice for neutrophil counts, they are only available in clinics and hospitals, use large blood volumes, and are not available at the point of care (POC). Additionally, phlebotomy and blood processing require trained personnel, where patients are often admitted to hospitals when the infections are at late stage due to lack of frequent monitoring. Here, a reliable method is presented that selectively captures and quantifies white blood cells (WBCs) and neutrophils from a finger prick volume of whole blood by integrating microfluidics with high-resolution imaging algorithms. The platform is compact, portable, and easy to use. It captures and quantifies WBCs and neutrophils with high efficiency (>95%) and specificity (>95%) with an overall 4.2% bias compared to standard testing. The results from a small cohort of patients (N = 11 healthy, N = 5 lung and kidney cancer) present a unique disposable cell counter, demonstrating the ability of this tool to monitor neutrophil and WBC counts within clinical or in resource-constrained environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Inan
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - James L Kingsley
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, USA
| | - Mehmet O Ozen
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Huseyin Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35100 Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Christian R Hoerner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoriko Imae
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Independent Scholar, 35100, 6500/1 Sokak, No:8F, Karsiyaka/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Heather Wakelee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice C Fan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609-2280, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine
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93
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Shakeel Syed M, Rafeie M, Henderson R, Vandamme D, Asadnia M, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A 3D-printed mini-hydrocyclone for high throughput particle separation: application to primary harvesting of microalgae. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2459-2469. [PMID: 28695927 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The separation of micro-sized particles in a continuous flow is crucial part of many industrial processes, from biopharmaceutical manufacturing to water treatment. Conventional separation techniques such as centrifugation and membrane filtration are largely limited by factors such as clogging, processing time and operation efficiency. Microfluidic based techniques have been gaining great attention in recent years as efficient and powerful approaches for particle-liquid separation. Yet the production of such systems using standard micro-fabrication techniques is proven to be tedious, costly and have cumbersome user interfaces, which all render commercialization difficult. Here, we demonstrate the design, fabrication and evaluation based on CFD simulation as well as experimentation of 3D-printed miniaturized hydrocyclones with smaller cut-size for high-throughput particle/cell sorting. The characteristics of the mini-cyclones were numerically investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques previously revealing that reduction in the size of the cyclone results in smaller cut-size of the particles. To showcase its utility, high-throughput algae harvesting from the medium with low energy input is demonstrated for the marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica. Final microalgal biomass concentration was increased by 7.13 times in 11 minutes of operation time using our designed hydrocyclone (HC-1). We expect that this elegant approach can surmount the shortcomings of other microfluidic technologies such as clogging, low-throughput, cost and difficulty in operation. By moving away from production of planar microfluidic systems using conventional microfabrication techniques and embracing 3D-printing technology for construction of discrete elements, we envision 3D-printed mini-cyclones can be part of a library of standardized active and passive microfluidic components, suitable for particle-liquid separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Shakeel Syed
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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94
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Walczuch K, Renze P, Ingensiep C, Degen R, Bui TP, Schnakenberg U, Bräunig P, Bui-Göbbels K. A new microfluidic device design for a defined positioning of neurons in vitro. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:044103. [PMID: 28794814 PMCID: PMC5507706 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new triangle-shaped microfluidic channel system for defined cell trapping is presented. Different variants of the same basic geometry were produced to reveal the best fitting parameter combinations regarding efficiency and sensitivity. Variants with differences in the trap gap width and the inter-trap distance were analyzed in detail by Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations and in experiments with artificial beads of different sizes (30, 60, 80 μm). Simulation analysis of flow dynamics and pressure profiles revealed strongly reduced pressure conditions and balanced flow rates inside the microfluidic channels compared to commonly used systems with meandering channels. Quantitative experiments with beads showed very good trapping results in all channel types with slight variations due to geometrical differences. Highest efficiency in terms of fast trap filling and low particle loss was shown with channel types having a larger trap gap width (20 μm) and/or a larger inter-trap distance (400 μm). Here, experimental success was achieved in almost 85% to 100% of all cases. Particle loss appeared significantly more often with large beads than with small beads. A significantly reduced trapping efficiency of about 50% was determined by using narrow trap gaps and a small inter-trap distance in combination with large 80 μm beads. The combination of the same parameters with small and medium beads led to an only slight decrease in trapping efficiency (80%). All channel types were tested qualitatively with invertebrate neurons from the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The systems were appropriate to trap those sensitive neurons and to keep their viability in the trapping area at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Walczuch
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Renze
- Institute of Energy and Drive Technologies, Hochschule Ulm, Eberhard-Finckh-Str. 11, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Ingensiep
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Degen
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thanh Phong Bui
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Bräunig
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bui-Göbbels
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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95
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Inan H, Wang S, Inci F, Baday M, Zangar R, Kesiraju S, Anderson KS, Cunningham BT, Demirci U. Isolation, Detection, and Quantification of Cancer Biomarkers in HPV-Associated Malignancies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3322. [PMID: 28607383 PMCID: PMC5468352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been recognized as the main etiologic factor in the development of various cancers including penile, vulva, oropharyngeal and cervical cancers. In the development of cancer, persistent HPV infections induce E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which promote cell proliferation and carcinogenesis resulting elevated levels of host antibodies (e.g., anti-HPV16 E7 antibody). Currently, these cancers are clinically diagnosed using invasive biopsy-based tests, which are performed only in centralized labs by experienced clinical staff using time-consuming and expensive tools and technologies. Therefore, these obstacles constrain their utilization at primary care clinics and in remote settings, where resources are limited. Here, we present a rapid, inexpensive, reliable, easy-to-use, customized immunoassay platform following a microfluidic filter device to detect and quantify anti-HPV16 E7 antibodies from whole blood as a non-invasive assisting technology for diagnosis of HPV-associated malignancies, especially, at primary healthcare and remote settings. The platform can detect and quantify anti-HPV16 E7 antibody down to 2.87 ng/mL. We further validated our immunoassay in clinical patient samples and it provided significantly high responses as compared to control samples. Thus, it can be potentially implemented as a pretesting tool to identify high-risk groups for broad monitoring of HPV-associated cancers in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Inan
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fatih Inci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Murat Baday
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Richard Zangar
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sailaja Kesiraju
- Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Brian T Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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96
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You D, Oh S, Kim B, Hahn YK, Choi S. Rapid preparation and single-cell analysis of concentrated blood smears using a high-throughput blood cell separator and a microfabricated grid film. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:141-148. [PMID: 28576331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytological examination of peripheral white blood cells inhomogeneously distributed on a blood smear is currently limited by the low abundance and random sampling of the target cells. To address the challenges, we present a new approach to prepare and analyze concentrated blood smears by rapidly enriching white blood cells up to 32-fold with 92% recovery on average at a high throughput (1mL/min) using a deterministic migration-based separator and by systematically analyzing a large number of the cells distributed over a blood slide using a microfabricated grid film. We anticipate that our approach will improve the clinical utility of blood smear tests, while offering the capability to detect rare cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Hahn
- Samsung Electronics, Seocho-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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97
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Magneto-Hydrodynamic Fractionation (MHF) for continuous and sheathless sorting of high-concentration paramagnetic microparticles. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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98
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Storslett KJ, Muller SJ. Evaluation and comparison of two microfluidic size separation strategies for vesicle suspensions. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034112. [PMID: 28580045 PMCID: PMC5446298 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two size-based separation strategies are evaluated for suspensions consisting of giant unilamellar vesicles with a broad, continuous distribution of diameters. Microfluidic devices were designed to separate an initial suspension into larger and smaller particles via either filtration or inertial focusing. These separation mechanisms were tested with suspensions of vesicles and suspensions of rigid spheres separately to illustrate the effect of deformability on separation ability. We define several separation metrics to assess the separation ability and to enable comparison between separation strategies. The filtration device significantly reduced the polydispersity of the separated vesicle fractions relative to the starting suspension and displayed an ability to separate vesicle suspensions at high throughputs. The device that utilized inertial focusing exhibited adequate polydispersity reduction and performed best with diluted vesicle suspensions. The inertial device had fewer issues with debris and trapped air, leading to short device preparation times and indicating a potential for continuous separation operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Storslett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Susan J Muller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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99
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Chen YL, Jiang HR. Particle concentrating and sorting under a rotating electric field by direct optical-liquid heating in a microfluidics chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034102. [PMID: 28503246 PMCID: PMC5415404 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a functional rotating electrothermal technique for rapidly concentrating and sorting a large number of particles on a microchip by the combination of particle dielectrophoresis (DEP) and inward rotating electrothermal (RET) flows. Different kinds of particles can be attracted (positive DEP) to or repelled (negative DEP) from electrode edges, and then the n-DEP responsive particles are further concentrated in the heated region by RET flows. The RET flows arise from the spatial inhomogeneous electric properties of fluid caused by direct infrared laser (1470 nm) heating of solution in a rotating electric field. The direction of the RET flows is radially inward to the heated region with a co-field (the same as the rotating electric field) rotation. Moreover, the velocity of the RET flows is proportional to the laser power and the square of the electric field strength. The RET flows are significant over a frequency range from 200 kHz to 5 MHz. The RET flows are generated by the simultaneous application of the infrared laser and the rotating electric field. Therefore, the location of particle concentrating can be controlled within the rotating electric field depending on the position of the laser spot. This multi-field technique can be operated in salt solutions and at higher frequency without external flow pressure, and thus it can avoid electrokinetic phenomena at low frequency to improve the manipulation accuracy for lab-on-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Jiang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University. No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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100
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Deshpande S, Birnie A, Dekker C. On-chip density-based purification of liposomes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034106. [PMID: 28529672 PMCID: PMC5422205 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their cell membrane-mimicking properties, liposomes have served as a versatile research tool in science, from membrane biophysics and drug delivery systems to bottom-up synthetic cells. We recently reported a novel microfluidic method, Octanol-assisted Liposome Assembly (OLA), to form cell-sized, monodisperse, unilamellar liposomes with excellent encapsulation efficiency. Although OLA provides crucial advantages over alternative methods, it suffers from the presence of 1-octanol droplets, an inevitable by-product of the production process. These droplets can adversely affect the system regarding liposome stability, channel clogging, and imaging quality. In this paper, we report a density-based technique to separate the liposomes from droplets, integrated on the same chip. We show that this method can yield highly pure (>95%) liposome samples. We also present data showing that a variety of other separation techniques (based on size or relative permittivity) were unsuccessful. Our density-based separation approach favourably decouples the production and separation module, thus allowing freshly prepared liposomes to be used for downstream on-chip experimentation. This simple separation technique will make OLA a more versatile and widely applicable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Deshpande
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Birnie
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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