51
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Shari'ati Y, Vura-Weis J. Polymer thin films as universal substrates for extreme ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of molecular transition metal complexes. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1850-1857. [PMID: 34738939 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521010596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride thin films are explored as sample supports for extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopy of molecular transition metal complexes. Thin polymer films prepared by slip-coating are flat and smooth, and transmit much more XUV light than silicon nitride windows. Analytes can be directly cast onto the polymer surface or co-deposited within it. The M-edge XANES spectra (40-90 eV) of eight archetypal transition metal complexes (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this method. The films are suitable for pump/probe transient absorption spectroscopy, as shown by the excited-state spectra of Fe(bpy)32+ in two different polymer supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Shari'ati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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52
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Liu J, Lan Z, Yang J. An efficient implementation of spin-orbit coupling within the framework of semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected methods for ultrafast intersystem crossing dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22313-22323. [PMID: 34591049 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We implement spin-orbit coupling (SOC) within the framework of semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected methods (OMx). The excited-state wavefunction is generated from configuration interaction with single excitations (CIS). The SOC Hamiltonian in terms of the one-electron Breit-Pauli operator with effective nuclear charges is adopted in this work. Benchmark calculations show that SOCs evaluated using the OMx/CIS method agree very well with those obtained from time-dependent density functional theory. As a particularly attractive application, we incorporate SOCs between singlet and triplet states into Tully's fewest switches surface hopping algorithm to enable excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, treating internal conversion and intersystem crossing on an equal footing. This semiempirical dynamics simulation approach is applied to investigate ultrafast intersystem crossing processes in core-substituted naphthalenediimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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53
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Cho I, Mozer AJ. Effect of Molecular Structure on Interfacial Electron Transfer Kinetics in the Framework of Classical Marcus Theory. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inseong Cho
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute Innovation Campus Squires Way North Wollongong NSW 2500
| | - Attila J. Mozer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute Innovation Campus Squires Way North Wollongong NSW 2500
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54
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Zhao C, Li L, Jin L, Ge H, Ma J, Wang W. Efficient improvement of W05‐based dyes by inserting auxiliary electron acceptors for dye‐sensitized solar cells: A theoretical investigation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐bin Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Science Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Lin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Science Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Ling‐xia Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Science Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Hong‐guang Ge
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Science Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Jian‐qi Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Science Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong China
| | - Wen‐liang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
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55
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Cardon JM, Krueper G, Kautz R, Fabian DM, Angsono J, Chen HY, Ardo S. Reconciliation of Differences in Apparent Diffusion Coefficients Measured for Self-Exchange Electron Transfer between Molecules Anchored to Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41396-41404. [PMID: 32337970 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active sites present at large concentrations as part of a solid support or dissolved as molecules in fluid solutions undergo reversible self-exchange electron-transfer reactions. These processes can be monitored using a variety of techniques. Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry are common techniques used to interrogate this behavior for molecules bound to mesoporous thin films of wide-bandgap semiconductors and insulators. In order to use these techniques to obtain accurate values for apparent diffusion coefficients, which are proxies for rate constants for self-exchange electron transfer, it is imperative to take into consideration nonidealities in redox titrations, parasitic currents, and ohmic resistances. Using spectroelectrochemical measurements taken concurrently with measurements of chronoamperometry data, we show that the spectroscopic data is not confounded from effects of parasitic currents or electroinactive dyes. However, we show that the thickness of the thin film over the region that is optically probed by the measurements must be known. When each of these considerations is included in data analyses, calculated apparent diffusion coefficients are, within error, independent of the method used to obtain the data. These considerations help reconcile variations in apparent diffusion coefficients measured using different techniques that have been reported over the past several decades and allow correct analyses to be performed in the future, independent of the method used to obtain the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cardon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Gregory Krueper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rylan Kautz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - David M Fabian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jacqueline Angsono
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Hsiang-Yun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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56
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He X, Eberhart MS, Martinson ABF, Tiede DM, Mulfort KL. Molecularly Functionalized Electrodes for Efficient Electrochemical Water Remediation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3267-3276. [PMID: 34143541 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development and investigation of materials that leverage unique interfacial effects on electronic structure and redox chemistry are likely to play an outstanding role in advanced technologies for wastewater treatment. Here, the use of surface functionalization of metal oxides with a RuII poly(pyridyl) complex was reported as a way to create hybrid assemblies with optimized electrochemical performance for water remediation, superior to those that could be achieved with the molecular catalyst or metal-oxide electrodes used individually. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that the molecularly functionalized electrodes could suppress the formation of hydroxyl radicals (i. e., the dominant remediation pathway for bare metal-oxide electrodes), allowing the water remediation to proceed through the highly oxidizing Ru3+ ions in the surface-bound complexes. Furthermore, the underlying metal-oxide substrates played a crucial role in altering the electronic structure and electrochemical properties of the surface-bound catalyst, such that the competing side reaction (i. e., water splitting) was largely inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang He
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael S Eberhart
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Alex B F Martinson
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - David M Tiede
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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57
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Singh A, Dutta A, Srivastava D, Kociok‐Köhn G, Chauhan R, Gosavi SW, Kumar A, Muddassir M. Effect of different aromatic groups on photovoltaic performance of 1,1′‐
bis
(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene functionalized Ni (II) dithiolates as sensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Singh
- Department of Chemistry Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Avadh University Ayodhya India
| | - Archisman Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
- Chemical Division Geological Survey of India Lucknow India
| | - Devyani Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
| | - Gabriele Kociok‐Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2) University of Bath Bath UK
| | - Ratna Chauhan
- Department of Environmental Science Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune India
| | - Suresh W. Gosavi
- Department of Physics Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune India
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Lucknow Lucknow India
| | - Mohd. Muddassir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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58
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Roy A, Sundaram S, Mallick TK. Effect of dye sensitization’s temperature on ZnO-based solar cells. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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59
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Siavash Moakhar R, Hosseini-Hosseinabad SM, Masudy-Panah S, Seza A, Jalali M, Fallah-Arani H, Dabir F, Gholipour S, Abdi Y, Bagheri-Hariri M, Riahi-Noori N, Lim YF, Hagfeldt A, Saliba M. Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Using CuO-Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Production: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007285. [PMID: 34117806 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective, robust, and efficient electrocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting has been extensively studied over the past decade to address a solution for the energy crisis. The interesting physicochemical properties of CuO have introduced this promising photocathodic material among the few photocatalysts with a narrow bandgap. This photocatalyst has a high activity for the PEC hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under simulated sunlight irradiation. Here, the recent advancements of CuO-based photoelectrodes, including undoped CuO, doped CuO, and CuO composites, in the PEC water-splitting field, are comprehensively studied. Moreover, the synthesis methods, characterization, and fundamental factors of each classification are discussed in detail. Apart from the exclusive characteristics of CuO-based photoelectrodes, the PEC properties of CuO/2D materials, as groups of the growing nanocomposites in photocurrent-generating devices, are discussed in separate sections. Regarding the particular attention paid to the CuO heterostructure photocathodes, the PEC water splitting application is reviewed and the properties of each group such as electronic structures, defects, bandgap, and hierarchical structures are critically assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Siavash Moakhar
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
- Non-Metallic Materials Research Group, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, 14686-13113, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Masudy-Panah
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Low Energy Electronic Systems (LEES), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, 38602, Singapore
| | - Ashkan Seza
- Non-Metallic Materials Research Group, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, 14686-13113, Iran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, Tehran, 11155-9466, Iran
| | - Mahsa Jalali
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Hesam Fallah-Arani
- Non-Metallic Materials Research Group, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, 14686-13113, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dabir
- Non-Metallic Materials Research Group, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, 14686-13113, Iran
| | - Somayeh Gholipour
- Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14395-547, Iran
| | - Yaser Abdi
- Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14395-547, Iran
| | - Mohiedin Bagheri-Hariri
- Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase flow Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Nastaran Riahi-Noori
- Non-Metallic Materials Research Group, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, 14686-13113, Iran
| | - Yee-Fun Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB-ISIC-LSPM, Station 6, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Michael Saliba
- Institute for Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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60
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Zhang W, Chen P, Liu J, Huang N, Feng C, Wu D, Bai Y. Effects of Different Delocalized π-Conjugated Systems Towards the TiO 2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts. Front Chem 2021; 9:700380. [PMID: 34386479 PMCID: PMC8353090 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.700380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating the structure of a photocatalyst at the molecular level can improve the photocatalytic efficiency and provides a guide for the synthesis of highly qualified photocatalysts. In this study, TiO2 was modified by various organic compounds to form different TiO2-based hybrid photocatalysts. 1,10-Phenanthroline (Phen) is an organic material with delocalized π-conjugated systems. It was used to modify TiO2 to form the hybrid photocatalyst Phen/TiO2. Furthermore, 1,10-phenanthrolin-5-amine (Phen-NH2) and 1,10-phenanthroline-5-nitro (Phen-NO2) were also used to modify TiO2 to form NH2-Phen/TiO2 and NO2-Phen/TiO2, respectively. The samples of TiO2, Phen/TiO2, NO2-Phen/TiO2, and NH2-Phen/TiO2 were carefully characterized, and their photocatalytic performance was compared. The results indicated that the photocatalytic efficiency followed the order of NH2-Phen/TiO2 > NO2-Phen/TiO2 > Phen/TiO2 > TiO2. It could be found that modifying TiO2 with different organic compounds containing delocalized π-conjugated systems could enhance the photocatalytic ability; furthermore, the level of this enhancement could be modulated by different delocalized π-conjugated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, China
| | - NanNan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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61
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Jiménez JM, Perdolt D, Berger T. Reactivity of Hydrogen-Related Electron Centers in Powders, Layers, and Electrodes Consisting of Anatase TiO 2 Nanocrystal Aggregates. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:13809-13818. [PMID: 34239660 PMCID: PMC8256420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates were used as model systems for studying at different water activities the reactivity of electron centers at semiconductor surfaces. The investigated surface conditions evolve from a solid/vacuum interface to a solid/bulk electrolyte interface. Hydrogen-related electron centers were generated either chemically-upon sample exposure to atomic hydrogen at the semiconductor/gas interface-or electrochemically-upon bias-induced charge accumulation at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Based on their corresponding spectroscopic and electrochemical fingerprints, we investigated the reactivity of hydrogen-related electron centers as a function of the interfacial condition and at different levels of complexity, that is, (i) for dehydrated and (partially) dehydroxylated oxide surfaces, (ii) for oxide surfaces covered by a thin film of interfacial water, and (iii) for oxide surfaces in contact with a 0.1 M HClO4 aqueous solution. Visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy evidence a chemical equilibrium between hydrogen atoms in the gas phase and-following their dissociation-electron/proton centers in the oxide. The excess electrons are either localized forming (Vis-active) Ti3+ centers or delocalized as (IR-active) free conduction band electrons. The addition of molecular oxygen to chemically reduced anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates leads to a quantitative quenching of Ti3+ centers, while a fraction of ∼10% of hydrogen-derived conduction band electrons remains in the oxide pointing to a persistent hydrogen doping of the semiconductor. Neither trapped electrons (i.e., Ti3+ centers) nor conduction band electrons react with water or its adsorption products at the oxide surface. However, the presence of an interfacial water layer does not impede the electron transfer to molecular oxygen. At the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, inactivity of trapped electrons with regard to water reduction and electron transfer to oxygen were evidenced by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Jiménez
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Perdolt
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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62
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Schmid L, Kerzig C, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Photostable Ruthenium(II) Isocyanoborato Luminophores and Their Use in Energy Transfer and Photoredox Catalysis. JACS AU 2021; 1:819-832. [PMID: 34467335 PMCID: PMC8395604 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes are among the most popular sensitizers in photocatalysis, but they face some severe limitations concerning accessible excited-state energies and photostability that could hamper future applications. In this study, the borylation of heteroleptic ruthenium(II) cyanide complexes with α-diimine ancillary ligands is identified as a useful concept to elevate the energies of photoactive metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states and to obtain unusually photorobust compounds suitable for thermodynamically challenging energy transfer catalysis as well as oxidative and reductive photoredox catalysis. B(C6F5)3 groups attached to the CN - ligands stabilize the metal-based t2g-like orbitals by ∼0.8 eV, leading to high 3MLCT energies (up to 2.50 eV) that are more typical for cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Through variation of their α-diimine ligands, nonradiative excited-state relaxation pathways involving higher-lying metal-centered states can be controlled, and their luminescence quantum yields and MLCT lifetimes can be optimized. These combined properties make the respective isocyanoborato complexes amenable to photochemical reactions for which common ruthenium(II)-based sensitizers are unsuited, due to a lack of sufficient triplet energy or excited-state redox power. Specifically, this includes photoisomerization reactions, sensitization of nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings, pinacol couplings, and oxidative decarboxylative C-C couplings. Our work is relevant in the greater context of tailoring photoactive coordination compounds to current challenges in synthetic photochemistry and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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63
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Mejica GFC, Unpaprom Y, Ramaraj R. Fabrication and performance evaluation of dye-sensitized solar cell integrated with natural dye from Strobilanthes cusia under different counter-electrode materials. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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64
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Al-Qurashi O, Wazzan N. Prediction of Power Conversion Efficiencies of Diphenylthienylamine-Based Dyes Adsorbed on the Titanium Dioxide Nanotube. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8967-8975. [PMID: 33842767 PMCID: PMC8028126 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The power conversion efficiency (η) is the most important key to determine the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices. However, the calculation of η theoretically is a challenging issue since it depends on a large number of experimental and theoretical parameters with extensive related data. In this work, η was successfully predicted using the improved normal model with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) for eight diphenylthienylamine-based (DP-based) dyes with various π-bridge adsorbed on titanium dioxide. The titanium dioxide is represented by a nanotube surface (TiO2NT); this surface is rarely investigated in the literature. The π-linker consists of five (DP1)- or six (DP2)-membered rings and contains none to three nitrogen atoms (D0-D3). The reliability of the estimated values was confirmed by the excellent agreement with those available for the two experimentally tested ones (DP2-D0 and DP2-D2). The deviations between the experimental and estimated values were in the ranges of 0.03 to 0.06 mA cm-2, 0.05 to 0.3 mV, and 0.37 to 0.18% for short-circuits current density (J sc), open-circuit voltage (V oc), power conversion efficiency (%η), respectively. More importantly, the results revealed that using pyridine (DP2-D1), pyrimidine (DP2-D2), and 1,2,4-triazine (DP2-D3) improves the power conversion efficiencies in the range of 6.03 to 6.90%. However, the cyclopenta-1,3-diene (DP1-D0) shows superior performance with a predicted η value that reaches 9.55%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud
S. Al-Qurashi
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P. O. Box 42805 Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha Wazzan
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P. O. Box 42805 Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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65
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Liang S, Chen W, Yin S, Schaper SJ, Guo R, Drewes J, Carstens N, Strunskus T, Gensch M, Schwartzkopf M, Faupel F, Roth SV, Cheng YJ, Müller-Buschbaum P. Tailoring the Optical Properties of Sputter-Deposited Gold Nanostructures on Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Templates Based on In Situ Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Determined Growth Laws. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14728-14740. [PMID: 33734685 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold/titanium dioxide (Au/TiO2) nanohybrid materials have been widely applied in various fields because of their outstanding optical and photocatalytic performance. By state-of-the-art polymer templating, it is possible to make uniform nanostructured TiO2 layers with potentially large-scale processing methods. We use customized polymer templating to achieve TiO2 nanostructures with different morphologies. Au/TiO2 hybrid thin films are fabricated by sputter deposition. An in-depth understanding of the Au morphology on the TiO2 templates is achieved with in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) during the sputter deposition. The resulting Au nanostructure is largely influenced by the TiO2 template morphology. Based on the detailed understanding of the Au growth process, characteristic distances can be selected to achieve tailored Au nanostructures at different Au loadings. For selected sputter-deposited Au/TiO2 hybrid thin films, the optical response with a tailored localized surface plasmon resonance is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhe Liang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Simon J Schaper
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Renjun Guo
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niko Carstens
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Gensch
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibniz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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66
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Ringleb A, Ruess R, Hofeditz N, Heimbrodt W, Yoshida T, Schlettwein D. Influence of Mg-doping on the characteristics of ZnO photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8393-8402. [PMID: 33876003 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00179e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on ZnO photoanodes have, despite extensive research, lagged behind cells based on TiO2, which is due to generally lower open-circuit voltages VOC and fill factors. Here, DSSCs have been prepared using Mg-doped ZnO (MZO) photoanodes based on nanoparticles, thin films or ZnO-MZO core-shell-type nanoparticles with varying Mg-concentration. The cells were studied in detailed photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence experiments. It was confirmed that VOC was significantly increased by Mg-doping. A clear influence of the Mg-concentration was also revealed on the transport and recombination of electrons in MZO, leading to a higher cell performance at low and lower cell performance at high concentrations of Mg in MZO. Nanoparticles with a pure ZnO core and an MZO shell offered a way to lower the influence of increased transport resistance in MZO and to capitalize on the significantly improved VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ringleb
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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67
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Houle FA. Adaptive response by an electrolyte: resilience to electron losses in a dye-sensitized porous photoanode. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6117-6128. [PMID: 33996008 PMCID: PMC8098693 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00384d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photovoltage and photocurrents below theoretical limits in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion systems are usually attributed to electron loss processes such as dye–electron and electrolyte–electron recombination reactions within the porous photoanode. Whether recombination is a major loss mechanism is examined here, using a multiscale reaction–diffusion computational model to evaluate system characteristics. The dye-sensitized solar cell with an I−/I3− redox couple is chosen as a simple, representative model system because of the extensive information available for it. Two photoanode architectures with dye excitation frequencies spanning 1–25 s−1 are examined, assuming two distinct recombination mechanisms. The simulation results show that although electrolyte–electron reactions are very efficient, they do not significantly impact photoanode performance within the system as defined. This is because the solution-phase electrolyte chemistry plays a key role in mitigating electron losses through coupled reactions that produce I− within the photoanode pores, thereby cycling the electrolyte species without requiring that all electrolyte reduction reactions take place at the more distantly located cathode. This is a functionally adaptive response of the chemistry that may be partly responsible for the great success of this redox couple for dye-sensitized solar cells. The simulation results provide predictions that can be tested experimentally. Interfacial electrolyte reactions in the pores of a photoanode consume electrons. The losses are offset by compensating solution-phase reactions that generate I− locally, and promote efficient dye cycling and photocurrent generation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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68
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Stojanović M, Flores‐Diaz N, Ren Y, Vlachopoulos N, Pfeifer L, Shen Z, Liu Y, Zakeeruddin SM, Milić JV, Hagfeldt A. The Rise of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: From Molecular Photovoltaics to Emerging Solid‐State Photovoltaic Technologies. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stojanović
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Natalie Flores‐Diaz
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yameng Ren
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Zhongjin Shen
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Shaik M. Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jovana V. Milić
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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69
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Song T, Hou L, Long B, Ali A, Deng GJ. Ultrathin MXene “bridge” to accelerate charge transfer in ultrathin metal-free 0D/2D black phosphorus/g-C3N4 heterojunction toward photocatalytic hydrogen production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:474-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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70
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Lee KH, Han SH, Chuquer A, Yang HY, Kim J, Pham XH, Yun WJ, Jun BH, Rho WY. Effect of Au Nanoparticles and Scattering Layer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Freestanding TiO 2 Nanotube Arrays. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020328. [PMID: 33513974 PMCID: PMC7911132 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has received tremendous attention. Many researchers have introduced new materials for use in DSSCs to achieve high efficiency. In this study, the change in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs was investigated by introducing two types of materials—Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and a scattering layer. A DSSC fabricated without neither Au NPs nor a scattering layer achieved a PCE of 5.85%. The PCE of a DSSC based on freestanding TiO2 nanotube arrays (f-TNTAs) with Au NPs was 6.50% due to better electron generation because the plasmonic absorption band of Au NPs is 530 nm, which matches the dye absorbance. Thus, more electrons were generated at 530 nm, which affected the PCE of the DSSC. The PCE of DSSCs based on f-TNTAs with a scattering layer was 6.61% due to better light harvesting by scattering. The scattering layer reflects all wavelengths of light that improve the light harvesting in the active layer in DSSCs. Finally, the PCE of DSSCs based on the f-TNTAs with Au NPs and a scattering layer was 7.12% due to the synergy of better electron generation and light harvesting by plasmonics and scattering. The application of Au NPs and a scattering layer is a promising research area for DSSCs as they can increase the electron generation and light harvesting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hun Lee
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea; (K.-H.L.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Seung-Hee Han
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea; (K.-H.L.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Ana Chuquer
- School of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea;
| | - Hwa-Young Yang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Korea;
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (X.-H.P.)
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (X.-H.P.)
| | - Won-Ju Yun
- Department of Physics, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea;
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.K.); (X.-H.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.-H.J.); (W.-Y.R.)
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea; (K.-H.L.); (S.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.-H.J.); (W.-Y.R.)
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71
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Ulusoy Ghobadi TG, Ozbay E, Karadas F. How to Build Prussian Blue Based Water Oxidation Catalytic Assemblies: Common Trends and Strategies. Chemistry 2021; 27:3638-3649. [PMID: 33197292 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) have at least a three-century-long history in coordination chemistry. Recently, cobalt-based PBAs have been acknowledged as efficient and robust water oxidation catalysts. Given the flexibility in their synthesis, the structure and morphology of cobalt-based PBAs have been modified for enhanced catalytic activity under electrochemical (EC), photocatalytic (PC), and photoelectrochemical (PEC) conditions. Here, in this review, the work on cobalt-based PBAs is presented in four sections: i) electrocatalytic water oxidation with bare PBAs, ii) photocatalytic processes in the presence of a photosensitizer (PS), iii) photoelectrochemical water oxidation by coupling PBAs to proper semiconductors (SCs), and iv) the utilization of PBA-PS assemblies coated on SCs for the dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical water oxidation. This review will guide readers through the structure and catalytic activity relationship in cobalt-based PBAs by describing the role of each structural component. Furthermore, this review aims to provide insight into common strategies to enhance the catalytic activity of PBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gamze Ulusoy Ghobadi
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Ekmel Ozbay
- NANOTAM-Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Ferdi Karadas
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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72
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Bevernaegie R, Wehlin SAM, Elias B, Troian‐Gautier L. A Roadmap Towards Visible Light Mediated Electron Transfer Chemistry with Iridium(III) Complexes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bevernaegie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Sara A. M. Wehlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian‐Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
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73
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Chábera P, Lindh L, Rosemann NW, Prakash O, Uhlig J, Yartsev A, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P. Photofunctionality of iron(III) N-heterocyclic carbenes and related d transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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74
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Ou YP, Zhang J, Hu Y, Yin J, Chi C, Liu SH. Oxidized divinyl oligoacene-bridged diruthenium complexes: bridged localized radical characters and reduced aromaticity in bridge cores. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16877-16886. [PMID: 33180078 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02883e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of bimetallic ruthenium vinyl complexes 1-5 bridged by oligoacenes were synthesized and characterized in this study. Comparative cyclic voltammetry results from 1-5 indicated that the first oxidation potential decreased gradually with the extension of conjugate ligands. Upon oxidation to singly oxidized species 1+-5+, rather small ν(CO) changes in the infrared (IR) spectra and the characteristic bands of metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorptions in the near IR (NIR) region predicted via time-dependent DFT calculations suggested that strong bridged ligands participate in redox processes. NIR absorptions were not observed in complexes 4+ and 5+ possibly because of instability in their twisted and noncoplanar geometry. Electron paramagnetic resonance results and spin density distribution demonstrated that the bridged localized degrees of 1+-5+ successively increased with the extension of oligoacene from benzene to tetracene. Further comparative analysis of neutral molecules and monocations to the aromaticity and π-electron density of bridge cores indicated a step-by-step transformation process from an aromatic to quinoidal radical upon oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Ou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials of Hunan Province College, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan 421008, P. R. China
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75
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Hua W, Xu G, Zhao J, Wang Z, Lu J, Sun W, Gou S. DNA‐Targeting Ru
II
‐Polypyridyl Complex with a Long‐Lived Intraligand Excited State as a Potential Photodynamic Therapy Agent. Chemistry 2020; 26:17495-17503. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Hua
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Z. Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050 USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050 USA
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
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76
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Pearce OM, Duncan JS, Lama B, Dukovic G, Damrauer NH. Binding Orientation of a Ruthenium-Based Water Oxidation Catalyst on a CdS QD Surface Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9552-9556. [PMID: 33118823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the binding of a Ru-based water oxidation catalyst (WOC) to CdS quantum dots (QDs) revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Spin centers within the WOC exhibit correlated trends in chemical shift and T2 lifetime shortening upon QD binding. These effects are a highly directional function of proton position within the WOC, thus uncovering orientation information relative to the QD surface. The data suggest that the WOC interacts with the QD surface via the Ru terpyridine ligand, an unexpected orientation that has important implications for interfacial charge transfer and subsequent catalysis. This binding motif enables strong enough donor-acceptor electronic coupling for ultrafast photoinduced hole transfer while maintaining electronically distinct functional subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion M Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeremiah S Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bimala Lama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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77
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Bala R, Sachdeva D, Kumar M, Prakash V. Advances in coordination chemistry of hexaurea complexes of chromium(III). J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1836363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Bala
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Diksha Sachdeva
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Vinit Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
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78
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Rittgers BM, Leicht D, Duncan MA. Cation-π Complexes of Silver Studied with Photodissociation and Velocity-Map Imaging. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9166-9176. [PMID: 33103909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ag+(aromatic) ion-molecule complexes of benzene, toluene, or furan are generated in the gas phase by laser vaporization in a supersonic expansion. These ions are mass selected in a time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with ultraviolet laser photodissociation and photofragment imaging. UV laser excitation results in dissociative charge transfer (DCT) for these ions, producing neutral silver atom and the respective aromatic cation as the photofragments. Velocity-map imaging and slice imaging techniques are employed to investigate the kinetic energy release in these photodissociation processes. In each case, DCT produces significant kinetic energy, and evidence is also found for excitation of the internal rovibrational degrees of freedom for the molecular cations. Analysis of the kinetic energy release together with the known ionization energies of silver and the molecular ligands provides new information on the cation-π bond energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Rittgers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Daniel Leicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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79
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Kaewsud K, Ruangpornvisuti V. Existence of α‐mangostin conformers and effects of aprotic and protic solvents on their equilibria, UV–Vis spectra, and chemical descriptors: Density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanthira Kaewsud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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80
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Simulation, Analysis, and Characterization of Calcium-Doped ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13184863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this research article, the authors have discussed the simulation, analysis, and characterization of calcium-doped zinc oxide (Ca-doped-ZnO) nanostructures for advanced generation solar cells. A comparative study has been performed to envisage the effect of Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NP), seeded Ca-doped ZnO nanorods (NR), and unseeded Ca-doped ZnO NR as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Simulations were performed in MATLAB fuzzy logic controller to study the effect of various structures on the overall solar cell efficiency. The simulation results show an error of less than 1% in between the simulated and calculated values. This work shows that the diameter of the seeded Ca-doped ZnO NR is greater than that of the unseeded Ca-doped ZnO NR. The incorporation of Ca in the ZnO nanostructure is confirmed using XRD graphs and an EDX spectrum. The optical band gap of the seeded substrate is 3.18 eV, which is higher compared to those of unseeded Ca-doped ZnO NR and Ca-doped ZnO NP, which are 3.16 eV and 3.13 ev, respectively. The increase in optical band gap results in the improvement of the overall solar cell efficiency of the seeded Ca-doped ZnO NR to 1.55%. The incorporation of a seed layer with Ca-doped ZnO NR increases the fill factor and the overall efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC).
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81
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Dill RD, Portillo RI, Shepard SG, Shores MP, Rappé AK, Damrauer NH. Long-Lived Mixed 2MLCT/MC States in Antiferromagnetically Coupled d 3 Vanadium(II) Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14706-14715. [PMID: 32886504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of [V(bpy)3]2+ and [V(phen)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) using electronic spectroscopy reveals an ultrafast excited-state decay process and implicates a pair of low-lying doublets with mixed metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and metal-centered (MC) character. Transient absorption (TA) studies of the vanadium(II) species probing in the visible and near-IR, in combination with spectroelectrochemical techniques and computational chemistry, lead to the conclusion that after excitation into the intense and broad visible 4MLCT ← 4GS (ground-state) absorption band (ε400-700 nm = 900-8000 M-1 cm-1), the 4MLCT state rapidly (τisc < 200 fs) relaxes to the upper of two doublet states with mixed MLCT/MC character. Electronic interconversion (τ ∼ 2.5-3 ps) to the long-lived excited state follows, which we attribute to formation of the lower mixed state. Following these initial dynamics, GS recovery ensues with τ = 430 ps and 1.6 ns for [V(bpy)3]2+ and [V(phen)3]2+, respectively. This stands in stark contrast with isoelectronic [Cr(bpy)3]3+, which rapidly forms a long-lived doublet metal-centered (2MC) state following photoexcitation and lacks strong visible GS absorption character. 2MLCT character in the long-lived states of the vanadium(II) species produces geometric distortion and energetic stabilization, both of which accelerate nonradiative decay to the GS compared to [Cr(bpy)3]3+, where the GS and 2MC are well nested. These conclusions are significant because (i) long-lived states with MLCT character are rare in first-row transition-metal complexes and (ii) the presence of a 2MLCT state at lower energy than the 4MLCT state has not been previously considered. The spin assignment of charge-transfer states in open-shell transition-metal complexes is not trivial; when metal-ligand interaction is strong, low-spin states must be carefully considered when assessing reactivity and decay from electronic excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Dill
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Romeo I Portillo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Samuel G Shepard
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew P Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Anthony K Rappé
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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82
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Kanno T, Takase T, Oyama D. Synthesis and crystal structures of manganese(I) carbonyl complexes bearing ester-substituted α-di-imine ligands. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1433-1436. [PMID: 32939295 PMCID: PMC7472766 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020010750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of two manganese(I) complexes with ester-substituted bi-pyridine or bi-quinoline supporting ligands are reported, namely, fac-bromido-tricarbon-yl(diethyl 2,2'-bi-pyridine-4,4'-di-carboxyl-ate-κ2 N,N')mangan-ese(I), [MnBr(C16H16N2O4)(CO)3], I, and fac-bromido-tricarbon-yl(diethyl 2,2'-bi-quinoline-4,4'-di-carboxyl-ate-κ2 N,N')manganese(I), [MnBr(C24H20N2O4)(CO)3], II. In both complexes, the manganese(I) atom adopts a distorted octa-hedral coordination sphere defined by three carbonyl C atoms, a Br- anion and two N atoms from the chelating α-di-imine ligand. Both complexes show fac configurations of the carbonyl ligands. In I, the complex mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and aromatic π-π contacts. In II, intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present as well as inter-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Kanno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Tsugiko Takase
- Department of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Fukushima University, 1, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Dai Oyama
- Department of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Fukushima University, 1, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
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83
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Liu J, Lu L, Wood D, Lin S. New Redox Strategies in Organic Synthesis by Means of Electrochemistry and Photochemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1317-1340. [PMID: 32875074 PMCID: PMC7453421 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the breadth of radical chemistry grows, new means to promote and regulate single-electron redox activities play increasingly important roles in driving modern synthetic innovation. In this regard, photochemistry and electrochemistry-both considered as niche fields for decades-have seen an explosive renewal of interest in recent years and gradually have become a cornerstone of organic chemistry. In this Outlook article, we examine the current state-of-the-art in the areas of electrochemistry and photochemistry, as well as the nascent area of electrophotochemistry. These techniques employ external stimuli to activate organic molecules and imbue privileged control of reaction progress and selectivity that is challenging to traditional chemical methods. Thus, they provide alternative entries to known and new reactive intermediates and enable distinct synthetic strategies that were previously unimaginable. Of the many hallmarks, electro- and photochemistry are often classified as "green" technologies, promoting organic reactions under mild conditions without the necessity for potent and wasteful oxidants and reductants. This Outlook reviews the most recent growth of these fields with special emphasis on conceptual advances that have given rise to enhanced accessibility to the tools of the modern chemical trade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
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84
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A binuclear ruthenium polypyridyl complex: synthesis, characterization, pH luminescence sensor and electrochemical properties. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-020-00420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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85
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Wehlin SAM, Troian-Gautier L, Maurer AB, Brennaman MK, Meyer GJ. Photophysical characterization of new osmium (II) photocatalysts for hydrohalic acid splitting. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:054307. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0014269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. M. Wehlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew B. Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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86
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Han P, Yao X, Müllen K, Narita A, Bonn M, Cánovas E. Size-dependent electron transfer from atomically defined nanographenes to metal oxide nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16046-16052. [PMID: 32761017 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically defined nanographenes (NGs) feature size-dependent energy gaps induced by, and tuneable through, quantum confinement. Their energy-tunability and robustness make NGs appealing candidates as active elements in sensitized geometries, where NGs functionalize a metal oxide (MO) film with large-area-to-volume ratio. Despite the prominent relevance of NG/MO interfaces for developing novel architectures for solar energy conversion, to date, little information is available regarding the fundamentals of electron transfer (ET) processes taking place from NG donors to MO acceptors. Here, we analyze the interplay between the size of atomically precise NGs and ET dynamics at NG/MO interfaces. We observe that as the size of NG decreases, ET from the NG donating state to the MO acceptor state speeds up. This dependence can be rationalized from variations in the donor-to-acceptor interfacial overpotential as the NG size (HOMO-LUMO gap) is reduced (increased), and can be rationalized within the framework of Marcus ET theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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87
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Harmer R, Fan H, Lloyd K, Doble S, Avenoso J, Yan H, Rego LGC, Gundlach L, Galoppini E. Synthesis and Properties of Perylene-Bridge-Anchor Chromophoric Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6330-6343. [PMID: 32654486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quest to control chromophore/semiconductor properties to enable new technologies in energy and information science requires detailed understanding of charge carrier dynamics at the atomistic level, which can often be attained through the use of model systems. Perylene-bridge-anchor compounds are successful models for studying fundamental charge transfer processes on TiO2, which remains among the most commonly investigated and technologically important interfaces, mostly because of perylene's advantageous electronic and optical properties. Nonetheless, the ability to fully exploit synthetically the substitution pattern of perylene with linker (= bridge-anchor) units remains little explored. Here we developed 2,5-di-tert-butylperylene (DtBuPe)-bridge-anchor compounds with t-Bu group substituents to prevent π-stacking and one or two linker units in both the peri and ortho positions, by employing a combination of Friedel-Crafts alkylations, bromination, iridium-catalyzed borylation, and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Photophysical characterization and computational analysis by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) were carried out on four DtBuPe acrylic acid derivatives with a single or a double linker in peri (12b), ortho (15b), peri,peri (18b), and ortho,ortho (21b). The energies of the unoccupied orbitals {LUMO, LUMO + 1, LUMO + 2} are strongly affected by the presence of a π-conjugated linker, resulting in a stabilization of these states and a red shift of their absorption and emission spectra, as well as the loss of vibronic structure in the spectrum of the peri,peri compound, consistent with the strong bonding character of this substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Harmer
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Katherine Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Samantha Doble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joseph Avenoso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Luis G C Rego
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, South Carolina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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88
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González I, Gómez J, Santander-Nelli M, Natali M, Cortés-Arriagada D, Dreyse P. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of novel Ir(III) complexes with a dipyridophenazine analogue (ppdh) as ancillary ligand. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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89
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Chindeka F, Mashazi P, Britton J, Oluwole DO, Mapukata S, Nyokong T. Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells based on push-pull asymmetrical substituted zinc and copper phthalocyanines and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Samantaray MR, Mondal AK, Murugadoss G, Pitchaimuthu S, Das S, Bahru R, Mohamed MA. Synergetic Effects of Hybrid Carbon Nanostructured Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Review. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122779. [PMID: 32575516 PMCID: PMC7346093 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the structural and physicochemical properties of stable carbon-based nanomaterials and their applications as counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The research community has long sought to harvest highly efficient third-generation DSSCs by developing carbon-based CEs, which are among the most important components of DSSCs. Since the initial introduction of DSSCs, Pt-based electrodes have been commonly used as CEs owing to their high-electrocatalytic activities, thus, accelerating the redox couple at the electrode/electrolyte interface to complete the circuit. However, Pt-based electrodes have several limitations due to their cost, abundance, complicated facility, and low corrosion resistance in a liquid electrolyte, which further restricts the large-area applications of DSSCs. Although carbon-based nanostructures showed the best potential to replace Pt-CE of DSSC, several new properties and characteristics of carbon-CE have been reported for future enhancements in this field. In this review, we discuss the detailed synthesis, properties, and performances of various carbonaceous materials proposed for DSSC-CE. These nano-carbon materials include carbon nanoparticles, activated carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotube, two-dimensional graphene, and hybrid carbon material composites. Among the CE materials currently available, carbon-carbon hybridized electrodes show the best performance efficiency (up to 10.05%) with a high fill factor (83%). Indeed, up to 8.23% improvements in cell efficiency may be achieved by a carbon-metal hybrid material under sun condition. This review then provides guidance on how to choose appropriate carbon nanomaterials to improve the performance of CEs used in DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R. Samantaray
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India;
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 492015, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Mondal
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Govindhasamy Murugadoss
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600119, India;
| | - Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu
- Multifunctional Photocatalyst and Coatings Group, SPECIFIC, Materials Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Santanu Das
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (M.A.M.); Tel.: +91-542-2368428 (S.D.); +603-8911-8558 (M.A.M.)
| | - Raihana Bahru
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (M.A.M.); Tel.: +91-542-2368428 (S.D.); +603-8911-8558 (M.A.M.)
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91
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DiMarco BN, Sampaio RN, James EM, Barr TJ, Bennett MT, Meyer GJ. Efficiency Considerations for SnO 2-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23923-23930. [PMID: 32356647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of mesoporous thin films based on SnO2 (rutile) and TiO2 (anatase) nanocrystallites sensitized to visible light with [Ru(dtb)2(dcb)](PF6)2, where dtb = 4,4'-(tert-butyl)2-2,2'-bipyridine and dcb = 4,4'-(CO2H)2-2,2'-bipyridine, in CH3CN electrolyte solutions is reported to identify the reason(s) for the low efficiency of SnO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Pulsed laser excitation resulted in rapid excited state injection (kinj > 108 s-1) followed by sensitizer regeneration through iodide oxidation to yield an interfacial charge separated state abbreviated as MO2(e-)|Ru + I3-. Spectral features associated with I3- and the injected electron MO2(e-) were observed as well as a hypsochromic shift of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer absorption of the sensitizer attributed to an electric field. The field magnitude ranged from 0.008 to 0.39 MV/cm and was dependent on the electrolyte cation (Mg2+ or Li+) as well as the oxide material. Average MO2(e-) + I3- → recombination rate constants quantified spectroscopically were about 25 times smaller for SnO2 (6.0 ± 0.14 s-1) than for TiO2 (160 ± 10 s-1). Transient photovoltage measurements of operational DSSCs indicated a 78 ms lifetime for electrons injected into SnO2 compared to 27 ms for TiO2; behavior that is at odds with the view that recombination with I3- underlies the low efficiencies of nanocrystalline SnO2-based DSSCs. In contrast, the average rate constant for charge recombination with the oxidized sensitizer, MO2(e-)|-S+ → MO2|-S, was about 2 orders of magnitude larger for SnO2 (k = 9.8 × 104 s-1) than for TiO2 (k = 1.6 × 103 s-1). Sensitizer regeneration through iodide oxidation were similar for both oxide materials (kreg = 6 ± 1 × 1010 M-1 s-1). The data indicate that enhanced efficiency from SnO2-based DSSCs can be achieved by identifying alternative redox mediators that enable rapid sensitizer regeneration and by inhibiting recombination of the injected electron with the oxidized sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N DiMarco
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Renato N Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erica M James
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy J Barr
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Marc T Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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92
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Levin N, Peredkov S, Weyhermüller T, Rüdiger O, Pereira NB, Grötzsch D, Kalinko A, DeBeer S. Ruthenium 4d-to-2p X-ray Emission Spectroscopy: A Simultaneous Probe of the Metal and the Bound Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8272-8283. [PMID: 32390417 PMCID: PMC7298721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Ruthenium 4d-to-2p
X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) was systematically
explored for a series of Ru2+ and Ru3+ species.
Complementary density functional theory calculations were utilized
to allow for a detailed assignment of the experimental spectra. The
studied complexes have a range of different coordination spheres,
which allows the influence of the ligand donor/acceptor properties
on the spectra to be assessed. Similarly, the contributions of the
site symmetry and the oxidation state of the metal were analyzed.
Because the 4d-to-2p emission lines are dipole-allowed, the spectral
features are intense. Furthermore, in contrast with K- or L-edge X-ray
absorption of 4d transition metals, which probe the unoccupied levels,
the observed 4p-to-2p XES arises from electrons in filled-ligand-
and filled-metal-based orbitals, thus providing simultaneous access
to the ligand and metal contributions to bonding. As such, 4d-to-2p
XES should be a promising tool for the study of a wide range of 4d
transition-metal compounds. Ruthenium 4d-to-2p
XES was applied to a series of molecular
Ru complexes with varied coordination environment, oxidation state
and site symmetry. Through correlations to calculations, it is demonstrated
the Ru 4d-to-2p XES provides a unique probe of both the filled ligand np and filled metal 4d orbitals, providing a promising new
tool for the study of a wide range of 4d transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sergey Peredkov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nilson B Pereira
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik (IOAP), TU-Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kalinko
- Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.,DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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93
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Rashid MAM, Hayati D, Kwak K, Hong J. Theoretical Investigation of Azobenzene-Based Photochromic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E914. [PMID: 32397475 PMCID: PMC7279488 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two donor-π-spacer-acceptor (D-π-A) organic dyes were designed as photochromic dyes with the same π-spacer and acceptor but different donors, based on their electron-donating strength. Various structural, electronic, and optical properties, chemical reactivity parameters, and certain crucial factors that affect short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open circuit voltage (Voc) were investigated computationally using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. The trans-cis isomerization of these azobenzene-based dyes and its effect on their properties was studied in detail. Furthermore, the dye-(TiO2)9 anatase nanoparticle system was simulated to understand the electronic structure of the interface. Based on the results, we justified how the trans-cis isomerization and different donor groups influence the physical properties as well as the photovoltaic performance of the resultant dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These theoretical calculations can be used for the rapid screening of promising dyes and their optimization for photochromic DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Mamunur Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.A.M.R.); (D.H.)
| | - Dini Hayati
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.A.M.R.); (D.H.)
| | - Kyungwon Kwak
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) & Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jongin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (M.A.M.R.); (D.H.)
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94
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Bartkowiak A, Orwat B, Zalas M, Ledwon P, Kownacki I, Tejchman W. 2-Thiohydantoin Moiety as a Novel Acceptor/Anchoring Group of Photosensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2065. [PMID: 32365787 PMCID: PMC7254308 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, we have reported the synthesis and evaluation of biological properties of new merocyanine dyes composed of triphenylamine moiety, π-aromatic spacer, and rhodanine/2-thiohydantoin-based moiety. Interestingly, 2-thiohydantoin has never been studied before as an electron-accepting/anchoring group for the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In the presented study, we examined the applicability of 2-thiohydantoin, an analog of rhodanine, in DSSC technology. The research included theoretical calculations, electrochemical measurements, optical characterization, and tests of the solar cells. As a result, we proved that 2-thiohydantoin might be considered as an acceptor/anchoring group since all the compounds examined in this study were active. The most efficient device showed power conversion efficiency of 2.59%, which is a promising value for molecules of such a simple structure. It was found that the cells' performances were mainly attributed to the dye loading and the ICT molecular absorption coefficients, both affected by the differences in the chemical structure of the dyes. Moreover, the effect of the aromatic spacer size and the introduction of carboxymethyl co-anchoring group on photovoltaic properties was observed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bartkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (I.K.)
| | - Bartosz Orwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (I.K.)
- Center for Advanced Technology, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Zalas
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (I.K.)
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Marcina Strzody St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Kownacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (I.K.)
- Center for Advanced Technology, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tejchman
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, 2 Podchorążych St., 30-084 Kraków, Poland;
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95
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Bobo MV, Paul A, Robb AJ, Arcidiacono AM, Smith MD, Hanson K, Vannucci AK. Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes Containing 4,4′-Bis(phosphonomethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine Ligands: Photophysics, Electrochemistry, and High-Voltage Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6351-6358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Bobo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Avishek Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Alex J. Robb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ashley M. Arcidiacono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Aaron K. Vannucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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96
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Effect of charge transport channel and interaction of IDT type dyes on photoelectric characteristics. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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97
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Fillafer N, Seewald T, Schmidt-Mende L, Polarz S. Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:466-479. [PMID: 32274286 PMCID: PMC7113553 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the vast majority of studies on semiconductor particles ligands or capping agents are used that bind to the surface of the particles covering them with an electrically insulating shell. Since the transport of charge carriers and/or energy across interfaces is desirable for a variety of applications, the use of π-conjugated ligands becomes increasingly interesting. Among them are compounds that react to external stimuli. Molecular switches in particular are fascinating because the properties of the interfaces can be potentially adjusted as required. However, there is debate about how the properties of such special ligands are influenced by the presence of a semiconductor and vice versa. Here ammonium-modified azobenzene compounds were selected as prototypes for molecular switches and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites as semiconductor materials. The class of ammonium-lead-halide phases as prototypes is peculiar because, in addition to the surface functionalization of 3D crystals, organic compounds can actually be incorporated into the crystal as 2D phases. Thus, for example, layered Ruddlesden-Popper phases are obtained. We present photoswitchable azobenzene ligands with different head-group lengths for the synthesis of 2D and 3D hybrid perovskite phases. The energy transfer mechanisms are influenced by the length of the molecular spacer moiety, which determines the distance between the π system and the semiconductor surfaces. We find huge differences in the photoswitching behaviour between the free, surface-coordinated and integrated ligands between the perovskite layers. Photoswitching of azobenzene ligands incorporated in 2D phases is nearly quenched, while the same mechanism for surface-coordinating ligands is greatly improved, compared to the free ligands. The improvement originates from an energy transfer from perovskite to azobenzene, which is strongly distance-dependent. This study provides evidence for the photoswitching of azobenzenes as ligands of hybrid perovskites, which depends on the spacing between the chromophore and the perovskite phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fillafer
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Seewald
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Polarz
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
- Leibniz-University of Hannover, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Callinstrasse 9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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98
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Photophysics and Photochemistry of Iron Carbene Complexes for Solar Energy Conversion and Photocatalysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth-abundant first row transition metal complexes are important for the development of large-scale photocatalytic and solar energy conversion applications. Coordination compounds based on iron are especially interesting, as iron is the most common transition metal element in the Earth’s crust. Unfortunately, iron-polypyridyl and related traditional iron-based complexes generally suffer from poor excited state properties, including short excited-state lifetimes, that make them unsuitable for most light-driven applications. Iron carbene complexes have emerged in the last decade as a new class of coordination compounds with significantly improved photophysical and photochemical properties, that make them attractive candidates for a range of light-driven applications. Specific aspects of the photophysics and photochemistry of these iron carbenes discussed here include long-lived excited state lifetimes of charge transfer excited states, capabilities to act as photosensitizers in solar energy conversion applications like dye-sensitized solar cells, as well as recent demonstrations of promising progress towards driving photoredox and photocatalytic processes. Complementary advances towards photofunctional systems with both Fe(II) complexes featuring metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states, and Fe(III) complexes displaying ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited states are discussed. Finally, we outline emerging opportunities to utilize the improved photochemical properties of iron carbenes and related complexes for photovoltaic, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications.
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99
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Swords WB, Meyer GJ, Hammarström L. Excited-state proton-coupled electron transfer within ion pairs. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3460-3473. [PMID: 34109019 PMCID: PMC8152629 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04941j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of light to drive proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions has received growing interest, with recent focus on the direct use of excited states in PCET reactions (ES-PCET). Electrostatic ion pairs provide a scaffold to reduce reaction orders and have facilitated many discoveries in electron-transfer chemistry. Their use, however, has not translated to PCET. Herein, we show that ion pairs, formed solely through electrostatic interactions, provide a general, facile means to study an ES-PCET mechanism. These ion pairs formed readily between salicylate anions and tetracationic ruthenium complexes in acetonitrile solution. Upon light excitation, quenching of the ruthenium excited state occurred through ES-PCET oxidation of salicylate within the ion pair. Transient absorption spectroscopy identified the reduced ruthenium complex and oxidized salicylate radical as the primary photoproducts of this reaction. The reduced reaction order due to ion pairing allowed the first-order PCET rate constants to be directly measured through nanosecond photoluminescence spectroscopy. These PCET rate constants saturated at larger driving forces consistent with approaching the Marcus barrierless region. Surprisingly, a proton-transfer tautomer of salicylate, with the proton localized on the carboxylate functional group, was present in acetonitrile. A pre-equilibrium model based on this tautomerization provided non-adiabatic electron-transfer rate constants that were well described by Marcus theory. Electrostatic ion pairs were critical to our ability to investigate this PCET mechanism without the need to covalently link the donor and acceptor or introduce specific hydrogen bonding sites that could compete in alternate PCET pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University Box 523 SE75120 Uppsala Sweden .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill 27599 USA
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill 27599 USA
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University Box 523 SE75120 Uppsala Sweden
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100
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Robb AJ, Knorr ES, Watson N, Hanson K. Metal ion linked multilayers on mesoporous substrates: Energy/electron transfer, photon upconversion, and more. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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