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Zhang BZ, Inngjerdingen KT, Zou YF, Rise F, Michaelsen TE, Yan PS, Paulsen BS. Characterisation and immunomodulating activities of exo-polysaccharides from submerged cultivation of Hypsizigus marmoreus. Food Chem 2014; 163:120-8. [PMID: 24912706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exo-polysaccharides were purified and characterized from the fermentation broth of Hypsizigus marmoreus, a popular edible mushroom consumed in Asia. Among them, B-I-I and B-II-I exhibited potent complement fixating activity, meanwhile, B-N-I, B-I-I, B-II-I and B-II-II exhibited significant macrophage stimulating activity. Molecular weights of the four exo-polysaccharides were determined to be 6.3, 120, 150 and 11 kDa respectively. Molecular characterisation showed that B-N-I is basically an α-1→4 glucan, with branches on C6; B-I-I is a heavily branched α-mannan with 1→2 linked main chain. B-II-I and B-II-II, have a backbone of rhamno-galacturonan with 1→2 linked l-rhamnose interspersed with 1→4 linked galacturonic acid. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that monosaccharide compositions, molecular weight, certain structural units (rhamno-galacturonan type I and arabinogalactan type II) are the principal factors responsible for potent complement fixating and macrophage-stimulating activities. Their immunomodulating activities may, at least partly, explain the health benefits of the mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Zhao Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai Campus, 264209 Weihai, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511458 Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kari T Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pei-Sheng Yan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai Campus, 264209 Weihai, China.
| | - Berit S Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Reina E, Al-Shibani N, Allam E, Gregson KS, Kowolik M, Windsor LJ. The Effects of Plantago major on the Activation of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:268-72. [PMID: 24716188 PMCID: PMC3924996 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.119706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plantago major is a common plant that grows worldwide in temperate zones and is found in fields, lawns, and on the roadsides. Its leaves and seeds have been used in almost all parts of the world for centuries as a wound healer, analgesic, antioxidant, and antibiotic, as well as an immune system modulator, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agent. Baicalein and aucubin are the two most biologically active components of P. major, and both have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Neutrophils have a pivotal role in wound healing and inflammation. Their principal mechanism of host defense is the killing of pathogens via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro effects of P. major extract, baicalein, and aucubin on human neutrophil respiratory burst activity. The cytotoxicity of the agents was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. A standard luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) assay was utilized to monitor the respiratory burst of the neutrophils after exposure to P. major extract and its two active ingredients, baicalein and aucubin. Three replicates per group were included in each of the three runs of the experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. P. major and baicalein were not toxic to the cells at any of the concentrations examined. Aucubin was toxic to the cells only at the highest concentration tested (P = 0.0081). However, genistein was toxic to the cells at all of the concentrations examined except for the lowest concentration of 16.9 μg/ml (P = 0.985). P. major (−0.10 ± 0.11), aucubin (0.06 ± 0.16), baicalein (−0.10 ± 0.11), and genistein (−0.18 ± 0.07) all significantly (P < 0.0001) inhibited ROS production from the neutrophils. P. major extract inhibited neutrophil ROS production, as did aucubin and baicalein. Therefore, these components should be investigated further with relation to the regulation of destructive ROS production in conditions such as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Reina
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nouf Al-Shibani
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Allam
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karen S Gregson
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Kowolik
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L Jack Windsor
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Zhang B, Leung WK, Zou Y, Mabusela W, Johnson Q, Michaelsen TE, Paulsen BS. Immunomodulating polysaccharides from Lessertia frutescens leaves: isolation, characterization and structure activity relationship. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:340-348. [PMID: 24480566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sutherlandia frutescens (syn. Lessertia frutescens) is an indigenous plant in Southern Africa and has been extensively studied from the ethnobotanical point of view. Amongst the various traditional uses, several illnesses involving the immune system have been reported. Due to some of the therapeutic effects observed, in relation to the traditional uses reported by the "khoi san" and "nama" people on cancer related illnesses, the plant has been given the local name kankerbos (cancerbush). Recently the plant has also been used amongst HIV/AIDS patients to stimulate the immune system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens were extracted sequentially with ethanol, 50% ethanol/water, and water at 50 and 100°C. The polysaccharides were extracted with water and fractionated by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration to obtain enriched polysaccharide fractions. The bioactivities of the fractions were tested in the complement assay. Some of the fractions were treated with the enzyme pectinase, and the fragments thus produced were separated by gel filtration and their activities tested. Monosaccharide compositions and linkage analyses were determined for the relevant fractions. RESULTS The leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens contain polysaccharides of the pectin type. Fractions from both the water extracts of 50 and 100°C were bioactive. Fractions chosen for further studies showed that the fragment with the highest M(W) after the pectinase treatment had a substantially higher biological effect than the parent molecules. Based on a comparison of the different fractions it was concluded that galactose-rich regions were important for the bioactivity, these being of the AGII and AGI type, with the latter probably being more important than the former. Fragments rich in xylose also gave higher activity than those without it. CONCLUSIONS Our theory that the polysaccharides present in the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens could be of importance as immunomodulating agents was confirmed. It was also shown that certain types of polysaccharides had a higher effect in the complement system than others. Thus both the water extracts obtained at 50 and 100°C contain interesting biologically active polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; GIAT-HKU joint Center for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research (CSynBER), Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511458 Nansha, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Kee Leung
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wilfred Mabusela
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI), University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Quinton Johnson
- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George, Southern Cape, South Africa
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Chemical characterization and complement fixation of pectins from Cola cordifolia leaves. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:472-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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55
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Zou YF, Zhang BZ, Inngjerdingen KT, Barsett H, Diallo D, Michaelsen TE, El-zoubair E, Paulsen BS. Polysaccharides with immunomodulating properties from the bark of Parkia biglobosa. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101:457-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Le Normand M, Mélida H, Holmbom B, Michaelsen TE, Inngjerdingen M, Bulone V, Paulsen BS, Ek M. Hot-water extracts from the inner bark of Norway spruce with immunomodulating activities. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 101:699-704. [PMID: 24299828 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inner bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was sequentially extracted with hot water at 100°C, 140°C and 160°C. The hot-water extracts (IB 100°C, IB 140°C and IB 160°C) contained pectic polysaccharides and showed immunostimulating activities. Structural analyses of their carbohydrate content, including glycosidic linkage analyses, revealed the presence of pectins with a large rhamnogalacturonan RG-I domain ramified with highly-branched arabinans. IB 100°C also contained a large amount of terminal glucosyl residues, indicating the presence of highly substituted polymers. IB 160°C was mainly composed of starch. The hot-water extracts were tested for two biological activities, namely complement fixation and macrophage stimulation. IB 100°C exhibited the highest complement fixation activity, with a 1.7-times higher ICH50 than the control pectin, while IB 140°C and IB 160°C gave similar ICH50 values as the control. Macrophages were stimulated by IB 100°C and IB 140°C in a dose-dependent manner, but not by IB 160°C. IB 100°C presented the highest activity toward macrophages, comparable to the control pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Le Normand
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Tvete Inngjerdingen K, Ballo N, Zhang BZ, Malterud KE, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. A comparison of bioactive aqueous extracts and polysaccharide fractions from roots of wild and cultivated Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:136-143. [PMID: 23582214 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Malian traditional medicine the roots of Cochlospermum tinctorium are used in the treatment of gastric ulcer, but extending harvesting is causing a growing concern of a dramatic reduction in the wild plant population. In the present study cultivation of C. tinctorium is evaluated, and structural components and bioactive properties of crude water extracts and isolated polysaccharide fractions from roots of wild and cultivated C. tinctorium are compared. The crude water extracts were shown to contain starch, pectin- and inulin-type polysaccharides, in addition to phenolic substances and protein, while the isolated acidic polysaccharide fractions contained mainly monosaccharides typical for pectins. The monosaccharide compositions of the polysaccharide fractions from roots of wild versus cultivated plants were comparable, albeit the yields in the cultivated roots were lower. Furthermore, the crude extracts and isolated polysaccharide fractions from wild and cultivated roots exhibited similar complement fixating activities, but were not able to activate macrophages. The crude extracts from cultivated roots were also shown to be moderate radical scavengers. The present study has shown that roots of cultivated C. tinctorium contain the same types of bioactive polysaccharides as the wild roots. However, in order to utilize roots of cultivated C. tinctorium in traditional medicine the cultivation method should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Hromádková Z, Paulsen BS, Polovka M, Košťálová Z, Ebringerová A. Structural features of two heteroxylan polysaccharide fractions from wheat bran with anti-complementary and antioxidant activities. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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60
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Austarheim I, Christensen BE, Hegna IK, Petersen BO, Duus JO, Bye R, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Inngjerdingen M, Paulsen BS. Chemical and biological characterization of pectin-like polysaccharides from the bark of the Malian medicinal tree Cola cordifolia. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Inngjerdingen KT, Meskini S, Austarheim I, Ballo N, Inngjerdingen M, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides from wild and cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:350-358. [PMID: 22107838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Malian traditional medicine the roots of Vernonia kotschyana are used for treating gastric ulcer and gastritis. In 2006, 9000kg of roots from Vernonia kotschyana were used to produce Gastrosedal, an ameliorated traditional medicine in Mali. Harvesting from the wild, the main source of raw material, is causing a growing concern of diminishing populations of the plant, and Vernonia kotschyana is now being cultivated in several areas around Mali. In the current study the structures and bioactive properties of isolated polysaccharides from wild and cultivated Vernonia kotschyana were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pectin- and inulin-type polysaccharides were isolated from the roots of cultivated and wild Vernonia kotschyana. The isolated polysaccharides were investigated regarding their chemical compositions, and for their abilities to fixate human complement and activate macrophages from a mouse macrophage cell line. RESULTS No significant differences in the carbohydrate composition of the fractions isolated from the cultivated versus the wild roots were observed. A previously reported pectic arabinogalactan Vk2a was found in both the cultivated and the wild roots in this study, and exhibited potent complement fixation activity, and a moderate activation of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The present study has shown that the cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana contain the same types of bioactive polysaccharides as the wild roots. It is therefore preliminarily feasible for the cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana to be used as a herbal medicine to replace the wild roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Grønhaug TE, Kiyohara H, Sveaass A, Diallo D, Yamada H, Paulsen BS. Beta-D-(1→4)-galactan-containing side chains in RG-I regions of pectic polysaccharides from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch. contribute to expression of immunomodulating activity against intestinal Peyer's patch cells and macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2139-2147. [PMID: 21880338 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of the medicinal plant Biophytum petersianum have a long tradition for being used in Mali and other West-African countries against various ailments such as wound healing and malaria. Previous studies on polysaccharides from water extracts of the aerial parts showed the presence of pectic like polymers with an effect on the human complement system as well as the ability to activate macrophages and dendritic cells. The present study shows that pectic polysaccharide fragments (BPII.1 and BPII.2) as well as the original pectic polysaccharide (BPII) expressed immunomodulating activity against Peyer's patch immunocompetent cells. Exo-β-D-(1→3)-galactanase digestion succeeded to decrease IL-6 production enhancing activity against Peyer's patch cells of BPII.2, but the activity of BPII.1 did not decrease. Endo-β-D-(1→4)-galactanase digestion reduced the activities of both BPII.1 and BPII.2. BPII.1 and BPII.2 also stimulated IL-6 production enhancing activity against macrophages, and the activities of both pectic fragments were significantly decreased by either enzymic digestion with exo-β-D-(1→3)-galactanase or endo-β-D-(1→4)-galactanase. Trimming of terminal GlcA by exo-β-D-glucuronidase digestion did not affect IL-6 production enhancing activity against macrophages of both pectic fragments. Methylation analyses of endo-β-D-(1→4)-galactanase digestion products showed the characteristic decrement of 4-linked Gal residues in the pectic fragments. These results suggest that β-D-(1→4)-galactan-containing side chains in BPII.1 and BPII.2 play an important role for expression of immunomodulating activity against both Peyer's patch immunocompetent cells and macrophages in addition to β-D-(1→3,6)-galactan chains.
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63
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Yapo BM. Rhamnogalacturonan-I: A Structurally Puzzling and Functionally Versatile Polysaccharide from Plant Cell Walls and Mucilages. POLYM REV 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2011.615962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Samuelsen AB, Rieder A, Grimmer S, Michaelsen TE, Knutsen SH. Immunomodulatory activity of dietary fiber: arabinoxylan and mixed-linked beta-glucan isolated from barley show modest activities in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:570-87. [PMID: 21340001 PMCID: PMC3039967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High intake of dietary fiber is claimed to protect against development of colorectal cancer. Barley is a rich source of dietary fiber, and possible immunomodulatory effects of barley polysaccharides might explain a potential protective effect. Dietary fiber was isolated by extraction and enzyme treatment. A mixed-linked β-glucan (WSM-TPX, 96.5% β-glucan, Mw 886 kDa), an arabinoxylan (WUM-BS-LA, 96.4% arabinoxylan, Mw 156 kDa), a mixed-linked β-glucan rich fraction containing 10% arabinoxylan (WSM-TP) and an arabinoxylan rich fraction containing 30% mixed-linked β-glucan (WUM-BS) showed no significant effect on IL-8 secretion and proliferation of two intestinal epithelial cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29, and had no significant effect on the NF-κB activity in the monocytic cell line U937-3κB-LUC. Further enriched arabinoxylan fractions (WUM-BS-LA) from different barley varieties (Tyra, NK96300, SB94897 and CDCGainer) were less active than the mixed-linked β-glucan rich fractions (WSM-TP and WSM-TPX) in the complement-fixing test. The mixed-linked β-glucan rich fraction from NK96300 and CDCGainer showed similar activities as the positive control while mixed-linked β-glucan rich fractions from Tyra and SB94897 were less active. From these results it is concluded that the isolated high molecular weight mixed-linked β-glucans and arabinoxylans from barley show low immunological responses in selected in vitro test systems and thus possible anti-colon cancer effects of barley dietary fiber cannot be explained by our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Samuelsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway
| | - Anne Rieder
- Nofima Mat, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Aas N-1430, Norway; E-Mails: (A.R.); (S.G.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Stine Grimmer
- Nofima Mat, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Aas N-1430, Norway; E-Mails: (A.R.); (S.G.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Terje E. Michaelsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway, E-Mail:
| | - Svein H. Knutsen
- Nofima Mat, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Aas N-1430, Norway; E-Mails: (A.R.); (S.G.); (S.H.K.)
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Gronhaug TE, Ghildyal P, Barsett H, Michaelsen TE, Morris G, Diallo D, Inngjerdingen M, Paulsen BS. Bioactive arabinogalactans from the leaves of Opilia celtidifolia Endl. ex Walp. (Opiliaceae). Glycobiology 2010; 20:1654-64. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Angone SA, Nguema-Ona E, Driouich A. La thérapie par les plantes en Afrique: activités immunostimulantes des polysaccharides de la paroi végétale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-010-0567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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67
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Westereng B, Coenen GJ, Michaelsen TE, Voragen AGJ, Samuelsen AB, Schols HA, Knutsen SH. Release and characterization of single side chains of white cabbage pectin and their complement-fixing activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:780-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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68
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Ovodov YS. Current views on pectin substances. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:293-310. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Inngjerdingen M, Inngjerdingen KT, Patel TR, Allen S, Chen X, Rolstad B, Morris GA, Harding SE, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. Pectic polysaccharides from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch, and their activation of macrophages and dendritic cells. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1074-84. [PMID: 18809620 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malian medicinal plant Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch (Oxalidaceae) is used as a treatment against various types of illnesses related to the immune system, such as joint pains, inflammations, fever, malaria, and wounds. A pectic polysaccharide obtained from a hot water extract of the aerial parts of B. petersianum has previously been reported to consist of arabinogalactans types I and II (AG-I and AG-II), probably linked to a rhamnogalacturonan backbone. We describe here further structural characteristics of the main polysaccharide fraction (BP1002) and fractions obtained by enzymatic degradations using endo-alpha-d-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase (BP1002-I to IV). The results indicate that in addition to previously reported structures, rhamnogalacturan type II and xylogalacturonan areas appear to be present in the pectic polymer isolated from the plant. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of branched structures, as well as a polydisperse nature. We further tested whether the BP1002 main fraction or the enzymatically degraded products could induce immunomodulating activity through stimulation of subsets of leukocytes. We found that macrophages and dendritic cells were activated by BP1002 fractions, while there was little response of T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The enzymatic treatment of the BP1002 main fraction gave important information on the structure-activity relations. It seems that the presence of rhamnogalacturonan type I is important for the bioactivity, as the bioactivity decreases with the decreased amounts of rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose. The demonstration of bioactivity by the plant extracts might indicate the mechanisms behind the traditional medical use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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A polysaccharide with 40% mono-O-methylated monosaccharides from the bark of Cola cordifolia (Sterculiaceae), a medicinal tree from Mali (West Africa). Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Westereng B, Michaelsen T, Samuelsen A, Knutsen S. Effects of extraction conditions on the chemical structure and biological activity of white cabbage pectin. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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72
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Togola A, Inngjerdingen M, Diallo D, Barsett H, Rolstad B, Michaelsen TE, Paulsen BS. Polysaccharides with complement fixing and macrophage stimulation activity from Opilia celtidifolia, isolation and partial characterisation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:423-31. [PMID: 18053663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is aimed to determine the bioactivity and structure of polysaccharides present in the leaves from the Malian medicinal plant Opilia celtidifolia [Guill. & Perr. Endl. ex Walp (Opiliaceae)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS The polysaccharides from the leaves of Opilia celtidifolia were isolated from water extracts of the leaves using gelfiltration and anion exchange chromatography giving the fractions Oc50A1 and Oc50A2. Monosaccharide composition was determined by gas chromatography of the derived TMS-derivatives of the methyl-glycosides. Linkages were determined of the partly methylated, partly acetylated alditol acetates obtained after a process including reduction, methylation, hydrolysis, reduction and acetylation followed by GC-MS. Effects on the complement system and the macrophages were determined using specific methods aimed for studying those activities. RESULTS The polysaccharide fractions isolated from the leaves of Opilia celtidifolia has high complement fixing activity and induce nitrite oxide release from macrophages in a dose dependent manner. The fractions had an ICH50 of 0.5 and 0.9 microg/ml respectively in the complement fixing assay. They induced the release of 7.2 and 7.3 microM of nitrite oxide from macrophages respectively at a dose of 100 microg/ml. The monosaccharide composition in Oc50A1 and Oc50A2, analysed, showed the presence of arabinose (26.7 and 13.2%), galactose (31.5 and 28%) and galacturonic acid (5.3 and 7.8%) respectively. The Yariv test confirmed the presence of arabinogalactan type II in both fractions. Structural analyses did also show the presence of terminal and 1-4 linked galacturonic acid and terminal and 1-2 linked rhamnose. Endo-polygalacturonanase treatment was performed to isolate the heavily substituted parts of the polysaccharides. These parts contained the same monosaccharides in similar proportion, and showed stronger dose dependent complement fixing activity and also stimulated macrophages to release nitrite oxide. CONCLUSIONS The leaves of Opilia celtidifola contains polysaccharides of pectic type that have both complement fixing and macrophage stimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiaratou Togola
- Section of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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73
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Koschella A, Inngjerdingen K, Paulsen BS, Morris GA, Harding SE, Heinze T. Unconventional Methyl Galactan Synthesized via the Thexyldimethylsilyl Intermediate: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:96-105. [PMID: 17902190 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of a beta-(1 --> 4) linked galactan with TDMS chloride followed by methylation and desilylation yields methyl galactans with unconventional functionalization patterns. The products were characterized via FTIR and NMR of the intact polymer and by CE after controlled depolymerization. A TDMS-derivatized methyl galactan contains differently methylated secondary hydroxyl groups. SEC and analytical ultracentrifugation showed a consistent decrease in the molecular weight after the consecutive reaction steps. Biological studies revealed that the methyl galactans are less active in complement fixation assays as compared with a 3-O-methyl galactan-enriched polysaccharide fraction isolated from Acanthus ebracteatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koschella
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, Jena, Germany
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74
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Patel TR, Harding SE, Ebringerova A, Deszczynski M, Hromadkova Z, Togola A, Paulsen BS, Morris GA, Rowe AJ. Weak self-association in a carbohydrate system. Biophys J 2007; 93:741-9. [PMID: 17483161 PMCID: PMC1913144 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of weak interactions between biological macromolecules (molar dissociation constants >10 microM) is now well recognized, particularly with regard to cell adhesion and immunological phenomena, and many weak interactions have been measured for proteins. The concomitant importance of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions has also been identified, although no weak interaction between pure carbohydrate systems has ever been measured. We now demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge using a powerful probe for weak interactions--sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge--that at least some carbohydrates (from the class of polysaccharides known as heteroxylans and demonstrated here to be biologically active) can show well-defined weak self-interactions of the "monomer-dimer" type frequently found in protein systems. The weak interaction between the heteroxylans is shown from a temperature dependence study to be likely to be hydrophobic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trushar R Patel
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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75
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Kokkonen HE, Ilvesaro JM, Morra M, Schols HA, Tuukkanen J. Effect of Modified Pectin Molecules on the Growth of Bone Cells. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:509-15. [PMID: 17291075 DOI: 10.1021/bm060614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate molecular candidates for bone implant nanocoatings, which could improve biocompatibility of implant materials. Primary rat bone cells and murine preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on enzymatically modified hairy regions (MHR-A and MHR-B) of apple pectins. MHRs were covalently attached to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) or glass. Uncoated substrata or bone slices were used as controls. Cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation were investigated with fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Bone cells seem to prefer MHR-B coating to MHR-A coating. On MHR-A samples, the overall numbers as well as proportions of active osteoclasts were diminished compared to those on MHR-B, TCPS, or bone. Focal adhesions indicating attachment of the osteoblastic cells were detected on MHR-B and uncoated controls but not on MHR-A. These results demonstrate the possibility to modify surfaces with pectin nanocoatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Kokkonen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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76
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Samuelsen AB, Westereng B, Yousif O, Holtekjølen AK, Michaelsen TE, Knutsen SH. Structural Features and Complement-Fixing Activity of Pectin from ThreeBrassica oleraceaVarieties: White Cabbage, Kale, and Red Kale. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:644-9. [PMID: 17253763 DOI: 10.1021/bm060896l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of different cabbage species are used both as food and as wound healing remedies in traditional medicine. This supposed wound healing activity might be connected to presence of immunomodulating water soluble polysaccharides. To study this, three different cabbage varieties, white cabbage (W), kale (K), and red kale (RK), were pretreated with 80% ethanol and then extracted with water at 50 degrees C and 100 degrees C for isolation of polysaccharide-containing fractions. The fractions were analyzed for monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkages, Mw distribution, protein content, and phenolic compounds and then tested for complement-fixing activity. All fractions contained pectin type polysaccharides with linkages corresponding to homogalacturonan and hairy regions. Those extracted at 50 degrees C contained higher amounts of neutral side chains and were more active in the complement-fixation test than those extracted at 100 degrees C. The fractions can be ranged by decreasing activity: K-50 > RK-50 > W-50 approximately = K-100 > RK100 approximately = W-100. Studies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) employing multivariate statistical analysis strongly suggest that the magnitude of the measured activity is influenced by the content of certain side chains in the polymers. High activity correlates to large neutral side chains with high amounts of (1-->6)- and (1-->3,6)-linked Gal and low amounts of (1-->4)-linked GalA but not on molecular weight distribution of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Samuelsen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacognosy, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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77
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Westereng B, Yousif O, Michaelsen TE, Knutsen SH, Samuelsen AB. Pectin isolated from white cabbage – structure and complement-fixing activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:746-55. [PMID: 16865748 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to investigate whether white cabbage contained polysaccharides with immunostimulatory activity using the complement-fixing test as an indicator. The main polysaccharide isolated was of pectin nature. Methanolysis and (13)C-NMR showed that the polymers consisted of highly esterified alpha-galactopyranoside (alpha-GalpA), significant amounts of alpha-arabinose furanoside (alpha-Araf), beta-Galp and lesser amounts of rhamnose in the pyranose form (Rhap) and xylose in the pyranose form (Xylp). Linkage analyses showed that the alpha-GalpA residues were mainly 1,4-linked with small amounts of 1,3,4-linkages. The alpha-Araf residues were mainly terminally (t)- and 1,5-linked, whereas beta-Galp was t-, 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,3,6-linked. Positive Yariv reaction indicated polymers with arabinogalactan type 2 like structures. alpha-Rhap was mainly present as 1,2- and 1,2,4-linked residues and Xylp was t- and 1,4-linked. The molecular weight varied greatly and was from 10 to 150 kDa. Cabbage polymers had biological activity and this complement-fixing activity was greatly affected by hydrolytic removal of Araf from pectic side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørge Westereng
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry-Pharmacognosy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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78
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Leung MYK, Liu C, Koon JCM, Fung KP. Polysaccharide biological response modifiers. Immunol Lett 2006; 105:101-14. [PMID: 16554097 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances which augment immune response. BRMs can be cytokines which are produced endogenously in our body by immune cells or derivatives of bacteria, fungi, brown algae, Aloe vera and photosynthetic plants. Such exogeneous derivatives (exogeneous BRMs) can be nucleic acid (CpG), lipid (lipotechoic acid), protein or polysaccharide in nature. The receptors for these exogeneous BRMs are pattern recognition receptors. The binding of exogeneous BRMs to pattern recognition receptors triggers immune response. Exogenous BRMs have been reported to have anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, and anti-tumor activities. Among different exogeneous BRMs, polysaccharide BRMs have the widest occurrence in nature. Some polysaccharide BRMs have been tested for their therapeutic properties in human clinical trials. An overview of current understandings of polysaccharide BRMs is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y K Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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79
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Inngjerdingen KT, Coulibaly A, Diallo D, Michaelsen TE, Paulsen BS. A complement fixing polysaccharide from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch, a medicinal plant from Mali, West Africa. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:48-53. [PMID: 16398497 DOI: 10.1021/bm050330h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch (syn. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC) is a medicinal plant having a traditional use, among others, as a wound healing remedy in Mali and other countries. As a water extract of the aerial parts of the plant is a frequently used preparation, we decided to look for a bioactive polysaccharide in this extract. One of the obtained polysaccharide fractions, BP100 III, isolated from a 100 degrees C water extract from the aerial parts of B. petersianum and having a monosaccharide composition typical for pectic substances, was shown to exhibit potent dose-dependent complement fixating activity. The BP100 III fraction was subjected to degradation by endo-alpha-d-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase, and three fractions were obtained by gel filtration. The highest molecular weight fraction, BP100 III.1, had a more potent activity in the complement test system than the native polymer, while the two lower molecular weight fractions were less active than the native polymer. The major part of BP100 III.1 consists of galacturonic acid and rhamnose, with branches being present on both the rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues. Arabinogalactan type II is also present in the polymer, indicating that BP100 III.1 has a structure typical of the hairy region of pectins. The major part of the two other fractions is a galacturonan, containing a strikingly high number of branch points, some to which xylose is attached. These results indicate that the pectic substance in B. petersianum contains both rhamnogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari T Inngjerdingen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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80
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Inngjerdingen KT, Debes SC, Inngjerdingen M, Hokputsa S, Harding SE, Rolstad B, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. Bioactive pectic polysaccharides from Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., a Malian medicinal plant, isolation and partial characterization. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:204-14. [PMID: 15996844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. (Aizoaceae) is a Malian medicinal plant used against various types of illnesses related to the immune response, like joint pains, inflammations, fever, malaria and wounds. Two pectin type polysaccharides, GOA1 and GOA2, being isolated from a 50 degrees C water extract from the aerial parts of Glinus oppositifolius were investigated for their activity towards the complement system and different leukocyte subsets because of the assumed effects on conditions related to the immune system. The polysaccharide polymer in GOA1 was shown to contain considerable amounts of the neutral sugars arabinose (26.4 mol%) and galactose (42.9 mol%), and methylation analysis indicated the presence of arabinogalactans type I (AG-I) and type II (AG-II). GOA2 was rich in galacturonic acid (68.3 mol%), along with rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. Structural studies indicated that rhamnose and galacturonic acid might constitute a rhamnogalacturonan backbone, often found in pectic substances, with side chains consisting of arabinose and galactose. Both GOA1 and GOA2 were shown to exhibit potent dose-dependent complement fixating activities, and induced chemotaxis of macrophages, T cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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81
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Water-soluble polysaccharides with pharmaceutical importance from Durian rinds (Durio zibethinus Murr.): isolation, fractionation, characterisation and bioactivity. Carbohydr Polym 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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82
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Hokputsa S, Harding SE, Inngjerdingen K, Jumel K, Michaelsen TE, Heinze T, Koschella A, Paulsen BS. Bioactive polysaccharides from the stems of the Thai medicinal plant Acanthus ebracteatus: their chemical and physical features. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:753-62. [PMID: 14980816 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Crude water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from Acanthus ebracteatus by hot water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation after pre-treatment with 80% ethanol. The crude polysaccharides were separated into neutral and acidic polysaccharides by anion-exchange chromatography. The neutral polysaccharide (A1001) was rich in galactose, 3-O-methylgalactose and arabinose, whereas the acidic polysaccharide (A1002) consisted mainly of galacturonic acid along with rhamnose, arabinose and galactose as minor components indicating a pectin-type polysaccharide with rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-1) backbone. 3-O-Methylgalactose is also present in the acidic fraction. Both neutral and acidic fractions showed potent effects on the complement system using pectic polysaccharide PM II from Plantago major as a positive control. A small amount of 3-O-methylgalactose present in the pectin seemed to be of importance for activity enhancement in addition to the amount of neutral sugar side chains attached to RG-1. The relationship between chemical structure and effect on the complement system of the isolated polysaccharides is considered in the light of these data. The presence of the rare monosaccharide 3-O-methylgalactose may indicate that this can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker. The traditional way of using this plant as a medical remedy appears to have a scientific basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Hokputsa
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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83
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Diallo D, Paulsen BS, Liljebäck THA, Michaelsen TE. The malian medicinal plant Trichilia emetica; studies on polysaccharides with complement fixing ability. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 84:279-287. [PMID: 12648827 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichilia emetica is a tree or bush that has many different traditional uses in Mali, amongst others the leaves have been used as a woundhealing remedy. As polysaccharides have been isolated from other plants that have a long tradition as woundhealing remedies, it was of interest to study the polysaccharides of T. emetica as well. The polysaccharides were extracted at 50 and 100 degrees C, and the polymeric material was separated into neutral and acidic polymers by anion exchange chromatography. The complement fixation ability of the different fractions was determined. The Acidic fraction 4 of the 100 degrees C extract was the most active, but most of the other fractions were also quite active. Structural studies showed that the most active fraction was a pectin of the rhamnogalacturonan type 1 with side chains of the arabinogalactan type II. Removal of terminal arabinofuranosides lead to a drop of the activity indicating that this structural unit may be involved in the bioactive site of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drissa Diallo
- Department of Traditional Medicine, BP 1746, Bamako, Mali
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84
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Samuelsen AB. The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 71:1-21. [PMID: 10904143 PMCID: PMC7142308 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1999] [Revised: 03/13/2000] [Accepted: 03/17/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plantago major L. leaves have been used as a wound healing remedy for centuries in almost all parts of the world and in the treatment of a number of diseases apart from wound healing. These include diseases related to the skin, respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproduction, the circulation, against cancer, for pain relief and against infections. P. major contains biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, lipids, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides and terpenoids. Alkaloids and some organic acids have also been detected. A range of biological activities has been found from plant extracts including wound healing activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, weak antibiotic, immuno modulating and antiulcerogenic activity. Some of these effects may attribute to the use of this plant in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Samuelsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
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