51
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Ma ZL, Gao Y, Ma HT, Zheng LH, Dai B, Miao JF, Zhang YS. Effects of taurine and housing density on renal function in laying hens. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:952-964. [PMID: 27921400 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the putative protective effects of supplemental 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid (taurine) and reduced housing density on renal function in laying hens. We randomly assigned fifteen thousand green-shell laying hens into three groups: a free range group, a low-density caged group, and a high-density caged group. Each group was further divided equally into a control group (C) and a taurine treatment group (T). After 15 d, we analyzed histological changes in kidney cells, inflammatory mediator levels, oxidation and anti-oxidation levels. Experimental data revealed taurine supplementation, and rearing free range or in low-density housing can lessen morphological renal damage, inflammatory mediator levels, and oxidation levels and increase anti-oxidation levels. Our data demonstrate that taurine supplementation and a reduction in housing density can ameliorate renal impairment, increase productivity, enhance health, and promote welfare in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Dongyang City in Zhejiang Province, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Tian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liu-Hai Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin-Feng Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Shu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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52
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Duan LJ, Ding M, Hou LJ, Cui YT, Li CJ, Yu DM. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 alleviates extracellular matrix accumulation via mediating microRNA-377 targeting of PPARγ in diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:598-604. [PMID: 28137588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 (lncRNA TUG1) has been reported to play a key role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the role of lncRNA TUG1 in the regulation of diabetic nephropathy remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study is to identify the regulation of lncRNA TUG1 on extracellular matrix accumulation via mediating microRNA-377 targeting of PPARγ, and investigate the underlying mechanisms in progression of DN. Microarray was performed to screen differentially expressed miRNAs in db/db DN mice. Afterwards, computational prediction programs (TargetScan, miRanda, PicTar and miRGen) was applied to predict the target gene of miRNAs. The complementary binding of miRNA and lncRNA was assessed by luciferase assays. Protein and mRNA expression were detected by western blot and real time quantitate PCR. MiRNA-377 was screened by miRNA microarray and differentially up-regulated in db/db DN mice. PPARγ was predicted to be the target of miR-377 and the prediction was verified by luciferase assays. Expression of miR-377 was up-regulated in mesangial cell treated with high glucose (25 mM), and overexpression of miR-377 inhibited PPARγ expression and promoted PAI-1 and TGF-β1 expression. The expression of TUG1 antagonized the effect of miR-377 on the downregulation of its target PPARγ and inhibited extracellular matrix accumulation, including PAI-1, TGF-β1, fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Col IV), induced by high glucose. LncRNA TUG1 acts as an endogenous sponge of miR-377 and downregulates miR-377 expression levels, and thereby relieving the inhibition of its target gene PPARγ and alleviates extracellular matrix accumulation of mesangial cells, which provides a novel insight of diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Min Ding
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chun-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - De-Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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53
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Poureetezadi SJ, Cheng CN, Chambers JM, Drummond BE, Wingert RA. Prostaglandin signaling regulates nephron segment patterning of renal progenitors during zebrafish kidney development. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27996936 PMCID: PMC5173325 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney formation involves patterning events that induce renal progenitors to form nephrons with an intricate composition of multiple segments. Here, we performed a chemical genetic screen using zebrafish and discovered that prostaglandins, lipid mediators involved in many physiological functions, influenced pronephros segmentation. Modulating levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or PGB2 restricted distal segment formation and expanded a proximal segment lineage. Perturbation of prostaglandin synthesis by manipulating Cox1 or Cox2 activity altered distal segment formation and was rescued by exogenous PGE2. Disruption of the PGE2 receptors Ptger2a and Ptger4a similarly affected the distal segments. Further, changes in Cox activity or PGE2 levels affected expression of the transcription factors irx3b and sim1a that mitigate pronephros segment patterning. These findings show for the first time that PGE2 is a regulator of nephron formation in the zebrafish embryonic kidney, thus revealing that prostaglandin signaling may have implications for renal birth defects and other diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17551.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Jevin Poureetezadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Christina N Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Joseph M Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Bridgette E Drummond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
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54
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Cheng R, Ding L, He X, Takahashi Y, Ma JX. Interaction of PPARα With the Canonic Wnt Pathway in the Regulation of Renal Fibrosis. Diabetes 2016; 65:3730-3743. [PMID: 27543085 PMCID: PMC5127249 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) displays renoprotective effects with an unclear mechanism. Aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt pathway plays a key role in renal fibrosis. Renal levels of PPARα were downregulated in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes models. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate and overexpression of PPARα both attenuated the expression of fibrotic factors, and suppressed high glucose-induced or Wnt3a-induced Wnt signaling in renal cells. Fenofibrate inhibited Wnt signaling in the kidney of diabetic rats. A more renal prominent activation of Wnt signaling was detected both in PPARα-/- mice with diabetes or obstructive nephropathy and in PPARα-/- tubular cells treated with Wnt3a. PPARα did not block the transcriptional activity of β-catenin induced by a constitutively active mutant of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) or β-catenin. LRP6 stability was decreased by overexpression of PPARα and increased in PPARα-/- tubular cells, suggesting that PPARα interacts with Wnt signaling at the Wnt coreceptor level. 4-Hydroxynonenal-induced reactive oxygen species production, which resulted in LRP6 stability, was suppressed by overexpression of PPARα and dramatically enhanced in PPARα-/- tubular cells. Diabetic PPARα-/- mice showed more prominent NADPH oxidase-4 overexpression compared with diabetic wild-type mice, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of PPARα on Wnt signaling may be ascribed to its antioxidant activity. These observations identified a novel interaction between PPARα and the Wnt pathway, which is responsible, at least partially, for the therapeutic effects of fenofibrate on diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lexi Ding
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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55
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Chen YH, Tarng DC, Chen HS. Renal Outcomes of Pioglitazone Compared with Acarbose in Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165750. [PMID: 27812149 PMCID: PMC5094682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of pioglitazone on renal outcome, including urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), in diabetic patients. Design A prospective, randomized, open-labeled, controlled study. Setting Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Patients Sixty type 2 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin, whose glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were between 7% and 10% and eGFR was between 45 and 125 mL/min/1.73 m2. Intervention The patients were randomized to receive acarbose or pioglitazone and followed up for 6 months. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive acarbose, and 30 patients were assigned to receive pioglitazone. Measurements The primary study endpoint was the changes in the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). The secondary endpoint was the changes in eGFR and other parameters. Results After 6 months of treatment, the mean changes in UACR were −18 ± 104 and 12 ± 85 (p = 0.25, between groups) for the acarbose and pioglitazone groups, respectively. The mean changes in eGFR were 0 ± 14 and −7 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.09, between groups) for the acarbose and pioglitazone groups, respectively. The reductions in HbA1c were similar in both groups. Fasting blood glucose was lower in the pioglitazone group than in the acarbose group. Significant body weight gain was observed in the pioglitazone group as compared with the acarbose group (1.3 ± 2.8 vs. −0.6 ± 1.5 kg, p = 0.002). Conclusion In type 2 diabetic patients who were treated with sulfonylureas and metformin and possessed HbA1c levels between 7% and 10%, additional acarbose or pioglitazone for 6 months provided similar glycemic control and eGFR and UACR changes. In the pioglitazone group, the patients exhibited significant body weight gain. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01175486
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Physiology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harn-Shen Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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56
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Shanmugasundaram K, Block K. Renal Carcinogenesis, Tumor Heterogeneity, and Reactive Oxygen Species: Tactics Evolved. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:685-701. [PMID: 27287984 PMCID: PMC5069729 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The number of kidney cancers is growing 3-5% each year due to unknown etiologies. Intra- and inter-tumor mediators increase oxidative stress and drive tumor heterogeneity. Recent Advances: Technology advancement in state-of-the-art instrumentation and methodologies allows researchers to detect and characterize global landscaping modifications in genes, proteins, and pathophysiology patterns at the single-cell level. CRITICAL ISSUES We postulate that the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their activation within subcellular compartments will change over a timeline of tumor evolvement and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, the complexity of intracellular changes within a tumor and ROS-induced tumor heterogeneity coupled to the advancement of detecting these events globally are limited at the level of data collection, organization, and interpretation using software algorithms and bioinformatics. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrative and collaborative research, combining the power of numbers with careful experimental design, protocol development, and data interpretation, will translate cancer biology and therapeutics to a heightened level or leave the abundant raw data as stagnant and underutilized. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 685-701.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, San Antonio, Texas
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57
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Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Amin MA, Hasan IH, Al-Ajmi HN, Mohammad RA, Attia HA. Fenofibrate attenuates diabetic nephropathy in experimental diabetic rat's model via suppression of augmented TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016; 122:186-194. [PMID: 26959841 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1164186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibrates, the ligands of peroxisome profileferator-activated receptor-α have been shown to have a renal protective action in diabetic nephropathy (DN). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the effect of fenofibrate on renal transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad3 in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN. METHODS Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were given fenofibrate (100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 12 weeks, diabetic nephropathy biomarkers were assessed. The mRNA expression of collage I and III, TGF-β1 and Smad3 and were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Fenofibrate reduced significantly serum creatinine, kidney/body weight ratio, serum albumin excretion Collage I & III, TGF-β1 and Smad3 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results give further insights into the mechanisms underlying the protective role of fenofibrate in DN, suggesting that interference with TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway may be a useful therapeutic approach to prevent DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Mohamed Al-Rasheed
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Nawal Mohamed Al-Rasheed
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
- b Pharmacology Department , College of Pharmacy, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University , KSA
| | - Maha Abdelrahman Al-Amin
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Iman Huesein Hasan
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Hanaa Najeeb Al-Ajmi
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Raeesa Ahmed Mohammad
- c Anatomy Department , Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA , and
| | - Hala Aboulfotooh Attia
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , KSA
- d Biochemistry Department , College of Pharmacy, Mansours University , Mansoura , Egypt
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58
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Bhattacharjee N, Barma S, Konwar N, Dewanjee S, Manna P. Mechanistic insight of diabetic nephropathy and its pharmacotherapeutic targets: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:8-24. [PMID: 27568833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a chronic complication of diabetes, is charecterized by glomerular hypertrophy, proteinuria, decreased glomerular filtration, and renal fibrosis resulting in the loss of renal function. Although the exact cause of DN remains unclear, several mechanisms have been postulated, such as hyperglycemia-induced renal hyper filtration and renal injury, AGEs-induced increased oxidative stress, activated PKC-induced increased production of cytokines, chemokines, and different inflammatory and apoptotic signals. Among various factors, oxidative stress has been suggested to play a major role underlying the onset and propagation of DN. It triggers several signaling pathways involved in DN, like AGEs, PKC cascade, JAK/STAT signaling, MAPK, mTOR, and SMAD. Oxidative stress-induced activation of both inflammatory and apoptotic signals are two major problems in the pathogenesis of DN. The FDA approved pharmacotherapeutic agents affecting against polyol pathway principally include anti-oxidants, like α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, and vitamin C. Kremezin and benfotiamine are the FDA approved AGEs inhibitors, another therapeutic target against DN. Ruboxistaurin, telmizartan, rapamycin, fenofibrate, aliskiren, and manidipine are some FDA approved pharmacotherapeutics effective against DN via diverse mechanisms. Beside this, some therapeutic agents are still waiting for FDA approval and few drugs without FDA approval are also prescribed in some countries for the management of DN. Despite the medications available in the market to treat DN, the involvement of multiple mechanisms makes it difficult to choose an optimum therapeutic agent. Therefore, much research is required to find out new therapeutic agent/strategies for an adequate pharmacotherapy of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloy Bhattacharjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sujata Barma
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nandita Konwar
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Prasenjit Manna
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India.
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59
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Agrawal S, Chanley MA, Westbrook D, Nie X, Kitao T, Guess AJ, Benndorf R, Hidalgo G, Smoyer WE. Pioglitazone Enhances the Beneficial Effects of Glucocorticoids in Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24392. [PMID: 27142691 PMCID: PMC4855145 DOI: 10.1038/srep24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the primary therapy for nephrotic syndrome (NS), but have serious side effects and are ineffective in ~20-50% of patients. Thiazolidinediones have recently been suggested to be renoprotective, and to modulate podocyte glucocorticoid-mediated nuclear receptor signaling. We hypothesized that thiazolidinediones could enhance glucocorticoid efficacy in NS. We found that puromycin aminonucleoside-induced proteinuria in rats was significantly reduced by both high-dose glucocorticoids (79%) and pioglitazone (61%), but not low-dose glucocorticoids (25%). Remarkably, pioglitazone + low-dose glucocorticoids also reduced proteinuria (63%) comparably to high-dose glucocorticoids, whereas pioglitazone + high-dose glucocorticoids reduced proteinuria to almost control levels (97%). Molecular analysis revealed that both glucocorticoids and pioglitazone enhanced glomerular synaptopodin and nephrin expression, and reduced COX-2 expression, after injury. Furthermore, the glomerular phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptor and Akt, but not PPARγ, correlated with treatment-induced reductions in proteinuria. Notably, clinical translation of these findings to a child with refractory NS by the addition of pioglitazone to the treatment correlated with marked reductions in both proteinuria (80%) and overall immunosuppression (64%). These findings together suggest that repurposing pioglitazone could potentially enhance the proteinuria-reducing effects of glucocorticoids during NS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agrawal
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M A Chanley
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Westbrook
- James and Connie Maynard Children's Hospital, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - X Nie
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Kitao
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A J Guess
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R Benndorf
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - G Hidalgo
- James and Connie Maynard Children's Hospital, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - W E Smoyer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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60
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Martins SV, Pires VMR, Madeira AP, Nascimento M, Alfaia CM, Castro MF, Soveral G, Prates JA, Lopes PA. Novel anti-adipogenic properties of the individualtrans8,cis10 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana V. Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; CIISA; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. da Universidade Técnica; Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Virgínia M. R. Pires
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; CIISA; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. da Universidade Técnica; Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ana P. Madeira
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL); Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mafalda Nascimento
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; CIISA; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. da Universidade Técnica; Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Cristina M. Alfaia
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; CIISA; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. da Universidade Técnica; Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Matilde F. Castro
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL); Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL); Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Dep. Bioquímica e Biologia Humana; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - José A.M. Prates
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; CIISA; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. da Universidade Técnica; Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Paula A. Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; CIISA; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. da Universidade Técnica; Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda; Lisboa Portugal
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61
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Zhang W, Sun Q, Zhong W, Sun X, Zhou Z. Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Signaling Contributes to Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:988-99. [PMID: 27062444 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) signaling has been shown to regulate lipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Previous studies have shown that hepatic PPARγ is up-regulated in steatotic liver of both animal and human. However, the effects of hepatic PPARγ signaling on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remain elusive. METHODS To determine the role of hepatic PPARγ signaling on ALD, wild-type (WT) and hepatocyte-specific PPARγ knockdown (PPARγ∆Hep) mice were fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin control liquid diet for 8 weeks to induce ALD. Blood parameters, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation were measured after 8-week alcohol feeding. RESULTS Alcohol feeding to WT mice resulted in liver damage (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], 94.68 ± 17.05 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase [AST], 55.87 ± 11.29 U/L), which was significantly alleviated by hepatic PPARγ knockdown (ALT, 57.36 ± 14.98 U/L; AST, 38.06 ± 3.35 U/L). Alcohol feeding led to marked lipid accumulation and up-regulation of lipogenic genes including fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), lipin1 (LIPIN1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) in the livers of WT mice. Knockdown of hepatic PPARγ significantly alleviated alcohol-induced lipid accumulation and abolished the up-regulation of FASN, DGAT1, and DGAT2. Silencing of PPARγ in FL83B cells significantly decreased ethanol (EtOH)-, linoleic acid-, and EtOH plus linoleic acid-induced lipid accumulation. Knockdown of hepatic PPARγ also significantly reduced alcohol-induced inflammatory chemokine (monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP1], keratinocyte-derived chemokine [KC], interferon gamma-induced protein 10 [IP-10]) and inflammatory infiltration (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G [Ly6G], and F4/80). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that hepatic PPARγ signaling contributes to alcohol-induced liver injury by promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Qian Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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Implications of the endogenous PPAR-gamma ligand, 15-deoxy-delta-12, 14-prostaglandin J2, in diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2016; 153:93-9. [PMID: 27060220 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a common secondary complication of diabetes mellitus, involves extensive damage to the retinal microvasculature. Retina, being a susceptible target, is highly prone to hyperglycemia-induced molecular damages. PPAR receptor, chiefly gamma subtype, mediates numerous responses related to glucose metabolism and hence is utilized, through its agonism, for the restoration of normal insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in the body. Although a number of synthetic PPAR-gamma receptor agonists have been developed and are being employed for treatment purposes, the role of its endogenous ligand in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy is poorly acknowledged. Activation of PPAR-gamma receptor, via endogenous agents, provides a natural defensive shield against various hyperglycemia-induced pathological conditions. Although the biological levels of 15d-PGJ2 (an endogenous agonist of PPAR-gamma receptor) are found to be below the concentration required to trigger PPAR-gamma-mediated actions, employment of several advanced methods for the exogenous administration of this ligand might provide a beneficial option. Besides, 15d-PGJ2-induced defense is better than any of the newly developed alternative therapies, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic or anti-apoptotic agents, of diabetic retinopathy, since it singularly provides, virtually, a complete protection package against all these pathological eventualities. Therefore, the physiology of this endogenous PPAR-gamma ligand might, possibly, be exploited to a great extent for the development of prophylactic agents, in order to restrict the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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63
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Blöcher R, Lamers C, Wittmann SK, Merk D, Hartmann M, Weizel L, Diehl O, Brüggerhoff A, Boß M, Kaiser A, Schader T, Göbel T, Grundmann M, Angioni C, Heering J, Geisslinger G, Wurglics M, Kostenis E, Brüne B, Steinhilber D, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Kahnt AS, Proschak E. N-Benzylbenzamides: A Novel Merged Scaffold for Orally Available Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulators. J Med Chem 2015; 59:61-81. [PMID: 26595749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disease cluster that consists of dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. MetS patients are strongly exposed to polypharmacy; however, the number of pharmacological compounds required for MetS treatment can be reduced by the application of multitarget compounds. This study describes the design of dual-target ligands that target soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type γ (PPARγ). Simultaneous modulation of sEH and PPARγ can improve diabetic conditions and hypertension at once. N-Benzylbenzamide derivatives were determined to fit a merged sEH/PPARγ pharmacophore, and structure-activity relationship studies were performed on both targets, resulting in a submicromolar (sEH IC50 = 0.3 μM/PPARγ EC50 = 0.3 μM) modulator 14c. In vitro and in vivo evaluations revealed good ADME properties qualifying 14c as a pharmacological tool compound for long-term animal models of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Blöcher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Lamers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra K Wittmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lilia Weizel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Brüggerhoff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Boß
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tim Schader
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tamara Göbel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manuel Grundmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mario Wurglics
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid S Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gopal K, Gowtham M, Sachin S, Ravishankar Ram M, Shankar EM, Kamarul T. Attrition of Hepatic Damage Inflicted by Angiotensin II with α-Tocopherol and β-Carotene in Experimental Apolipoprotein E Knock-out Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18300. [PMID: 26670291 PMCID: PMC4680930 DOI: 10.1038/srep18300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II is one of the key regulatory peptides implicated in the pathogenesis of liver disease. The mechanisms underlying the salubrious role of α-tocopherol and β-carotene on liver pathology have not been comprehensively assessed. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the role of Angiotensin II on hepatic damage and if α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation attenuates hepatic damage. Hepatic damage was induced in Apoe(-/-)mice by infusion of Angiotensin II followed by oral administration with α-tocopherol and β-carotene-enriched diet for 60 days. Investigations showed fibrosis, kupffer cell hyperplasia, hepatocyte degeneration and hepatic cell apoptosis; sinusoidal dilatation along with haemorrhages; evidence of fluid accumulation; increased ROS level and increased AST and ALT activities. In addition, tPA and uPA were down-regulated due to 42-fold up-regulation of PAI-1. MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-12, and M-CSF were down-regulated in Angiotensin II-treated animals. Notably, α-tocopherol and β-carotene treatment controlled ROS, fibrosis, hepatocyte degeneration, kupffer cell hyperplasia, hepatocyte apoptosis, sinusoidal dilatation and fluid accumulation in the liver sinusoids, and liver enzyme levels. In addition, PAI-1, tPA and uPA expressions were markedly controlled by β-carotene treatment. Thus, Angiotensin II markedly influenced hepatic damage possibly by restraining fibrinolytic system. We concluded that α-tocopherol and β-carotene treatment has salubrious role in repairing hepatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliappan Gopal
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, 500007, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopedics Center for Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Munusamy Gowtham
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, 500007, Hyderabad, India
| | - Singh Sachin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, 500007, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mani Ravishankar Ram
- Department of Bio-Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopedics Center for Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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65
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Helmy MM, Helmy MW, El-Mas MM. Additive Renoprotection by Pioglitazone and Fenofibrate against Inflammatory, Oxidative and Apoptotic Manifestations of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: Modulation by PPARs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142303. [PMID: 26536032 PMCID: PMC4633146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect for the antineoplastic drug cisplatin. Here, we employed pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular studies to investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Rats were treated with a single i.p. dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) alone or combined with pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist), fenofibrate (PPARα agonist), pioglitazone plus fenofibrate, or thalidomide (Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor; TNF-α). Cisplatin nephrotoxicity was evidenced by rises in renal indices of functional (blood urea nitrogen, BUN, and creatinine), inflammatory (TNF-α, interleukin 6, IL-6), oxidative (increased malondialdehyde, MDA, and decreased superoxide dismutase, SOD and nitric oxide metabolites, NOx), apoptotic (caspase 3), and histological (glomerular atrophy, acute tubular necrosis and vacuolation) profiles. Cisplatin effects were partly abolished upon concurrent exposure to pioglitazone, fenofibrate, or thalidomide; more renoprotection was observed in rats treated with pioglitazaone plus fenofibrate. Immunostaining showed that renal expressions of PPARα and PPARγ were reduced by cisplatin and restored to vehicle-treated values after simultaneous treatment with pioglitazone or fenofibrate. Fenofibrate or pioglitazone renoprotection remained unaltered after concurrent blockade of PPARα (GW6471) and PPARγ (GW9662), respectively. To complement the rat studies, we also report that in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293 cells), increases caused by cisplatin in inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative biomarkers were (i) partly improved after exposure to pioglitazone, fenofibrate, or thalidomide, and (ii) completely disappeared in cells treated with a combination of all three drugs. These data establish that the combined use of pioglitazone and fenofibrate additively improved manifestations of cisplatin nephrotoxicity through perhaps GW6471/GW9662-insensitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Helmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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66
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Pioglitazone ameliorates methotrexate-induced renal endothelial dysfunction via amending detrimental changes in some antioxidant parameters, systemic cytokines and Fas production. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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67
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Su X, Zhou G, Wang Y, Yang X, Li L, Yu R, Li D. The PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 attenuates peritonitis in peritoneal fibrosis via inhibition of TAK1-NFκB pathway in rats. Inflammation 2015; 37:729-37. [PMID: 24337677 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis is a common consequence of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD), and peritonitis is a factor in its onset. Agonist-bound peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as key regulators of energy metabolism and inflammation. Here, we examined the effects of PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 on peritonitis in a rat peritoneal fibrosis model. Peritoneal fibrosis secondary to inflammation was induced into uremic rats by daily injection of Dianeal 4.25% PD solutions along with six doses of lipopolysaccharide before commencement of GW501516 treatment. Normal non-uremic rats served as control, and all rats were fed with a control diet or a GW501516-containing diet. Compared to control group, exposure to PD fluids caused peritoneal fibrosis that was accompanied by increased mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrotic factor-α, and interleukin-6 in the uremic rats, and these effects were prevented by GW501516 treatment. Moreover, GW501516 was found to attenuate glucose-stimulated inflammation in cultured rat peritoneal mesothelial cells via inhibition of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway (TAK1-NFκB pathway), a main inflammation regulatory pathway. In conclusion, inhibition of TAK1-NFκB pathway with GW501516 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate peritonitis-induced peritoneal fibrosis for patients on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
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68
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Yoo HS, Bradford BU, Kosyk O, Uehara T, Shymonyak S, Collins LB, Bodnar WM, Ball LM, Gold A, Rusyn I. Comparative analysis of the relationship between trichloroethylene metabolism and tissue-specific toxicity among inbred mouse strains: kidney effects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:32-49. [PMID: 25424545 PMCID: PMC4281933 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.958418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a well-known environmental and occupational toxicant that is classified as carcinogenic to humans based on the epidemiological evidence of an association with higher risk of renal-cell carcinoma. A number of scientific issues critical for assessing human health risks from TCE remain unresolved, such as the amount of kidney-toxic glutathione conjugation metabolites formed, interspecies and interindividual differences, and the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity. It was postulated that TCE renal metabolite levels are associated with kidney-specific toxicity. Oral dosing with TCE was conducted in subacute (600 mg/kg/d; 5 d; 7 inbred mouse strains) and subchronic (100 or 400 mg/kg/d; 1, 2, or 4 wk; 2 inbred mouse strains) designs. The quantitative relationship was evaluated between strain-, dose, and time-dependent formation of TCE metabolites from cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidation (trichloroacetic acid [TCA], dichloroacetic acid [DCA], and trichloroethanol) and glutathione conjugation [S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione], and various kidney toxicity phenotypes. In subacute study, interstrain differences in renal TCE metabolite levels were observed. In addition, data showed that in several strains kidney-specific effects of TCE included induction of peroxisome proliferator-marker genes Cyp4a10 and Acox1, increased cell proliferation, and expression of KIM-1, a marker of tubular damage and regeneration. In subchronic study, peroxisome proliferator-marker gene induction and renal toxicity diminished while cell proliferative response was elevated in a dose-dependent manner in NZW/LacJ but not C57BL/6J mice. Overall, data demonstrated that renal TCE metabolite levels are associated with kidney-specific toxicity and that these effects are strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sik Yoo
- a Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
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69
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Xu C, Wang W. Curcumin ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting local fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:344-50. [PMID: 25452269 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14173fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is mainly characterized by activation and proliferation of interstitial fibroblasts and by excessive synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including fibronectin (FN) and collagen. This study investigated the effects of curcumin on proliferation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and their underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. ECM components were visualized by Sirius red and immunohistochemistry staining and quantified by western blot analysis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Duplex staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), as well as MTT and flow cytometry assays, were performed to measure fibroblast proliferation. Protein expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were assessed by western blotting. Curcumin treatment decreased the accumulation of type I collagen and FN in the kidney of animals with UUO. Activation of rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) was induced by TGF-β1. Curcumin treatment inhibited fibroblast proliferation and the cell cycle was arrested in the G1 phase. Curcumin treatment upregulated the expression of PPAR-γ and downregulated the expression of p-Smad2/3. These results suggest that curcumin treatment ameliorates renal fibrosis by reducing fibroblast proliferation and ECM accumulation mediated by PPAR-γ and Smad-dependent TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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Agrawal NK, Kant S. Targeting inflammation in diabetes: Newer therapeutic options. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:697-710. [PMID: 25317247 PMCID: PMC4138593 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been recognised to both decrease beta cell insulin secretion and increase insulin resistance. Circulating cytokines can affect beta cell function directly leading to secretory dysfunction and increased apoptosis. These cytokines can also indirectly affect beta cell function by increasing adipocyte inflammation.The resulting glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity further enhance the inflammatory process resulting in a vicious cycle. Weight reduction and drugs such as metformin have been shown to decrease the levels of C-Reactive Protein by 31% and 13%, respectively. Pioglitazone, insulin and statins have anti-inflammatory effects. Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists are in trials and NSAIDs such as salsalate have shown an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Inhibition of 12-lipo-oxygenase, histone de-acetylases, and activation of sirtuin-1 are upcoming molecular targets to reduce inflammation. These therapies have also been shown to decrease the conversion of pre-diabetes state to diabetes. Drugs like glicazide, troglitazone, N-acetylcysteine and selective COX-2 inhibitors have shown benefit in diabetic neuropathy by decreasing inflammatory markers. Retinopathy drugs are used to target vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, various proteinases and chemokines. Drugs targeting the proteinases and various chemokines are pentoxifylline, inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappa B and mammalian target of rapamycin and are in clinical trials for diabetic nephropathy. Commonly used drugs such as insulin, metformin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, glucagon like peptide-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors also decrease inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapies represent a potential approach for the therapy of diabetes and its complications.
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71
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Small DM, Morais C, Coombes JS, Bennett NC, Johnson DW, Gobe GC. Oxidative stress-induced alterations in PPAR-γ and associated mitochondrial destabilization contribute to kidney cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F814-22. [PMID: 25122050 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00205.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism(s) underlying renoprotection by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists in diabetic and nondiabetic kidney disease are not well understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to kidney disease. PPAR-γ upregulates proteins required for mitochondrial biogenesis. Our aim was to determine whether PPAR-γ has a role in protecting the kidney proximal tubular epithelium (PTE) against mitochondrial destabilisation and oxidative stress. HK-2 PTE cells were subjected to oxidative stress (0.2-1.0 mM H₂O₂) for 2 and 18 h and compared with untreated cells for apoptosis, mitosis (morphology/biomarkers), cell viability (MTT), superoxide (dihydroethidium), mitochondrial function (MitoTracker red and JC-1), ATP (luminescence), and mitochondrial ultrastructure. PPAR-γ, phospho-PPAR-γ, PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α, Parkin (Park2), p62, and light chain (LC)3β were investigated using Western blots. PPAR-γ was modulated using the agonists rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and troglitazone. Mitochondrial destabilization increased with H₂O₂concentration, ATP decreased (2 and 18 h; P < 0.05), Mitotracker red and JC-1 fluorescence indicated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and superoxide increased (18 h, P < 0.05). Electron microscopy indicated sparse mitochondria, with disrupted cristae. Mitophagy was evident at 2 h (Park2 and LC3β increased; p62 decreased). Impaired mitophagy was indicated by p62 accumulation at 18 h (P < 0.05). PPAR-γ expression decreased, phospho-PPAR-γ increased, and PGC-1α decreased (2 h), indicating aberrant PPAR-γ activation and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis. Cell viability decreased (2 and 18 h, P < 0.05). PPAR-γ agonists promoted further apoptosis. In summary, oxidative stress promoted mitochondrial destabilisation in kidney PTE, in association with increased PPAR-γ phosphorylation. PPAR-γ agonists failed to protect PTE. Despite positive effects in other tissues, PPAR-γ activation appears to be detrimental to kidney PTE health when oxidative stress induces damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Small
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
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72
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Luo Y, He Q, Kuang G, Jiang Q, Yang J. PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta expression changes in the hippocampus of rats undergoing global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion due to PPAR-gamma status. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:21. [PMID: 24934302 PMCID: PMC4167308 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs, including alpha, beta and gamma subtypes) and their agonists have a protective role in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the expression changes of PPAR-alpha, -beta, -gamma and NF-kappa B in the hippocampus of rats with global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (GCIRI) after treatment with agonists or antagonists of PPAR-gamma. Methods A rat GCIRI model was established by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and cervical vena retransfusion. GW9662 (5 μg), a selective PPAR- gamma antagonist, was intraventricularly injected at 0.5 h before GCIR; Rosiglitazone (0.8, 2.4 and 7.2 mg/kg), a selective PPAR- gamma agonist, was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before GCIRI. The expression changes of PPAR-alpha, -beta and -gamma at mRNA and protein levels were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting. The changes of spatial learning and memory (SLM) functions were assessed by using a Morris water maze; the pathohistological changes of hippocampal neurons were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; the contents of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha, and the NF- kappa B expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical staining. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also detected. Results The SLM function and hippocampal neurons were significantly impaired after the occurrence of GCIRI. The MDA, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha content and expression of PPARs increased significantly, but the SOD activity and NF-kappa B expression were weakened in the hippocampus. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly protected rats from SLM function impairment and neuron death, and resulted in higher expressions of SOD activity and NF-kappa B, but lower contents of MDA and inflammatory factors. After treatment with rosiglitazone or GW9662, no significant change in PPAR-alpha or -beta expression was detected. Conclusions Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, plays a protective role in hippocampal neuron damage of GCIRI rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress response and inflammation. The activation or antagonism of PPAR-gamma did not affect the expression of PPAR-alpha or -beta, indicating that the three subtypes of PPARs act in independent pathways in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Rd, No 1, Chongqing 400016, P, R, China.
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Casali CI, Weber K, Faggionato D, Gómez EM, Tome MCF. Coordinate regulation between the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and cyclooxygenase-2 in renal epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:432-9. [PMID: 24915420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism and glucose utilization, in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and in the regulation of pro-inflammatory genes expression such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). PPARγ is the main isoform in the renal inner medulla where it is believed to possess nephroprotective actions. In this kidney zone, COX-2 acts as an osmoprotective gene and its expression is modulated by changes in interstitial osmolarity. In the present work we evaluated whether hyperosmolar-induced COX-2 expression is modulated by PPARγ in renal epithelial cells MDCK subjected to high NaCl medium. The results presented herein show that ligand-activated PPARγ repressed COX-2 expression. But more important, the present findings show that hyperosmolar medium decreased PPARγ protein and increases the PPARγ phosphorylated form, which is inactive. ERK1/2 and p38 activation precedes PPARγ disappearance and induced-COX-2 expression. Therefore, the decrease in PPARγ expression is required for hyperosmotic induction of COX-2. We also found that PGE2, the main product of COX-2 in MDCK cells, induced these changes in PPARγ protein. Our results may alert on the long term use of thiazolidinediones (TZD) since they could affect renal medullary function that depends on COX-2 for cellular protection against osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia I Casali
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; IQUIFIB-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Karen Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; IQUIFIB-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Daniela Faggionato
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Emanuel Morel Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - María C Fernández Tome
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; IQUIFIB-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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Protective Effects of Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue Formula against 5/6 Nephrectomy-Induced Chronic Renal Failure in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:589846. [PMID: 24864155 PMCID: PMC4020566 DOI: 10.1155/2014/589846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a serious disease related to increasing incidence and prevalence as well as decline in quality of life. Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue formula (BSHX), one of traditional herbal formulations, has been clinically employed to treat CRF for decades, but the mechanisms involved have not been investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BSHX on some closely related parameters in 5/6 nephrectomy CRF rats. Rats with CRF were divided into five groups, namely, one control group, one enalapril group, and three BSHX treatment groups (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg·d). The rats subjected to sham operation were used as a normal control. After eight weeks of treatment, BSHX significantly decreased the levels of Scr and BUN, downregulated the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1, CTGF, NF-κB, TNF-α, and OPN, upregulated the mRNA expression of PPARγ, and reduced in situ expression of fibronectin and laminins. Histological findings also showed significant amelioration of the damaged renal tissue. BSHX protects 5/6 nephrectomy rats against chronic renal failure probably via regulating the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, TGF-β1, CTGF, PPARγ, OPN, fibronectin, and laminins and is useful for therapy of CRF.
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Ochodnicky P, Mesarosova L, Cernecka H, Klimas J, Krenek P, Goris M, van Dokkum RPE, Henning RH, Kyselovic J. Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, provides comparable protection to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril against adriamycin nephropathy in rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 730:51-60. [PMID: 24582928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists have been shown to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy, but much less are known about their effects in non-diabetic nephropathies. In the present study, metabolic parameters, blood pressure, aortic endothelial function along with molecular and structural markers of glomerular and tubulointerstitial renal damage, were studied in a rat model of normotensive nephropathy induced by adriamycin and treated with PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (12mg/kg, po), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril (1mg/kg, po) or their combination. Pioglitazone had no effect on systolic blood pressure, marginally reduced glycemia and improved aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation. In the kidney, pioglitazone prevented the development of proteinuria and focal glomerulosclerosis to the similar extent as blood-pressure lowering ramipril. Renoprotection provided by either treatment was associated with a reduction in the cortical expression of profibrotic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and microvascular damage-inducing endothelin-1, and a limitation of interstitial macrophage influx. Treatment with PPARγ agonist, as well as ACE inhibitor comparably affected renal expression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, normalizing increased renal expression of ACE and enhancing the expression of Mas receptor. Interestingly, combined pioglitazone and ramipril treatment did not provide any additional renoprotection. These results demonstrate that in a nondiabetic renal disease, such as adriamycin-induced nephropathy, PPARγ agonist pioglitazone provides renoprotection to a similar extent as an ACE inhibitor by interfering with the expression of local RAS components and attenuating related profibrotic and inflammatory mechanisms. The combination of the both agents, however, does not lead to any additional renal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ochodnicky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lucia Mesarosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hana Cernecka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maaike Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) and Groningen Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard P E van Dokkum
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) and Groningen Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) and Groningen Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kyselovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Ibrahim MA, El-Sheikh AAK, Khalaf HM, Abdelrahman AM. Protective effect of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR)-α and -γ ligands against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:130-7. [PMID: 24521009 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.884135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX) may cause multi-organ toxicities, including nephrotoxicity. OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR)-α and -γ agonists; fenofibrate (FEN) and pioglitazone (PIO), in MTX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. METHODS Rats were given FEN or PIO (150 or 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) orally for 15 days. MTX was injected as a single dose of 20 mg/kg, i.p. at day 11 of experiment, with or without either PPAR agonists. RESULTS MTX induced renal toxicity, assessed by increase in serum urea and creatinine as well as histopathological alterations. MTX caused renal oxidative/nitrosative stress, indicated by decrease in GSH and catalase with increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (NOx) levels. In addition, MTX increased renal level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and up-regulated the expression of both the inflammatory and apoptotic markers; NF-κB and caspase 3. Pre-administration of FEN or PIO to MTX-treated rats improved renal function and reversed oxidative/nitrosative parameters. Interestingly, pre-administration of PIO, but not FEN, decreased renal TNF-α level and NF-κB expression compared to MTX alone. Furthermore, PIO had more significant effect than FEN on reversing MTX-induced renal caspase 3 expression. DISCUSSION Both FEN and PIO conferred protection against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through comparable amelioration of oxidative/nitrosative stress. FEN lacked any effect on TNF-α/NF-κB, which was reflected on its less improvement on renal histopathology and apoptosis. CONCLUSION At indicated dosage, PPAR-γ ligand; PIO shows better improvement of MTX-induced nephrotoxicity compared to PPAR-α ligand; FEN due to differential effect on TNF-α/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University , Minia , Egypt
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Jia Z, Sun Y, Yang G, Zhang A, Huang S, Heiney KM, Zhang Y. New Insights into the PPAR γ Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:818530. [PMID: 24624137 PMCID: PMC3927865 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes and serves as the leading cause of chronic renal failure. In the past decades, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) based first-line therapy can slow but cannot stop the progression of DN, which urgently requests the innovation of therapeutic strategies. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the synthetic exogenous ligands of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR γ ), had been thought to be a promising candidate for strengthening the therapy of DN. However, the severe adverse effects including fluid retention, cardiovascular complications, and bone loss greatly limited their use in clinic. Recently, numerous novel PPAR γ agonists involving the endogenous PPAR γ ligands and selective PPAR γ modulators (SPPARMs) are emerging as the promising candidates of the next generation of antidiabetic drugs instead of TZDs. Due to the higher selectivity of these novel PPAR γ agonists on the regulation of the antidiabetes-associated genes than that of the side effect-associated genes, they present fewer adverse effects than TZDs. The present review was undertaken to address the advancements and the therapeutic potential of these newly developed PPAR γ agonists in dealing with diabetic kidney disease. At the same time, the new insights into the therapeutic strategies of DN based on the PPAR γ agonists were fully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Pediatric Laboratory of Nanjing City, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Pediatric Laboratory of Nanjing City, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guangrui Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Pediatric Laboratory of Nanjing City, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Pediatric Laboratory of Nanjing City, Nanjing 210008, China
| | | | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Pediatric Laboratory of Nanjing City, Nanjing 210008, China
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79
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Hsieh YL, Yeh YH, Lee YT, Hsieh CH. Ameliorative effect of Pracparatum mungo extract on high cholesterol diets in hamsters. Food Funct 2014; 5:149-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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80
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Telmisartan activates endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ and may have anti-fibrotic effects in human mesangial cells. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:422-31. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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81
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Sari EK, Bakir B, Aydin BD, Sozmen M. The effects of kefir, koumiss, yogurt and commercial probiotic formulations on PPARα and PPAR-β/δ expressions in mouse kidney. Biotech Histochem 2013; 89:287-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.844274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Correlation between PPAR Gene Polymorphisms and Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:927915. [PMID: 24109487 PMCID: PMC3786523 DOI: 10.1155/2013/927915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is a chronic disease promoted by metabolic and immune dysfunctions. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) polymorphisms have been associated with a variety of metabolic and kidney disorders. We therefore hypothesized that PPAR polymorphisms might be involved in the pathophysiology of PNS. We compared the distributions of the PPAR-γ Pro12Ala and Val290Met, PPAR-γ coactivator-α (PGC-1α) Gly482Ser, and PPAR-α Leu162Val single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between children with PNS and normal controls and analyzed their correlations with clinical and metabolic indicators and steroid responsiveness. There were no significant differences in distributions of any of the polymorphisms between PNS cases and controls. However, PNS patients with the PPAR-γ (Pro12Ala) PP genotype had significantly higher fasting serum insulin, IgA, and HOMA-IR levels and lower insulin sensitivity than did patients with PA and AA genotypes. Additionally, the PGC-1α (Gly482Ser) A allele was associated with lower CD8+ T-cell counts and higher triglyceride and complement C3 levels compared with the G allele. No polymorphisms were related to hormone sensitivity. These results suggest that the PPAR-γ (Pro12Ala) and PGC-1α (Gly482Ser) SNPs may influence insulin and triglyceride metabolism in children with PNS and may thus be relevant to the prognosis of this chronic condition.
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N-Palmitoylethanolamide protects the kidney from hypertensive injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats via inhibition of oxidative stress. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Monsalve FA, Pyarasani RD, Delgado-Lopez F, Moore-Carrasco R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:549627. [PMID: 23781121 PMCID: PMC3678499 DOI: 10.1155/2013/549627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is estimated to affect more than one in five adults, and its prevalence is growing in the adult and pediatric populations. The most widely recognized metabolic risk factors are atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and elevated plasma glucose. Individuals with these characteristics commonly manifest a prothrombotic state and a proinflammatory state as well. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may serve as potential therapeutic targets for treating the metabolic syndrome and its related risk factors. The PPARs are transcriptional factors belonging to the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily. So far, three isoforms of PPARs have been identified, namely, PPAR- α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ. Various endogenous and exogenous ligands of PPARs have been identified. PPAR- α and PPAR- γ are mainly involved in regulating lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis, and their agonists are used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and T2DM. Whereas PPAR- β / δ function is to regulate lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, anti-inflammation, and fatty acid oxidation and its agonists are used in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This review mainly focuses on the biological role of PPARs in gene regulation and metabolic diseases, with particular focus on the therapeutic potential of PPAR modulators in the treatment of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Monsalve
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
- Instituto de Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunohematología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
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Kusunoki H, Taniyama Y, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Cardiac and renal protective effects of irbesartan via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ-hepatocyte growth factor pathway independent of angiotensin II Type 1a receptor blockade in mouse model of salt-sensitive hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000103. [PMID: 23608606 PMCID: PMC3647265 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Aldosterone breakthrough" observed in patients receiving long-term treatment with angiotensin blockade is strongly associated with increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy, poor exercise capacity, refractory proteinuria, and declining glomerular filtration rate through the profibrotic actions of aldosterone. To overcome aldosterone breakthrough, we examined the additional organ-protective actions of irbesartan, because irbesartan is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker (ARB) with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonistic effects, which mediate organ-protective effects independent of AT1R blockade. In this study, we examined the organ-protective effects of irbesartan in a salt-sensitive hypertension model using AT1aR knockout mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Aldosterone and 1% NaCl treatment resulted in a significant increase in severe cardiac and renal fibrosis. Irbesartan, but not losartan, significantly reduced renal fibrosis, glomerular injury through inhibition of macrophage infiltration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and oxidative stress. Similarly, cardiac fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy were decreased by irbesartan, but not losartan, treatment, associated with a significant reduction in oxidative stress. Importantly, anti-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) neutralizing antibody and a PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) attenuated these organ-protective effects of irbesartan. HGF protein level was increased by irbesartan, especially in the kidney and heart, while GW9662 treatment inhibited the increase in HGF level. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that irbesartan, which has not only AT1aR-blocking effects, but also PPARγ agonistic effects accompanied by HGF expression, inhibited organ damage by aldosterone and salt treatment. Second-generation ARBs such as irbesartan, which has the dual actions of AT1R blockade and PPARγ activation, may have clinical value for the treatment of hypertensive patients with aldosterone breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kusunoki
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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86
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Balasubramanian S. Progression of chronic kidney disease: Mechanisms and interventions in retardation. APOLLO MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apme.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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87
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Bénardeau A, Verry P, Atzpodien EA, Funk JM, Meyer M, Mizrahi J, Winter M, Wright MB, Uhles S, Sebokova E. Effects of the dual PPAR-α/γ agonist aleglitazar on glycaemic control and organ protection in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:164-74. [PMID: 22958363 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of aleglitazar, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ agonist, on the development of diabetes-related organ dysfunction, in relation to glycaemic and lipid changes, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHODS Six-week-old, male ZDF rats received aleglitazar 0.3 mg/kg/day or vehicle as food admix for 13 weeks (n = 10 per group). Age-matched male Zucker lean rats served as non-diabetic controls. Plasma and renal markers were measured at several time points. Histopathology and quantitative immunohistochemistry were performed at 13 weeks. RESULTS Glycated haemoglobin (5.4 vs. 9.2%) and blood glucose (8.3 ± 0.3 vs. 26.1 ± 1.0 mmol/l) were significantly reduced at 12 weeks with aleglitazar versus vehicle-treated ZDF rats (both p < 0.01), while aleglitazar preserved near-normal plasma insulin levels. Aleglitazar prevented the development of hypertriglyceridaemia (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 8.5 ± 0.9 mmol/l) and reduced plasma non-esterified fatty acids (0.09 ± 0.02 vs. 0.26 ± 0.04 mmol/l) relative to vehicle-treated animals (both p < 0.01). Urinary glucose and protein concentrations were significantly reduced at 13 weeks with aleglitazar versus vehicle-treated rats (both p < 0.01). Consistent with its effect on glycaemic control, aleglitazar protected β-cell morphology, as evidenced by preservation of islet integrity, and reduction of β-cell apoptosis and islet fibrosis. Aleglitazar prevented renal glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte degeneration, glomerulosclerosis, tubulo-interstitial lesions and development of cataracts. CONCLUSIONS Aleglitazar strongly improved glycaemic and lipid parameters while protecting key tissues, including the pancreas, kidneys and eyes, against diabetes-associated structural and functional changes in the ZDF rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bénardeau
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Cardiovascular & Metabolism, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Arora MK, Singh UK. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: an update. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 58:259-71. [PMID: 23313806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is known to trigger retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy, a long-term major microvascular complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, affects a large population worldwide. Recent findings suggest that numerous pathways are activated during the course of diabetes mellitus and that these pathways individually or collectively play a role in the induction and progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, clinical strategies targeting these pathways to manage diabetic nephropathy remain unsatisfactory, as the number of diabetic patients with nephropathy is increasing yearly. To develop ground-breaking therapeutic options to prevent the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease is mandatory. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the underlying mechanisms and downstream pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kumar Arora
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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89
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Mima A. Inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy: new insights on its inhibition as new therapeutic targets. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:248563. [PMID: 23862164 PMCID: PMC3686081 DOI: 10.1155/2013/248563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and insulin resistance can greatly increase microvascular complications of diabetes including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Hyperglycemic control in diabetes is key to preventing the development and progression of DN. However, it is clinically very difficult to achieve normal glucose control in individual diabetic patients. Many factors are known to contribute to the development of DN. These include diet, age, lifestyle, or obesity. Further, inflammatory- or oxidative-stress-induced basis for DN has been gaining interest. Although anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drugs can show benefits in rodent models of DN, negative evidence from large clinical studies indicates that more effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs need to be studied to clear this question. In addition, our recent report showed that potential endogenous protective factors could decrease inflammation and oxidative stress, showing great promise for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mima
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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90
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Antioxidant Stress and Anti-Inflammation of PPARα on Warm Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:738785. [PMID: 23213319 PMCID: PMC3503442 DOI: 10.1155/2012/738785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a serious clinical problem. Minimizing the adverse effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver surgery or trauma is an urgent need. It has been proved that besides the effect of regulating the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, PPARα also undertakes the task of organ protection. In this paper, related literature has been summarized and we come to the conclusion that administration of PPARα agonists can strengthen the antioxidant and anti-inflammation defense system by the upregulation of the expression of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of NF-κB activity. This may provide a potential clinical treatment for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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91
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Kaliappan G, Nagarajan P, Moorthy R, Kalai Gana Selvi S, Avinash Raj T, Mahesh Kumar J. Ang II induce kidney damage by recruiting inflammatory cells and up regulates PPAR gamma and Renin 1 gene: effect of β carotene on chronic renal damage. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 36:277-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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92
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Wang C, Pan Y, Zhang QY, Wang FM, Kong LD. Quercetin and allopurinol ameliorate kidney injury in STZ-treated rats with regulation of renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38285. [PMID: 22701621 PMCID: PMC3372527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia and inflammation are associated with diabetic nephropathy. The NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation is recently recognized in the development of kidney injury. Urate and lipid are considered as danger signals in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Although dietary flavonoid quercetin and allopurinol alleviate hyperuricemia, dyslipidmia and inflammation, their nephroprotective effects are currently unknown. In this study, we used streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy model with hyperuricemia and dyslipidemia in rats, and found over-expression of renal inflammasome components NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein and Caspase-1, resulting in elevation of IL-1β and IL-18, with subsequently deteriorated renal injury. These findings demonstrated the possible association between renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation to superimpose causes of nephrotoxicity in STZ-treated rats. The treatment of quercetin and allopurinol regulated renal urate transport-related proteins to reduce hyperuricemia, and lipid metabolism-related genes to alleviate kidney lipid accumulation in STZ-treated rats. Furthermore, quercetin and allopurinol were found to suppress renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation, at least partly, via their anti-hyperuricemic and anti-dyslipidemic effects, resulting in the amelioration of STZ-induced the superimposed nephrotoxicity in rats. These results may provide a basis for the prevention of diabetes-associated nephrotoxicity with urate-lowering agents such as quercetin and allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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93
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Kouroumichakis I, Papanas N, Zarogoulidis P, Liakopoulos V, Maltezos E, Mikhailidis DP. Fibrates: therapeutic potential for diabetic nephropathy? Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:309-16. [PMID: 22560376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive glucose-lowering treatment and advanced therapies for cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus with its macro- and microvascular complications remains a major health problem. Especially diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is increasing. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), a member of a large nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed in several tissues including the kidney. Recently, experimental data have suggested that PPAR-α activation plays a pivotal role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, lipid metabolism, inflammatory and vascular responses, and might regulate various metabolic and intracellular signalling pathways that lead to diabetic microvascular complications. This review examines the role of PPAR-α activation in diabetic nephropathy and summarises data from experimental and clinical studies on the emerging therapeutic potential of fibrates in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kouroumichakis
- Outpatient Clinic of Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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94
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Are PPAR alpha agonists a rational therapeutic strategy for preventing abnormalities of the diabetic kidney? Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:430-6. [PMID: 22285932 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may result in the induction of diabetic nephropathy, one of the detrimental microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is associated with glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, mesangial cell expansion, followed by albuminuria and reduction in glomerular filtration rate. Indeed, no promising therapeutic options are available in the present clinical scenario to manage efficiently the diabetic nephropathy. Nevertheless, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II-AT(1) receptor blockers are currently employed to improve structural and functional status of the diabetic kidney. These interventions, however, are not optimal in improving overall outcomes of diabetic nephropathy. Hence, there is a continuing need of developing promising therapeutic interventions to manage this insidious condition adequately. Recent bench and clinical studies strongly suggest the potentials of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists in the management of diabetic nephropathy by keeping the view that renal lipid accumulation-induced lipotoxicity is one of risk factors for nephropathy during chronic diabetes mellitus. As inflammation, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia are common consequences of renal dysfunction, PPARα agonists could serve as promising therapeutic agents for controlling the progression of diabetic nephropathy. In fact, fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic agent acts as a PPARα agonist, reduced renal lipotoxicity, inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress, and subsequently prevented the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy. However, fenofibrate has been shown to cause renal dysfunction in established renal disorders. The present review addressed the rationale of employing PPARα agonists in the management of diabetic nephropathy.
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95
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wu B, Cheng S. Evaluating the transcriptomic and metabolic profile of mice exposed to source drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:78-83. [PMID: 21793498 DOI: 10.1021/es201369x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic and metabonomic methods were used to investigate mice's responses to drinking source water (DSW) exposure. After mice were fed with DSW for 90 days, hepatic transcriptome was characterized by microarray and serum metabonome were determined by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A total of 243 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 141 genes were up-regulated and 102 genes were down-regulated. Metabonomics revealed significant changes in concentrations of creatine, pyruvate, glutamine, lysine, choline, acetate, lipids, taurine, and trimethylamine oxide. Four biological pathways were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis where both gene expression and metabolite concentrations were altered in response to DSW exposure. These results highlight the significance of combined use of transcriptomic and metabonomic approaches in evaluating potential health risk induced by DSW contaminated with various hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
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96
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Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common genetic disorder in which extensive epithelial-lined cysts develop in the kidneys. In previous studies, abnormalities of polycystin protein and its interacting proteins, as well as primary cilia, have been suggested to play critical roles in the development of renal cysts. However, although several therapeutic targets for PKD have been suggested, no early diagnosis or effective treatments are currently available. Current developments are active for treatment of PKD including inhibitors or antagonists of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, CDK and VEGF. These drugs are potential therapeutic targets in PKD, and need to be determined about pathological functions in human PKD. It has recently been reported that the alteration of epigenetic regulation, as well as gene mutations, may affect the pathogenesis of PKD. In this review, we will discuss recent approaches to PKD therapy. It provides important information regarding potential targets for PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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97
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Yu Y, Ma C, Bi K, Yang G, Xie P, Wang J, Chen XH. A metabonomic analysis of urine from rats treated with rhizoma alismatis using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2633-2640. [PMID: 23657958 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A metabonomic approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was used to study the nephrotoxicity of rhizoma alismatis (RA) in rats. Potential biomarkers of RA toxicity were identified and the toxicological mechanism is discussed. Urine samples were collected from control and treated rats at various stages and analyzed by UPLC/MS in positive ionization mode. Histopathological analysis was used to evaluate renal function. The differences in the metabolic profiles of the control and treated rats were clearly distinguishable with principal components analysis (PCA) of the chromatographic data, and significant changes in 13 metabolite biomarkers were detected in the urine. This metabonomic method combined with PCA could discriminate the treated rats from the control rats on days 60, 120, and 180 after treatment, before serious organic renal damage was apparent on day 180 with histopathology. This research indicates that UPLC/MS-based metabonomic analysis of urine samples can be used to predict the chronic nephrotoxicity induced by rhizoma alismatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
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98
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Yang X, Kume S, Tanaka Y, Isshiki K, Araki SI, Chin-Kanasaki M, Sugimoto T, Koya D, Haneda M, Sugaya T, Li D, Han P, Nishio Y, Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H, Uzu T. GW501516, a PPARδ agonist, ameliorates tubulointerstitial inflammation in proteinuric kidney disease via inhibition of TAK1-NFκB pathway in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25271. [PMID: 21966476 PMCID: PMC3178624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a nuclear receptor family of ligand-inducible transcription factors, which have three different isoforms: PPARα, δ and γ. It has been demonstrated that PPARα and γ agonists have renoprotective effects in proteinuric kidney diseases; however, the role of PPARδ agonists in kidney diseases remains unclear. Thus, we examined the renoprotective effect of GW501516, a PPARδ agonist, in a protein-overload mouse nephropathy model and identified its molecular mechanism. Mice fed with a control diet or GW501516-containing diet were intraperitoneally injected with free fatty acid (FFA)-bound albumin or PBS(−). In the control group, protein overload caused tubular damages, macrophage infiltration and increased mRNA expression of MCP-1 and TNFα. These effects were prevented by GW501516 treatment. In proteinuric kidney diseases, excess exposure of proximal tubular cells to albumin, FFA bound to albumin or cytokines such as TNFα is detrimental. In vitro studies using cultured proximal tubular cells showed that GW501516 attenuated both TNFα- and FFA (palmitate)-induced, but not albumin-induced, MCP-1 expression via direct inhibition of the TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-NFκB pathway, a common downstream signaling pathway to TNFα receptor and toll-like receptor-4. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GW501516 has an anti-inflammatory effect in renal tubular cells and may serve as a therapeutic candidate to attenuate tubulointerstitial lesions in proteinuric kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, LiaoNing, China
| | - Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keiji Isshiki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Araki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Toshiro Sugimoto
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-Gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Detian Li
- Department of Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, LiaoNing, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, LiaoNing, China
| | - Yoshihiko Nishio
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsunori Kashiwagi
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Uzu
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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99
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Bilan VP, Salah EM, Bastacky S, Jones HB, Mayers RM, Zinker B, Poucher SM, Tofovic SP. Diabetic nephropathy and long-term treatment effects of rosiglitazone and enalapril in obese ZSF1 rats. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:293-308. [PMID: 21680617 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. Yet the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of DN are not fully defined, partially due to lack of suitable models that mimic the complex pathogenesis of renal disease in diabetic patients. In this study, we describe early and late renal manifestations of DN and renal responses to long-term treatments with rosiglitazone or high-dose enalapril in ZSF1 rats, a model of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and chronic renal disease. At 8 weeks of age, obese ZSF1 rats developed metabolic syndrome and diabetes (hyperglycemia, glucosuria, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension) and early signs of renal disease (proteinuria, glomerular collagen IV deposition, tubulointerstitial inflammation, and renal hypertrophy). By 32 weeks of age, animals developed renal histopathology consistent with DN, including mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis, tubular dilation and atrophy, and arteriolar thickening. Rosiglitazone markedly increased body weight but reduced food intake, improved glucose control, and attenuated hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney injury. In contrast, rosiglitazone markedly increased cardiac hypertrophy via a blood pressure-independent mechanism. High-dose enalapril did not improve glucose homeostasis, but normalized blood pressure, and nearly prevented diabetic renal injury. The ZSF1 model thus detects the clinical observations seen with rosiglitazone and enalapril in terms of primary and secondary endpoints of cardiac and renal effects. This and previous reports indicate that the obese ZSF1 rat meets currently accepted criteria for progressive experimental diabetic renal disease in rodents, suggesting that this may be the best available rat model for simulation of human DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Bilan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of Medicine Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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100
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PPARγ Dependence of Cyclosporine–Isoprenaline Renovascular Interaction: Roles of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Heme Oxygenase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:173-80. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31821ed803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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