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Yang X, Gao Y, Huang S, Su C, Wang J, Zheng N. Whole transcriptome-based ceRNA network analysis revealed ochratoxin A-induced compromised intestinal tight junction proteins through WNT/Ca 2+ signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112637. [PMID: 34425540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread environmental pollutant that is a threat to humans and livestock and remains a global concern to public health. It has negative effects on both humans and animals that are in a continuously exposed environment. The compromised intestinal barrier caused by OTA has aroused widespread concern. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of OTA-induced tight junction (TJ) protein damage and the relevant components of the intestinal barrier through in vivo whole transcriptome analysis combined with in vitro functional verification. Bioinformatics analysis in OTA-treated Balb/c mice demonstrated that regulated TJ protein related mRNAs were perturbed, and activated the WNT/Ca2+ signaling pathway possibly regulated by key lncRNAs and miRNAs. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis revealed that lncRNA Zeb1 regulated FZD4 binding with WNT5a to release Ca2+ by targeting miR-1258-x and reduced the expression of TJ proteins, thus damaging the function of the intestinal barrier. An in vitro experiment with Caco-2 cells verified that an increase in Ca2+ level was involved in OTA-induced decreases in the expression of TJ proteins. Taken together, these results will help to identify targets in the intestinal barrier that are compromised by OTA, and will provide the basis for preventing the associated hazard and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanyou Su
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Stürzl M, Kunz M, Krug SM, Naschberger E. Angiocrine Regulation of Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:643607. [PMID: 34409045 PMCID: PMC8365087 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.643607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease describes chronic inflammatory disorders. The incidence of the disease is rising. A major step in disease development is the breakdown of the epithelial cell barrier. Numerous blood vessels are directly located underneath this barrier. Diseased tissues are heavily vascularized and blood vessels significantly contribute to disease progression. The gut-vascular barrier (GVB) is an additional barrier controlling the entry of substances into the portal circulation and to the liver after passing the first epithelial barrier. The presence of the GVB rises the question, whether the vascular and endothelial barriers may communicate bi-directionally in the regulation of selective barrier permeability. Communication from epithelial to endothelial cells is well-accepted. In contrast, little is known on the respective backwards communication. Only recently, perfusion-independent angiocrine functions of endothelial cells were recognized in a way that endothelial cells release specific soluble factors that may directly act on the epithelial barrier. This review discusses the putative involvement of angiocrine inter-barrier communication in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, and Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Signore MA, De Pascali C, Giampetruzzi L, Siciliano PA, Francioso L. Gut-on-Chip microphysiological systems: Latest advances in the integration of sensing strategies and adoption of mature detection mechanisms. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Drobny A, Ngo PA, Neurath MF, Zunke F, López-Posadas R. Molecular Communication Between Neuronal Networks and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Gut Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655123. [PMID: 34368179 PMCID: PMC8339315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are common in Parkinson's disease patients. These clinical signs normally appear years before the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease, preceding the occurrence of motor manifestations. Moreover, it is postulated that Parkinson's disease might originate in the gut, due to a response against the intestinal microbiota leading to alterations in alpha-synuclein in the intestinal autonomic nervous system. Transmission of this protein to the central nervous system is mediated potentially via the vagus nerve. Thus, deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a potential prodromal diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, hallmarks of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, such as dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, are also observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, alpha-synuclein accumulations were detected in the gut of Crohn's disease patients. Despite a solid association between neurodegenerative diseases and gut inflammation, it is not clear whether intestinal alterations represent cause or consequence of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut in the context of Parkinson's disease and intestinal dysfunction/inflammation as present in inflammatory bowel disease. Further, we focus on the contribution of intestinal epithelium, the communication between intestinal epithelial cells, microbiota, immune and neuronal cells, as well as mechanisms causing alterations of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong A Ngo
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Jiang J, Qi L, Wei Q, Shi F. Maternal stevioside supplementation ameliorates intestinal mucosal damage and modulates gut microbiota in chicken offspring challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Food Funct 2021; 12:6014-6028. [PMID: 34036963 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that dietary stevioside supplementation could alleviate intestinal mucosal damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in broiler chickens. However, it remains unknown whether feeding stevioside to breeder hens could exert similar biological functions in their offspring. The present study aimed to investigate whether maternal dietary stevioside supplementation could prevent LPS-induced intestinal mucosal damage and alteration of gut microbiota in chicken offspring. A total of 120 Jinmao yellow-feathered breeder hens were fed a basal diet (CON) or a 250 mg kg-1 stevioside-supplemented diet (STE) for 5 weeks before collecting their eggs. After hatching, 160 male offspring (80 chickens from each group) were randomly selected and divided into four treatment groups: (1) the offspring of hens fed a basal diet (CON); (2) the offspring of hens fed a stevioside-supplemented diet (STE); (3) the CON group challenged with LPS (LPS); and (4) the STE group challenged with LPS (LSTE). The results showed that maternal stevioside supplementation increased the hatching weight and improved the intestinal morphology. LPS challenge significantly decreased the terminal body weight and the concentrations of serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose (GLU) of the chicken offspring. Maternal stevioside supplementation protected against LPS-induced morphological damage, goblet cell impairment, intestinal apoptosis, and gene expression alteration. In addition, sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene showed that maternal stevioside supplementation could prevent the impairment of bacterial diversity in LPS-challenged chicken offspring. Moreover, the increased abundance of Lactobacillus caused by maternal stevioside supplementation had a significant negative correlation with the expression of intestinal inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, maternal stevioside supplementation could ameliorate intestinal mucosal damage and modulate gut microbiota in chicken offspring challenged with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingle Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lina Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Degree of mucosal recovery is an important indicator for evaluating the therapeutic effects of drugs in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Increasing evidences has proved that tight junction (TJ) barrier dysfunction is one of the pathological mechanisms of IBD. The aim of this study was to observe whether enhancement of TJ can decrease colitis recurrence. METHODS Eighty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups including normal group, colitis group, sulfasalazine (SASP) treated group, and traditional Chinese drug salvianolic acid B (Sal B) treated group. Colitis was established in mice by free drinking water containing dextran sulfate sodium, after treatments by SASP and Sal B, recombinant human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was injected intraperitoneally to induce colitis recurrence. RESULTS Compared with sham control, cell apoptosis in colitis group was increased from 100.85 ± 3.46% to 162.89 ± 11.45% (P = 0.0038), and TJ dysfunction marker myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was also significantly increased from 99.70 ± 9.29% to 296.23 ± 30.78% (P = 0.0025). The increased cell apoptosis was reversed by both SASP (125.99 ± 8.45% vs. 162.89 ± 11.45%, P = 0.0059) and Sal B (104.27 ± 6.09% vs. 162.89 ± 11.45%, P = 0.0044). High MLCK expression in colitis group was reversed by Sal B (182.44 ± 89.42% vs. 296.23 ± 30.78%, P = 0.0028) but not influenced by SASP (285.23 ± 41.04% vs. 296.23 ± 30.78%, P > 0.05). The recurrence rate induced by recombinant human IL-1β in Sal B-treated group was significantly lower than that in SASP-treated group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested a link between intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction, especially TJ barrier dysfunction, and colitis recurrence. The TJ barrier dysfunction in remission stage of colitis increased the colitis recurrence. This study might provide potential treatment strategies for IBD recurrence.
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Dahlgren D, Sjöblom M, Hellström PM, Lennernäs H. Chemotherapeutics-Induced Intestinal Mucositis: Pathophysiology and Potential Treatment Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:681417. [PMID: 34017262 PMCID: PMC8129190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is particularly vulnerable to off-target effects of antineoplastic drugs because intestinal epithelial cells proliferate rapidly and have a complex immunological interaction with gut microbiota. As a result, up to 40-100% of all cancer patients dosed with chemotherapeutics experience gut toxicity, called chemotherapeutics-induced intestinal mucositis (CIM). The condition is associated with histological changes and inflammation in the mucosa arising from stem-cell apoptosis and disturbed cellular renewal and maturation processes. In turn, this results in various pathologies, including ulceration, pain, nausea, diarrhea, and bacterial translocation sepsis. In addition to reducing patient quality-of-life, CIM often leads to dose-reduction and subsequent decrease of anticancer effect. Despite decades of experimental and clinical investigations CIM remains an unsolved clinical issue, and there is a strong consensus that effective strategies are needed for preventing and treating CIM. Recent progress in the understanding of the molecular and functional pathology of CIM had provided many new potential targets and opportunities for treatment. This review presents an overview of the functions and physiology of the healthy intestinal barrier followed by a summary of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of CIM. Finally, we highlight some pharmacological and microbial interventions that have shown potential. Conclusively, one must accept that to date no single treatment has substantially transformed the clinical management of CIM. We therefore believe that the best chance for success is to use combination treatments. An optimal combination treatment will likely include prophylactics (e.g., antibiotics/probiotics) and drugs that impact the acute phase (e.g., anti-oxidants, apoptosis inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents) as well as the recovery phase (e.g., stimulation of proliferation and adaptation).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Sjöblom
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Al-Sadi R, Engers J, Haque M, King S, Al-Omari D, Ma TY. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) induced disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier is mediated by NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249544. [PMID: 33826658 PMCID: PMC8026081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to play a key role in mediating inflammation and tissue damage in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In patients with IBD, the intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier is compromised as characterized by an increase in intestinal permeability. MMP-9 is elevated in intestinal tissue, serum and stool of patients with IBD. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that MMP-9 causes an increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability and that the MMP-9 induced increase in intestinal permeability is an important pathogenic factor contributing to the development of intestinal inflammation in IBD. However, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate the MMP-9 modulation of intestinal barrier function remain unclear. AIMS The main aim of this study was to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in MMP-9 induced increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability using Caco-2 monolayers as an in-vitro model system. RESULTS MMP-9 induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability was associated with activation and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Knocking-down NF-κB p65 by siRNA transfection prevented the MMP-9 induced expression of the NF-κB target gene IL-8, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein expression, and subsequently prevented the increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. In addition, the effect of MMP-9 on Caco-2 intestinal epithelial TJ barrier function was not mediated by apoptosis or necrosis. CONCLUSION Our data show that the MMP-9 induced disruption of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial TJ barrier function is regulated by NF-κB pathway activation of MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al-Sadi
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Engers
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Haque
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven King
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deemah Al-Omari
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Thomas Y. Ma
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Wang J, Zhao H, Lv K, Zhao W, Zhang N, Yang F, Wen X, Jiang X, Tian J, Liu X, Ho CT, Li S. Pterostilbene Ameliorates DSS-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Loss in Mice via Suppression of the NF-κB-Mediated MLCK-MLC Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3871-3878. [PMID: 33759516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal barrier is critical for homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of pterostilbene (PTE) on the intestinal epithelium barrier. In vitro results of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cells indicated that PTE counteracted tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced barrier damage. In vivo PTE pretreatment markedly ameliorated intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Notably, intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) molecules were restored by PTE in mice exposed to DSS. The mechanism study revealed that PTE prevented myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) from driving phosphorylation of MLC (p-MLC), which is crucial for maintaining intestinal TJ stability. Furthermore, PTE blunted translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 into the nucleus to downregulate MLCK expression and then to safeguard TJs and barrier integrity. These findings suggest that PTE protected the intestinal epithelial barrier through the NF-κB- MLCK/p-MLC signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ke Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of EFGIR, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Histololgy and Embrylolgy, School of Basic Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Jingrui Tian
- Department of Histololgy and Embrylolgy, School of Basic Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing100024, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of EFGIR, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Exploratory Investigation of Intestinal Structure and Function after Stroke in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1315797. [PMID: 33642941 PMCID: PMC7902147 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1315797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Patients who have a stroke are susceptible to many gastrointestinal (GI) complications, such as dysphagia, GI bleeding, and fecal incontinence. However, there are few studies focusing on the GI tract after stroke. The current study is to investigate the changes of intestinal structure and function in mice after ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke was made as a disease model in mice, in which brain and ileal tissues were collected for experiments on the 1st and 7th day after stroke. Intestinal motility of mice was inhibited, and intestinal permeability was increased after stroke. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed the accumulation of leucocytes in the intestinal mucosa. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inflammatory proteins (nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in the small intestine were significantly increased in mice after stroke. The expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1) was downregulated, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed broken TJ of the intestinal mucosa after stroke. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the apoptosis-associated proteins (tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3) were notably upregulated as well. Ischemic stroke led to negative changes on intestinal structure and function. Inflammatory mediators and TNF-α-induced death receptor signaling pathways may be involved and disrupt the small intestinal barrier function. These results suggest that stroke patients should pay attention to GI protection.
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Longhitano Y, Zanza C, Thangathurai D, Taurone S, Kozel D, Racca F, Audo A, Ravera E, Migneco A, Piccioni A, Franceschi F. Gut Alterations in Septic Patients: A Biochemical Literature Review. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2021; 15:289-297. [PMID: 32781963 DOI: 10.2174/1574887115666200811105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction with high mortality and morbidity rate and with the disease progression many alterations are observed in different organs. The gastrointestinal tract is often damaged during sepsis and septic shock and main symptoms are related to increased permeability, bacterial translocation and malabsorption. These intestinal alterations can be both cause and effect of sepsis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to analyze different pathways that lead to intestinal alteration in sepsis and to explore the most common methods for intestinal permeability measurement and, at the same time to evaluate if their use permit to identify patients at high risk of sepsis and eventually to estimate the prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The peer-reviewed articles analyzed were selected from PubMed databases using the keywords "sepsis" "gut alteration", "bowel permeability", "gut alteration", "bacterial translocation", "gut permeability tests", "gut inflammation". Among the 321 papers identified, 190 articles were selected, after title - abstract examination and removing the duplicates and studies on pediatric population,only 105 articles relating to sepsis and gut alterations were analyzed. RESULTS Integrity of the intestinal barrier plays a key role in the preventing of bacterial translocation and gut alteration related to sepsis. It is obvious that this dysfunction of the small intestine can have serious consequences and the early identification of patients at risk - to develop malabsorption or already malnourished - is very recommended to increase the survivor rate. Until now, in critical patients, the dosage of citrullinemia is easily applied test in clinical setting, in fact, it is relatively easy to administer and allows to accurately assess the functionality of enterocytes. CONCLUSION The sepsis can have an important impact on the gastrointestinal function. In addition, the alteration of the permeability can become a source of systemic infection. At the moment, biological damage markers are not specific, but the dosage of LPS, citrulline, lactulose/mannitol test, FABP and fecal calprotectin are becoming an excellent alternative with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Longhitano
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio and Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Christian Zanza
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio and Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Duraiyah Thangathurai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keck Medical School of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Samanta Taurone
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Kozel
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio and Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Racca
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio and Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Andrea Audo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio and Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesia and Critical Care, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, Verduno, Italy
| | - Alessio Migneco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Sciences,, Policlinico Gemelli/IRCCS - Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Sciences,, Policlinico Gemelli/IRCCS - Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Sciences,, Policlinico Gemelli/IRCCS - Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Choudhry N, Scott F, Edgar M, Sanger GJ, Kelly P. Reversal of Pathogen-Induced Barrier Defects in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Contra-pathogenicity Agents. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:88-104. [PMID: 32034605 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enteropathy (EE) is associated with stunting, impairment of responses to oral vaccines, and other adverse health consequences in young children throughout the developing world. EE is characterized by chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation and disrupted epithelial barrier integrity, partly resulting from dysregulation of tight junction proteins, observed in other enteropathies such as celiac disease. During EE, this dysregulation of tight junction expression amplifies translocation of pathogenic bacteria across the intestinal mucosa. AIMS The aim was to determine whether enteropathogen-mediated epithelial barrier failure can be ameliorated using contra-pathogenicity therapies. METHODS Intestinal epithelial barrier damage was assessed in Caco-2 cells incubated with three important enteropathogens identified in EE patients: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium), and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). Potential therapeutic molecules were tested to detect effects on transepithelial resistance (TER), bacterial translocation (BT), claudin-4 expression, and regulation of the inflammatory cytokine response. RESULTS All three enteropathogens compared to uninfected cells, reduced TER (EPEC; p < 0.0001, C. rodentium; p < 0.0001, C. parvum; p < 0.0007), reduced claudin-4 expression, and permitted BT (EPEC; p < 0.0001, C. rodentium; p < 0.0001, C. parvum; p < 0.0003) through the monolayer. Zinc, colostrum, epidermal growth factor, trefoil factor 3, resistin-like molecule-β, hydrocortisone, and the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML7 (Hexahydro-1-[(5-iodo-1-naphthalenyl)sulfonyl]-1H-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride); ML7) improved TER (up to 70%) and decreased BT (as much as 96%). Only zinc demonstrated modest antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION The enteropathogens impaired intestinal-epithelial barrier integrity with dysregulation of claudin-4 and increased bacterial translocation. Enteropathogen-mediated damage was reduced using contra-pathogenicity agents which mitigated the effects of pathogens without direct antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Choudhry
- Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Flora Scott
- Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Meghan Edgar
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Paul Kelly
- Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Lansing JT, Darland DC, Umthun J, Stover AD, Brown C, Basson MD. Loss of Slfn3 induces a sex-dependent repair vulnerability after 50% bowel resection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G136-G152. [PMID: 33237796 PMCID: PMC7864235 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bowel resection accelerates enterocyte proliferation in the remaining gut with suboptimal absorptive and digestive capacity because of a proliferation-associated decrease in functional differentiation markers. We hypothesized that although schlafen 3 (Slfn3) is an important regulator of enterocytic differentiation, Slfn3 would have less impact on bowel resection adaptation, where accelerated proliferation takes priority over differentiation. We assessed proliferation, cell shedding, and enterocyte differentiation markers from resected and postoperative bowel of wild-type (WT) and Slfn3-knockout (Slfn3KO) mice. Villus length and crypt depth were increased in WT mice and were even longer in Slfn3KO mice. Mitotic marker, Phh3+, and the proliferation markers Lgr5, FoxL1, and platelet-derived growth factor-α (PDGFRα) were increased after resection in male WT, but this was blunted in male Slfn3KO mice. Cell-shedding regulators Villin1 and TNFα were downregulated in female mice and male WT mice only, whereas Gelsolin and EGFR increased expression in all mice. Slfn3 expression increased after resection in WT mice, whereas other Slfn family members 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9 had varied expressions that were affected also by sex difference and loss of Slfn3. Differentiation markers sucrase isomaltase, Dpp4, Glut2, and SGLT1 were all decreased, suggesting that enterocytic differentiation effort is incompatible with rapid proliferation shift in intestinal adaptation. Slfn3 absence potentiates villus length and crypt depth, suggesting that the differentiating stimulus of Slfn3 signaling may restrain mucosal mass increase through regulating Villin1, Gelsolin, EGFR, TNFα, and proliferation markers. Therefore, Slfn3 may be an important regulator not only of "normal" enterocytic differentiation but also in response to bowel resection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The differentiating stimulus of Slfn3 signaling restrains an increase in mucosal mass after bowel resection, and there is a Slfn3-sex interaction regulating differentiation gene expression and intestinal adaptation. This current study highlights the combinatory effects of gender and Slfn3 genotype on the gene expression changes that contribute to the adaptation in intestinal cellular milleu (i.e. villus and crypt structure) which are utilized to compensate for the stress-healing response that the animals display in intestinal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Jack T Lansing
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Diane C Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Josey Umthun
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Allie D Stover
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Christopher Brown
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Marc D Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4 prevents TNF-driven inflammatory destruction of the gut epithelial barrier in Salmonella-infected mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:615-629. [PMID: 33731826 PMCID: PMC8075861 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is a critical protective barrier. Its NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome senses infection by Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) and promotes expulsion of infected enterocytes. During the first ~12-24 h, this reduces mucosal S.Tm loads at the price of moderate enteropathy. It remained unknown how this NAIP/NLRC4-dependent tradeoff would develop during subsequent infection stages. In NAIP/NLRC4-deficient mice, S.Tm elicited severe enteropathy within 72 h, characterized by elevated mucosal TNF (>20 pg/mg) production from bone marrow-derived cells, reduced regeneration, excessive enterocyte loss, and a collapse of the epithelial barrier. TNF-depleting antibodies prevented this destructive pathology. In hosts proficient for epithelial NAIP/NLRC4, a heterogeneous enterocyte death response with both apoptotic and pyroptotic features kept S.Tm loads persistently in check, thereby preventing this dire outcome altogether. Our results demonstrate that immediate and selective removal of infected enterocytes, by locally acting epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4, is required to avoid a TNF-driven inflammatory hyper-reaction that otherwise destroys the epithelial barrier.
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Inulin supplementation ameliorates hyperuricemia and modulates gut microbiota in Uox-knockout mice. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2217-2230. [PMID: 33104864 PMCID: PMC8137640 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Inulin is a type of fermentable dietary fiber, which is non-digestible, and can improve metabolic function by modulating intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to evaluate the role of inulin in hyperuricemia and microbial composition of the gut microbiota in a mouse model of hyperuricemia established through knockout of Uox (urate oxidase) gene. Methods KO (Uox-knockout) and WT (wild-type) mice were given inulin or saline by gavage for 7 weeks. The effect of inulin to combat hyperuricemia was determined by assessing the changes in serum UA (uric acid) levels, inflammatory parameters, epithelial barrier integrity, fecal microbiota alterations, and SCFA (short-chain fatty acid) concentrations in KO mice. Results Inulin supplementation can effectively alleviate hyperuricemia, increase the expressions of ABCG2 in intestine, and downregulate expression and activity of hepatic XOD (xanthine oxidase) in KO mice. It was revealed that the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) were remarkably higher in the KO group than those in the WT group, indicating systemic inflammation of hyperuricemic mice, but inulin treatment ameliorated inflammation in KO mice. Besides, inulin treatment repaired the intestinal epithelial barrier as evidenced by increased levels of intestinal TJ (tight junction) proteins [ZO-1 (zonula occludens-1) and occluding] in KO mice. Moreover, serum levels of uremic toxins, including IS (indoxyl sulfate) and PCS (p-cresol sulfate), were reduced in inulin-treated KO mice. Further investigation unveiled that inulin supplementation enhanced microbial diversity and raised the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, involving SCFAs-producing bacteria (e.g., Akkermansia and Ruminococcus). Additionally, inulin treatment increased the production of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations) in KO mice, which was positively correlated with the effectiveness of hyperuricemia relief. Conclusions Our findings showed that inulin may be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of hyperuricemia. Moreover, alleviation of hyperuricemia by inulin supplementation was, at least, partially conciliated by modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-020-02414-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Prevention of Rat Intestinal Injury with a Drug Combination of Melatonin and Misoprostol. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186771. [PMID: 32942716 PMCID: PMC7555796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy intestinal barrier prevents uptake of allergens and toxins, whereas intestinal permeability increases following chemotherapy and in many gastrointestinal and systemic diseases and disorders. Currently, there are no approved drugs that target and repair the intestinal epithelial barrier while there is a medical need for such treatment in gastrointestinal and related conditions. The objective of this single-pass intestinal perfusion study in rats was to investigate the preventive cytoprotective effect of three mucosal protective drugs—melatonin, misoprostol, and teduglutide—with different mechanisms of action on an acute jejunal injury induced by exposing the intestine for 15 min to the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The effect was evaluated by monitoring intestinal clearance of 51Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetate and intestinal histology before, during, and after luminal exposure to SDS. Our results showed that separate pharmacological pretreatments with luminal misoprostol and melatonin reduced acute SDS-induced intestinal injury by 47% and 58%, respectively, while their use in combination abolished this injury. This data supports further development of drug combinations for oral treatments of conditions and disorders related to a dysregulated or compromised mucosal epithelial barrier.
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Li C, Chen Y, Zhu H, Zhang X, Han L, Zhao Z, Wang J, Ning L, Zhou W, Lu C, Xu L, Sang J, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Lou X, Bo X, Zhu B, Yu C, Zheng M, Li Y, Sun J, Shen Z. Inhibition of Histone Deacetylation by MS-275 Alleviates Colitis by Activating the Vitamin D Receptor. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1103-1118. [PMID: 32030401 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis [UC] is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease without curative treatment. METHODS We conducted gene set enrichment analysis to explore potential therapeutic agents for UC. Human colon tissue samples were collected to test H3 acetylation in UC. Both in vivo and in vitro colitis models were constructed to verify the role and mechanism of H3 acetylation modification in UC. Intestine-specific vitamin D receptor [VDR]-/- mice and VD [vitamin D]-deficient diet-fed mice were used to explore downstream molecular mechanisms accordingly. RESULTS According to the Connectivity Map database, MS-275 [class I histone deacetylase inhibitor] was the top-ranked agent, indicating the potential importance of histone acetylation in the pathogenesis of UC. We then found that histone H3 acetylation was significantly lower in the colon epithelium of UC patients and negatively associated with disease severity. MS-275 treatment inhibited histone H3 deacetylation, subsequently attenuating nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB]-induced inflammation, reducing cellular apoptosis, maintaining epithelial barrier function, and thereby reducing colitis activity in a mouse model of colitis. We also identified VDR as be a downstream effector of MS-275. The curative effect of MS-275 on colitis was abolished in VDR-/- mice and in VD-deficient diet-fed mice and VDR directly targeted p65. In UC patients, histone H3 acetylation, VDR and zonulin-1 expression showed similar downregulation patterns and were negatively associated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that MS-275 inhibits histone deacetylation and alleviates colitis by ameliorating inflammation, reducing apoptosis, and maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier via VDR, providing new strategies for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huatuo Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Zuodong Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longgui Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianzhong Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Zemin Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhe Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Cell death in the gut epithelium and implications for chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:543-556. [PMID: 32651553 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has one of the highest rates of cellular turnover in a process that is tightly regulated. As the transit-amplifying progenitors of the intestinal epithelium generate ~300 cells per crypt every day, regulated cell death and sloughing at the apical surface keeps the overall cell number in check. An aberrant increase in the rate of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death underlies instances of extensive epithelial erosion, which is characteristic of several intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis. Emerging evidence points to a crucial role of necroptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis as important modes of programmed cell death in the intestine in addition to apoptosis. The mode of cell death affects tissue restitution responses and ultimately the long-term risks of intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. This Review discusses the underlying molecular and cellular underpinnings that control programmed cell death in IECs, which emerge during intestinal diseases. Translational aspects of cell death modulation for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives for inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are also discussed.
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Ruan W, Engevik MA, Chang-Graham AL, Danhof HA, Goodwin A, Engevik KA, Shi Z, Hall A, Rienzi SCD, Venable S, Britton RA, Hyser J, Versalovic J. Enhancing responsiveness of human jejunal enteroids to host and microbial stimuli. J Physiol 2020; 598:3085-3105. [PMID: 32428244 PMCID: PMC7674265 DOI: 10.1113/jp279423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Enteroids are a physiologically relevant model to examine the human intestine and its functions. Previously, the measurable cytokine response of human intestinal enteroids has been limited following exposure to host or microbial pro-inflammatory stimuli. Modifications to enteroid culture conditions facilitated robust human cytokine responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli. This new human enteroid culture methodology refines the ability to study microbiome:human intestinal epithelium interactions in the laboratory. ABSTRACT The intestinal epithelium is the primary interface between the host, the gut microbiome and its external environment. Since the intestinal epithelium contributes to innate immunity as a first line of defence, understanding how the epithelium responds to microbial and host stimuli is an important consideration in promoting homeostasis. Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) are primary epithelial cell cultures that can provide insights into the biology of the intestinal epithelium and innate immune responses. One potential limitation of using HIEs for innate immune studies is the relative lack of responsiveness to factors that stimulate epithelial cytokine production. We report technical refinements, including removal of extracellular antioxidants, to facilitate enhanced cytokine responses in HIEs. Using this new method, we demonstrate that HIEs have distinct cytokine profiles in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli derived from host and microbial sources. Overall, we found that host-derived cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1α stimulated reactive oxygen species and a large repertoire of cytokines. In contrast, microbial lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and flagellin stimulated a limited number of cytokines and histamine did not stimulate the release of any cytokines. Importantly, HIE-secreted cytokines were functionally active, as denoted by the ability of human blood-derived neutrophil to migrate towards HIE supernatant containing interleukin-8. These findings establish that the immune responsiveness of HIEs depends on medium composition and stimuli. By refining the experimental culture medium and creating an environment conducive to epithelial cytokine responses by human enteroids, HIEs can facilitate exploration of many experimental questions pertaining to the role of the intestinal epithelium in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Heather A Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annie Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Shi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne Hall
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara C Di Rienzi
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Venable
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Duan L, Huang H, Zhao X, Zhou M, Chen S, Wang C, Han Z, Han ZC, Guo Z, Li Z, Cao X. Extracellular vesicles derived from human placental mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental colitis in mice by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1551-1561. [PMID: 32945344 PMCID: PMC7447323 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells that can be applied to the treatment of immune disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The therapeutic effects of MSCs have been mostly attributed to the secretion of soluble factors with paracrine actions, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which may play a relevant role in the repair of damaged tissues. In the present study, a mouse model of colitis was induced with the use of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). EVs derived from human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hP‑MSCs) were used for the treatment of colitis by in situ injection. Clinical scores were applied to verify the therapeutic effects of EVs on mice with colitis. Inflammation in the colon was evaluated by measuring the levels of various inflammatory cytokines. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by the use of molecular imaging methods for real‑time tracking and the therapeutic effects of EVs on mucosal healing in mice with colitis were evaluated. The results revealed that the injection of EVs regulated the balance of pro‑inflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue. Treatment with EVs also suppressed oxidative stress by decreasing the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ROS. Histological analysis further confirmed that the EVs significantly promoted mucosal healing, as reflected by the promotion of the proliferation of colonic epithelial cells and the maintenance of tight junctions. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrated that EVs derived from hP‑MSCs alleviated TNBS‑induced colitis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings may provide a novel theoretical basis for the EV‑based treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Duan
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Haoyan Huang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Manqian Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Shang Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Zhibo Han
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells, Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health and Biotech Co., Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Chao Han
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells, Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health and Biotech Co., Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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Shukla PK, Meena AS, Gangwar R, Szabo E, Balogh A, Chin Lee S, Vandewalle A, Tigyi G, Rao R. LPAR2 receptor activation attenuates radiation-induced disruption of apical junctional complexes and mucosal barrier dysfunction in mouse colon. FASEB J 2020; 34:11641-11657. [PMID: 32654268 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000544r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) and barrier function of colonic epithelium is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. We evaluated the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its analog, Radioprotein-1, on γ-radiation-induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction using Caco-2 and m-ICC12 cell monolayers in vitro and mice in vivo. Mice were subjected to either total body irradiation (TBI) or partial body irradiation (PBI-BM5). Intestinal barrier function was assessed by analyzing immunofluorescence localization of TJ proteins, mucosal inulin permeability, and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Oxidative stress was analyzed by measuring protein thiol oxidation and antioxidant mRNA. In Caco-2 and m-ICC12 cell monolayers, LPA attenuated radiation-induced redistribution of TJ proteins, which was blocked by a Rho-kinase inhibitor. In mice, TBI and PBI-BM5 disrupted colonic epithelial tight junction and adherens junction, increased mucosal permeability, and elevated plasma LPS; TJ disruption by TBI was more severe in Lpar2-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. RP1, administered before or after irradiation, alleviated TBI and PBI-BM5-induced TJ disruption, barrier dysfunction, and endotoxemia accompanied by protein thiol oxidation and downregulation of antioxidant gene expression, cofilin activation, and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. These data demonstrate that LPAR2 receptor activation prevents and mitigates γ-irradiation-induced colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Shukla
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Avtar S Meena
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alain Vandewalle
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale, Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, UFR de Médecine, Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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72
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Bai R, Sun D, Chen M, Shi X, Luo L, Yao Z, Liu Y, Ge X, Gao X, Hu GF, Zhou W, Sheng J, Xu Z. Myeloid cells protect intestinal epithelial barrier integrity through the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103325. [PMID: 32510170 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between myeloid cells and epithelium plays critical role in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Myeloid cells interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by producing various mediators; however, the molecules mediating their crosstalk remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that deficiency of angiogenin (Ang) in mouse myeloid cells caused impairment of epithelial barrier integrity, leading to high susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, myeloid cell-derived angiogenin promoted IEC survival and proliferation through plexin-B2-mediated production of tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNA (tiRNA) and transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), respectively. Moreover, treatment with recombinant angiogenin significantly attenuated the severity of experimental colitis. In human samples, the expression of angiogenin was significantly down-regulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Collectively, we identified, for the first time to our knowledge, a novel mediator of myeloid cell-IEC crosstalk in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity, suggesting that angiogenin may serve as a new preventive agent and therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongpan Bai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Desen Sun
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muxiong Chen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Shi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Yao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Gao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Fu Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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73
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Iniguez AB, Zhu MJ. Hop bioactive compounds in prevention of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1900-1913. [PMID: 32462886 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1767537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (NR-NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes both negatively impact the quality of life of many individuals and generate a substantial burden on society, demonstrating a need for intervention. Phytochemicals are investigated as a potential approach for combating NR-NCDs, and those found in hops have gained increased attention in recent decades. Hops, the strobile of the plant Humulus lupulus, are grown primarily for the brewing industry as they confer taste and increased shelf-life. The bitter acids represent the main compounds of interest for improving beer quality. Additionally, bitter acids as well as the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol, exhibit a wide range of health beneficial properties. This review summarizes those beneficial effects of bitter acids and xanthohumol on NR-NCDs, including inflammatory and immune diseases, obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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74
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Cogswell A, Ferguson N, Barker E. Presence of Inflammatory Group I and III Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Colon of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:e01914-19. [PMID: 32051277 PMCID: PMC7163113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01914-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade, systemic, and mucosal inflammation correlates with increased morbidity and poor clinical outcomes among patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These long-term complications are linked to the disruption of gastrointestinal (GI) tract epithelial barrier integrity and subsequent microbial translocation. However, the mechanisms responsible for these downstream effects of infection are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that during the disruption of the GI tract and increased microbial translocation, we find inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interferon gamma [IFN-γ] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) produced by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) located in the colon secondary to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. To do this, we used viably cryopreserved colon cells from SIV-infected and uninfected rhesus macaque monkeys and determined the make-up of the ILC subpopulations and the cytokines they expressed constitutively. Our studies revealed that the interleukin-22 (IL-22)/IL-17-producing ILCS was not altered during SIV infection. However, the percentage of IFN-γ+ ILCs in infected colons was 5- to 10-fold higher than that in uninfected colons. ILCs from infected tissue that produced IFN-γ also expressed TNF-α and IL-22. The coexpression of inflammatory cytokines with IL-22 is linked to the ability of ILCs to coexpress T-bet and RORγT/Ahr. The expression of IFN-γ/TNF-α by ILCs and NK cells combined likely triggers a pathway that contributes to chronic mucosal inflammation, GI barrier breakdown, and microbial translocation within the context of SIV/HIV infection.IMPORTANCE There is a slow yet significant uptick in systemic inflammation secondary to HIV infection that has long-term consequences for the infected host. The systemic inflammation most likely occurs as a consequence of the disruption of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to the translocation of gut microbial products. This disruption may result from mucosal inflammation. Here, we show in an animal model of HIV that chronic SIV-infected gut contains innate lymphoid cells producing inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cogswell
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natasha Ferguson
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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75
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Wang X, Sun J, Wang Z, Li C, Mao B. EphA7 is required for otic epithelial homeostasis by modulating Claudin6 in Xenopus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:375-380. [PMID: 32222280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase EphA7 is specifically expressed in otic region in Xenopus early development. However, its role in otocyst development remains unknown. Knockdown of EphA7 by a specific morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) reduced the size of the otocyst and triggered otic epithelial cell extrusion. Interestingly, EphA7 depletion attenuated the membrane level of the tight junction protein Claudin6 (CLDN6). Utilizing the Cldn6 MO, we further confirmed that CLDN6 attenuation also led to otic epithelial cell extrusion. Our work suggested that EphA7 modulates the otic epithelial homeostasis through stabilizing the CLDN6 membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Zhaobao Wang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China; Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chaocui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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76
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Wilson KM, Rodrigues DR, Briggs WN, Duff AF, Chasser KM, Bottje WG, Bielke LR. Impact of in ovo administered pioneer colonizers on intestinal proteome on day of hatch. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1254-1266. [PMID: 32111303 PMCID: PMC7587751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneer colonization of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by bacteria is thought to have major influence on neonatal tissue development. Previous studies have shown in ovo inoculation of embryos with saline (S), species of Citrobacter (C, C2), or lactic acid bacteria (L) resulted in an altered microbiome on day of the hatch (DOH). The present study investigated GIT proteomic changes at DOH in relation to different inoculations. Embryos were inoculated in ovo with S or ∼102 cfu of C, C2, or L at 18 embryonic days. On DOH, the GIT was collected, and tissue proteins were extracted for analysis via tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 493 proteins were identified for differential comparison with S at P ≤ 0.10. Different levels were noted in 107, 39, and 78 proteins in C, C2, and L groups, respectively, which were uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to determine canonical pathways and biological functions related to these changes. Three members of the cytokine family (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL6, and Oncostatin M) were predicted to be activated in C2, indicated with Z-score ≥ 1.50, which suggested an overall proinflammatory GIT condition. This was consistent with the activation of the acute-phase response signaling pathway seen exclusively in C2 (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01). However, activation (Z-score = 2.00) of IL-13, upregulation of peroxiredoxin-1 and superoxide dismutase 1, in addition to activation of nitric oxide signaling in the cardiovascular system of the L treatment may predict a state of increased antioxidant capacity and decreased inflammatory status. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01) was predicted to be upregulated in C which suggested that chicks were in an inflammatory state and associated oxidative stress, but the impact of these pathways differed from that of C2. These changes in the proteome suggest that pioneer colonizing microbiota may have a strong impact on pathways associated with GIT immune and cellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - D R Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - W N Briggs
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - A F Duff
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - K M Chasser
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - W G Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - L R Bielke
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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77
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González-Quilen C, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltrán-Debón R, Pinent M, Ardévol A, Blay MT, Terra X. Health-Promoting Properties of Proanthocyanidins for Intestinal Dysfunction. Nutrients 2020; 12:E130. [PMID: 31906505 PMCID: PMC7019584 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is constantly exposed to potentially harmful environmental factors, including food components and bacterial endotoxins. When intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are compromised (intestinal dysfunction), inflammatory conditions may develop and impact overall health. Evidence from experimental animal and cell culture studies suggests that exposure of intestinal mucosa to proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich plant products, such as grape seeds, may contribute to maintaining the barrier function and to ameliorating the pathological inflammation present in diet-induced obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we aim to update the current knowledge on the bioactivity of PACs in experimental models of intestinal dysfunction and in humans, and to provide insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (C.G.-Q.); (E.R.-G.); (R.B.-D.); (M.P.); (A.A.); (X.T.)
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78
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Stolzer I, Kaden-Volynets V, Ruder B, Letizia M, Bittel M, Rausch P, Basic M, Bleich A, Baines JF, Neurath MF, Wirtz S, Weidinger C, Bischoff SC, Becker C, Günther C. Environmental Microbial Factors Determine the Pattern of Inflammatory Lesions in a Murine Model of Crohn's Disease-Like Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:66-79. [PMID: 31276162 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) patients can be grouped into patients suffering from ileitis, ileocolitis, jejunoileitis, and colitis. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this regional inflammation is still unknown. Although most murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develop inflammation in the colon, there is an unmet need for novel models that recapitulate the spontaneous and fluctuating nature of inflammation as seen in CD. Recently, mice with an intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion for Caspase-8 (Casp8ΔIEC mice), which are characterized by cell death-driven ileitis and disrupted Paneth cell homeostasis, have been identified as a novel model of CD-like ileitis. Here we uncovered that genetic susceptibility alone is sufficient to drive ileitis in Casp8ΔIEC mice. In sharp contrast, environmental factors, such as a disease-relevant microbial flora, determine colonic inflammation. Accordingly, depending on the microbial environment, isogenic Casp8ΔIEC mice either exclusively developed ileitis or suffered from pathologies in several parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Colitis in these mice was characterized by massive epithelial cell death, leading to spread of commensal gut microbes to the extra-intestinal space and hence an aberrant activation of the systemic immunity. We further uncovered that Casp8ΔIEC mice show qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with an altered mucosal and systemic immune response. In summary, we identified that inflammation in this murine model of CD-like inflammation is characterized by an immune reaction, presumably directed against a disease-relevant microbiota in a genetically susceptible host, with impaired mucosal barrier function and bacterial clearance at the epithelial interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Stolzer
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Ruder
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Bittel
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Rausch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Plön, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Evolutionary Genomics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Plön, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Evolutionary Genomics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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79
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NF-κB2 signalling in enteroids modulates enterocyte responses to secreted factors from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:896. [PMID: 31772152 PMCID: PMC6879761 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alternative pathway NF-κB signalling regulates susceptibility towards developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis-associated cancer and sepsis-associated intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding. However, the cell populations responsible for the perturbed alternative pathway NF-κB signalling in intestinal mucosal pathology remain unclear. In order to investigate the contribution of the epithelial compartment, we have tested whether NF-κB2 regulated transcription in intestinal epithelial cells controls the intestinal epithelial response to cytokines that are known to disrupt intestinal barrier permeability. Enteroids were generated from the proximal, middle and distal regions of small intestine (SI) from C57BL/6J wild-type mice and displayed region-specific morphology that was maintained during sub-culture. Enteroids treated with 100 ng/mL TNF were compared with corresponding regions of SI from C57BL/6J mice treated systemically with 0.33 mg/kg TNF for 1.5 h. TNF-induced apoptosis in all regions of the intestine in vitro and in vivo but resulted in Paneth cell degranulation only in proximal tissue-derived SI and enteroids. TNF also resulted in increased enteroid sphericity (quantified as circularity from two-dimensional bright field images). This response was dose and time-dependent and correlated with active caspase-3 immunopositivity. Proximal tissue-derived enteroids generated from Nfκb2−/− mice showed a significantly blunted circularity response following the addition of TNF, IFNγ, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated C57BL/6J-derived bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and secreted factors from LPS-activated BMDCs. However, Nfκb1−/− mouse-derived enteroids showed no significant changes in response to these stimuli. In conclusion, the selection of SI region is important when designing enteroid studies as region-specific identity and response to stimuli such as TNF are maintained in culture. Intestinal epithelial cells are at least partially responsible for regulating their own fate by modulating NF-κB2 signalling in response to stimuli known to be involved in multiple intestinal and systemic diseases. Future studies are warranted to investigate the therapeutic potential of intestinal epithelial NF-κB2 inhibition.
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80
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Varadarajan S, Stephenson RE, Miller AL. Multiscale dynamics of tight junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/22/jcs229286. [PMID: 31754042 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues that generate biological barriers in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) are responsible for maintaining a selectively permeable seal between epithelial cells, but little is known about how TJs dynamically remodel in response to physiological forces that challenge epithelial barrier function, such as cell shape changes (e.g. during cell division) or tissue stretching (e.g. during developmental morphogenesis). In this Review, we first introduce a framework to think about TJ remodeling across multiple scales: from molecular dynamics, to strand dynamics, to cell- and tissue-scale dynamics. We then relate knowledge gained from global perturbations of TJs to emerging information about local TJ remodeling events, where transient localized Rho activation and actomyosin-mediated contraction promote TJ remodeling to repair local leaks in barrier function. We conclude by identifying emerging areas in the field and propose ideas for future studies that address unanswered questions about the mechanisms that drive TJ remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaraajan Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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81
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Guo Y, Li H, Liu Z, Li C, Chen Y, Jiang C, Yu Y, Tian Z. Impaired intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of hyperuricemia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3292-3300. [PMID: 31432190 PMCID: PMC6755192 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of hyperuricemia on the damage to target organs, including the kidneys, joints and the heart. However, it is unclear whether hyperuricemia results in damage to the intestines. The aim of the present study was to investigate intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of hyperuricemia constructed by knocking out the urate oxidase (Uox) gene. The morphology of the intestine was assessed via hematoxylin and eosin, and alcian blue staining. The serum and intestinal tissue levels of uric acid, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL)‑6, in addition to the presence of uremic toxins in the serum, were assessed. The levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), D‑lactate (D‑LAC) and endotoxins in the serum, which are markers of the intestinal permeability, were measured using ELISA. The expression of the intestinal tight junction proteins zona occludens‑1 (ZO‑1) and occludin were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. The Uox‑knockout mice spontaneously developed hyperuricemia. Histopathological analysis indicated notable intestinal defects including sparse villi, mucosal edema and a declining mucus layer in hyperuricemic mice. The expression levels of ZO‑1 and occludin in the intestines were downregulated, and the serum levels of DAO, D‑LAC and endotoxins were higher in the hyperuricemic mice, compared with control mice. The serum and intestinal tissue levels of IL‑6 and TNF‑α were significantly increased. Additionally, the expression levels of the serum uremic toxins, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased in hyperuricemic mice compared with the control mice, while only a marked increase in indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p‑cresol sulfate was reported. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that intestinal barrier dysfunction and subsequent enhanced intestinal permeability may occur as a result of hyperuricemia in mice. Furthermore, we proposed that the loss of intestinal epithelium barrier function may be associated with uric acid‑induced inflammatory responses; however, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Changgui Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yunqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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82
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Glutamine protects both transcellular and paracellular pathways of chick intestinal calcium absorption under oxidant conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 238:110553. [PMID: 31437565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine (GLN) avoids the inhibition of the intestinal Ca2+ absorption caused by menadione (MEN) through oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether molecules of transcellular and/or paracellular pathways of intestinal Ca2+ absorption are involved in the GLN action and underlying mechanisms. One-month old chicks were divided in four groups: 1) controls, 2) MEN treated, 3) GLN treated and 4) GLN + MEN treated. The morphology of intestinal villi, the intestinal Ca2+ absorption and the molecules involved in the transcellular and paracellular pathways were analyzed. Markers of autophagy and inflammation were also evaluated. The data demonstrated that GLN protected both transcellular and paracellular pathways. GLN avoided morphological changes in the intestine caused by MEN. GLN protected the gene expression of transporters involved in the transcellular pathway and the gene and protein expression of molecules belonging to the paracellular pathways altered by MEN. GLN increased the LC3-II protein expression and the number of acidic vesicular organelles, markers of autophagy, and blocked an increase in the NFkB protein expression in the nuclei and in the IL-6 gene expression caused by MEN. In conclusion, GLN protects both transcellular and paracellular pathways of intestinal Ca2+ absorption by increasing autophagy and blocking inflammation.
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83
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Zhang S, Xu W, Wang H, Cao M, Li M, Zhao J, Hu Y, Wang Y, Li S, Xie Y, Chen G, Liu R, Cheng Y, Xu Z, Zou K, Gong S, Geng L. Inhibition of CREB-mediated ZO-1 and activation of NF-κB-induced IL-6 by colonic epithelial MCT4 destroys intestinal barrier function. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12673. [PMID: 31418947 PMCID: PMC6869122 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder intestinal inflammation and impaired barrier function, associated with increased epithelial expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4). However, the specific non‐metabolic function and clinical relevance of MCT4 in IBD remain to be fully elucidated. Methods Lentivirus‐mediated overexpression of MCT4 was used to assess the role of MCT4 in transcriptionally regulating ZO‐1 and IL‐6 expression by luciferase assays, WB and ChIP. IP was used to analyse the effect of MCT4 on the interaction NF‐κB‐CBP or CREB‐CBP, and these MCT4‐mediated effects were confirmed in vivo assay. Results We showed that ectopic expression of MCT4 inhibited ZO‐1 expression, while increased pro‐inflammatory factors expression, leading to destroy intestinal epithelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MCT4 contributed NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation and increased the binding of NF‐κB p65 to the promoter of IL‐6, which is attributed to MCT4 enhanced NF‐κB‐CBP interaction and dissolved CREB‐CBP complex, resulting in reduction of CREB activity and CREB‐mediated ZO‐1 expression. In addition, treatment of experimental colitis with MCT4 inhibitor α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (CHC) ameliorated mucosal intestinal barrier function, which was due to attenuation of pro‐inflammation factors expression and enhancement of ZO‐1 expression. Conclusion These findings suggested a novel role of MCT4 in controlling development of IBD and provided evidence for potential targets of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxian Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiwan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Musheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Yaodong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunshan affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qionghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qionghai, China
| | - Yuanwen Xie
- Department of Anorectal, Qionghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qionghai, China
| | - Guanhua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruitao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kejian Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li JM, Yu R, Zhang LP, Wen SY, Wang SJ, Zhang XY, Xu Q, Kong LD. Dietary fructose-induced gut dysbiosis promotes mouse hippocampal neuroinflammation: a benefit of short-chain fatty acids. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:98. [PMID: 31255176 PMCID: PMC6599330 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western-style diets arouse neuroinflammation and impair emotional and cognitive behavior in humans and animals. Our previous study showed that a high-fructose diet caused the hippocampal neuroinflammatory response and neuronal loss in animals, but the underlying mechanisms remained elusive. Here, alterations in the gut microbiota and intestinal epithelial barrier were investigated as the causes of hippocampal neuroinflammation induced by high-fructose diet. RESULTS A high-fructose diet caused the hippocampal neuroinflammatory response, reactive gliosis, and neuronal loss in C57BL/6N mice. Depletion of the gut microbiota using broad-spectrum antibiotics suppressed the hippocampal neuroinflammatory response in fructose-fed mice, but these animals still exhibited neuronal loss. Gut microbiota compositional alteration, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) reduction, intestinal epithelial barrier impairment, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 6 (NLRP6) inflammasome dysfunction, high levels of serum endotoxin, and FITC-dextran were observed in fructose-fed mice. Of note, SCFAs, as well as pioglitazone (a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist), shaped the gut microbiota and ameliorated intestinal epithelial barrier impairment and NLRP6 inflammasome dysfunction in fructose-fed mice. Moreover, SCFAs-mediated NLRP6 inflammasome activation was inhibited by histamine (a bacterial metabolite) in ex vivo colonic explants and suppressed in murine CT26 colon carcinoma cells transfected with NLRP6 siRNA. However, pioglitazone and GW9662 (a PPAR-γ antagonist) exerted no impact on SCFAs-mediated NLRP6 inflammasome activation in ex vivo colonic explants, suggesting that SCFAs may stimulate NLRP6 inflammasome independently of PPAR-γ activation. SCFAs and pioglitazone prevented fructose-induced hippocampal neuroinflammatory response and neuronal loss in mice. Additionally, SCFAs activated colonic NLRP6 inflammasome and increased DCX+ newborn neurons in the hippocampal DG of control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that gut dysbiosis is a critical factor for a high-fructose diet-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation in C57BL/6N mice possibly mediated by impairing intestinal epithelial barrier. Mechanistically, the defective colonic NLRP6 inflammasome is responsible for intestinal epithelial barrier impairment. SCFAs can stimulate NLRP6 inflammasome and ameliorate the impairment of intestinal epithelial barrier, resulting in the protection against a high-fructose diet-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and neuronal loss. This study addresses a gap in the understanding of neuronal injury associated with Western-style diets. A new intervention strategy for reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases through SCFAs supplementation or dietary fiber consumption is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
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85
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Jia L, Edelblum KL. Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31282900 DOI: 10.3791/59853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptor (γδ IEL) play a key role in immune surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. Due in part to the lack of a definitive ligand for the γδ T cell receptor, our understanding of the regulation of γδ IEL activation and their function in vivo remains limited. This necessitates the development of alternative strategies to interrogate signaling pathways involved in regulating γδ IEL function and the responsiveness of these cells to the local microenvironment. Although γδ IELs are widely understood to limit pathogen translocation, the use of intravital imaging has been critical to understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of IEL/epithelial interactions at steady-state and in response to invasive pathogens. Herein, we present a protocol for visualizing IEL migratory behavior in the small intestinal mucosa of a GFP γδ T cell reporter mouse using inverted spinning disk confocal laser microscopy. Although the maximum imaging depth of this approach is limited relative to the use of two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, spinning disk confocal laser microscopy provides the advantage of high speed image acquisition with reduced photobleaching and photodamage. Using 4D image analysis software, T cell surveillance behavior and their interactions with neighboring cells can be analyzed following experimental manipulation to provide additional insight into IEL activation and function within the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Jia
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School;
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Abstract
Pig intestinal epithelium undergoes a complete renewal every 2 to 3 days that is driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the crypt base in their niche. Intestinal stem cells generate a pool of highly proliferative transit-amplifying cells, which either migrate up the villus and differentiate into enterocytes and secretory cells or migrate towards the base of the crypt where they differentiate into Paneth cells that secrete antimicrobial peptides. The balance between ISCs' self-renewal and differentiation controls intestinal epithelial homeostasis; therefore, ISCs are essential for ensuring intestinal epithelial integrity. Detailed knowledge of these mechanisms in pig and other domestic species is very limited. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize ISC from birth to weaning. We analysed the duodenum, jejunum and colon of six piglets at birth, 6-day-old nursing piglets and 28-day-old weanlings, one week after weaning. We immunolocalized homeobox only protein+ (HOPX) and sex-determining region Y-box 9+ (SOX9) cells that identify quiescent and active ISC, respectively. The volume of ISCs was quantified with stereological methods and was compared to that of mitotic cells expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptotic cells identified by the presence of cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, we compared all these values with crypts and villi measurements and their ratio. Our results indicated that both quiescent and active ISCs are present in pig intestine from birth to weaning and are localized in the crypts of the small and large intestine. However, both markers were also observed along the villi and on the colon luminal epithelium, suggesting that at these stages, pig mucosa is still immature. Weaning induced a dramatic reduction of both HOPX+ and SOX9+ cells, but SOX9+ cells underwent a significantly greater reduction in the small intestine than in the colon. This suggests that the two ISC types are differentially regulated along the intestinal tracts. Overall, the pig ISC complex has many similarities with its murine counterpart, but also has some differences. These include active ISC not showing the typical columnar base morphology as well as the absence of bona fide Paneth cells. This is the first description of ISC dynamics during pig's early life and provides useful reference data for future studies, aimed at targeting ISC for the development of efficient alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for preserving intestinal integrity.
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87
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Lian L, Feng Y, Li YW, Bei B, Tang YT, Wang H, Feng QM, Chen G. Two new triterpenes from the roots of Pfaffia glomerata. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:442-448. [PMID: 29607660 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1446949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pfaffia paniculata is a commercialized dietary supplement used as the substitute for the Asian ginseng in Brazil. We conducted the systematic isolation of the EtOAc fraction with anti-inflammatory effect and two new triterpenoids, along with 26 known compounds were characterized by means of MS and NMR analysis. Interestingly, the new compound 1 is the first seco-ring triterpenoid reported in the Pfaffia genus. Furthermore, among the known compounds, 14 and 15 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in Caco-2 cells, but two new compounds showed no anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Lian
- b School of Biopharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Liaoning Instituent of Science and Technology , Benxi 117004 , China
| | - Yuan Feng
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Yan-Wu Li
- d Pi-Wei Institute , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Bei Bei
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Ye-Tian Tang
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Qing-Mei Feng
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Gang Chen
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education , Shenyang 110016 , China
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88
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Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha in Intestinal Homeostasis and Gut Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081887. [PMID: 30995806 PMCID: PMC6515381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes an indispensable single-layered barrier to protect the body from invading pathogens, antigens or toxins. At the same time, beneficial nutrients and water have to be absorbed by the epithelium. To prevent development of intestinal inflammation or tumour formation, intestinal homeostasis has to be tightly controlled and therefore a strict balance between cell death and proliferation has to be maintained. The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was shown to play a striking role for the regulation of this balance in the gut. Depending on the cellular conditions, on the one hand TNFα is able to mediate cell survival by activating NFκB signalling. On the other hand, TNFα might trigger cell death, in particular caspase-dependent apoptosis but also caspase-independent programmed necrosis. By regulating these cell death and survival mechanisms, TNFα exerts a variety of beneficial functions in the intestine. However, TNFα signalling is also supposed to play a critical role for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infectious diseases, intestinal wound healing and tumour formation. Here we review the literature about the physiological and pathophysiological role of TNFα signalling for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and the benefits and difficulties of anti-TNFα treatment during IBD.
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89
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Slaymi C, Vignal E, Crès G, Roux P, Blangy A, Raynaud P, Fort P. The atypical RhoU/Wrch1 Rho GTPase controls cell proliferation and apoptosis in the gut epithelium. Biol Cell 2019; 111:121-141. [PMID: 30834544 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian gut epithelium displays among the highest rates of self-renewal, with a turnover time of less than 5 days. Renewal involves concerted proliferation at the bottom of the crypt, migration and differentiation along the crypt-villus axis and anoïkis/shedding in the luminal epithelium. Renewal is controlled by interplay between signalling pathways, among which canonical and non-canonical Wnt signals play prominent roles. Overall 92% of colon tumours show increased canonical Wnt signalling resulting from mutations, established as major driver steps towards carcinogenesis. RESULTS Here, we examined the physiological role of RhoU/Wrch1 in gut homeostasis. RhoU is an atypical Rho GTPase related to Cdc42/Rac1 and identified as a transcriptional target of non-canonical Wnt signalling. We found that RHOU expression is reduced in human colorectal tumour samples. We show that RhoU is mainly expressed in the differentiated compartment of the gut epithelium. Rhou specific invalidation in the mouse gut elicits cell hyperplasia and is associated in the colon with a highly disorganized luminal epithelium. Hyperplasia affects all cell types in the small intestine and colon and has a higher impact on goblet cells. Hyperplasia is associated with a reduction of apoptosis and an increased proliferation. RhoU knockdown in human DLD-1 colon cancer cells also elicits a higher growth index and reduces cell apoptosis. Last, loss of RhoU function in the mouse gut epithelium or in DLD-1 cells increases RhoA activity and the level of phosphorylated Myosin Light Chain-2, which may functionally link RhoU activity to apoptosis. CONCLUSION RhoU is mostly expressed in the differentiated compartment of the gut. It plays a role in homeostasis as its specific invalidation elicits hyperplasia of all cell types. This mainly results from a reduction of apoptosis, through actomyosin-dependent mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE RhoU negatively controls cell growth in the intestinal epithelium. Since its expression is sensitive to non-canonical Wnt signals and is reduced in colorectal tumours, downregulating RhoU may thus have an instrumental role in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaker Slaymi
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Vignal
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Gaëlle Crès
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Pierre Roux
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Peggy Raynaud
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Philippe Fort
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
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90
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King SJ, McCole DF. Epithelial-microbial diplomacy: escalating border tensions drive inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2019; 17:177-191. [PMID: 30836737 PMCID: PMC6505084 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract-the main site of host-microbial interaction in the body. Development of IBD is not due to a single event but rather is a multifactorial process where a patient’s genetic background, behavioral habits, and environmental exposures contribute to disease pathogenesis. IBD patients exhibit alterations to gut bacterial populations “dysbiosis” due to the inflammatory microenvironment, however whether this alteration of the gut microbiota precedes inflammation has not been confirmed. Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of gut microbes in developing measured immune responses and modulating other host responses such as metabolism. Much of the work on the gut microbiota has been correlative and there is an increasing need to understand the intimate relationship between host and microbe. In this review, we highlight how commensal and pathogenic bacteria interact with host intestinal epithelial cells and explore how altered microenvironments impact these connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J King
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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91
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Cheung SG, Goldenthal AR, Uhlemann AC, Mann JJ, Miller JM, Sublette ME. Systematic Review of Gut Microbiota and Major Depression. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30804820 PMCID: PMC6378305 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently discovered relationships between the gastrointestinal microbiome and the brain have implications for psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Bacterial transplantation from MDD patients to rodents produces depression-like behaviors. In humans, case-control studies have examined the gut microbiome in healthy and affected individuals. We systematically reviewed existing studies comparing gut microbial composition in MDD and healthy volunteers. Methods: A PubMed literature search combined the terms "depression," "depressive disorder," "stool," "fecal," "gut," and "microbiome" to identify human case-control studies that investigated relationships between MDD and microbiota quantified from stool. We evaluated the resulting studies, focusing on bacterial taxa that were different between MDD and healthy controls. Results: Six eligible studies were found in which 50 taxa exhibited differences (p < 0.05) between patients with MDD and controls. Patient characteristics and methodologies varied widely between studies. Five phyla-Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Protobacteria-were represented; however, divergent results occurred across studies for all phyla. The largest number of differentiating taxa were within phylum Firmicutes, in which nine families and 12 genera differentiated the diagnostic groups. The majority of these families and genera were found to be statistically different between the two groups in two identified studies. Family Lachnospiraceae differentiated the diagnostic groups in four studies (with an even split in directionality). Across all five phyla, nine genera were higher in MDD (Anaerostipes, Blautia, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Parabacteroides, Parasutterella, Phascolarctobacterium, and Streptococcus), six were lower (Bifidobacterium, Dialister, Escherichia/Shigella, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcus), and six were divergent (Alistipes, Bacteroides, Megamonas, Oscillibacter, Prevotella, and Roseburia). We highlight mechanisms and products of bacterial metabolism as they may relate to the etiology of depression. Conclusions: No consensus has emerged from existing human studies of depression and gut microbiome concerning which bacterial taxa are most relevant to depression. This may in part be due to differences in study design. Given that bacterial functions are conserved across taxonomic groups, we propose that studying microbial functioning may be more productive than a purely taxonomic approach to understanding the gut microbiome in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. Cheung
- Division of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ariel R. Goldenthal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - M. Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Wang Y, Li Y, Zou J, Polster SP, Lightle R, Moore T, Dimaano M, He TC, Weber CR, Awad IA, Shen L. The cerebral cavernous malformation disease causing gene KRIT1 participates in intestinal epithelial barrier maintenance and regulation. FASEB J 2019; 33:2132-2143. [PMID: 30252535 PMCID: PMC6338648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier maintenance and regulation requires an intact perijunctional actomyosin ring underneath the cell-cell junctions. By searching for known factors affecting the actin cytoskeleton, we identified Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) as a major regulator for epithelial barrier function through multiple mechanisms. KRIT1 is expressed in both small intestinal and colonic epithelium, and KRIT1 knockdown in differentiated Caco-2 intestinal epithelium decreases epithelial barrier function and increases cation selectivity. KRIT1 knockdown abolished Rho-associated protein kinase-induced and myosin II motor inhibitor-induced barrier loss by limiting both small and large molecule permeability but did not affect myosin light chain kinase-induced increases in epithelial barrier function. These data suggest that KRIT1 participates in Rho-associated protein kinase- and myosin II motor-dependent (but not myosin light chain kinase-dependent) epithelial barrier regulation. KRIT1 knockdown exacerbated low-dose TNF-induced barrier loss, along with increased cleaved caspase-3 production. Both events are blocked by pan-caspase inhibition, indicating that KRIT1 regulates TNF-induced barrier loss through limiting epithelial apoptosis. These data indicate that KRIT1 controls epithelial barrier maintenance and regulation through multiple pathways, suggesting that KRIT1 mutation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease may alter epithelial function and affect human health.-Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zou, J., Polster, S. P., Lightle, R., Moore, T., Dimaano, M., He, T.-C., Weber, C. R., Awad, I. A., Shen, L. The cerebral cavernous malformation disease causing gene KRIT1 participates in intestinal epithelial barrier maintenance and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitang Wang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jinjing Zou
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sean P. Polster
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew Dimaano
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; and
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Issam A. Awad
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Le Shen
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Nalle SC, Zuo L, Ong MLDM, Singh G, Worthylake AM, Choi W, Manresa MC, Southworth AP, Edelblum KL, Baker GJ, Joseph NE, Savage PA, Turner JR. Graft-versus-host disease propagation depends on increased intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:902-914. [PMID: 30667372 DOI: 10.1172/jci98554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) that affects multiple organs. GVHD-associated intestinal damage can be separated into two distinct phases, initiation and propagation, which correspond to conditioning-induced damage and effector T cell activation and infiltration, respectively. Substantial evidence indicates that intestinal damage induced by pretransplant conditioning is a key driver of GVHD initiation. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of dysregulated intestinal permeability on the subsequent GVHD propagation phase. The initiation phase of GVHD was unchanged in mice lacking long MLCK (MLCK210), an established regulator of epithelial tight junction permeability. However, MLCK210-deficient mice were protected from sustained barrier loss and exhibited limited GVHD propagation, as indicated by reduced histopathology, fewer CD8+ effector T cells in the gut, and improved overall survival. Consistent with these findings, intestinal epithelial MLCK210 expression and enzymatic activity were similarly increased in human and mouse GVHD biopsies. Intestinal epithelial barrier loss mediated by MLCK210 is therefore a key driver of the GVHD propagation. These data suggest that inhibition of MLCK210-dependent barrier regulation may be an effective approach to limiting GVHD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Nalle
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ma Lora Drizella M Ong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia M Worthylake
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mario Cabrero Manresa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna P Southworth
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Inflammation and Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gregory J Baker
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter A Savage
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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94
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Drolia R, Bhunia AK. Crossing the Intestinal Barrier via Listeria Adhesion Protein and Internalin A. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:408-425. [PMID: 30661918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cell lining provides the first line of defense, yet foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can overcome this barrier; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Though the host M cells in Peyer's patch and the bacterial invasion protein internalin A (InlA) are involved, L. monocytogenes can cross the gut barrier in their absence. The interaction of Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) with the host cell receptor (heat shock protein 60) disrupts the epithelial barrier, promoting bacterial translocation. InlA aids L. monocytogenes transcytosis via interaction with the E-cadherin receptor, which is facilitated by epithelial cell extrusion and goblet cell exocytosis; however, LAP-induced cell junction opening may be an alternative bacterial strategy for InlA access to E-cadherin and its translocation. Here, we summarize the strategies that L. monocytogenes employs to circumvent the intestinal epithelial barrier and compare and contrast these strategies with other enteric bacterial pathogens. Additionally, we provide implications of recent findings for food safety regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Drolia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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95
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Frey A, Ramaker K, Röckendorf N, Wollenberg B, Lautenschläger I, Gébel G, Giemsa A, Heine M, Bargheer D, Nielsen P. Fate and Translocation of (Nano)Particulate Matter in the Gastrointestinal Tract. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NANOSCALE PARTICLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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96
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Tight Junction in the Intestinal Epithelium: Its Association with Diseases and Regulation by Phytochemicals. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2645465. [PMID: 30648119 PMCID: PMC6311762 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2645465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays an essential role in integrating immunity and nutrient digestion and absorption. Adjacent intestinal epithelia form tight junctions (TJs) that are essential to the function of the physical intestinal barrier, regulating the paracellular movement of various substances including ions, solutes, and water across the intestinal epithelium. Studies have shown that TJ dysfunction is highly associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Thus, molecular and nutritional factors that improve TJ activity have gained attention in the pharmaceutical and medicinal fields. This review focuses on the association between TJ and diverse pathological conditions, as well as various molecular and nutritional interventions designed to boost TJ integrity.
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97
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Treatment of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis with Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Inhibitor MI-2 Is Associated with Restoration of Gut Immune Function and the Microbiota. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00091-18. [PMID: 30249750 PMCID: PMC6246915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the healthy intestinal microbiome and homeostasis of the intestinal immune system, which are closely interactive, are two key factors for ulcerative colitis. Here, we show that MI-2, a selective inhibitor of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation-1 (MALT1), alleviated excessive inflammatory responses and was associated with restoration of healthy intestinal microbiome in mice suffering from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We found that the diversity of intestinal microbiome of mice with DSS-induced colitis was significantly lower than that of healthy mice. However, MI-2 treatment in mice with DSS-induced colitis resulted in restored microbially diverse populations. To understand the possibility of the beneficial effect of the restored microbially diverse populations of MI-2-treated mice with DSS-induced colitis, we showed that inserting fecal microbiota from MI-2-treated mice with DSS-induced colitis and healthy control mice into mice with DSS-induced colitis could alleviate symptoms of colitis. The possibility of MI-2 treatment in DSS-induced colitis, associated with restoration of healthy microbially diverse populations in addition to reshaping host immune modulating capacity by reducing inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-17α, and IL-22), may be considered therapeutic for ulcerative colitis.
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98
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell extrusion preserve the barrier functions of epithelia. Live cell extrusion is the paradigm for homeostatic renewal of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). By extension, as extruded cells are not apoptotic, this form of cell shedding is thought to be largely ignored by lamina propria phagocytes and without immune consequence. RECENT FINDINGS Visualization of apoptotic IEC inside distinct subsets of intestinal phagocytes during homeostasis has highlighted apoptosis as a normal component of the natural turnover of the intestinal epithelium. Analysis of phagocytes with or without apoptotic IEC corpses has shown how apoptotic IEC constrain inflammatory pathways within phagocytes and induce immunosuppressive regulatory CD4 T-cell differentiation. Many of the genes involved overlap with susceptibility genes for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SUMMARY Excessive IEC death and loss-of-barrier function is characteristic of IBD. As regulatory and tolerogenic mechanisms are broken in IBD, a molecular understanding of the precise triggers and modes of IEC death as well as their consequences on intestinal inflammation is necessary. This characterization should guide new therapies that restore homeostatic apoptosis, along with its associated programs of immune tolerance and immunosuppression, to achieve mucosal healing and long-term remission.
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99
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Liu Z, Li C, Chen S, Lin H, Zhao H, Liu M, Weng J, Liu T, Li X, Lei C, Li C, Jiang Y, Moyer MP, Yin C, Zhou X. MicroRNA-21 increases the expression level of occludin through regulating ROCK1 in prevention of intestinal barrier dysfunction. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4545-4554. [PMID: 30302792 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the role of molecular mechanism of microRNA (miR)-21 on tight junction (TJ)-proteins and its protective effects on the intestinal barrier. METHODS TJ proteins and target genes expression were analyzed in miR-21 inhibition and overexpression NCM460 cell lines. To further verify the role of miR-21, the mmu-miR-21 intestinal epithelial conditional knockout (IKO) mice model was established. MiR-21 expression was detected in clinical specimens of acute stercoral obstruction patients. RESULTS Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) were identified as target genes of miR-21. There is a negative correlation between miR-21 expression level and TJ proteins levels. TJ protein and ROCK1 were significantly decreased in miR-21 IKO mice, which presented intestinal inflammation response and intestinal barrier dysfunction (both P < 0.05). Determination of clinical samples showed consistent results with NCM460 cell line and miR-21 IKO mice. CONCLUSIONS MiR-21 could be a protective factor of intestinal barrier dysfunction, which promoting the expression of TJ protein by targeting ROCK1 in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongcheng Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Shenzhen Ruikang Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Weng
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiong Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mary Pat Moyer
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chunxia Yin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Changchun Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinke Zhou
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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100
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Chang YY, Yu LCH, Yu IS, Jhuang YL, Huang WJ, Yang CY, Jeng YM. Deletion of cadherin-17 enhances intestinal permeability and susceptibility to intestinal tumour formation. J Pathol 2018; 246:289-299. [PMID: 30047135 DOI: 10.1002/path.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-17 is an adhesion molecule expressed specifically in intestinal epithelial cells. It is frequently underexpressed in human colorectal cancer. The physiological function of cadherin-17 and its role in tumourigenesis have not yet been determined. We used the transcription activator-like effector nuclease technique to generate a Cdh17 knockout (KO) mouse model. Intestinal tissues were analysed with histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. Colitis was induced by oral administration of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS), and, to study effects on intestinal tumourigenesis, mice were given azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS to induce colitis-associated cancer. Cdh17 KO mice were viable and fertile. The histology of their small and large intestines was similar to that of wild-type mice. The junctional architecture of the intestinal epithelium was preserved. The loss of cadherin-17 resulted in increased permeability and susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. The AOM/DSS model demonstrated that Cdh17 KO enhanced tumour formation and progression in the intestine. Increased nuclear translocation of Yap1, but not of β-catenin, was identified in the tumours of Cdh17 KO mice. In conclusion, cadherin-17 plays a crucial role in intestinal homeostasis by limiting the permeability of the intestinal epithelium. Cadherin-17 is also a tumour suppressor for intestinal epithelia. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Jhuang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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