51
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NADPH oxidase activation regulates apoptotic neutrophil clearance by murine macrophages. Blood 2018; 131:2367-2378. [PMID: 29618478 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-09-809004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte reduced NAD phosphate (NADPH) oxidase generates superoxide, the precursor to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that has both antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions. Inactivating mutations in NADPH oxidase alleles cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by enhanced susceptibility to life-threatening microbial infections and inflammatory disorders; hypomorphic NADPH oxidase alleles are associated with autoimmunity. Impaired apoptotic cell (AC) clearance is implicated as an important contributing factor in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, but the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in this process is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis of AC (efferocytosis) potently activated NADPH oxidase in mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). ROS generation was dependent on macrophage CD11b, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and was also regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding to the p40 phox oxidase subunit. Maturation of efferosomes containing apoptotic neutrophils was significantly delayed in CGD PEMs, including acidification and acquisition of proteolytic activity, and was associated with slower digestion of apoptotic neutrophil proteins. Treatment of wild-type macrophages with the vacuolar-type H+ ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin also delayed proteolysis within efferosomes, showing that luminal acidification was essential for efficient digestion of efferosome proteins. Finally, cross-presentation of AC-associated antigens by CGD PEMs to CD8 T cells was increased. These studies unravel a key role for the NADPH oxidase in the disposal of ACs by inflammatory macrophages. The oxidants generated promote efferosome maturation and acidification that facilitate the degradation of ingested ACs.
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52
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NADPH Oxidase Deficiency: A Multisystem Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4590127. [PMID: 29430280 PMCID: PMC5753020 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4590127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex system able to recognize a wide variety of host agents, through different biological processes. For example, controlled changes in the redox state are able to start different pathways in immune cells and are involved in the killing of microbes. The generation and release of ROS in the form of an “oxidative burst” represent the pivotal mechanism by which phagocytic cells are able to destroy pathogens. On the other hand, impaired oxidative balance is also implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory complications, which may affect the function of many body systems. NADPH oxidase (NOX) plays a pivotal role in the production of ROS, and the defect of its different subunits leads to the development of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The defect of the different NOX subunits in CGD affects different organs. In this context, this review will be focused on the description of the effect of NOX2 deficiency in different body systems. Moreover, we will also focus our attention on the novel insight in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and inflammation-related manifestations and on the protective role of NOX2 deficiency against the development of atherosclerosis.
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53
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Häsler R, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Sinha A, Barann M, Rehman A, Esser D, Aden K, Knecht C, Brandt B, Nikolaus S, Schäuble S, Kaleta C, Franke A, Fretter C, Müller W, Hütt MT, Krawczak M, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. Uncoupling of mucosal gene regulation, mRNA splicing and adherent microbiota signatures in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2017; 66:2087-2097. [PMID: 27694142 PMCID: PMC5749366 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An inadequate host response to the intestinal microbiota likely contributes to the manifestation and progression of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, molecular approaches to unravelling the nature of the defective crosstalk and its consequences for intestinal metabolic and immunological networks are lacking. We assessed the mucosal transcript levels, splicing architecture and mucosa-attached microbial communities of patients with IBD to obtain a comprehensive view of the underlying, hitherto poorly characterised interactions, and how these are altered in IBD. DESIGN Mucosal biopsies from Crohn's disease and patients with UC, disease controls and healthy individuals (n=63) were subjected to microbiome, transcriptome and splicing analysis, employing next-generation sequencing. The three data levels were integrated by different bioinformatic approaches, including systems biology-inspired network and pathway analysis. RESULTS Microbiota, host transcript levels and host splicing patterns were influenced most strongly by tissue differences, followed by the effect of inflammation. Both factors point towards a substantial disease-related alteration of metabolic processes. We also observed a strong enrichment of splicing events in inflamed tissues, accompanied by an alteration of the mucosa-attached bacterial taxa. Finally, we noted a striking uncoupling of the three molecular entities when moving from healthy individuals via disease controls to patients with IBD. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide strong evidence that the interplay between microbiome and host transcriptome, which normally characterises a state of intestinal homeostasis, is drastically perturbed in Crohn's disease and UC. Consequently, integrating multiple OMICs levels appears to be a promising approach to further disentangle the complexity of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anupam Sinha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Barann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ateequr Rehman
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Esser
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Knecht
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berenice Brandt
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanna Nikolaus
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Language and Information Engineering Lab, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Fretter
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marc-Thorsten Hütt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany,Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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54
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Angelino G, De Angelis P, Faraci S, Rea F, Romeo EF, Torroni F, Tambucci R, Claps A, Francalanci P, Chiriaco M, Di Matteo G, Cancrini C, Palma P, D'Argenio P, Dall'Oglio L, Rossi P, Finocchi A. Inflammatory bowel disease in chronic granulomatous disease: An emerging problem over a twenty years' experience. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:801-809. [PMID: 28981976 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency of phagocytes, characterized by life-threatening infections and hyperinflammation. Due to survival improvement, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming increasingly relevant. Here, we report our 20 year experience. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinic, endoscopic, and histologic features, as well as the management of CGD-IBD patients referred to the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome, Italy. RESULTS Of 20 patients with CGD, 9 presented with CGD-IBD at diagnosis and/or during follow-up. Symptoms occurred at a median age of 16 years (range 3.2-42), with a median delay of 6 months for endoscopic confirmation. Patients mainly complained of nonspecific diarrhea (55%), with discrepancy between symptom paucity and severe endoscopic appearance, mainly represented by extensive colonic involvement (44%). Histology revealed at least 2 characteristic features (epithelioid granulomas, pigmented macrophages, and increased eosinophils) in 78% of patients. Eight of 9 patients received oral mesalamine, and 5 required systemic steroids. One patient received azathioprine due to steroid dependence. No patient required biological therapy or surgery. Clinical remission was obtained in all patients, but the majority complained of mild relapses. Two episodes of severe infection occurred early after steroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS Penetrance of CGD-IBD increases with age. Clinical manifestations may be subtle, and clinicians should have a low threshold to recommend endoscopy. Treatment with NSAIDs and/or steroids achieves a good response, but relapses usually occur. Infection surveillance is mandatory during treatment, to prevent opportunistic infections. A close collaboration between pediatric immunologists and gastroenterologists is pivotal, including combined follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Angelino
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Angelis
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Faraci
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rea
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Torroni
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Tambucci
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Claps
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Francalanci
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Histopathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiriaco
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia D'Argenio
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Dall'Oglio
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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55
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease caused by dysregulated immune responses to commensal or pathogenic intestinal microbes, resulting in chronic intestinal inflammation. Patients diagnosed with IBD occurring before the age of 5 are a unique population, known as very early onset (VEO)-IBD and can be phenotypically and genetically distinct from older-onset IBD. We aim to review the clinical presentation of children with VEO-IBD and recent discoveries that point to genomic drivers of disease that may impact our therapeutic decisions. RECENT FINDINGS VEO-IBD is increasing in incidence and is associated with more severe disease, aggressive progression and poor response to most conventional therapies. This article will review the advances in sequencing technology that have led to identification of novel gene variants associated with disease and potentially new targeted therapeutic options. SUMMARY Children with VEO-IBD may present with a different phenotype and more severe disease than older children and adults. Identification of the causal gene or pathways, these children may allow for true precision medicine with targeted therapy and improved disease course.
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56
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Defensive Mutualism Rescues NADPH Oxidase Inactivation in Gut Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 19:651-63. [PMID: 27173933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases are expressed in diverse tissues and are the primary enzymes for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intestinal epithelium expresses NOX1, NOX4, and DUOX2, whose functions are not well understood. To address this, we generated mice with complete or epithelium-restricted deficiency in the obligatory NOX dimerization partner Cyba (p22(phox)). We discovered that NOX1 regulates DUOX2 expression in the intestinal epithelium, which magnified the epithelial ROS-deficiency. Unexpectedly, epithelial deficiency of Cyba resulted in protection from C. rodentium and L. monocytogenes infection. Microbiota analysis linked epithelial Cyba deficiency to an enrichment of H2O2-producing bacterial strains in the gut. In particular, elevated levels of lactobacilli physically displaced and attenuated C. rodentium virulence by H2O2-mediated suppression of the virulence-associated LEE pathogenicity island. This transmissible compensatory adaptation relied on environmental factors, an important consideration for prevention and therapy of enteric disease.
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57
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Lahiri A, Hedl M, Yan J, Abraham C. Human LACC1 increases innate receptor-induced responses and a LACC1 disease-risk variant modulates these outcomes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15614. [PMID: 28593945 PMCID: PMC5472760 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional consequences for most inflammatory disease-associated loci are incompletely defined, including in the LACC1 (C13orf31) region. Here we show that human peripheral and intestinal myeloid-derived cells express laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1); LACC1 is expressed in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Upon NOD2 stimulation of human macrophages, LACC1 associates with the NOD2-signalling complex, and is critical for optimal NOD2-induced signalling, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, cytokine secretion and bacterial clearance. LACC1 constitutively associates with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunit A, and amplifies pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-induced SDH activity, an important contributor to mtROS production. Relative to LACC1 Ile254, cells transfected with Crohn's disease-risk LACC1 Val254 or LACC1 with mutations of the nearby histidines (249,250) have reduced PRR-induced outcomes. Relative to LACC1 Ile254 carriers, Val254 disease-risk carrier macrophages demonstrate decreased PRR-induced mtROS, signalling, cytokine secretion and bacterial clearance. Therefore, LACC1 is critical for amplifying PRR-induced outcomes, an effect that is attenuated by the LACC1 disease-risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lahiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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58
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Aviello G, Knaus UG. ROS in gastrointestinal inflammation: Rescue Or Sabotage? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1704-1718. [PMID: 26758851 PMCID: PMC5446568 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is composed of many distinct cell types that respond to commensal microbiota or pathogens with immune tolerance and proinflammatory signals respectively. ROS produced by mucosa-resident cells or by newly recruited innate immune cells are essential for antimicrobial responses and regulation of signalling pathways including processes involved in wound healing. Impaired ROS production due to inactivating patient variants in genes encoding NADPH oxidases as ROS source has been associated with Crohn's disease and pancolitis, whereas overproduction of ROS due to up-regulation of oxidases or altered mitochondrial function was linked to ileitis and ulcerative colitis. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how maintaining a redox balance is crucial to preserve gut homeostasis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aviello
- National Children's Research CentreOur Lady's Children's HospitalDublinIreland
| | - UG Knaus
- National Children's Research CentreOur Lady's Children's HospitalDublinIreland
- Conway Institute, School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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59
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Langlais D, Fodil N, Gros P. Genetics of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases: Overlapping Discoveries from Association and Exome-Sequencing Studies. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:1-30. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Langlais
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada;, ,
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada;, ,
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada;, ,
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
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60
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Yan J, Hedl M, Abraham C. An inflammatory bowel disease-risk variant in INAVA decreases pattern recognition receptor-induced outcomes. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2192-2205. [PMID: 28436939 DOI: 10.1172/jci86282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by dysregulation in both cytokines and responses to intestinal microbes, and proper regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling is critical for intestinal immune homeostasis. Altered functions for the IBD risk locus containing rs7554511, which encompasses the C1orf106 gene (recently named INAVA), and roles for the protein encoded by the INAVA gene are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of INAVA and INAVA genotype in regulating PRR-initiated outcomes in primary human cells. Both peripheral and intestinal myeloid cells expressed INAVA. Upon PRR stimulation, INAVA was required for optimal MAPK and NF-κB activation, cytokine secretion, and intracellular bacterial clearance. INAVA recruited 14-3-3τ, thereby contributing to recruitment of a signaling complex that amplified downstream signals and cytokines. Further, INAVA enhanced bacterial clearance by regulating reactive oxygen, reactive nitrogen, and autophagy pathways. Macrophages from rs7554511 C risk carriers expressed lower levels of INAVA RNA and protein. Lower expression was attributed in part to decreased transcription mediated directly by the intronic region containing the rs7554511 C variant. In rs7554511 C risk carrier macrophages, lower INAVA expression led to decreased PRR-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways, cytokines, and bacterial clearance pathways. Thus, IBD-associated polymorphisms in INAVA modulate PRR-initiated signaling, cytokines, and intracellular bacterial clearance, likely contributing to intestinal immune homeostasis.
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61
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Gerstgrasser A, Melhem H, Leonardi I, Atrott K, Schäfer M, Werner S, Rogler G, Frey-Wagner I. Cell-specific Activation of the Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway Increases Mucosal Inflammation in Acute but Not in Chronic Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:485-499. [PMID: 27683801 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The transcription factor Nrf2 is a major modulator of the cellular antioxidant response. Oxidative burst of infiltrating macrophages leads to a massive production of reactive oxygen species in inflamed tissue of inflammatory bowel disease patients. This oxidative burst contributes to tissue destruction and epithelial permeability, but it is also an essential part of the antibacterial defence. We therefore investigated the impact of the Nrf2 orchestrated antioxidant response in both acute and chronic intestinal inflammation. METHODS To study the role of Nrf2 overexpression in mucosal inflammation, we used transgenic mice conditionally expressing a constitutively active form of Nrf2 [caNrf2] either in epithelial cells or in the myeloid cell lineage. Acute colitis was induced by dextran sulphate sodium [DSS] in transgenic and control animals, and changes in gene expression were evaluated by genome-wide expression studies. Long-term effects of Nrf2 activation were studied in mice with an IL-10-/- background. RESULTS Expression of caNrf2 either in epithelial cells or myeloid cells resulted in aggravation of DSS-induced acute colitis. Aggravation of inflammation by caNrf2 was not observed in the IL-10-/- model of spontaneous chronic colitis, where even a trend towards reduced prolapse rate was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that a well-balanced redox homeostasis is as important in epithelial cells as in myeloid cells during induction of colitis. Aggravation of acute DSS colitis in response to constitutive Nrf2 expression emphasises the importance of tight regulation of Nrf2 during the onset of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gerstgrasser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Melhem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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62
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Pérez S, Taléns-Visconti R, Rius-Pérez S, Finamor I, Sastre J. Redox signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:75-103. [PMID: 28062361 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling regulates physiological self-renewal, proliferation, migration and differentiation in gastrointestinal epithelium by modulating Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways mainly through NADPH oxidases (NOXs). In the intestine, intracellular and extracellular thiol redox status modulates the proliferative potential of epithelial cells. Furthermore, commensal bacteria contribute to intestine epithelial homeostasis through NOX1- and dual oxidase 2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). The loss of redox homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis and development of a wide diversity of gastrointestinal disorders, such as Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, ischemic intestinal injury, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. The overproduction of superoxide anion together with inactivation of superoxide dismutase are involved in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and its transformation to adenocarcinoma. In Helicobacter pylori-induced peptic ulcer, oxidative stress derived from the leukocyte infiltrate and NOX1 aggravates mucosal damage, especially in HspB+ strains that downregulate Nrf2. In celiac disease, oxidative stress mediates most of the cytotoxic effects induced by gluten peptides and increases transglutaminase levels, whereas nitrosative stress contributes to the impairment of tight junctions. Progression of inflammatory bowel disease relies on the balance between pro-inflammatory redox-sensitive pathways, such as NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB, and the adaptive up-regulation of Mn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 2. In colorectal cancer, redox signaling exhibits two Janus faces: On the one hand, NOX1 up-regulation and derived hydrogen peroxide enhance Wnt/β-catenin and Notch proliferating pathways; on the other hand, ROS may disrupt tumor progression through different pro-apoptotic mechanisms. In conclusion, redox signaling plays a critical role in the physiology and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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63
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Chandrakasan S, Venkateswaran S, Kugathasan S. Nonclassic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Young Infants: Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked Syndrome, and Other Disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017; 64:139-160. [PMID: 27894441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses non-classical forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly occurs in infants and very young children. Defects in every aspect of the immune system, such as neutrophils, T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes, and macrophages are associated with IBD in infants. Also, non lympho-hematopoietic defects with primary defects in enterocytes can also lead to IBD-like manifestations. Clinical vignettes are presented and the genetic origins and possible management strategies are outlined. Early evaluation of these patients is important because identification of underlying immune defects would facilitate the use of better-targeted therapy for the specific genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh Venkateswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Miyoshi J, Chang EB. The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel diseases. Transl Res 2017; 179:38-48. [PMID: 27371886 PMCID: PMC5156589 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic diseases of unclear etiology that affect over 1 million individuals in the United States and over 2.5 million people in Europe. However, they are also expanding globally, affecting populations in Asia, South America, and the Middle East as they become more industrialized. These diseases are believed to arise from the convergence of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors that trigger aberrant immune and tissue responses, resulting in intestinal inflammation. Advances in cultivation-independent investigations, experimental models, and bioinformatics approaches have improved our understanding of the role of gut microbiota in IBD. However, determining and understanding the functional consequences of gut dysbiosis and altered host-microbiota interactions in IBD remain a challenge due to the limits of current experimental models and difficulty in establishing causal links in human-based investigations. Continued development of new methodologies and improvements in clinical study design are needed to better understand the interplay of genetic, microbial, and immunological factors in IBD. This knowledge can then be applied clinically to improve therapeutic strategies and outcomes for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
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65
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Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Doroshow JH, Shen B. NADPH oxidase-1 deficiency offers little protection in Salmonella typhimurium-induced typhlitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:10158-10165. [PMID: 28028364 PMCID: PMC5155175 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i46.10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To test whether Nox1 plays a role in typhlitis induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) in a mouse model.
METHODS Eight-week-old male wild-type (WT) and Nox1 knockout (KO) C57BL6/J (B6) mice were administered metronidazole water for 4 d to make them susceptible to S. Tm infection by the oral route. The mice were given plain water and administered with 4 different doses of S. Tm by oral gavage. The mice were followed for another 4 d. From the time of the metronidazole application, the mice were observed twice daily and weighed daily. The ileum, cecum and colon were removed for sampling at the fourth day post-inoculation. Portions of all three tissues were fixed for histology and placed in RNAlater for mRNA/cDNA preparation and quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of the cecum were recovered for estimation of S. Tm CFU.
RESULTS We found Nox1-knockout (Nox1-KO) mice were not more sensitive to S. Tm colonization and infection than WT B6 mice. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (1) S. Tm-infection induced similar weight loss in Nox1-KO mice compared to WT mice; (2) the same S. Tm CFU was recovered from the cecal content of Nox1-KO and WT mice regardless of the inoculation dose, except the lowest inoculation dose (2 × 106 CFU) for which the Nox1-KO had one-log lower CFU than WT mice; (3) there is no difference in cecal pathology between WT and Nox1-KO groups; and (4) there are no S. Tm infection-induced changes in gene expression levels (IL-1b, TNF-α, and Duox2) between WT and Nox1-KO groups. The Alpi gene expression was more suppressed by S. Tm treatment in WT than the Nox1-KO cecum.
CONCLUSION Nox1 does not protect mice from S. Tm colonization. Nox1-KO provides a very minor protective effect against S. Tm infection. Using NOX1-specific inhibitors for colitis therapy should not increase risks in bacterial infection.
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Dinauer MC. Primary immune deficiencies with defects in neutrophil function. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2016; 2016:43-50. [PMID: 27913461 PMCID: PMC6142438 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune deficiencies resulting from inherited defects in neutrophil function have revealed important features of the innate immune response. Although sharing an increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, these disorders each have distinctive features in their clinical manifestations and characteristic microbial pathogens. This review provides an update on several genetic disorders with impaired neutrophil function, their pathogenesis, and treatment strategies. These include chronic granulomatous disease, which results from inactivating mutations in the superoxide-generating nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Superoxide-derived oxidants play an important role in the control of certain bacterial and fungal species, and also contribute to the regulation of inflammation. Also briefly summarized are updates on leukocyte adhesion deficiency, including the severe periodontal disease characteristic of this disorder, and a new immune deficiency associated with defects in caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9, an adaptor protein that regulates signaling in neutrophils and other myeloid cells, leading to invasive fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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67
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Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Doroshow JH, Grasberger H, Donko A, Leto TL, Gao Q, Shen B. Deficiency in Duox2 activity alleviates ileitis in GPx1- and GPx2-knockout mice without affecting apoptosis incidence in the crypt epithelium. Redox Biol 2016; 11:144-156. [PMID: 27930931 PMCID: PMC5148781 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1 and -2 (GPx1-/-GPx2-/- double knockout or DKO mice) develop very-early-onset (VEO) ileocolitis, suggesting that lack of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) renders susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Two members of ROS-generating NADPH oxidase family, NOX1 and DUOX2, are highly inducible in the intestinal epithelium. Previously, we reported that Nox1 deficiency ameliorated the pathology in DKO mice (Nox1-TKO). The role of Duox2 in ileocolitis of the DKO mice is evaluated here in Duoxa-TKO mice by breeding DKO mice with Duoxa-/- mice (Duoxa-TKO), which do not have Duox2 activity. Similar to Nox1-TKO mice, Duoxa-TKO mice no longer have growth retardation, shortened intestine, exfoliation of crypt epithelium, crypt abscesses and depletion of goblet cells manifested in DKO mice by 35 days of age. Unlike Nox1-TKO mice, Duoxa-TKO mice still have rampant crypt apoptosis, elevated proliferation, partial loss of Paneth cells and diminished crypt density. Treating DKO mice with NOX inhibitors (di-2-thienyliodonium/DTI and thioridazine/THZ) and an antioxidant (mitoquinone/MitoQ) significantly reduced gut pathology. Furthermore, in the inflamed human colon, DUOX protein expression is highly elevated in the apical, lateral and perinuclear membrane along the whole length of gland. Taken together, we conclude that exfoliation of crypt epithelium, but not crypt apoptosis, is a major contributor to inflammation. Both Nox1 and Duox2 induce exfoliation of crypt epithelium, but only Nox1 induces apoptosis. NOX1 and DUOX2 may be potential therapeutic targets for treating ileocolitis in human patients suffering inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glutathione peroxidase-1/2-double knockout mice have very-early-onset ileocolitis. By deletion of Nox1 gene expression, the triple knockout mice are without pathology. By deletion of Duoxa, the mice have milder pathology without crypt exfoliation. The Duoxa triple knock mice still have rampant crypt epithelium apoptosis. Several antioxidants and NOX inhibitors reduce gut inflammation in the DKO mice. DKO mice are an excellent animal model for preclinical testing of NOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China; Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - R Steven Esworthy
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helmut Grasberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Agnes Donko
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas L Leto
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Targeted Sequencing and Immunological Analysis Reveal the Involvement of Primary Immunodeficiency Genes in Pediatric IBD: a Japanese Multicenter Study. J Clin Immunol 2016; 37:67-79. [PMID: 27747465 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous disorder caused by multiple factors. Although genetic and immunological analyses are required for a definitive diagnosis, no reports of a comprehensive genetic study of a Japanese population are available. METHODS In total, 35 Japanese patients <16 years of age suffering from IBD, including 27 patients aged <6 years with very early-onset IBD, were enrolled in this multicenter study. Exome and targeted gene panel sequencing was performed for all patients. Mutations in genes responsible for primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) and clinical and immunological parameters were evaluated according to disease type. RESULTS We identified monogenic mutations in 5 of the 35 patients (14.3 %). We identified compound heterozygous and homozygous splice-site mutations in interleukin-10 receptor A (IL-10RA) in two patients, nonsense mutations in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in two patients, and a missense mutation in cytochrome b beta chain in one patient. Using assays for protein expression levels, IL-10 signaling, and cytokine production, we confirmed that the mutations resulted in loss of function. For each patient, genotype was significantly associated with clinical findings. We successfully treated a patient with a XIAP mutation by allogeneic cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and his symptoms were ameliorated completely. CONCLUSIONS Targeted sequencing and immunological analysis are useful for screening monogenic disorders and selecting curative therapies in pediatric patients with IBD. The genes responsible for PID are frequently involved in pediatric IBD and play critical roles in normal immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms together have multiple functions that are important for normal physiology and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is critical for antimicrobial host defence. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of NOX2 characterized by severe life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections and by excessive inflammation, including Crohn's-like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NOX2 defends against microbes through the direct antimicrobial activity of reactive oxidants and through activation of granular proteases and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETosis involves the breakdown of cell membranes and extracellular release of chromatin and neutrophil granular constituents that target extracellular pathogens. Although the immediate effects of oxidant generation and NETosis are predicted to be injurious, NOX2, in several contexts, limits inflammation and injury by modulation of key signalling pathways that affect neutrophil accumulation and clearance. NOX2 also plays a role in antigen presentation and regulation of adaptive immunity. Specific NOX2-activated pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcriptional factor that induces antioxidative and cytoprotective responses, may be important therapeutic targets for CGD and, more broadly, diseases associated with excessive inflammation and injury.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent, life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections of the skin, the airways, the lymph nodes, the liver, the brain and the bones. Frequently found pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus species, Klebsiella species, Burkholderia cepacia, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella species. SOURCES OF DATA CGD is a rare (∼1:250 000 individuals) disease caused by mutations in any one of the five components of the NADPH oxidase in phagocytic leucocytes. This enzyme generates superoxide and is essential for intracellular killing of pathogens by phagocytes. AREAS OF AGREEMENT CGD patients suffer not only from life-threatening infections, but also from excessive inflammatory reactions. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Neither the cause of these inflammatory reactions nor the way to treat them is clear. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Patient selection for and timing of bone marrow transplantation along with gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roos
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Blood Supply Organisation, Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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71
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Abstract
We are currently in an exciting time when our understanding of genetic underpinnings of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has undergone a revolution, based in large part on novel genotyping and sequencing technologies. With >160 susceptible loci identified for IBD, the goal is now to understand at a fundamental level the function of these susceptibility alleles. Determining the clinical relevance of how these susceptible genes shape the development of IBD is also a high priority. The main challenge is to understand how the environment and microbiome play a role in triggering disease in genetically susceptible individuals, as the interactions may be complex. To advance the field, novel in vitro and mouse models that are designed to interrogate complex genetics and functionally test hypotheses are needed. Ultimately, the goal of genetics studies will be to translate genetics to patients with IBD and improve their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
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72
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Li Q, Lee CH, Peters LA, Mastropaolo LA, Thoeni C, Elkadri A, Schwerd T, Zhu J, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Hao K, Dinarzo A, Hoffman G, Kidd BA, Murchie R, Adham ZA, Guo C, Kotlarz D, Cutz E, Walters TD, Shouval DS, Curran M, Dobrin R, Brodmerkel C, Snapper SB, Klein C, Brumell JH, Hu M, Nanan R, Snanter-Nanan B, Wong M, Le Deist F, Haddad E, Roifman CM, Deslandres C, Griffiths AM, Gaskin KJ, Uhlig HH, Schadt EE, Muise AM. Variants in TRIM22 That Affect NOD2 Signaling Are Associated With Very-Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1196-1207. [PMID: 26836588 PMCID: PMC4842103 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Severe forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that develop in very young children can be caused by variants in a single gene. We performed whole-exome sequence (WES) analysis to identify genetic factors that might cause granulomatous colitis and severe perianal disease, with recurrent bacterial and viral infections, in an infant of consanguineous parents. METHODS We performed targeted WES analysis of DNA collected from the patient and her parents. We validated our findings by a similar analysis of DNA from 150 patients with very-early-onset IBD not associated with known genetic factors analyzed in Toronto, Oxford, and Munich. We compared gene expression signatures in inflamed vs noninflamed intestinal and rectal tissues collected from patients with treatment-resistant Crohn's disease who participated in a trial of ustekinumab. We performed functional studies of identified variants in primary cells from patients and cell culture. RESULTS We identified a homozygous variant in the tripartite motif containing 22 gene (TRIM22) of the patient, as well as in 2 patients with a disease similar phenotype. Functional studies showed that the variant disrupted the ability of TRIM22 to regulate nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)-dependent activation of interferon-beta signaling and nuclear factor-κB. Computational studies demonstrated a correlation between the TRIM22-NOD2 network and signaling pathways and genetic factors associated very early onset and adult-onset IBD. TRIM22 is also associated with antiviral and mycobacterial effectors and markers of inflammation, such as fecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein, and Crohn's disease activity index scores. CONCLUSIONS In WES and targeted exome sequence analyses of an infant with severe IBD characterized by granulomatous colitis and severe perianal disease, we identified a homozygous variant of TRIM22 that affects the ability of its product to regulate NOD2. Combined computational and functional studies showed that the TRIM22-NOD2 network regulates antiviral and antibacterial signaling pathways that contribute to inflammation. Further study of this network could lead to new disease markers and therapeutic targets for patients with very early and adult-onset IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheng Hiang Lee
- Gastroenterology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, 2145, New South Wales, Australia,The James Fairfax Institute of Paediatric Nutrition, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren A Peters
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Lucas A Mastropaolo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cornelia Thoeni
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abdul Elkadri
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, and Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jun Zhu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Bin Zhang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Yongzhong Zhao
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ke Hao
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Antonio Dinarzo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Gabriel Hoffman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Brian A Kidd
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ryan Murchie
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziad Al Adham
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Conghui Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernest Cutz
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas D Walters
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Mark Curran
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Radu Dobrin
- Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - John H Brumell
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto
| | - Mingjing Hu
- Gastroenterology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, 2145, New South Wales, Australia,The James Fairfax Institute of Paediatric Nutrition, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Gastroenterology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, 2145, New South Wales, Australia,The James Fairfax Institute of Paediatric Nutrition, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brigitte Snanter-Nanan
- Gastroenterology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, 2145, New South Wales, Australia,The James Fairfax Institute of Paediatric Nutrition, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Immunology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francoise Le Deist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, CHU Sainte Justine and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Colette Deslandres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne M Griffiths
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin J Gaskin
- Gastroenterology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, 2145, New South Wales, Australia,The James Fairfax Institute of Paediatric Nutrition, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, and Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Falcone EL, Abusleme L, Swamydas M, Lionakis MS, Ding L, Hsu AP, Zelazny AM, Moutsopoulos NM, Kuhns DB, Deming C, Quiñones M, Segre JA, Bryant CE, Holland SM. Colitis susceptibility in p47(phox-/-) mice is mediated by the microbiome. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:13. [PMID: 27044504 PMCID: PMC4820915 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by defects in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex subunits (gp91(phox) (a.k.a. Nox2), p47(phox), p67(phox), p22(phox), p40(phox)) leading to reduced phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species production. Almost half of patients with CGD develop inflammatory bowel disease, and the involvement of the intestinal microbiome in relation to this predisposing immunodeficiency has not been explored. RESULTS Although CGD mice do not spontaneously develop colitis, we demonstrate that p47(phox-/-) mice have increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate colitis in association with a distinct colonic transcript and microbiome signature. Neither restoring NOX2 reactive oxygen species production nor normalizing the microbiome using cohoused adult p47(phox-/-) with B6Tac (wild type) mice reversed this phenotype. However, breeding p47(phox+/-) mice and standardizing the microflora between littermate p47(phox-/-) and B6Tac mice from birth significantly reduced dextran sodium sulfate colitis susceptibility in p47(phox-/-) mice. We found similarly decreased colitis susceptibility in littermate p47(phox-/-) and B6Tac mice treated with Citrobacter rodentium. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the microbiome signature established at birth may play a bigger role than phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species in mediating colitis susceptibility in CGD mice. These data further support bacteria-related disease in CGD colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Liana Falcone
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- />Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- />Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- />Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Li Ding
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Amy P. Hsu
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Adrian M. Zelazny
- />Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Niki M. Moutsopoulos
- />Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- />Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD USA
| | - Clay Deming
- />Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mariam Quiñones
- />Bioinformatics and Computational Bioscience Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Julia A. Segre
- />Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Clare E. Bryant
- />Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven M. Holland
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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74
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Fodil N, Langlais D, Gros P. Primary Immunodeficiencies and Inflammatory Disease: A Growing Genetic Intersection. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:126-140. [PMID: 26791050 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome analysis have provided important insights into the genetic architecture of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The combined analysis of loci detected by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 22 inflammatory diseases has revealed a shared genetic core and associated biochemical pathways that play a central role in pathological inflammation. Parallel whole-exome sequencing studies have identified 265 genes mutated in primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Here, we examine the overlap between these two data sets, and find that it consists of genes essential for protection against infections and in which persistent activation causes pathological inflammation. Based on this intersection, we propose that, although strong or inactivating mutations (rare variants) in these genes may cause severe disease (PIDs), their more subtle modulation potentially by common regulatory/coding variants may contribute to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Fodil
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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75
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O'Neill S, Brault J, Stasia MJ, Knaus UG. Genetic disorders coupled to ROS deficiency. Redox Biol 2015; 6:135-156. [PMID: 26210446 PMCID: PMC4550764 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the redox balance between generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for health. Disturbances such as continuously elevated ROS levels will result in oxidative stress and development of disease, but likewise, insufficient ROS production will be detrimental to health. Reduced or even complete loss of ROS generation originates mainly from inactivating variants in genes encoding for NADPH oxidase complexes. In particular, deficiency in phagocyte Nox2 oxidase function due to genetic variants (CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4) has been recognized as a direct cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immune disorder. More recently, additional diseases have been linked to functionally altered variants in genes encoding for other NADPH oxidases, such as for DUOX2/DUOXA2 in congenital hypothyroidism, or for the Nox2 complex, NOX1 and DUOX2 as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive overview of novel developments in terms of Nox/Duox-deficiency disorders is presented, combined with insights gained from structure-function studies that will aid in predicting functional defects of clinical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Brault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jose Stasia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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76
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Bianco AM, Girardelli M, Tommasini A. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease from multifactorial to monogenic forms. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12296-12310. [PMID: 26604638 PMCID: PMC4649114 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic multifactorial disorders. According to a recent study, the number of IBD association loci is increased to 201, of which 37 and 27 loci contribute specifically to the development of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. Some IBD associated genes are involved in innate immunity, in the autophagy and in the inflammatory response such as NOD2, ATG16L1 and IL23R, while other are implicated in immune mediated disease (STAT3) and in susceptibility to mycobacterium infection (IL12B). In case of early onset of IBD (VEO-IBD) within the 6th year of age, the disease may be caused by mutations in genes responsible for severe monogenic disorders such as the primary immunodeficiency diseases. In this review we discuss how these monogenic disorders through different immune mechanisms can similarly be responsible of VEO-IBD phenotype. Moreover we would highlight how the identification of pathogenic genes by Next Generation Sequencing technologies can allow to obtain a rapid diagnosis and to apply specific therapies.
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77
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Kelsen JR, Dawany N, Martinez A, Martinez A, Grochowski CM, Maurer K, Rappaport E, Piccoli DA, Baldassano RN, Mamula P, Sullivan KE, Devoto M. A de novo whole gene deletion of XIAP detected by exome sequencing analysis in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:160. [PMID: 26581487 PMCID: PMC4652404 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD), those diagnosed at less than 5 years of age, are a unique population. A subset of these patients present with a distinct phenotype and more severe disease than older children and adults. Host genetics is thought to play a more prominent role in this young population, and monogenic defects in genes related to primary immunodeficiencies are responsible for the disease in a small subset of patients with VEO-IBD. Case Presentation We report a child who presented at 3 weeks of life with very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD). He had a complicated disease course and remained unresponsive to medical and surgical therapy. The refractory nature of his disease, together with his young age of presentation, prompted utilization of whole exome sequencing (WES) to detect an underlying monogenic primary immunodeficiency and potentially target therapy to the identified defect. Copy number variation analysis (CNV) was performed using the eXome-Hidden Markov Model. Whole exome sequencing revealed 1,380 nonsense and missense variants in the patient. Plausible candidate variants were not detected following analysis of filtered variants, therefore, we performed CNV analysis of the WES data, which led us to identify a de novo whole gene deletion in XIAP. Conclusion This is the first reported whole gene deletion in XIAP, the causal gene responsible for XLP2 (X-linked lymphoproliferative Disease 2). XLP2 is a syndrome resulting in VEO-IBD and can increase susceptibility to hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH). This identification allowed the patient to be referred for bone marrow transplantation, potentially curative for his disease and critical to prevent the catastrophic sequela of HLH. This illustrates the unique etiology of VEO-IBD, and the subsequent effects on therapeutic options. This cohort requires careful and thorough evaluation for monogenic defects and primary immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Kelsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,7NW, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Noor Dawany
- Department of Biomedical Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Alejuandro Martinez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher M Grochowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kelly Maurer
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Eric Rappaport
- Nucleic Acid/PCR Core, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - David A Piccoli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Petar Mamula
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Molecular Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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NADPH oxidase controls neutrophilic response to sterile inflammation in mice by regulating the IL-1α/G-CSF axis. Blood 2015; 126:2724-33. [PMID: 26443623 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-644773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase generates reactive oxygen species essential in microbial killing and regulation of inflammation. Inactivating mutations in this enzyme lead to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), associated with increased susceptibility to both pyogenic infections and to inflammatory disorders. The role of the NADPH oxidase in regulating inflammation driven by nonmicrobial stimuli is poorly understood. Here, we show that NADPH oxidase deficiency enhances the early local release of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) in response to damaged cells, promoting an excessive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-regulated neutrophilic response and prolonged inflammation. In peritoneal inflammation elicited by tissue injury, X-linked Cybb-null (X-CGD) mice exhibited increased release of IL-1α and IL-1 receptor -mediated G-CSF production. In turn, higher levels of systemic G-CSF increased peripheral neutrophilia, which amplified neutrophilic peritoneal inflammation in X-CGD mice. Dampening early neutrophil recruitment by neutralization of IL-1α, G-CSF, or neutrophil depletion itself promoted resolution of otherwise prolonged inflammation in X-CGD. IL-1β played little role. Thus, we identified an excessive IL-1α/G-CSF response as a major driver of enhanced sterile inflammation in CGD in the response to damaged cells. More broadly, these results provide new insights into the regulation of sterile inflammation, and identify the NADPH oxidase in regulating the amplitude of the early neutrophilic response.
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79
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Chew TS, O'Shea NR, Sewell GW, Oehlers SH, Mulvey CM, Crosier PS, Godovac-Zimmermann J, Bloom SL, Smith AM, Segal AW. Optineurin deficiency in mice contributes to impaired cytokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment in bacteria-driven colitis. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:817-29. [PMID: 26044960 PMCID: PMC4527293 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with delayed neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance at sites of acute inflammation as a result of impaired secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. To investigate the impaired cytokine secretion and confirm our previous findings, we performed transcriptomic analysis in macrophages and identified a subgroup of individuals with CD who had low expression of the autophagy receptor optineurin (OPTN). We then clarified the role of OPTN deficiency in: macrophage cytokine secretion; mouse models of bacteria-driven colitis and peritonitis; and zebrafish Salmonella infection. OPTN-deficient bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with heat-killed Escherichia coli secreted less proinflammatory TNFα and IL6 cytokines despite similar gene transcription, which normalised with lysosomal and autophagy inhibitors, suggesting that TNFα is mis-trafficked to lysosomes via bafilomycin-A-dependent pathways in the absence of OPTN. OPTN-deficient mice were more susceptible to Citrobacter colitis and E. coli peritonitis, and showed reduced levels of proinflammatory TNFα in serum, diminished neutrophil recruitment to sites of acute inflammation and greater mortality, compared with wild-type mice. Optn-knockdown zebrafish infected with Salmonella also had higher mortality. OPTN plays a role in acute inflammation and neutrophil recruitment, potentially via defective macrophage proinflammatory cytokine secretion, which suggests that diminished OPTN expression in humans might increase the risk of developing CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thean S Chew
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Nuala R O'Shea
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Gavin W Sewell
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1001, New Zealand
| | - Claire M Mulvey
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1001, New Zealand
| | | | - Stuart L Bloom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College London Hospital, London, NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Anthony W Segal
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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80
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Denson LA. Epithelial Reactive Oxygen Species and Risk for Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:456-457. [PMID: 28210694 PMCID: PMC5301400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee A. Denson
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lee A. Denson, MD, MLC 2010, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
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81
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Graham DB, Becker CE, Doan A, Goel G, Villablanca EJ, Knights D, Mok A, Ng ACY, Doench JG, Root DE, Clish CB, Xavier RJ. Functional genomics identifies negative regulatory nodes controlling phagocyte oxidative burst. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7838. [PMID: 26194095 PMCID: PMC4518307 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte oxidative burst, mediated by Nox2 NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species, confers host defense against a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Loss-of-function mutations that impair function of the Nox2 complex result in a life-threatening immunodeficiency, and genetic variants of Nox2 subunits have been implicated in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, alterations in the oxidative burst can profoundly impact host defense, yet little is known about regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune this response. Here we report the discovery of regulatory nodes controlling oxidative burst by functional screening of genes within loci linked to human inflammatory disease. Implementing a multi-omics approach, we define transcriptional, metabolic and ubiquitin-cycling nodes controlled by Rbpj, Pfkl and Rnf145, respectively. Furthermore, we implicate Rnf145 in proteostasis of the Nox2 complex by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Consequently, ablation of Rnf145 in murine macrophages enhances bacterial clearance, and rescues the oxidative burst defects associated with Ncf4 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Christine E Becker
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Aivi Doan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Gautam Goel
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Amanda Mok
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Aylwin C Y Ng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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82
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactoral disease caused by dysregulated immune responses to commensal or pathogenic microbes in the intestine, resulting in chronic intestinal inflammation. An emerging population of patients with IBD occurring before the age of 5 represent a unique form of disease, termed Very Early Onset (VEO)-IBD, which is phenotypically- and genetically-distinct from older-onset IBD. VEO-IBD is associated with increased disease severity, aggressive progression and poor responsiveness to most conventional therapies. Further investigation into the causes and pathogenesis of VEO-IBD will help improve treatment strategies, and may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms that are essential to maintain intestinal health or provoke the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to limit intestinal disease. Here we discuss the phenotypic nature of VEO-IBD, the recent identification of novel gene variants associated with disease, and functional immunologic studies interrogating the contribution of specific genetic variants to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Key Words
- inflammatory bowel disease
- very early onset inflammatory bowel disease
- whole exome sequencing
- mucosal immunology
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17
- cgd, chronic granulomatous disease
- col7a1, collagen, type vii, α1
- cvid, common variable immunodeficiency
- foxp3, forkhead box protein 3
- gucy2, guanylate cyclase 2
- gwas, genomewide association studies
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- il, interleukin
- ilc, innate lymphoid cells
- ilc3, group 3 innate lymphoid cells
- iga, immunoglobulin a
- ikbkg, inhibitor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in b cells, kinase of, γ
- ipex, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy, x-linked
- mhcii, major histocompatibility complex class ii
- nemo, nuclear factor-κb essential modulator
- rag, recombination-activating gene
- stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- treg, regulatory t cell
- ttc7a, tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing protein 7a
- veo-ibd, very early onset inflammatory bowel disease
- wasp, wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein
- wes, whole exome sequencing
- xiap, x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) represent a heterogeneous entity whose diagnosis is sometimes difficult to ascertain. Many pathological processes may mimic IBD phenotypes. Among the classical differential diagnoses are enteric infections and infestations as well as drug toxicity. However, recently, more specific differential diagnoses have been included, including monogenic causes of gastrointestinal tract inflammation, particularly in young children. The purpose of the present review is to describe the differential diagnosis of IBD, putting it in a specific clinical and demographic context. This differential diagnosis will be discussed specifically for young children, elderly patients, and immunosuppressed patients. RECENT FINDINGS We will focus on the most recent findings and concepts, including monogenic diseases in young children, diverticular disease-associated colitis in elderly patients, and toxic colitis in patients receiving immunosuppressants such as mycophenolate mofetil or biologics such as ipilimumab. SUMMARY The aim of this review is to alert the clinician dealing with IBD, concerning a series of specific diagnoses that should be recognized because they may require specific treatment, different from the ones of classical idiopathic IBD.
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84
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Hayes P, Dhillon S, O’Neill K, Thoeni C, Hui KY, Elkadri A, Guo CH, Kovacic L, Aviello G, Alvarez LA, Griffiths AM, Snapper SB, Brant SR, Doroshow JH, Silverberg MS, Peter I, McGovern DP, Cho J, Brumell JH, Uhlig HH, Bourke B, Muise AM, Knaus UG. Defects in NADPH Oxidase Genes NOX1 and DUOX2 in Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:489-502. [PMID: 26301257 PMCID: PMC4539615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Defects in intestinal innate defense systems predispose patients to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases in the mucosal barrier maintain gut homeostasis and defend against pathogenic attack. We hypothesized that molecular genetic defects in intestinal NADPH oxidases might be present in children with IBD. METHODS After targeted exome sequencing of epithelial NADPH oxidases NOX1 and DUOX2 on 209 children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD), the identified mutations were validated using Sanger Sequencing. A structural analysis of NOX1 and DUOX2 variants was performed by homology in silico modeling. The functional characterization included ROS generation in model cell lines and in in vivo transduced murine crypts, protein expression, intracellular localization, and cell-based infection studies with the enteric pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. RESULTS We identified missense mutations in NOX1 (c.988G>A, p.Pro330Ser; c.967G>A, p.Asp360Asn) and DUOX2 (c.4474G>A, p.Arg1211Cys; c.3631C>T, p.Arg1492Cys) in 5 of 209 VEOIBD patients. The NOX1 p.Asp360Asn variant was replicated in a male Ashkenazi Jewish ulcerative colitis cohort. All NOX1 and DUOX2 variants showed reduced ROS production compared with wild-type enzymes. Despite appropriate cellular localization and comparable pathogen-stimulated translocation of altered oxidases, cells harboring NOX1 or DUOX2 variants had defective host resistance to infection with C. jejuni. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies the first inactivating missense variants in NOX1 and DUOX2 associated with VEOIBD. Defective ROS production from intestinal epithelial cells constitutes a risk factor for developing VEOIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti Hayes
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandeep Dhillon
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim O’Neill
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cornelia Thoeni
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken Y. Hui
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Abdul Elkadri
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conghui H. Guo
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lidija Kovacic
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriella Aviello
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luis A. Alvarez
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne M. Griffiths
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven R. Brant
- Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and the Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James H. Doroshow
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark S. Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, University of Toronto, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dermot P.B. McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Judy Cho
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John H. Brumell
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holm H. Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Billy Bourke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aleixo M. Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Aleixo Muise, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ulla G. Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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Moran CJ, Klein C, Muise AM, Snapper SB. Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease: gaining insight through focused discovery. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1166-75. [PMID: 25895007 PMCID: PMC6165626 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is only partially understood. Strong evidence implicates a strong genetic component including high monozygotic twin concordance and familial disease phenotype concordance rates. Genome-wide association studies have identified associations between >160 genetic loci and the risk for developing IBD. The roles of implicated genes are largely immune-mediated, although other functions include cellular migration, oxidative stress, and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, growing literature describes monogenic causes of IBD that frequently present as infantile or very early-onset IBD. The interplay between IBD risk single nucleotide polymorphisms and rare genetic variants has yet to be determined. Studying patients with very early-onset IBD may elicit genetic factors that could be applied to broader populations of IBD. This review describes what is known about the genetic causes of very early-onset IBD and genetic strategies that may unravel more of the genetic causes of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Moran
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aleixo M. Muise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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86
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Armstrong DL, Eisenstein M, Zidovetzki R, Jacob CO. Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 mutation affects the structure of NADPH oxidase complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12595-602. [PMID: 25795782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a case-control association study with 3716 North Americans of Hispanic descent and 4867 North Americans of European descent, we show that the associations of rs17849502 (NCF2 His-389 → Gln) and rs13306575 (NCF2 Arg-395 → Trp) with systemic lupus erythematosus are independent. We have shown that His-389 → Gln disrupts the binding of NCF2 to the ZF domain of VAV1, resulting in decreased NADPH oxidase activity. With respect to Arg-395 → Trp, using protein docking and structure analyses, we provide a model for the involvement of this mutation in the structure and function of the NADPH oxidase complex. This model assigns a central role to Arg-395 in the structure and stability of the quaternary NCF2/NCF4/VAV1/RAC1 NADPH oxidase complex. Arg-395 stabilizes the C-terminal tail of NCF4 and the conformation of NCF2 loop 395-402, which in turn stabilize the evolutionarily conserved interactions of NCF2/NCF4 with the DH domain of VAV1 and RAC1 region 120-137. Our findings are consistent with the high levels of conservation of all of the residues involved in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don L Armstrong
- From the Lupus Genetic Group, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Miriam Eisenstein
- the Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raphael Zidovetzki
- From the Lupus Genetic Group, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, the Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- From the Lupus Genetic Group, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089,
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87
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Campbell EL, Colgan SP. Neutrophils and inflammatory metabolism in antimicrobial functions of the mucosa. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:517-22. [PMID: 25714801 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1114-556r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, we will discuss recent findings that implicate neutrophil infiltration and function in establishing a metabolic environment to facilitate efficient pathogen clearance. For decades, neutrophils have been regarded as short lived, nonspecific granulocytes, equipped with toxic antimicrobial factors and a respiratory burst generating ROS. Recent findings demonstrate the importance of HIF signaling in leukocytes and surrounding tissues during inflammation. Here, we will review the potential mechanisms and outcomes of HIF stabilization within the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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88
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Uhlig HH, Schwerd T, Koletzko S, Shah N, Kammermeier J, Elkadri A, Ouahed J, Wilson DC, Travis SP, Turner D, Klein C, Snapper SB, Muise AM. The diagnostic approach to monogenic very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:990-1007.e3. [PMID: 25058236 PMCID: PMC5376484 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with a diverse spectrum of rare genetic disorders can present with inflammatory bowel disease (monogenic IBD). Patients with these disorders often develop symptoms during infancy or early childhood, along with endoscopic or histological features of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or IBD unclassified. Defects in interleukin-10 signaling have a Mendelian inheritance pattern with complete penetrance of intestinal inflammation. Several genetic defects that disturb intestinal epithelial barrier function or affect innate and adaptive immune function have incomplete penetrance of the IBD-like phenotype. Several of these monogenic conditions do not respond to conventional therapy and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the broad spectrum of these extremely rare diseases, a correct diagnosis is frequently a challenge and often delayed. In many cases, these diseases cannot be categorized based on standard histological and immunologic features of IBD. Genetic analysis is required to identify the cause of the disorder and offer the patient appropriate treatment options, which include medical therapy, surgery, or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, diagnosis based on genetic analysis can lead to genetic counseling for family members of patients. We describe key intestinal, extraintestinal, and laboratory features of 50 genetic variants associated with IBD-like intestinal inflammation. In addition, we provide approaches for identifying patients likely to have these disorders. We also discuss classic approaches to identify these variants in patients, starting with phenotypic and functional assessments that lead to analysis of candidate genes. As a complementary approach, we discuss parallel genetic screening using next-generation sequencing followed by functional confirmation of genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Neil Shah
- Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, England; Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Abdul Elkadri
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodie Ouahed
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Wilson
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Simon P Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Dan Turner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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