51
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Donadoni C, Corti S, Locatelli F, Papadimitriou D, Guglieri M, Strazzer S, Bossolasco P, Salani S, Comi GP. Improvement of Combined FISH and Immunofluorescence to Trace the Fate of Somatic Stem Cells after Transplantation. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:1333-9. [PMID: 15385579 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with immunohistochemistry of tissue-specific markers provides a reliable method for characterizing the fate of somatic stem cells in transplantation experiments. Furthermore, the association between FISH and fluorescent gene reporter detection can unravel cell fusion phenomena, which could account for apparent transdifferentiation events. However, despite the widespread use of these techniques, they still require labor-extensive protocol adjustments to achieve correct and satisfactory simultaneous signal detection. In the present paper, we describe an improvement of simultaneous FISH and immunofluorescence detection. We applied this protocol to the identification of transplanted human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells in murine brain and muscle. This technique provides unique opportunities for following the path taken by transplanted cells and their differentiation into mature cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Donadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Milano, Padiglione Ponti, Ospedale Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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52
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Abi Chahine NH, Wehbe TW, Hilal RA, Zoghbi VV, Melki AE, Bou Habib EB. Treatment of Cerebral Palsy with Stem Cells: A Report of 17 Cases. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:90-5. [PMID: 27426090 PMCID: PMC4961108 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2016.9.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disabling condition that affects a child's life and his/her family irreversibly. It is usually a non-progressive condition but improvement over time is rarely seen. The condition can be due to prenatal hypoxia, metabolic, genetic, infectious, traumatic or other causes. It is therefore a heterogeneous group that results in functional motor disability associated with different degrees of cognitive abnormalities. There are no treatments that can cure or even improve CP and the best available approach aims at functional, social and nutritional supportive care and counseling. In this paper, we report 17 sequential patients with CP treated with intrathecal administration of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BMMC). All patients had an uneventful post-injection course with 73% of the evaluable patients treated having a good response using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The average improvement was 1.3 levels on the GMFCS with cognitive improvements as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek W. Wehbe
- Head of the Department of Hematology, Notre Dame Du Liban University Hospital and The Lebanese-Canadian Hospital, Beirut,
Lebanon
| | - Ramzi A. Hilal
- Neurology, Head of the Department, The Lebanese-Canadian Hospital, Beirut,
Lebanon
| | | | - Alia E. Melki
- Doctorate of Acupuncture and TCM, The Five Elements Wellness Center, Koura,
Lebanon
| | - Emil B. Bou Habib
- Neurosurgery, Head of Department, The Lebanese-Canadian Hospital, Beirut,
Lebanon
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53
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Levy M, Boulis N, Rao M, Svendsen CN. Regenerative cellular therapies for neurologic diseases. Brain Res 2016; 1638:88-96. [PMID: 26239912 PMCID: PMC4733583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of stem cell regeneration has been the hope of many neurologic patients with permanent damage to the central nervous system. There are hundreds of stem cell trials worldwide intending to test the regenerative capacity of stem cells in various neurological conditions from Parkinson's disease to multiple sclerosis. Although no stem cell therapy is clinically approved for use in any human disease indication, patients are seeking out trials and asking clinicians for guidance. This review summarizes the current state of regenerative stem cell transplantation divided into seven conditions for which trials are currently active: demyelinating diseases/spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, macular degeneration and peripheral nerve diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: PSC and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Nicholas Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mahendra Rao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Comparative Immunophenotypic Characteristics, Proliferative Features, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells Isolated from Human Permanent and Deciduous Teeth with Bone Marrow. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:415-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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55
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Dennie D, Louboutin JP, Strayer DS. Migration of bone marrow progenitor cells in the adult brain of rats and rabbits. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:136-157. [PMID: 27114746 PMCID: PMC4835673 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis takes place in the adult mammalian brain in three areas: Subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG); subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle; olfactory bulb. Different molecular markers can be used to characterize the cells involved in adult neurogenesis. It has been recently suggested that a population of bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells may migrate to the brain and differentiate into neuronal lineage. To explore this hypothesis, we injected recombinant SV40-derived vectors into the BM and followed the potential migration of the transduced cells. Long-term BM-directed gene transfer using recombinant SV40-derived vectors leads to expression of the genes delivered to the BM firstly in circulating cells, then after several months in mature neurons and microglial cells, and thus without central nervous system (CNS) lesion. Most of transgene-expressing cells expressed NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. Thus, BM-derived cells may function as progenitors of CNS cells in adult animals. The mechanism by which the cells from the BM come to be neurons remains to be determined. Although the observed gradual increase in transgene-expressing neurons over 16 mo suggests that the pathway involved differentiation of BM-resident cells into neurons, cell fusion as the principal route cannot be totally ruled out. Additional studies using similar viral vectors showed that BM-derived progenitor cells migrating in the CNS express markers of neuronal precursors or immature neurons. Transgene-positive cells were found in the subgranular zone of the DG of the hippocampus 16 mo after intramarrow injection of the vector. In addition to cells expressing markers of mature neurons, transgene-positive cells were also positive for nestin and doublecortin, molecules expressed by developing neuronal cells. These cells were actively proliferating, as shown by short term BrdU incorporation studies. Inducing seizures by using kainic acid increased the number of BM progenitor cells transduced by SV40 vectors migrating to the hippocampus, and these cells were seen at earlier time points in the DG. We show that the cell membrane chemokine receptor, CCR5, and its ligands, enhance CNS inflammation and seizure activity in a model of neuronal excitotoxicity. SV40-based gene delivery of RNAi targeting CCR5 to the BM results in downregulating CCR5 in circulating cells, suggesting that CCR5 plays an important role in regulating traffic of BM-derived cells into the CNS, both in the basal state and in response to injury. Furthermore, reduction in CCR5 expression in circulating cells provides profound neuroprotection from excitotoxic neuronal injury, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases neuronal regeneration following this type of insult. These results suggest that BM-derived, transgene-expressing, cells can migrate to the brain and that they become neurons, at least in part, by differentiating into neuron precursors and subsequently developing into mature neurons.
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Young WS, Song J, Mezey É. Hybridization Histochemistry of Neural Transcripts. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 75:1.3.1-1.3.27. [PMID: 27063785 PMCID: PMC4858714 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expression of genes is manifested by the production of RNA transcripts within cells. Hybridization histochemistry (or in situ hybridization) permits localization of these transcripts with cellular resolution or better. Furthermore, the relative amounts of transcripts detected in different tissues or in the same tissues in different states (e.g., physiological or developmental) may be quantified. This unit describes hybridization histochemical techniques using either oligodeoxynucleotide probes (see Basic Protocols 1 and 2, Alternate Protocol 1) or RNA probes (riboprobes; see Basic Protocols 3 and 5). These methods include a more recent approach using commercially available sets of oligodeoxynucleotide pairs for colorimetric and fluorescent detection (see Basic Protocol 2), as well as a method for detection of the Y chromosome using either mouse or human riboprobes (see Basic Protocol 5). Additional methods include colorimetric detection (see Basic Protocol 4) and tyramide signal amplification (TSA) of digoxigenin-labeled probes (see Alternate Protocol 2), and autoradiographic detection of radiolabeled probes (see Basic Protocol 6). Finally, methods are provided for labeling oligodeoxynucleotide (see Support Protocol 1) and RNA (see Support Protocol 2) probes, and verifying the probes by northern analysis (see Support Protocol 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Young
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - June Song
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Éva Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Nationals Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ge L, Liu K, Liu Z, Lu M. Co-transplantation of autologous OM-MSCs and OM-OECs: a novel approach for spinal cord injury. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:259-70. [PMID: 26574889 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a disastrous injury that leads to motor and sensory dysfunctions in patients. In recent years, co-transplantation has become an increasingly used therapeutic treatment for patients with SCI. Both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and olfactory-ensheathing cells (OECs) have been adopted to ameliorate SCI, with promising outcomes. Remarkable effects on the rehabilitation of patients with SCI have been achieved using MSCs. Olfactory mucosa (OM) MSCs from human OM are one of the most ideal cell resources for auto-transplantation in clinical application owing to their a high proliferation rate and multipotent capability. In addition, OECs derived from OM have been used to improve functional recovery of SCI and resulted in promising functional recovery in years. Accordingly, co-transplantation of OM-MSCs coupled with OM-OECs has been adopted to improve the recovery of SCI. Here we reviewed the reported applications of OM-MSCs and OM-OECs for SCI treatment and proposed that a novel combined strategy using both autologous OM-MSCs and OM-OECs would achieve a better approach for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhonghua Liu
- 2College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (163 Hospital of PLA), Changsha 410003, P.R. China
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Aertker BM, Bedi S, Cox CS. Strategies for CNS repair following TBI. Exp Neurol 2016; 275 Pt 3:411-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bonaventura G, Chamayou S, Liprino A, Guglielmino A, Fichera M, Caruso M, Barcellona ML. Different Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: A Comparison of Neural Differentiation Capability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140790. [PMID: 26517263 PMCID: PMC4627815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a wide range of cell types with multiple clinical and therapeutic applications. Stem cells are providing hope for many diseases that currently lack effective therapeutic methods, including strokes, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. However, the paucity of suitable cell types for cell replacement therapy in patients suffering from neurological disorders has hampered the development of this promising therapeutic approach. AIM The innovative aspect of this study has been to evaluate the neural differentiation capability of different tissue-derived stem cells coming from different tissue sources such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, human endometrium and amniotic fluid, cultured under the same supplemented media neuro-transcription factor conditions, testing the expression of neural markers such as GFAP, Nestin and Neurofilaments using the immunofluorescence staining assay and some typical clusters of differentiation such as CD34, CD90, CD105 and CD133 by using the cytofluorimetric test assay. RESULTS Amniotic fluid derived stem cells showed a more primitive phenotype compared to the differentiating potential demonstrated by the other stem cell sources, representing a realistic possibility in the field of regenerative cell therapy suitable for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bonaventura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandrine Chamayou
- Unità di Medicina della Riproduzione, Fondazione Hera, Sant’Agata Li Battiati (CT), Italy
| | - Annalisa Liprino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Radiological Sciences (OGiRA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Guglielmino
- Unità di Medicina della Riproduzione, Fondazione Hera, Sant’Agata Li Battiati (CT), Italy
| | - Michele Fichera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Radiological Sciences (OGiRA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Barcellona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Andrzejewska A, Nowakowski A, Janowski M, Bulte JWM, Gilad AA, Walczak P, Lukomska B. Pre- and postmortem imaging of transplanted cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5543-59. [PMID: 26366076 PMCID: PMC4562754 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions based on the transplantation of stem and progenitor cells have garnered increasing interest. This interest is fueled by successful preclinical studies for indications in many diseases, including the cardiovascular, central nervous, and musculoskeletal system. Further progress in this field is contingent upon access to techniques that facilitate an unambiguous identification and characterization of grafted cells. Such methods are invaluable for optimization of cell delivery, improvement of cell survival, and assessment of the functional integration of grafted cells. Following is a focused overview of the currently available cell detection and tracking methodologies that covers the entire spectrum from pre- to postmortem cell identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Nowakowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- RusselI H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff WM Bulte
- RusselI H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Assaf A Gilad
- RusselI H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- RusselI H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Venugopal C, Chandanala S, Prasad HC, Nayeem D, Bhonde RR, Dhanushkodi A. Regenerative therapy for hippocampal degenerative diseases: lessons from preclinical studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:321-333. [PMID: 26118731 DOI: 10.1002/term.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increase in life expectancy has put neurodegenerative diseases on the rise. Amongst these, degenerative diseases involving hippocampus like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are ranked higher as it is vulnerable to excitotoxicity induced neuronal dysfunction and death resulting in cognitive impairment. Modern medicines have not succeeded in halting the progression of these diseases rendering them incurable and often fatal. Under such scenario, regenerative studies employing stem cells or their by-products in animal models of AD and TLE have yielded encourageing results. This review focuses on the distinct cell types, such as hippocampal cell lines, neural precursor cells, embryonic stem cells derived neural precursor cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, induced neurons and mesenchymal stem cells, which can be employed to rescue hippocampal functions in neurodegenerative diseases like AD and TLE. Besides, the divergent mechanisms through which cell based therapy confer neuroprotection, current impediments and possible improvements in stem cell transplantation strategies are discussed. Authors are aware of the voluminous literature available on this issue and have made a sincere attempt to put forth the current status of research in the field of cell based therapy concurrently discussing the promise it holds for combating neurodegenerative diseases like AD and TLE in the near future. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Venugopal
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Danish Nayeem
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh R Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
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Lenertz LY, Baughman CJ, Waldschmidt NV, Thaler R, van Wijnen AJ. Control of bone development by P2X and P2Y receptors expressed in mesenchymal and hematopoietic cells. Gene 2015; 570:1-7. [PMID: 26079571 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone development and homeostasis require the interplay between several cell types, including mesenchymal osteoblasts and osteocytes, as well as hematopoietic osteoclasts. Recent evidence suggests that cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, which are fundamental for tissue regeneration and treatment of degenerative diseases, are controlled by P2 receptors (i.e., P2X and P2Y receptors). Both types of P2 receptors are versatile transducers of diverse signals activated by extracellular nucleotides like ATP that are released in response to tissue injury, infection or shear stress. The P2X family of receptors has been shown to mediate multiple signaling events including the influx of calcium, activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and induction of AP-1 family members known to regulate bone development. Support for the significance of P2X7 in regulating bone development and homeostasis has been provided by several studies focusing on animal models and single nucleotide polymorphisms. P2 receptors are functionally expressed in both bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, while recent findings also suggest that these receptors translate mechanical stimuli in osteocytes. Their ability to respond to external nucleotide analogs renders these cell surface proteins excellent targets for skeletal regenerative therapies. This overview summarizes mechanisms by which nucleotide receptors control skeletal cells and contribute to bone tissue development remodeling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Lenertz
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Cory J Baughman
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | | | - Roman Thaler
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Levy I, Sher I, Corem-Salkmon E, Ziv-Polat O, Meir A, Treves AJ, Nagler A, Kalter-Leibovici O, Margel S, Rotenstreich Y. Bioactive magnetic near Infra-Red fluorescent core-shell iron oxide/human serum albumin nanoparticles for controlled release of growth factors for augmentation of human mesenchymal stem cell growth and differentiation. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:34. [PMID: 25947109 PMCID: PMC4432958 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (NPs) of sizes less than 50 nm are considered to be non-toxic, biodegradable and superparamagnetic. We have previously described the generation of IO NPs coated with Human Serum Albumin (HSA). HSA coating onto the IO NPs enables conjugation of the IO/HSA NPs to various biomolecules including proteins. Here we describe the preparation and characterization of narrow size distribution core-shell NIR fluorescent IO/HSA magnetic NPs conjugated covalently to Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) for biomedical applications. We examined the biological activity of the conjugated FGF2 on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). These multipotent cells can differentiate into bone, cartilage, hepatic, endothelial and neuronal cells and are being studied in clinical trials for treatment of various diseases. FGF2 enhances the proliferation of hBM-MSCs and promotes their differentiation toward neuronal, adipogenic and osteogenic lineages in vitro. Results The NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Covalent conjugation of the FGF2 to the IO/HSA NPs significantly stabilized this growth factor against various enzymes and inhibitors existing in serum and in tissue cultures. IO/HSA NPs conjugated to FGF2 were internalized into hBM-MSCs via endocytosis as confirmed by flow cytometry analysis and Prussian Blue staining. Conjugated FGF2 enhanced the proliferation and clonal expansion capacity of hBM-MSCs, as well as their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation to a higher extent compared with the free growth factor. Free and conjugated FGF2 promoted the expression of neuronal marker Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2) to a similar extent, but conjugated FGF2 was more effective than free FGF2 in promoting the expression of astrocyte marker Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in these cells. Conclusions These results indicate that stabilization of FGF2 by conjugating the IO/HSA NPs can enhance the biological efficacy of FGF2 and its ability to promote hBM-MSC cell proliferation and trilineage differentiation. This new system may benefit future therapeutic use of hBM-MSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0090-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Enav Corem-Salkmon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Ofra Ziv-Polat
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Amilia Meir
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Avraham J Treves
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Ofra Kalter-Leibovici
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
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Contribution of different bone marrow-derived cell types in endometrial regeneration using an irradiated murine model. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1596-605.e1. [PMID: 25813284 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the involvement of seven types of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in the endometrial regeneration in mice after total body irradiation. DESIGN Prospective experimental animal study. SETTING University research laboratories. ANIMAL(S) β-Actin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) and C57BL/6J female mice. INTERVENTION(S) The BMDCs were isolated from CAG-EGFP mice: unfractionated bone marrow cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In addition three murine GFP(+) cell lines were used: mouse Oct4 negative BMDC multipotent adult progenitor cells (mOct4(-)BM-MAPCs), BMDC hypoblast-like stem cells (mOct4(+) BM-HypoSCs), and MSCs. All cell types were injected through the tail vein of 9 Gy-irradiated C57BL/6J female mice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Flow cytometry, cell culture, bone marrow transplantation assays, histologic evaluation, immunohistochemistry, proliferation, apoptosis, and statistical analysis. RESULT(S) After 12 weeks, histologic analysis revealed that uteri of mice with mOct4(-)BM-MAPCs and MSC line were significantly smaller than uteri of mice with uncultured BMDCs or mOct4(+) BM-HypoSCs. The percentage of engrafted GFP(+) cells ranged from 0.13%-4.78%. Expression of Ki-67 was lower in all uteri from BMDCs treated mice than in the control, whereas TUNEL(+) cells were increased in the EPCs and mOct4(+)BM-HypoSCs groups. CONCLUSION(S) Low number of some BMDCs can be found in regenerating endometrium, including stromal, endotelial, and epithelial compartments. Freshly isolated MSCs and EPCs together with mOct4(+) BM-HypoSCs induced the greatest degree of regeneration, whereas culture isolated MSCs and mOct4(-)BM-MAPCs transplantation may have an inhibitory effect on endometrial regeneration.
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Sun JM, Kurtzberg J. Cord blood for brain injury. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:775-785. [PMID: 25800775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from neurological injuries is typically incomplete and often results in significant and permanent disabilities. Currently, most available therapies are limited to supportive or palliative measures, aimed at managing the symptoms of the condition. Because restorative therapies targeting the underlying cause of most neurological diseases do not exist, cell therapies targeting anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and regenerative potential hold great promise. Cord blood (CB) cells can induce repair through mechanisms that involve trophic or cell-based paracrine effects or cellular integration and differentiation. Both may be operative in emerging CB therapies for neurologic conditions, and there are numerous potential applications of CB-based regenerative therapies in neurological diseases, including genetic diseases of childhood, ischemic events such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases of adulthood. CB appears to hold promise as an effective therapy for patients with brain injuries. In this Review, we describe the state of science and clinical applications of CB therapy for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sun
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; The Robertston Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; The Robertston Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; The Carolinas Cord Blood Bank, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Beltz BS, Cockey EL, Li J, Platto JF, Ramos KA, Benton JL. Adult neural stem cells: Long-term self-renewal, replenishment by the immune system, or both? Bioessays 2015; 37:495-501. [PMID: 25761245 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current model of adult neurogenesis in mammals suggests that adult-born neurons are generated by stem cells that undergo long-term self-renewal, and that a lifetime supply of stem cells resides in the brain. In contrast, it has recently been demonstrated that adult-born neurons in crayfish are generated by precursors originating in the immune system. This is particularly interesting because studies done many years ago suggest that a similar mechanism might exist in rodents and humans, with bone marrow providing stem cells that can generate neurons. However, the relevance of these findings for natural mechanisms underlying adult neurogenesis in mammals is not clear, because of uncertainties at many levels. We argue here that the recent findings in crayfish send a strong signal to re-examine existing data from rodents and humans, and to design new experiments that will directly test the contributions of the immune system to adult neurogenesis in mammals.
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Li Z, Han S, Wang X, Han F, Zhu X, Zheng Z, Wang H, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Su L, Shi J, Tang C, Hu D. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 promotes the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into keratinocyte-like cells in xeno-free conditioned medium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 25889377 PMCID: PMC4393638 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple cell types, have recently become a novel strategy for cell-based therapies. The differentiation of BMSCs into keratinocytes may be beneficial for patients with burns, disease, or trauma. However, the currently available cells are exposed to animal materials during their cultivation and induction. These xeno-contaminations severely limit their clinical outcomes. Previous studies have shown that the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 can promote induction efficiency and regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. In the present study, we attempted to establish a xeno-free system for the differentiation of BMSCs into keratinocytes and to investigate whether Y-27632 can facilitate this differentiation. METHODS BMSCs isolated from patients were cultured by using a xeno-free system and characterised by using flow cytometric analysis and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation assays. Human primary keratinocytes were also isolated from patients. Then, the morphology, population doubling time, and β-galactosidase staining level of these cells were evaluated in the presence or absence of Y-27632 to determine the effects of Y-27632 on the state of the keratinocytes. Keratinocyte-like cells (KLCs) were detected at different time points by immunocytofluorescence analysis. Moreover, the efficiency of BMSC differentiation under different conditions was measured by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses. RESULTS The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 promoted the proliferation and lifespan of human primary keratinocytes. In addition, we showed that keratinocyte-specific markers could be detected in BMSCs cultured in a xeno-free system using keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM) independent of the presence of Y-27632. However, the efficiency of the differentiation of BMSCs into KLCs was significantly higher in the presence of Y-27632 using immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that Y-27632 could promote the proliferation and survival of human primary keratinocytes in a xeno-free culture system. In addition, we found that BMSCs have the ability to differentiate into KLCs in KCM and that Y-27632 can facilitate this differentiation. Our results suggest that BMSCs are capable of differentiating into KLCs in vitro and that the ROCK pathway may play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fu Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiongxiang Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chaowu Tang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Mezey É, Brownstein MJ. Do circulating cells transdifferentiate and replenish stem cell pools in the brain and periphery? Bioessays 2015; 37:398-402. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section; NIH, NIDCR, CSDB; Bethesda MD USA
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Zhang H, Shao B, Zhuge Q, Wang P, Zheng C, Huang W, Yang C, Wang B, Su DM, Jin K. Cross-talk between human neural stem/progenitor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an allogeneic co-culture model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117432. [PMID: 25658950 PMCID: PMC4319716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNSCs) as a regenerative cell replacement therapy holds great promise. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We, here, focused on the interaction between hNSCs and allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a co-culture model. We found that hNSCs significantly decrease the CD3+ and CD8+ T cells, reduce the gamma delta T cells and increase the regulatory T cells, along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines after co-culture. We also found that PBMCs, in turn, significantly promote the proliferation and differentiation of hNSCs. Our data suggest that hNSCs cross-talk with immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - Bei Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
- * E-mail: (BS); (KJ)
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - Chengcai Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - Weilong Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - Chenqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BS); (KJ)
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Abstract
Stem cell-based interventions aim to use special regenerative cells (stem cells) to facilitate neuronal function beyond the site of the injury. Many studies involving animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) suggest that certain stem cell-based therapies may restore function after SCI. Currently, in case of spinal cord injuries, new discoveries with clinical implications have been continuously made in basic stem cell research, and stem cell-based approaches are advancing rapidly toward application in patients. There is a huge base of preclinical evidence in vitro and in animal models which suggests the safety and clinical efficacy of cellular therapies after SCI. Despite this, data from clinical studies is not very encouraging and at times confounding. Here, we have attempted to cover preclinical and clinical evidence base dealing with safety, feasibility and efficacy of cell based interventions after SCI. The limitations of preclinical data and the reasons underlying its failure to translate in a clinical setting are also discussed. Based on the evidence base, it is suggested that a multifactorial approach is required to address this situation. Need for standardized, stringently designed multi-centric clinical trials for obtaining validated proof of evidence is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Singh Chhabra
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070, India. E-mail:
| | - Kanchan Sarda
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
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71
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Sarmento CAP, Rodrigues MN, Bocabello RZ, Mess AM, Miglino MA. Pilot study: bone marrow stem cells as a treatment for dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. Regen Med Res 2014; 2:9. [PMID: 25984337 PMCID: PMC4422475 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Spinal Cord injury is a common, severe, and medically untreatable disease. Since the functional outcomes of acute and experimental chronic spinal cord injury have been shown to improve with stem cell therapy, a case study was conducted to test if the application of stem cell also regenerates chronic SCI dysfunction. Transplantation of foetal bone marrow stem cells was applied in seven dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. Magnetic resonance images and assessments of symptoms according to the Olby scale were used to diagnose the severity of injury. Result All dogs improved locomotor and sensory function when examined 90 days after surgery, and showed increased movement of the hind limbs, and were able to stand upright, as well as to take small steps. Tail tone was observed in seven dogs, pain reflexes and defecation return were observed in five dogs. Conclusion The transplantation of bone marrow stem may be a promising, reliable and safe treatment for chronic spinal cord injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2050-490X-2-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Nogueira Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; Cidade Universitaria-Butanta, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508270 Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Maria Mess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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72
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Kemp K, Wilkins A, Scolding N. Cell fusion in the brain: two cells forward, one cell back. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:629-38. [PMID: 24899142 PMCID: PMC4201757 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cell populations, notably those which reside in the bone marrow, have been shown to contribute to several neuronal cell types in the rodent and human brain. The observation that circulating bone marrow cells can migrate into the central nervous system and fuse with, in particular, cerebellar Purkinje cells has suggested, at least in part, a potential mechanism behind this process. Experimentally, the incidence of cell fusion in the brain is enhanced with age, radiation exposure, inflammation, chemotherapeutic drugs and even selective damage to the neurons themselves. The presence of cell fusion, shown by detection of increased bi-nucleated neurons, has also been described in a variety of human central nervous system diseases, including both multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Accumulating evidence is therefore raising new questions into the biological significance of cell fusion, with the possibility that it represents an important means of cell-mediated neuroprotection or rescue of highly complex neurons that cannot be replaced in adult life. Here, we discuss the evidence behind this phenomenon in the rodent and human brain, with a focus on the subsequent research investigating the physiological mechanisms of cell fusion underlying this process. We also highlight how these studies offer new insights into endogenous neuronal repair, opening new exciting avenues for potential therapeutic interventions against neurodegeneration and brain injury.
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73
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Benton JL, Kery R, Li J, Noonin C, Söderhäll I, Beltz BS. Cells from the immune system generate adult-born neurons in crayfish. Dev Cell 2014; 30:322-33. [PMID: 25117683 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is an ongoing process in the brains of adult decapod crustaceans. However, the first-generation precursors that produce adult-born neurons, which reside in a neurogenic niche, are not self-renewing in crayfish and must be replenished. The source of these neuronal precursors is unknown. Here, we report that adult-born neurons in crayfish can be derived from hemocytes. Following adoptive transfer of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled hemocytes, labeled cells populate the neurogenic niche containing the first-generation neuronal precursors. Seven weeks after adoptive transfer, EdU-labeled cells are located in brain clusters 9 and 10 (where adult-born neurons differentiate) and express appropriate neurotransmitters. Moreover, the number of cells composing the neurogenic niche in crayfish is tightly correlated with total hemocyte counts (THCs) and can be manipulated by raising or lowering THC. These studies identify hemocytes as a source of adult-born neurons in crayfish and demonstrate that the immune system is a key contributor to adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Benton
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Rachel Kery
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Barbara S Beltz
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA.
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Kumar SKS, Perumal S, Rajagopalan V. Therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on cold stress induced changes in the hippocampus of rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1740-4. [PMID: 25422634 PMCID: PMC4238161 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.143416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on cold stress induced neuronal changes in hippocampal CA1 region of Wistar rats. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from a 6-week-old Wistar rat. Bone marrow from adult femora and tibia was collected and mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in minimal essential medium containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and were sub-cultured. Passage 3 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for positive expression of CD44 and CD90 and negative expression of CD45. Once CD44 and CD90 positive expression was achieved, the cells were cultured again to 90% confluence for later experiments. Twenty-four rats aged 8 weeks old were randomly and evenly divided into normal control, cold water swim stress (cold stress), cold stress + PBS (intravenous infusion), and cold stress + bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (1 × 10(6); intravenous infusion) groups. The total period of study was 60 days which included 1 month stress period followed by 1 month treatment. Behavioral functional test was performed during the entire study period. After treatment, rats were sacrificed for histological studies. Treatment with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells significantly increased the number of neuronal cells in hippocampal CA1 region. Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells injected by intravenous administration show potential therapeutic effects in cognitive decline associated with stress-related lesions.
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Deng WP, Yang CC, Yang LY, Chen CWD, Chen WH, Yang CB, Chen YH, Lai WFT, Renshaw PF. Extracellular matrix-regulated neural differentiation of human multipotent marrow progenitor cells enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Spine J 2014; 14:2488-99. [PMID: 24792783 PMCID: PMC4692164 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Recent advanced studies have demonstrated that cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) could trigger various types of neural differentiation. However, the efficacy of differentiation and in vivo transplantation has not yet thoroughly been investigated. PURPOSE To highlight the current understanding of the effects of ECM on neural differentiation of human bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs), regarding state-of-art cure for the animal with acute spinal cord injury (SCI), and explore future treatments aimed at neural repair. STUDY DESIGN A selective overview of the literature pertaining to the neural differentiation of the MSCs and experimental animals aimed at improved repair of SCI. METHODS Extracellular matrix proteins, tenascin-cytotactin (TN-C), tenascin-restrictin (TN-R), and chondroitin sulfate (CS), with the cytokines, nerve growth factor (NGF)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/retinoic acid (RA) (NBR), were incorporated to induce transdifferentiation of human MPCs. Cells were treated with NBR for 7 days, and then TN-C, TN-R, or CS was added for 2 days. The medium was changed every 2 days. Twenty-four animals were randomly assigned to four groups with six animals in each group: one experimental and three controls. Animals received two (bilateral) injections of vehicle, MPCs, NBR-induced MPCs, or NBR/TN-C-induced MPCs into the lesion sites after SCI. Functional assessment was measured using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating score. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) post hoc tests. RESULTS Results showed that MPCs with the transdifferentiation of human MPCs to neurons were associated with increased messenger-RNA (mRNA) expression of neuronal markers including nestin, microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2, glial fibrillary acidic protein, βIII tubulin, and NGF. Greater amounts of neuronal morphology appeared in cultures incorporated with TN-C and TN-R than those with CS. The addition of TN-C enhanced mRNA expressions of MAP2, βIII tubulin, and NGF, whereas TN-R did not significantly change. Conversely, CS exposure decreased MAP2, βIII tubulin, and NGF expressions. The TN-C-treated MSCs significantly and functionally repaired SCI-induced rats at Day 42. Present results indicate that ECM components, such as tenascins and CS in addition to cytokines, may play functional roles in regulating neurogenesis by human MPCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the combined use of TN-C, NBR, and human MPCs offers a new feasible method for nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win-Ping Deng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chiang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, 699 Taiwan Blvd. 8 Sec., Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei D. Chen
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, New York 10065, NY, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charn-Bing Yang
- Orthopedic Section Department, New Taipei City Hospital, 198 Yin-His Rd., Banquiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fu T. Lai
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, New York 10065, NY, USA,International Center of Nano Biomedicine Research, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan,Brain McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Strret, Belmont 02115, MA, USA,Corresponding author. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Tel.: (886)2-23916632; fax: (886)2-23967262. (W.-F.T. Lai)
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- The Brain Institute, The University of Utah, 201 Presidents Cir, Salt Lake City 84112, UT, USA
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Li H, Li J, Sheng W, Sun J, Ma X, Chen X, Bi J, Zhao Y, Li X. Astrocyte-like cells differentiated from a novel population of CD45-positive cells in adult human peripheral blood. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:84-93. [PMID: 25077697 PMCID: PMC4410680 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a novel CD45-positive cell population called peripheral blood insulin-producing cells (PB-IPCs) and its unique potential for releasing insulin in vitro. Despite the CD45-positive phenotype and self-renewal ability, PB-IPCs are distinguished from hemopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by some characteristics, such as a CD34-negative phenotype and different culture conditions. We have further identified the gene profiles of the embryonic and neural stem cells, and these profiles include Sox2, Nanog, c-Myc, Klf4, Notch1 and Mash1. After treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in vitro, most PB-IPCs exhibited morphological changes that included the development of elongated and branched cell processes. In the process of induction, the mRNA expression of Hes1 was robustly upregulated, and a majority of cells acquired some astrocyte-associated specific phenotypes including anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD44, Glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and S100β. In spite of the deficiency of glutamate uptaking, the differentiated cells significantly relaxed the regulation of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA. This finding demonstrates that PB-IPCs could be induced into a population of astrocyte-like cells and enhanced the neurotrophic potential when the state of proliferation was limited by ATRA, which implies that this unique CD45+ cell pool may have a protective role in some degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, China
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Díaz D, Muñoz-Castañeda R, Alonso JR, Weruaga E. Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells and Strategies for Treatment of Nervous System Disorders: Many Protocols, and Many Results. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:637-52. [PMID: 25171812 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414547538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stem cells are the best known stem cell type and have been employed for more than 50 years, especially in pathologies of the hematopoietic and immune systems. However, their therapeutic potential is much broader, and they can also be employed to palliate neural diseases. Apart from their plastic properties, these cells lack the legal or ethical constraints of other stem cell populations, that is, embryonic stem cells. Current research addressing the integration of bone marrow-derived cells into the neural circuits of the central nervous system, their features, and applications is a hotspot in neurobiology. Nevertheless, as in other leading research lines the efficacy and possibilities of their application depend on technical procedures, which are still far from being standardized. Accordingly, for efficient research this large range of variants should be taken into account as they could lead to unexpected results. Rather than focusing on clinical aspects, this review offers a compendium of the methodologies aimed at providing a guide for researchers who are working in the field of bone marrow transplantation in the central nervous system. It seeks to be useful for both introductory and trouble-shooting purposes, and in particular for dealing with the large array of bone marrow transplantation protocols available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz-Castañeda
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Spain
| | - José Ramón Alonso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Spain Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Spain
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78
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Comparing neuroprotective effects of CDNF-expressing bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via differing routes of administration utilizing an in vivo model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci 2014; 36:281-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kodama Y, Okamoto Y, Shinkoda Y, Tanabe T, Nishikawa T, Yamaki Y, Kurauchi K, Kawano Y. Bone marrow transplant for a girl with bone marrow failure and cerebral palsy. Pediatr Int 2014; 56:424-6. [PMID: 24894930 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been used with increasing frequency to treat congenital bone marrow failure syndrome (CBMFs) successfully. Decision to perform BMT, however, is difficult in the case of comorbidity because of regimen-related toxicities. We describe here a child with CBMFs, severe cerebral palsy (CP) at Gross Motor Function Classification System level V and mental retardation (MR) who was transfusion dependent despite various medications. She underwent BMT from an HLA-1 locus-mismatched unrelated donor. Although engraftment was successful, no neurological improvement was seen 5 years after BMT. While CBMFs patients who have CP and MR could undergo transplantation safely, they may not benefit neurologically from BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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80
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Mancías-Guerra C, Marroquín-Escamilla AR, González-Llano O, Villarreal-Martínez L, Jaime-Pérez JC, García-Rodríguez F, Valdés-Burnes SL, Rodríguez-Romo LN, Barrera-Morales DC, Sánchez-Hernández JJ, Cantú-Rodríguez OG, Gutiérrez-Aguirre CH, Gómez-De León A, Elizondo-Riojas G, Salazar-Riojas R, Gómez-Almaguer D. Safety and tolerability of intrathecal delivery of autologous bone marrow nucleated cells in children with cerebral palsy: an open-label phase I trial. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:810-20. [PMID: 24642016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cerebral palsy (CP) is related to severe perinatal hypoxia with permanent brain damage in nearly 50% of surviving preterm infants. Cell therapy is a potential therapeutic option for CP by several mechanisms, including immunomodulation through cytokine and growth factor secretion. METHODS In this phase I open-label clinical trial, 18 pediatric patients with CP were included to assess the safety of autologous bone marrow-derived total nucleated cell (TNC) intrathecal and intravenous injection after stimulation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Motor, cognitive, communication, personal-social and adaptive areas were evaluated at baseline and 1 and 6 months after the procedure through the use of the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and 6 months after therapy. This study was registered in ClinicaTrials.gov (NCT01019733). RESULTS A median of 13.12 × 10(8) TNCs (range, 4.83-53.87) including 10.02 × 10(6) CD34+ cells (range, 1.02-29.9) in a volume of 7 mL (range, 4-10.5) was infused intrathecally. The remaining cells from the bone marrow aspirate were administered intravenously; 6.01 × 10(8) TNCs (range, 1.36-17.85), with 3.39 × 10(6) cells being CD34+. Early adverse effects included headache, vomiting, fever and stiff neck occurred in three patients. No serious complications were documented. An overall 4.7-month increase in developmental age according to the Battelle Developmental Inventory, including all areas of evaluation, was observed (±SD 2.63). No MRI changes at 6 months of follow-up were found. CONCLUSIONS Subarachnoid placement of autologous bone marrow-derived TNC in children with CP is a safe procedure. The results suggest a possible increase in neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Mancías-Guerra
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México.
| | - Alma Rosa Marroquín-Escamilla
- Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González," Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Oscar González-Llano
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Laura Villarreal-Martínez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - José Carlos Jaime-Pérez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Fernando García-Rodríguez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Sagrario Lisete Valdés-Burnes
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Laura Nely Rodríguez-Romo
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Dinorah Catalina Barrera-Morales
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Olga Graciela Cantú-Rodríguez
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - César Homero Gutiérrez-Aguirre
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Andrés Gómez-De León
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Guillermo Elizondo-Riojas
- Radiology and Imaging Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González," Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Rosario Salazar-Riojas
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - David Gómez-Almaguer
- Hematology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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81
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Stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:468748. [PMID: 24719869 PMCID: PMC3955655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/468748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell-based approaches have attracted more attention from scientists and clinicians due to their possible therapeutical effect on stroke. Animal studies have demonstrated that the beneficial effects of stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) might be due to cell replacement, neuroprotection, endogenous neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and modulation on inflammation and immune response. Although several clinical studies have shown the high efficiency and safety of stem cell in stroke management, mainly MSCs, some issues regarding to cell homing, survival, tracking, safety, and optimal cell transplantation protocol, such as cell dose and time window, should be addressed. Undoubtably, stem cell-based gene therapy represents a novel potential therapeutic strategy for stroke in future.
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82
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Gonzales-Portillo GS, Sanberg PR, Franzblau M, Gonzales-Portillo C, Diamandis T, Staples M, Sanberg CD, Borlongan CV. Mannitol-enhanced delivery of stem cells and their growth factors across the blood-brain barrier. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:531-9. [PMID: 24480552 PMCID: PMC4083632 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury in adults and neonates is a significant clinical problem with limited therapeutic interventions. Currently, clinicians have only tPA available for stroke treatment and hypothermia for cerebral palsy. Owing to the lack of treatment options, there is a need for novel treatments such as stem cell therapy. Various stem cells including cells from embryo, fetus, perinatal, and adult tissues have proved effective in preclinical and small clinical trials. However, a limiting factor in the success of these treatments is the delivery of the cells and their by-products (neurotrophic factors) into the injured brain. We have demonstrated that mannitol, a drug with the potential to transiently open the blood-brain barrier and facilitate the entry of stem cells and trophic factors, as a solution to the delivery problem. The combination of stem cell therapy and mannitol may improve therapeutic outcomes in adult stroke and neonatal cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S. Gonzales-Portillo
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Max Franzblau
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chiara Gonzales-Portillo
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Theo Diamandis
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Meaghan Staples
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cyndy D. Sanberg
- Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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83
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Suh JD, Lim KT, Jin H, Kim J, Choung PH, Chung JH. Effects of co-culture of dental pulp stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells on assembled dual disc scaffolds. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-1109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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84
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Penha EM, Aguiar PHP, Barrouin-Melo SM, de Lima RS, da Silveira ACC, Otelo ARS, Pinheiro CMB, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos R, Soares MBP. Clinical neurofunctional rehabilitation of a cat with spinal cord injury after hemilaminectomy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 5:146-50. [PMID: 24298368 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy has been investigated in a number of degenerative and traumatic diseases, including spinal cord injury. In the present study, we investigated the use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in the functional rehabilitation of a domestic cat presenting a compressive L1-L5 fracture. Bone marrow cells collected by puncture of the iliac crest were cultured to obtain mesenchymal stem cells three weeks before surgery. Hemilaminectomy was performed, followed by injection of the mesenchymal stem cells in the injured area. Clinical evaluation of the animal prior to surgery showed absence of pain, muscular tonus, and panniculi reflexes. Seven days after surgery and cell transplantation the examination revealed a progressive recovery of the panniculus reflexes and of the responses to superficial and deep pain stimuli despite the low proprioceptive and hyperreflexic ataxic hind limbs. Physiotherapy protocols were applied for clinical rehabilitation after surgery. The cat's first steps, three-minute weight-bearing, and intestine and urinary bladder partial reestablishment were observed 75 days post-surgery. Our results indicate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in chronic spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euler M Penha
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia ; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
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85
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Abraham R, Verfaillie CM. Neural differentiation and support of neuroregeneration of non-neural adult stem cells. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2013. [PMID: 23186708 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59544-7.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural stem/progenitor cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells can generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, a number of other cell populations are also being considered for therapy of central nervous system disorders. Here, we describe the potential of (stem) cells from other postnatal tissues, including bone marrow, (umbilical cord) blood, fat tissue, or dental pulp, which themselves do not (robustly) generate neural progeny. However, these non-neuroectoderm derived cell populations appear to capable of inducing endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis. As these "trophic" effects are also, at least partly, responsible for some of the beneficial effects seen when NSC are grafted in the brain, these non-neuroectodermal cells may exert beneficial effects when used to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojin Abraham
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing V, Leuven, Belgium
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86
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Xiong N, Yang H, Liu L, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Jia M, Huang J, Zhang Z, Mohamed AA, Lin Z, Wang T. bFGF promotes the differentiation and effectiveness of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rotenone model for Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:411-422. [PMID: 23770451 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) engraftment could alleviate motor dysfunction in parkinsonian animal models, but with limited efficacy and few engrafted cells surviving. On the other side, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) reportedly displays many effects including neuroprotection and promoting multipotent cells to expand and differentiate. In this study, we assessed whether a combination of bFGF and human BMSCs (HBMSCs) therapy could enhance the treatment effectiveness in Parkinson's disease (PD) rat models. Specifically, bFGF promoted HBMSCs to transdifferentiate toward neural-like lineages in vitro. In addition, HBMSCs transplantation alleviated the motor functional asymmetry, as well as prevented dopaminergic neuron loss in a PD model, while bFGF administration enhances its neurodifferentiation capacity and therapeutic effect. In conclusion, optimizing culture condition like supplementation of bFGF could significantly improve the output of HBMSCs in vitro, and HBMSCs transplantation with bFGF might represent an improved transplantation approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Hecheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Zhaowen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Asrah A Mohamed
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA; Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China.
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87
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Glavaski-Joksimovic A, Bohn MC. Mesenchymal stem cells and neuroregeneration in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:25-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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88
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Human dermal stem/progenitor cell-derived conditioned medium ameliorates ultraviolet a-induced damage of normal human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67604. [PMID: 23874431 PMCID: PMC3708938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skin stem cells are considered an attractive cell resource for therapeutic potential in aged skin. We previously reported that multipotent human dermal stem/progenitor cells (hDSPCs) can be enriched from (normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) using collagen type IV. However, the beneficial effects of hDSPCs on aged skin remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed the growth factors secreted from hDSPCs in conditioned medium (CM) derived from hDSPCs (hDSPC-CM) and found that hDSPCs secreted higher levels of bFGF, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, HGF, VEGF and IGF-1 compared with non-hDSPCs. We then investigated whether hDSPC-CM has an effect on ultraviolet A (UVA)-irradiated NHDFs. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the treatment of UVA-irradiated NHDFs with hDSPC-CM significantly antagonized the UVA-induced up-regulation of the MMP1 and the UVA-induced down-regulation of the collagen types I, IV and V and TIMP1 mRNA expressions. Furthermore, a scratch wound healing assay showed that hDSPC-CM enhanced the migratory properties of UVA-irradiated NHDFs. hDSPC-CM also significantly reduced the number of the early and late apoptotic cell population in UVA-irradiated NHDFs. Taken together, these data suggest that hDSPC-CM can exert some beneficial effects on aged skin and may be used as a therapeutic agent to improve skin regeneration and wound healing.
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89
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Wei N, Yu SP, Gu X, Taylor TM, Song D, Liu XF, Wei L. Delayed Intranasal Delivery of Hypoxic-Preconditioned Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhanced Cell Homing and Therapeutic Benefits after Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:977-91. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation therapy has emerged as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases. Effective delivery of exogenous cells and homing of these cells to the lesion region, however, have been challenging issues that hinder the efficacy and efficiency of cell-based therapy. In the present investigation, we tested a delayed treatment of noninvasive and brain-targeted intranasal delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a mouse focal cerebral ischemia model. The investigation tested the feasibility and effectiveness of intranasal delivery of BMSCs to the ischemic cortex. Hypoxia preconditioning (HP) of BMSCs was performed before transplantation in order to promote their survival, migration, and homing to the ischemic brain region after intranasal transplantation. Hoechst dye-labeled normoxic- or hypoxic-pretreated BMSCs (1 × 106 cells/animal) were delivered intranasally 24 h after stroke. Cells reached the ischemic cortex and deposited outside of vasculatures as early as 1.5 h after administration. HP-treated BMSCs (HP-BMSCs) showed a higher level of expression of proteins associated with migration, including CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9. HP-BMSCs exhibited enhanced migratory capacities in vitro and dramatically enhanced homing efficiency to the infarct cortex when compared with normoxic cultured BMSCs (N-BMSCs). Three days after transplantation and 4 days after stroke, both N-BMSCs and HP-BMSCs decreased cell death in the peri-infarct region; significant neuroprotection of reduced infarct volume was seen in mice that received HP-BMSCs. In adhesive removal test of sensorimotor functional assay performed 3 days after transplantation, HP-BMSC-treated mice performed significantly better than N-BMSC- and vehicle-treated animals. These data suggest that delayed intranasal administration of stem cells is feasible in the treatment of stroke and hypoxic preconditioning of transplanted cells, significantly enhances cell's homing to the ischemic region, and optimizes the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tammi M. Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denise Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xin-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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90
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Avraham-Lubin BCR, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Sadikov T, Askenasy N. VEGF induces neuroglial differentiation in bone marrow-derived stem cells and promotes microglia conversion following mobilization with GM-CSF. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 8:1199-210. [PMID: 22810360 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation of potential tropic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the incorporation and differentiation of bone-marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in a murine model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). METHODS In the first approach, small-sized subset of BMCs were isolated from GFP donors mice by counterflow centrifugal elutriation and depleted of hematopoietic lineages (Fr25lin(-)). These cells were injected into a peripheral vein (1 × 10(6) in 0.2 ml) or inoculated intravitreally (2 × 10(5)) to syngeneic mice, with or without intravitreal injection of 5 μg/2μL VEGF, simultaneously with AION induction. In a second approach, hematopoietic cells were substituted by myelablative transplant of syngeseic GFP + bone marrow cells. After 3 months, progenitors were mobilized with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) followed by VEGF inoculation into the vitreous body and AION induction . Engraftment and phenotype were examined by immunohistochemistry and FISH at 4 and 24 weeks post-transplantation, and VEGF receptors were determined by real time PCR. RESULTS VEGF had no quantitative effect on incorporation of elutriated cells in the injured retina, yet it induced early expression of neuroal markers in cells incorporated in the RGC layer and promoted durable gliosis, most prominent perivascular astrocytes. These effects were mediated by VEGF-R1/Flt-1, which is constitutively expresses in the elutriated fraction of stem cells. Mobilization with GM-CSF limited the differentiation of bone marrow progenitors to microglia, which was also fostered by VEGF. CONCLUSIONS VEGF signaling mediated by Flt-1 induces early neural and sustained astrocytic differentiation of stem cells elutriated from adult bone-marrow, with significant contribution to stabilization retinal architecture following ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Chen R Avraham-Lubin
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
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91
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Hoşgör F, Yilmaz N, Senyurt O, Gümüşova S, Cam B, Ceylan G, Yardimci C, Pinarli FA. Effect of osteoblast cell culture on the bone implant contact. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:626-31. [PMID: 22891929 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2012.700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to acquire an ideal bone implant contact under the cover of osteogenic effect of osteoblasts derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty dental implants were used for this study. Implants were placed in sheep mandibles and defects were created 4 mm coronally in the dental implants. These defects were filled with Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) in one group and with PRP + Osteoblast Cell Culture (OCC) in another group. No procedure was conducted on the control group defects (empty defect group). Eight weeks later, osseointegration was investigated with Bone Implant Contact (BIC) measurements histomorphologically. Data were checked statistically. RESULTS The variation of BIC rates between Empty Defect Group and PRP groups was significant (p <0.05). The BIC rate of the PRP group was higher than that of the Empty Defect Group. The variation of BIC rates between Empty Defect Group and PRP + OCC groups was significant (p <0.05). The BIC rate of the PRP + OCC group was higher than that of the Empty Defect Group. The variation of BIC rates between PRP and PRP + MSC groups was significant (p<0.05). The BIC rate of the PRP + OCC group was higher than that of the PRP group. At the end of the 8-week healing period, it was observed that the percentage of BIC was highest in the PRP + OCC group. CONCLUSIONS Implant-bone connection was better in the OCC-PRP group compared with the PRP group and the empty defect group. The use of OCC-PRP combination was effective on healing. The BIC value was increased significantly by OCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hoşgör
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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92
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A Small Molecule Swertisin from Enicostemma littorale Differentiates NIH3T3 Cells into Islet-Like Clusters and Restores Normoglycemia upon Transplantation in Diabetic Balb/c Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:280392. [PMID: 23662125 PMCID: PMC3639639 DOI: 10.1155/2013/280392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Stem cell therapy is one of the upcoming therapies for the treatment of diabetes. Discovery of potent differentiating agents is a prerequisite for increasing islet mass. The present study is an attempt to screen the potential of novel small biomolecules for their differentiating property into pancreatic islet cells using NIH3T3, as representative of extra pancreatic stem cells/progenitors. Methods. To identify new agents that stimulate islet differentiation, we screened various compounds isolated from Enicostemma littorale using NIH3T3 cells and morphological changes were observed. Characterization was performed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Q-PCR, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and insulin secretion assay for functional response in newly generated islet-like cell clusters (ILCC). Reversal of hyperglycemia was monitored after transplanting ILCC in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Results. Among various compounds tested, swertisin, an isolated flavonoid, was the most effective in differentiating NIH3T3 into endocrine cells. Swertisin efficiently changed the morphology of NIH3T3 cells from fibroblastic to round aggregate cell cluster in huge numbers. Dithizone (DTZ) stain primarily confirmed differentiation and gene expression studies signified rapid onset of differentiation signaling cascade in swertisin-induced ILCC. Molecular imaging and immunoblotting further confirmed presence of islet specific proteins. Moreover, glucose induced insulin release (in vitro) and decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) (in vivo) in transplanted diabetic BALB/c mice depicted functional maturity of ILCC. Insulin and glucagon expression in excised islet grafts illustrated survival and functional integrity. Conclusions. Rapid induction for islet differentiation by swertisin, a novel herbal biomolecule, provides low cost and readily available differentiating agent that can be translated as a therapeutic tool for effective treatment in diabetes.
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93
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Barriga A, Medrano M, De-Juan J, Burgos J. [Intravenous infusion of adult adipose tissue stem cells for repairing spinal cord ischaemic lesions. An experimental study on animals]. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2013; 57:89-94. [PMID: 23608207 DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if a peripheral intravenous infusion of adipose tissue stem cells (ATSC), after an ischemic spinal cord injury can promote selective cell migration and cell survival in the damaged neural tissue. ANIMALS AND METHOD: An ischaemic spinal cord injury was provoked by trapping the abdominal aorta for 20 minutes in 11 male New Zealand rabbits (2.5±0.5kg). They were randomised into two groups: one group (n=5) received an intravenous transfusion of 10±2×10(6) ATSC at 24 hours from the injury, and the control group (n=6) were only given the vehicle. The functional status was assessed, using the Tarlov scale at 24h, and 7 and 14 days. The animals were sacrificed at 14 days and a histological and immunohistochemical study was performed. RESULTS Complete paraplegia was achieved in both groups. There were no significant differences as regards neurological recovery, which was nil in both cases. In the histological and immunohistochemical study, it was tested to see if there was any bromodeoxyuridine-marked ATSC in the area of the lesion, but there was only a small amount. CONCLUSION ATSC are able to migrate and survive in the injured spinal cord after aortic ischaemia after they have been administered intravenously. Intravenous infusion is a harmless procedure with no side effect. No neurological recovery was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barriga
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, España; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, España.
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94
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Dadheech N, Srivastava A, Belani M, Gupta S, Pal R, Bhonde RR, Srivastava AS, Gupta S. Basal expression of pluripotency-associated genes can contribute to stemness property and differentiation potential. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1802-17. [PMID: 23343006 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency and stemness is believed to be associated with high Oct-3/4, Nanog, and Sox-2 (ONS) expression. Similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), high ONS expression eventually became the measure of pluripotency in any cell. The threshold expression of ONS genes that underscores pluripotency, stemness, and differentiation potential is still unclear. Therefore, we raised a question as to whether pluripotency and stemness is a function of basal ONS gene expression. To prove this, we carried out a comparative study between basal ONS expressing NIH3T3 cells with pluripotent mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSC) and mouse ESC. Our studies on cellular, molecular, and immunological biomarkers between NIH3T3 and mBMSC demonstrated stemness property of undifferentiated NIH3T3 cells that was similar to mBMSC and somewhat close to ESC as well. In vivo teratoma formation with all three germ layer derivatives strengthen the fact that these cells in spite of basal ONS gene expression can differentiate into cells of multiple lineages without any genetic modification. Conclusively, our novel findings suggested that the phenomenon of pluripotency which imparts ability for multilineage cell differentiation is not necessarily a function of high ONS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidheesh Dadheech
- Molecular Endocrinology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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95
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Law S, Chaudhuri S. Mesenchymal stem cell and regenerative medicine: regeneration versus immunomodulatory challenges. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2013; 2:22-38. [PMID: 23671814 PMCID: PMC3636724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSC) are now presented with the opportunities of multifunctional therapeutic approaches. Several reports are in support of their self-renewal, capacity for multipotent differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties. They are unique to contribute to the regeneration of mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, ligament, tendon, and adipose. In addition to promising trials in regenerative medicine, such as in the treatment of major bone defects and myocardial infarction, MSC has shown a therapeutic effect other than direct hematopoiesis support in hematopoietic reconstruction. MSCs are identified by the expression of many molecules including CD105 (SH2) and CD73(SH3/4) and are negative for the hematopoietic markers CD34, CD45, and CD14. Manufacturing of MSC for clinical trials is also an important aspect as their differentiation, homing and Immunomodulatory properties may differ. Their suppressive effects on immune cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells and DC cells, suggest MSCs as a novel therapy for GVHD and other autoimmune disorders. Since the cells by themselves are non-immunogenic, tissue matching between MSC donor and recipient is not essential and, MSC may be the first cell type able to be used as an "off-the-shelf" therapeutic product. Following a successful transplantation, the migration of MSC to the site of injury refers to the involvement of chemokines and chemokine receptors of respective specificity. It has been demonstrated that cultured MSCs have the ability to engraft into healthy as well as injured tissue and can differentiate into several cell types in vivo, which facilitates MSC to be an ideal tool for regenerative therapy in different disease types. However, some observations have raised questions about the limitations for proper use of MSC considering some critical factors that warn regular clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Law
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine108 C R Avenue, Kolkata-700073, India
| | - Samaresh Chaudhuri
- Guest Faculty Professor, Biotechnology, West Bengal University of TechnologyKolkata, India
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96
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Intravenous infusion of adult adipose tissue stem cells for repairing spinal cord ischaemic lesions. An experimental study on animals. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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97
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Goolsby J, Makar T, Dhib-Jalbut S, Bever CT, Pessac B, Trisler D. Hematopoietic progenitors express myelin basic protein and ensheath axons in Shiverer brain. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 257:13-20. [PMID: 23375677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendroglia are cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that form myelin sheath, which insulates neuronal axons. Neuropathologies of the CNS include dysmyelination of axons in multiple sclerosis and CNS trauma. Cell replacement is a promising but largely untested therapy for dysmyelination. Shiverer mouse, a genetic mutant that does not synthesize full-length myelin basic protein (MBP), a critical prerequisite protein in CNS myelin sheath formation, provides an unequivocal model for determining the potential of stem cells to become oligodendroglia. We demonstrate that adult wild-type mouse bone marrow stem cells can express MBP and ensheath axons when transplanted into Shiverer brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Goolsby
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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98
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Shim JH, Lee TR, Shin DW. Enrichment and characterization of human dermal stem/progenitor cells by intracellular granularity. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1264-74. [PMID: 23336432 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells from the dermis would be an attractive cell source for therapeutic purposes as well as studying the process of skin aging. Several studies have reported that human dermal stem/progenitor cells (hDSPCs) with multipotent properties exist within the dermis of adult human skin. However, these cells have not been well characterized, because methods for their isolation or enrichment have not yet been optimized. In the present study, we enriched high side scatter (SSC(high))-hDSPCs from normal human dermal fibroblasts using a structural characteristic, intracellular granularity, as a sorting parameter. The SSC(high)-hDSPCs had high in vitro proliferation properties and expressed high levels of SOX2 and S100B, similar to previously identified mouse SOX2+ hair follicle dermal stem cells. The SSC(high)-hDSPCs could differentiate into not only mesodermal cell types, for example, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, but also neuroectodermal cell types, such as neural cells. In addition, the SSC(high)-hDSPCs exhibited no significant differences in the expression of nestin, vimentin, SNAI2, TWIST1, versican, and CORIN compared with non-hDSPCs. These cells are therefore different from the previously identified multipotent fibroblasts and skin-derived progenitors. In this study, we suggest that hDSPCs can be enriched by using characteristic of their high intracellular granularity, and these SSC(high)-hDSPCs exhibit high in vitro proliferation and differentiation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Hyun Shim
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
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99
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Li J, Lepski G. Cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:786475. [PMID: 23484157 PMCID: PMC3581246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/786475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation, as a therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury (SCI), has been extensively studied by researchers in recent years. A number of different kinds of stem cells, neural progenitors, and glial cells have been tested in basic research, and most have been excluded from clinical studies because of a variety of reasons, including safety and efficacy. The signaling pathways, protein interactions, cellular behavior, and the differentiated fates of experimental cells have been studied in vitro in detail. Furthermore, the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effects on promoting functional recovery of transplanted cells have also been examined in different animal SCI models. However, despite significant progress, a "bench to bedside" gap still exists. In this paper, we comprehensively cover publications in the field from the last years. The most commonly utilized cell lineages were covered in this paper and specific areas covered include survival of grafted cells, axonal regeneration and remyelination, sensory and motor functional recovery, and electrophysiological improvements. Finally we also review the literature on the in vivo tracking techniques for transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, 646000 Luzhou, China
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avnida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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100
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Lung. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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