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Sándor S, Kubinyi E. Genetic Pathways of Aging and Their Relevance in the Dog as a Natural Model of Human Aging. Front Genet 2019; 10:948. [PMID: 31681409 PMCID: PMC6813227 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging research has experienced a burst of scientific efforts in the last decades as the growing ratio of elderly people has begun to pose an increased burden on the healthcare and pension systems of developed countries. Although many breakthroughs have been reported in understanding the cellular mechanisms of aging, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to senescence on higher biological levels are still barely understood. The dog, Canis familiaris, has already served as a valuable model of human physiology and disease. The possible role the dog could play in aging research is still an open question, although utilization of dogs may hold great promises as they naturally develop age-related cognitive decline, with behavioral and histological characteristics very similar to those of humans. In this regard, family dogs may possess unmatched potentials as models for investigations on the complex interactions between environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors that determine the course of aging. In this review, we summarize the known genetic pathways in aging and their relevance in dogs, putting emphasis on the yet barely described nature of certain aging pathways in canines. Reasons for highlighting the dog as a future aging and gerontology model are also discussed, ranging from its unique evolutionary path shared with humans, its social skills, and the fact that family dogs live together with their owners, and are being exposed to the same environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Sándor
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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52
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Gao X, Li Y, Adetula AA, Wu Y, Chen H. Analysis of new retrogenes provides insight into dog adaptive evolution. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11185-11197. [PMID: 31641464 PMCID: PMC6802060 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin and subsequent evolution of new genes have been considered as an important source of genetic and phenotypic diversity in organisms. Dog breeds show great phenotypic diversity for morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. However, the contributions of newly originated retrogenes, which provide important genetic bases for dog species differentiation and adaptive traits, are largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the dog genome to identify new RNA-based duplications and comprehensively investigated their origin, evolution, functions in adaptive traits, and gene movement processes. First, we totally identified 3,025 retrocopies including 476 intact retrogenes, 2,518 retropseudogenes, and 31 chimerical retrogenes. Second, selective pressure along with ESTs expression analysis showed that most of the intact retrogenes were significantly under stronger purifying selection and subjected to more functional constraints when compared to retropseudogenes. Furthermore, a large number of retrocopies and chimerical retrogenes that occurred approximately 22 million years ago implied a burst of retrotransposition in the dog genome after the divergence time between dog and its closely related species red fox. Interestingly, GO and pathway analyses showed that new retrogenes had expanded in glutathione biosynthetic/metabolic process which likely provided important genetic basis for dogs' adaptation to scavenge human waste dumps. Finally, consistent with the results in human and mouse, a significant excess of functional retrogenes movement on and off the X chromosome in the dog confirmed a general pattern of gene movement process in mammals which was likely driven by natural selection or sexual antagonism. Together, these results increase our understanding that new retrogenes can reshape the dog genome and provide further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the dogs' adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Center LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Infectious DiseasesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Adeyinka A. Adetula
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and ReproductionHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yu Wu
- Oilfield Community D-1-902WuhanChina
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Scientific ResearchRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Ray DA, Grimshaw JR, Halsey MK, Korstian JM, Osmanski AB, Sullivan KAM, Wolf KA, Reddy H, Foley N, Stevens RD, Knisbacher BA, Levy O, Counterman B, Edelman NB, Mallet J. Simultaneous TE Analysis of 19 Heliconiine Butterflies Yields Novel Insights into Rapid TE-Based Genome Diversification and Multiple SINE Births and Deaths. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:2162-2177. [PMID: 31214686 PMCID: PMC6685494 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) play major roles in the evolution of genome structure and function. However, because of their repetitive nature, they are difficult to annotate and discovering the specific roles they may play in a lineage can be a daunting task. Heliconiine butterflies are models for the study of multiple evolutionary processes including phenotype evolution and hybridization. We attempted to determine how TEs may play a role in the diversification of genomes within this clade by performing a detailed examination of TE content and accumulation in 19 species whose genomes were recently sequenced. We found that TE content has diverged substantially and rapidly in the time since several subclades shared a common ancestor with each lineage harboring a unique TE repertoire. Several novel SINE lineages have been established that are restricted to a subset of species. Furthermore, the previously described SINE, Metulj, appears to have gone extinct in two subclades while expanding to significant numbers in others. This diversity in TE content and activity has the potential to impact how heliconiine butterflies continue to evolve and diverge.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ray
- Department of Biological Science, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harsith Reddy
- Department of Biological Science, Texas Tech University
| | - Nicole Foley
- Department of Biological Science, Texas Tech University
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Binyamin A Knisbacher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Orr Levy
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
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54
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Lahola-Chomiak AA, Footz T, Nguyen-Phuoc K, Neil GJ, Fan B, Allen KF, Greenfield DS, Parrish RK, Linkroum K, Pasquale LR, Leonhardt RM, Ritch R, Javadiyan S, Craig JE, Allison WT, Lehmann OJ, Walter MA, Wiggs JL. Non-Synonymous variants in premelanosome protein (PMEL) cause ocular pigment dispersion and pigmentary glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1298-1311. [PMID: 30561643 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigmentary glaucoma (PG) is a common glaucoma subtype that results from release of pigment from the iris, called pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS), and its deposition throughout the anterior chamber of the eye. Although PG has a substantial heritable component, no causative genes have yet been identified. We used whole exome sequencing of two independent pedigrees to identify two premelanosome protein (PMEL) variants associated with heritable PDS/PG. PMEL encodes a key component of the melanosome, the organelle essential for melanin synthesis, storage and transport. Targeted screening of PMEL in three independent cohorts (n = 394) identified seven additional PDS/PG-associated non-synonymous variants. Five of the nine variants exhibited defective processing of the PMEL protein. In addition, analysis of PDS/PG-associated PMEL variants expressed in HeLa cells revealed structural changes to pseudomelanosomes indicating altered amyloid fibril formation in five of the nine variants. Introduction of 11-base pair deletions to the homologous pmela in zebrafish by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 method caused profound pigmentation defects and enlarged anterior segments in the eye, further supporting PMEL's role in ocular pigmentation and function. Taken together, these data support a model in which missense PMEL variants represent dominant negative mutations that impair the ability of PMEL to form functional amyloid fibrils. While PMEL mutations have previously been shown to cause pigmentation and ocular defects in animals, this research is the first report of mutations in PMEL causing human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Footz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Kim Nguyen-Phuoc
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Gavin J Neil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Baojian Fan
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keri F Allen
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David S Greenfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA
| | - Richard K Parrish
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Linkroum
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralf M Leonhardt
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shari Javadiyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - W T Allison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Ordan J Lehmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Michael A Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Peng Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Geng L, Ma R, Zhang C, Liu Z, Gong Y, Li J, Li X. Exploring differentially expressed genes associated with coat color in goat skin using RNA-seq. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fur color in domestic goats is an important, genetically determined characteristic that is associated with economic value. This study was designed to perform a comprehensive expression profiling of genes expressed in the skin tissues from Laiwu Black goat and Lubei White goat. Comparisons of black and white goat skin transcriptomes revealed 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 38 were upregulated and 64 downregulated in black skin compared with white skin. Among the DEGs, we identified six genes involved in pigmentation, including agouti signaling protein (ASIP), CAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 1 (CREB3L1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), premelanosome protein (PMEL), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 (TRPM1), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). Notably, there were no significant differences in the expression of melanocortin 1 receptor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase between the black and white skin samples, whereas ASIP expression was detected only in white skin. PMEL, TRPM1, TYRP1, and DCT showed higher expression in black goat skin, but ASIP and CREB3L1 had higher expression in white goat skin. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for PMEL, TRPM1, DCT, TYRP1, and CREB3L1 expression were consistent with those for RNA-seq. These results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of skin physiology and melanogenesis in goats, and provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei 071001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruxue Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingshi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei 071001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, People’s Republic of China
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Pelles Z, Gáspárdy A, Zöldág L, Lénárt X, Ninausz N, Varga L, Zenke P. Merle allele variations in the Mudi dog breed and their effects on phenotypes. Acta Vet Hung 2019; 67:159-173. [PMID: 31238727 DOI: 10.1556/004.2019.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A retrotransposon insertion in the SILV gene is associated with a peculiar phenotype of dog, known as a merle. It is characterised by various areas of their coat colour becoming diluted due to a malfunction in the eumelanin-producing pigment cells. Recent studies have shown that the exact size of the short interspersed element (SINE) insertion is in correlation with specific phenotypic attributes, but was not able to absolutely confine dogs to a certain colour pattern. Our study focused on the merle variations occurring in the Mudi breed. Altogether, 123 dog samples from 11 countries were tested and genotyped. The exact length of the merle alleles were determined by automated fluorescent capillary fragment analysis. The most frequent merle genotype in this Mudi sample collection was the 'classic' merle (m/M: 61.8%), whereas other variants, such as atypical (m/Ma and m/Ma+: 5.7%), harlequin (m/Mh: 13.8%), double merle (M/M: 0.8%) and mosaic profiles (17.9%) were also observed. The practical significance of testing this mutation is that, phenotypically, not only merle dogs are carriers of this insertion, but also the so-called hidden merle individuals (where the merle phenotype is fully covered by the pheomelanin-dominated colouration) are potentially capable of producing unintentionally homozygous 'double merle' progeny with ophthalmologic, viability and auditory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Pelles
- 1Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Gáspárdy
- 1Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Zöldág
- 1Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xénia Lénárt
- 2Institute of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nóra Ninausz
- 3 Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Varga
- 2Institute of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
- 3 Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Petra Zenke
- 1Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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57
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Chen C, Wang W, Wang X, Shen D, Wang S, Wang Y, Gao B, Wimmers K, Mao J, Li K, Song C. Retrotransposons evolution and impact on lncRNA and protein coding genes in pigs. Mob DNA 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 31080521 PMCID: PMC6501411 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-019-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrotransposons are the major determinants of genome sizes and they have shaped both genes and genomes in mammalian organisms, but their overall activity, diversity, and evolution dynamics, particularly their impact on protein coding and lncRNA genes in pigs remain largely unknown. RESULTS In the present study, we performed de novo detection of retrotransposons in pigs by using multiple pipelines, four distinct families of pig-specific L1 s classified into 51 distinct subfamilies and representing four evolution models and three expansion waves of pig-specific SINEs represented by three distinct families were identified. ERVs were classified into 18 families and found two most "modern" subfamilies in the pig genome. The transposition activity of pig L1 was verified by experiment, the sense and antisense promoter activities of young L1 5'UTRs and ERV LTRs and expression profiles of young retrotransposons in multiple tissues and cell lines were also validated. Furthermore, retrotransposons had an extensive impact on lncRNA and protein coding genes at both the genomic and transcriptomic levels. Most protein coding and lncRNA (> 80%) genes contained retrotransposon insertions, and about half of protein coding genes (44.30%) and one-fourth (24.13%) of lncRNA genes contained the youngest retrotransposon insertions. Nearly half of protein coding genes (43.78%) could generate chimeric transcripts with retrotransposons. Significant distribution bias of retrotransposon composition, location, and orientation in lncRNA and protein coding genes, and their transcripts, were observed. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, we characterized the classification and evolution profile of retrotransposons in pigs, experimentally proved the transposition activity of the young pig L1 subfamily, characterized the sense and antisense expression profiles and promoter activities of young retrotransposons, and investigated their impact on lncRNA and protein coding genes by defining the mobilome landscapes at the genomic and transcriptomic levels. These findings help provide a better understanding of retrotransposon evolution in mammal and their impact on the genome and transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Chen
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Dan Shen
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jiude Mao
- Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Kui Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- Institute of Animal Mobilome and Genome, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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Ziółkowski M, Redlarska A, Adamus-Fiszer K, Kania-Gierdziewicz J. Inheritance of different coat colours in Newfoundland dogs in Poland. ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to present the manner in which coat colour genes are inherited in the Newfoundland dog breed and to estimate the number of dogs with various coat colours in the Polish Newfoundland dog population in 2017. This population numbered 656 dogs, including 248 males and 408 females. The estimated number of dogs of this breed also included all registered puppies, broken down by gender and coat colour. The genes determining coat colour are described, including more precisely the genes responsible for the coat colour of the Newfoundland breed. According to FCI regulations, the coat colours for Newfoundland dogs are black, brown and black-and-white. Other colours, such as brown-and-white or blue, are not recognized for breeding purposes in Europe. The study found that the dominant black coat was predominant in the Polish Newfoundland dog population in 2017. These dogs could be heterozygous at some other loci and have undesirable alleles. The second most common coat colour was chocolate, while the fewest dogs had spotted coats. The group with spotted coats contained more males than females, in contrast to the other two colour variants. There were also individuals with the blue coat colour, which is not accepted for breeding, as the result of mating of parents with proper coat colours. An understanding of how dog coat colours are inherited and the need for tests to determine coat colour genotypes would make it possible to foresee the occurrence of incorrect colours in subsequent generations, which is crucial for Newfoundland dog breeders, whose goal is to obtain dogs whose coat colour is in line with the FCI standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Ziółkowski
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding
| | - Agnieszka Redlarska
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding
| | - Katarzyna Adamus-Fiszer
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding
| | - Joanna Kania-Gierdziewicz
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Coding Genes and Non-Coding RNAs Reveals Complex Regulatory Networks Underlying the Black Back and White Belly Coat Phenotype in Chinese Wuzhishan Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030201. [PMID: 30866582 PMCID: PMC6470719 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coat color is one of the most important characteristics for distinguishing Chinese indigenous pig breeds. In Wuzhishan pigs, the animals have black on the back and white on the abdomen. However, the molecular genetic basis of this phenotype is unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to compare expression profiles of coding and non-coding RNAs from white and black skin samples obtained from individual Wuzhishan pigs. The expression profiling revealed that 194 lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs), 189 mRNAs (messenger RNAs), and 162 miRNAs (microRNAs) had significantly different levels of expression (|log2 fold change| > 1, p-value < 0.05) in white and black skin. Compared to RNA levels in black skin, white skin had higher levels of expression of 185 lncRNAs, 181 mRNAs, and 23 miRNAs and lower levels of expression of 9 lncRNAs, 8 mRNAs, and 139 miRNAs. Functional analysis suggested that the differentially expressed transcripts are involved in biological processes such as melanin biosynthesis, pigmentation and tyrosine metabolism. Several key genes involved in melanogenesis, including MLANA, PMEL, TYR, TYRP1, DTC, TRPM1 and CAMK2A, had significantly different levels of expression in the two skin tissues. Potential lncRNA–miRNA–gene interactions were also examined. A total of 15 lncRNAs, 11 miRNAs and 7 genes formed 23 lncRNA–miRNA–gene pairs, suggesting that complex regulatory networks of coding and non-coding genes underlie the coat color trait in Wuzhishan pigs. Our study provides a foundation for understanding how lncRNA, miRNA and genes interact to regulate coat color in black-back/white-belly pigs. We also constructed lncRNA–miRNA–gene interaction networks to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying skin physiology and melanogenesis. The results extend our knowledge about the diversity of coat color among different domestic animals and provide a foundation for studying novel mechanisms that control coat color in Chinese indigenous pigs.
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Korec E, Hančl M, Bydžovská M, Chalupa O, Korcová J. Inheritance of coat colour in the cane Corso Italiano dog. BMC Genet 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 30832561 PMCID: PMC6398231 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inheritance of different coat colours in the Cane Corso Italiano dog has not been described thus far. We analysed data from 23,271 dogs and bitches using the Cane Corso Italiano Pedigree Database. We are describing for the first time the coat colour segregation ratios in Cane Corso Italiano offspring arising from crosses between parents of all possible coat colour combinations. Results Segregation ratios that do not follow a Mendelian pattern suggest that additional genes are active in the determination of coat colour. Segregation ratios of offspring produced by parental crossing (male colour A x female colour B) were compared with the ratios of offspring produced by reciprocal crossing (male colour B x female colour A) in all possible coat colour combinations. Most of the segregation ratios were the same, but some segregation ratios in reciprocal crosses differed. This result suggests that at least one gene responsible for coat colour is located on a sex chromosome. The sex ratio was analysed in the offspring of all colour groups. A ratio of 1:1 was not confirmed in 8 colour groups by the chi-square test. Conclusions We described for the first time coat colour segregation ratios in Cane Corso Italiano dogs. Furthermore, we present the hypothesis that at least one gene responsible for coat colour is located on a sex chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evžen Korec
- Department of Genetics, ZOO Tábor, Dukelských hrdinů 19, 17000, Prague 7, Czech Republic.
| | - Matyáš Hančl
- Department of Genetics, ZOO Tábor, Dukelských hrdinů 19, 17000, Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bydžovská
- Department of Genetics, ZOO Tábor, Dukelských hrdinů 19, 17000, Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Chalupa
- Department of Genetics, ZOO Tábor, Dukelských hrdinů 19, 17000, Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Korcová
- Department of Genetics, ZOO Tábor, Dukelských hrdinů 19, 17000, Prague 7, Czech Republic
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Wang GD, Shao XJ, Bai B, Wang J, Wang X, Cao X, Liu YH, Wang X, Yin TT, Zhang SJ, Lu Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhao W, Zhang B, Ruan J, Zhang YP. Structural variation during dog domestication: insights from gray wolf and dhole genomes. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:110-122. [PMID: 34694297 PMCID: PMC8291444 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several processes like phenotypic evolution, disease susceptibility and environmental adaptations, which fashion the domestication of animals, are largely attributable to structural variations (SVs) in the genome. Here, we present high-quality draft genomes of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) with scaffold N50 of 6.04 Mb and 3.96 Mb, respectively. Sequence alignment comprising genomes of three canid species reveals SVs specific to the dog, particularly 16 315 insertions, 2565 deletions, 443 repeats, 16 inversions and 15 translocations. Functional annotation of the dog SVs associated with genes indicates their enrichments in energy metabolisms, neurological processes and immune systems. Interestingly, we identify and verify at population level an insertion fully covering a copy of the AKR1B1 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B) transcript. Transcriptome analysis reveals a high level of expression of the new AKR1B1 copy in the small intestine and liver, implying an increase in de novo fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant ability in dog compared to gray wolf, likely in response to dietary shifts during the agricultural revolution. For the first time, we report a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of SVs during the domestication step of dogs. Our findings demonstrate that retroposition can birth new genes to facilitate domestication, and affirm the importance of large-scale genomic variants in domestication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Shao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China
- Department of Pediatrics, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Junlong Wang
- College of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan-Hu Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Shao-Jie Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | - Lu Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Core Genomic Facility, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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62
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Bastounes ER, Rando HM, Johnson JL, Trut LN, Sacks BN, Driscoll CA, vonHoldt B, Kukekova AV. Four structural variants associated with human-directed sociability in dogs are not found in tame red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Anim Genet 2018; 50:116-118. [PMID: 30537086 DOI: 10.1111/age.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle R Bastounes
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Halie M Rando
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer L Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lyudmila N Trut
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carlos A Driscoll
- Laboratory of Comparative Behavioral Genomics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9412, USA
| | - Bridgett vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544-2016, USA
| | - Anna V Kukekova
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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63
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Yuan H, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Jing J, Qiu J, Wang Z, Leng L. Comparative transcriptome profiles of Lindian chicken eyelids identify melanin genes controlling eyelid pigmentation. Br Poult Sci 2018; 60:15-22. [PMID: 30421986 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1544414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. During the long history of chicken domestication, eyelid colour, like skin colour and shank colour, has been one of the physical traits of Chinese indigenous chickens that influence consumer buying behaviour. In China, the Lindian chicken, which has coloured feathers, is renowned for the appetizing flavour of its meat and eggs, and its eyelid colours vary from deep (black) to light shades (light yellow). 2. To investigate genes involved in eyelid colour, the expression profiles of black and light-yellow eyelids of Lindian chickens were analysed with transcriptome sequencing. 3. A total of 13 466 genes were detected in the eyelids, among which 14 were differentially expressed. Among these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), three key genes, premelanosome protein (PMEL), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), and tyrosinase (TYR), encoded proteins that positively regulate melanogenesis and melanin deposition. PMEL, DCT and TYR were expressed much more strongly in the black eyelids than in the light-yellow eyelids. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that tyrosine metabolism and melanogenesis genes were significantly enriched among these DEGs (corrected P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, melanin may be one of the main factors involved in Lindian chicken eyelid colour. Furthermore, these results provide a valuable resource for the future study of the physical traits of Lindian chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yuan
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - X Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Q Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Y Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - S Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Y Li
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Y Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - J Jing
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - J Qiu
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Z Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - L Leng
- c College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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64
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Nonsense mutation in PMEL is associated with yellowish plumage colour phenotype in Japanese quail. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16732. [PMID: 30425278 PMCID: PMC6233202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The L strain of Japanese quail exhibits a plumage phenotype that is light yellowish in colour. In this study, we identified a nonsense mutation in the premelanosome protein (PMEL) gene showing complete concordance with the yellowish plumage within a pedigree as well as across strains by genetic linkage analysis of an F2 intercross population using approximately 2,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were detected by double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq). The yellowish plumage was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and the causative mutation was located within an 810-kb genomic region of the LGE22C19W28_E50C23 linkage group (LGE22). This region contained the PMEL gene that is required for the normal melanosome morphogenesis and eumelanin deposition. A nonsense mutation that leads to a marked truncation of the deduced protein was found in PMEL of the mutant. The gene expression level of PMEL decreased substantially in the mutant. Genotypes at the site of the nonsense mutation were fully concordant with plumage colour phenotypes in 196 F2 offspring. The nonsense mutation was not found in several quail strains with non-yellowish plumage. Thus, the yellowish plumage may be caused by the reduced eumelanin content in feathers because of the loss of PMEL function.
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Abstract
Dogs are second only to humans in medical surveillance and preventative health care, leading to a recent perception of increased cancer incidence. Scientific priorities in veterinary oncology have thus shifted, with a demand for cancer genetic screens, better diagnostics, and more effective therapies. Most dog breeds came into existence within the last 300 years, and many are derived from small numbers of founders. Each has undergone strong artificial selection, in which dog fanciers selected for many traits, including body size, fur type, color, skull shape, and behavior, to create novel breeds. The adoption of the breed barrier rule-no dog may become a registered member of a breed unless both its dam and its sire are registered members-ensures a relatively closed genetic pool within each breed. As a result, there is strong phenotypic homogeneity within breeds but extraordinary phenotypic variation between breeds. One consequence of this is the high level of breed-associated genetic disease. We and others have taken advantage of this to identify genes for a large number of canine maladies for which mouse models do not exist, particularly with regard to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Dayna L Dreger
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jacquelyn M Evans
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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66
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Yu S, Wang G, Liao J, Tang M. Transcriptome profile analysis identifies candidate genes for the melanin pigmentation of breast muscle in Muchuan black-boned chicken. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3446-3455. [PMID: 29982752 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin-based coloration in the meat of black-boned chicken is a major economic issue in China. Variation in the pigmentation (hypopigmentation) of chicken muscle causes direct economic losses every year. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in the melanogenesis of muscle tissue, this study used high-throughput sequencing to compare differences in the transcriptome between black (BM) and white (WM) chicken breast muscles. We constructed 6 cDNA libraries from BM and WM groups in Muchuan black-boned chickens. A comparison between the BM and WM groups revealed 264 differentially expressed genes, of which 152 were upregulated, whereas 112 were downregulated in black muscle. Gene ontology and a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis identified several differentially enriched biological functions and processes of the 2 muscles. Seven promising candidate genes [PMEL, Ras-related protein RAB29, and 5 solute carrier superfamily genes: SLC6A9, SLC38A4, SLC22A5, SLC35F3, and SLC16A3] may play an important role in the melanogenesis of chicken muscle. Our data provide a valuable resource for identifying genes whose functions are critical for muscle melanogenesis, and will assist studies of the molecular mechanisms of melanogenesis regulation in chicken muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Mei Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan Province Higher School of Local Chicken Breeds Industrialization in Southern Sichuan, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
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67
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Deane-Coe PE, Chu ET, Slavney A, Boyko AR, Sams AJ. Direct-to-consumer DNA testing of 6,000 dogs reveals 98.6-kb duplication associated with blue eyes and heterochromia in Siberian Huskies. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007648. [PMID: 30286082 PMCID: PMC6171790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer genomics enables genetic discovery on an unprecedented scale by linking very large databases of personal genomic data with phenotype information voluntarily submitted via web-based surveys. These databases are having a transformative effect on human genomics research, yielding insights on increasingly complex traits, behaviors, and disease by including many thousands of individuals in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The promise of consumer genomic data is not limited to human research, however. Genomic tools for dogs are readily available, with hundreds of causal Mendelian variants already characterized, because selection and breeding have led to dramatic phenotypic diversity underlain by a simple genetic structure. Here, we report the results of the first consumer genomics study ever conducted in a non-human model: a GWAS of blue eyes based on more than 3,000 customer dogs with validation panels including nearly 3,000 more, the largest canine GWAS to date. We discovered a novel association with blue eyes on chromosome 18 (P = 1.3x10-68) and used both sequence coverage and microarray probe intensity data to identify the putative causal variant: a 98.6-kb duplication directly upstream of the Homeobox gene ALX4, which plays an important role in mammalian eye development. This duplication is largely restricted to Siberian Huskies, is strongly associated with the blue-eyed phenotype (chi-square P = 5.2x10-290), and is highly, but not completely, penetrant. These results underscore the power of consumer-data-driven discovery in non-human species, especially dogs, where there is intense owner interest in the personal genomic information of their pets, a high level of engagement with web-based surveys, and an underlying genetic architecture ideal for mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra E. Deane-Coe
- Embark Veterinary, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin T. Chu
- Embark Veterinary, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Slavney
- Embark Veterinary, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Boyko
- Embark Veterinary, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Sams
- Embark Veterinary, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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68
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Langevin M, Synkova H, Jancuskova T, Pekova S. Merle phenotypes in dogs - SILV SINE insertions from Mc to Mh. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198536. [PMID: 30235206 PMCID: PMC6147463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that the Merle coat pattern in dogs is not only a visually interesting feature, but it also exerts an important biological role, in terms of hearing and vision impairments. In 2006, the Merle (M) locus was mapped to the SILV gene (aka PMEL) with a SINE element in it, and the inserted retroelement was proven causative to the Merle phenotype. Mapping of the M locus was a genetic breakthrough and many breeders started implementing SILV SINE testing in their breeding programs. Unfortunately, the situation turned out complicated as genotypes of Merle tested individuals did not always correspond to expected phenotypes, sometimes with undesired health consequences in the offspring. Two variants of SILV SINE, allelic to the wild type sequence, have been described so far–Mc and M. Here we report a significantly larger portfolio of existing Merle alleles (Mc, Mc+, Ma, Ma+, M, Mh) in Merle dogs, which are associated with unique coat color features and stratified health impairment risk. The refinement of allelic identification was made possible by systematic, detailed observation of Merle phenotypes in a cohort of 181 dogs from known Merle breeds, by many breeders worldwide, and the use of advanced molecular technology enabling the discrimination of individual Merle alleles with significantly higher precision than previously available. We also show that mosaicism of Merle alleles is an unexpectedly frequent phenomenon, which was identified in 30 out of 181 (16.6%) dogs in our study group. Importantly, not only major alleles, but also minor Merle alleles can be inherited by the offspring. Thus, mosaic findings cannot be neglected and must be reported to the breeder in their whole extent. Most importantly, sperm cells seem to be a significant source of germline Merle allelic variants which can be passed to the offspring on Mendelian basis and explain unusual genotype / phenotype findings in the offspring. In light of negative health consequences that may be attributed to certain Merle breeding strategies, we strongly advocate implementation of the refined Merle allele testing for all dogs of Merle breeds to help the breeders in selection of suitable mating partners and production of healthy offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Langevin
- Cat´s Cradle Catahoulas, Oro Medonte, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena Synkova
- European Association of Louisiana Catahoulas, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Jancuskova
- Vemodia a.s., Laboratory for veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Pekova
- Vemodia a.s., Laboratory for veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Prague, Czech Republic
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69
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Feather follicles transcriptome profiles in Bashang long-tailed chickens with different plumage colors. Genes Genomics 2018; 41:1357-1367. [PMID: 30229509 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rich variety in plumage color found in nature, genetic studies on how feather follicles affect pigmentation are often limited to animals that have black and white pigment. To test how gene expression influences plumage color, transcriptomes of chicken feather follicles with white, black, hemp, reed catkins, silvery grey, and landscape plumage colors were generated using Illumina sequencing. We generated six RNA-Seq libraries with over 25 million paired-end clean reads per library with percentage of paired-end clean reads ranging from 96.73 to 96.98%. 78% of the reads mapped to the chicken genome, and approximately 70% of the reads were mapped to exons and 6% mapped to introns. Transcriptomes of feather follicles producing hemp and land plumage were similar, but these two showed moderate differences compared with gray and reed colored plumage. The black and white follicle transcriptomes were most divergent from the other colors. We identified several candidate genes, including GPNMB, PMEL, TYRP1, GPR143, OCA2, SOX10, SLC45A2, KRT75, and TYR. All of these genes are known to induce pigment formation in mice. White feathers result from the lack of pigment formation, and our results suggest that the white chickens due to the recessive insertion mutation of TYR. The formation of black area size and color depth may be due to the expression levels of GPNMB, PMEL, TYRP1, GPR143, OCA2, SOX10, SLC45A2, KRT75, and TYR. The GO analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that DEGs in our transcriptome analysis were enriched in cytoskeleton and cell structure related pathways. The black plumage transcriptome showed significant differences in melanogenesis, tyrosine metabolism, and riboflavin metabolism compared with transcriptomes of other plumage colors. The transcriptome profiles of the different chicken plumage colors provide a valuable resource to understand how gene expression influences plumage color, and will be an important resource for identifying candidate genes in breeding programs.
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70
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Murphy SC, Evans JM, Tsai KL, Clark LA. Length variations within the Merle retrotransposon of canine PMEL: correlating genotype with phenotype. Mob DNA 2018; 9:26. [PMID: 30123327 PMCID: PMC6091007 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antisense insertion of a canine short interspersed element (SINEC_Cf) in the pigmentation gene PMEL (or SILV) causes a coat pattern phenotype in dogs termed merle. Merle is a semi-dominant trait characterized by patches of full pigmentation on a diluted background. The oligo(dT) tract of the Merle retrotransposon is long and uninterrupted and is prone to dramatic truncation. Phenotypically wild-type individuals carrying shorter oligo(dT) lengths of the Merle allele have been previously described and termed cryptic merles. Two additional coat patterns, dilute merle (uniform, steely-grey coat) and harlequin merle (white background with black patches), also appear in breeds segregating the Merle allele. RESULTS Sequencing of all PMEL exons in a dilute and a harlequin merle reveals that variation exists solely within the oligo(dT) tract of the SINEC_Cf insertion. In fragment analyses from 259 dogs heterozygous for Merle, we observed a spectrum of oligo(dT) lengths spanning 25 to 105 base pairs (bp), with ranges that correspond to the four varieties of the merle phenotype: cryptic (25-55 bp), dilute (66-74 bp), standard (78-86 bp), and harlequin (81-105 bp). Somatic contractions of the oligo(dT) were observed in 43% of standard and 51% of harlequin merle dogs. A small proportion (4.6%) of the study cohort inherited de novo contractions or expansions of the Merle allele that resulted in dilute or harlequin coat patterns, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The phenotypic consequence of the Merle SINE insertion directly depends upon oligo(dT) length. In transcription, we propose that the use of an alternative splice site increases with oligo(dT) length, resulting in insufficient PMEL and a pigment dilution spectrum, from dark grey to complete hypopigmentation. We further propose that during replication, contractions and expansions increase in frequency with oligo(dT) length, causing coat variegation (somatic events in melanocytes) and the spontaneous appearance of varieties of the merle phenotype (germline events).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Murphy
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Jacquelyn M. Evans
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Kate L. Tsai
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Leigh Anne Clark
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
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71
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Ballif BC, Ramirez CJ, Carl CR, Sundin K, Krug M, Zahand A, Shaffer LG, Flores-Smith H. The PMEL Gene and Merle in the Domestic Dog: A Continuum of Insertion Lengths Leads to a Spectrum of Coat Color Variations in Australian Shepherds and Related Breeds. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 156:22-34. [PMID: 30071510 DOI: 10.1159/000491408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Merle is a distinct coat color and pattern found in numerous species, including the domestic dog, characterized by patches of diluted eumelanin (black pigment) interspersed among areas of normal pigmentation. In dogs, this variegated pattern is caused by an insertion of a SINE element into the canine PMEL gene. Although variation in the length of the SINE insertion - due to a variable-length poly(A) tail - has been observed to be associated with variation in merle coat color and patterning, no systematic evaluation of this correlation has been conducted and published in the scientific literature. We performed high-resolution analysis of the SINE insertion lengths in 175 dogs (99 Australian shepherds, 45 miniature Australian shepherds, and 31 miniature American shepherds) and compared the genotypes with the coat phenotypes (when available). SINE insertion lengths varied from 201 to 277 bp, indicating that merle insertion variants can occur in virtually any size along the entire continuum. Genotype-phenotype correlation of 126 dogs with only a single SINE insertion (m/M) identified at least 4 major phenotypic clusters designated as "cryptic," "atypical," "classic," and "harlequin" merle. However, we found several phenotypic outliers that did not cluster within these major groupings, suggesting that insertion size is not the only factor responsible for merle phenotypic variability. In addition, we detected 25 dogs with 2 SINE insertions (M/M) and 24 dogs with more than 2 PMEL (merle) alleles, indicating mosaicism. Genotype-phenotype correlation of M/M dogs suggests that cryptic merle alleles often act like non-merle (m) alleles when combined with atypical, classic, and harlequin-sized alleles. The finding of mosaicism has important implications for the dog's phenotype and the ability to potentially transmit various alleles to its offspring. Furthermore, we identified examples of the SINE insertion poly(A)-tail expansion and contraction between generations, which also has important implications for breeding practices and determining mating pairs to avoid producing double merle dogs. These data demonstrate that there is a continuum of merle insertion lengths associated with a spectrum of coat color and patterns and that genotype-phenotype exceptions and overlap make it difficult to strictly assign certain insertion sizes with an expected coat color, although some generalizations are possible.
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72
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Silencing of PMEL attenuates melanization via activating lysosomes and degradation of tyrosinase by lysosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2536-2542. [PMID: 30208522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The functionally specialized melanosome is a membrane-enclosed lysosome-related organelle, which coexists with lysosomes in melanocytes. Pre-melanosomal protein (PMEL) initiates pre-melanosome morphogenesis and is the only cell-specific pigment protein required for the formation of fibrils on which melanin is deposited in melanosomes. But the effects of PMEL on melanin synthesis and lysosome activity remain unclear. In the study, PMEL was silenced in human epidermal melanocytes by siRNA transfection. Compared to the non-treated group, melanin content in the transfected cells was greatly reduced. Real-time qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses all showed that PMEL-siRNA transfection reduced protein level of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanogenesis, but it does not affect tyrosinase gene expression. Moreover, in the absence of PMEL, lysosomal activation was manifested by an increase in the number of lysosomes and activity of hydrolysis enzymes. The lysosome inhibitors restored tyrosinase expression after PMEL silencing, indicating that tyrosinase was degradated by lysosomes. The data collectively showed that silencing of PMEL suppressed melanization through activating lysosomes and degradation of tyrosinase by lysosomes. Our findings provide novel insight into the interaction between the melanosome and its related organelle, the lysosome, supplying a new idea for the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of pigmented diseases.
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vonHoldt BM, Ji SS, Aardema ML, Stahler DR, Udell MAR, Sinsheimer JS. Activity of Genes with Functions in Human Williams-Beuren Syndrome Is Impacted by Mobile Element Insertions in the Gray Wolf Genome. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1546-1553. [PMID: 29860323 PMCID: PMC6007319 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In canines, transposon dynamics have been associated with a hyper-social behavioral syndrome, although the functional mechanism has yet to be described. We investigate the epigenetic and transcriptional consequences of these behavior-associated mobile element insertions (MEIs) in dogs and Yellowstone gray wolves. We posit that the transposons themselves may not be the causative feature; rather, their transcriptional regulation may exert the functional impact. We survey four outlier transposons associated with hyper-sociability, with the expectation that they are targeted for epigenetic silencing. We predict hyper-methylation of MEIs, suggestive that the epigenetic silencing of and not the MEIs themselves may be driving dysregulation of nearby genes. We found that transposon-derived sequences are significantly hyper-methylated, regardless of their copy number or species. Further, we have assessed transcriptome sequence data and found evidence that MEIs impact the expression levels of six genes (WBSCR17, LIMK1, GTF2I, WBSCR27, BAZ1B, and BCL7B), all of which have known roles in human Williams-Beuren syndrome due to changes in copy number, typically hemizygosity. Although further evidence is needed, our results suggest that a few insertions alter local expression at multiple genes, likely through a cis-regulatory mechanism that excludes proximal methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett M vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey
| | - Sarah S Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew L Aardema
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, New Jersey
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Daniel R Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
| | - Monique A R Udell
- Department of Animal & Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
- Departments of Human Genetics and Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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74
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Insertion of 275-bp SINE into first intron of PDIA4 gene is associated with litter size in Xiang pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:16-23. [PMID: 29728275 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the SINE polymorphism in Xiang, Kele, Qianbei black, Jiangkouluobo, Large White, and Duroc pig breeds. The PCR based detection method was conducted to identify the short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) polymorphism in the PDIA4 gene. There were greater frequencies of the SINE-/- genotypes in Xiang pigs (55.9%) as compared with other pig breed groups. There was an association between this 275 bp SINE polymorphism and litter size (P = 0.003). The homozygous SINE+/+ genotype of the PDIA4 gene had a 1.45-piglets larger litter sizes compared to those with the homozygous SINE-/- genotype. Furthermore, there were assessments of mRNA and protein abundances as a result of PDIA4 gene expression in the ovaries of Xiang pigs for the three different SINE genotypes, and the results indicated that relative abundances of PDIA4 mRNA and protein was greater for the SINE-/- and SINE-/+ genotypes compared with the SINE+/+ genotype (P < 0.05). These findings suggested that the 275 bp SINE polymorphism might change the expression of the PDIA4 gene and could be used as a candidate DNA marker for the selection for litter size in Xiang pigs.
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75
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Allison WT, DuVal MG, Nguyen-Phuoc K, Leighton PLA. Reduced Abundance and Subverted Functions of Proteins in Prion-Like Diseases: Gained Functions Fascinate but Lost Functions Affect Aetiology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2223. [PMID: 29064456 PMCID: PMC5666902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions have served as pathfinders that reveal many aspects of proteostasis in neurons. The recent realization that several prominent neurodegenerative diseases spread via a prion-like mechanism illuminates new possibilities for diagnostics and therapeutics. Thus, key proteins in Alzheimer Disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including amyloid-β precursor protein, Tau and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), spread to adjacent cells in their misfolded aggregated forms and exhibit template-directed misfolding to induce further misfolding, disruptions to proteostasis and toxicity. Here we invert this comparison to ask what these prion-like diseases can teach us about the broad prion disease class, especially regarding the loss of these key proteins' function(s) as they misfold and aggregate. We also consider whether functional amyloids might reveal a role for subverted protein function in neurodegenerative disease. Our synthesis identifies SOD1 as an exemplar of protein functions being lost during prion-like protein misfolding, because SOD1 is inherently unstable and loses function in its misfolded disease-associated form. This has under-appreciated parallels amongst the canonical prion diseases, wherein the normally folded prion protein, PrPC, is reduced in abundance in fatal familial insomnia patients and during the preclinical phase in animal models, apparently via proteostatic mechanisms. Thus while template-directed misfolding and infectious properties represent gain-of-function that fascinates proteostasis researchers and defines (is required for) the prion(-like) diseases, loss and subversion of the functions attributed to hallmark proteins in neurodegenerative disease needs to be integrated into design towards effective therapeutics. We propose experiments to uniquely test these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
| | - Michèle G DuVal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Kim Nguyen-Phuoc
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
| | - Patricia L A Leighton
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
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76
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Song X, Xu C, Liu Z, Yue Z, Liu L, Yang T, Cong B, Yang F. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Mink (Neovison vison) Skin Reveals the Key Genes Involved in the Melanogenesis of Black and White Coat Colour. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12461. [PMID: 28963476 PMCID: PMC5622100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Farmed mink (Neovison vison) is one of the most important fur-bearing species worldwide, and coat colour is a crucial qualitative characteristic that contributes to the economic value of the fur. To identify additional genes that may play important roles in coat colour regulation, Illumina/Solexa high-throughput sequencing technology was used to catalogue the global gene expression profiles in mink skin with two different coat colours (black and white). RNA-seq analysis indicated that a total of 12,557 genes were differentially expressed in black versus white minks, with 3,530 genes up-regulated and 9,027 genes down-regulated in black minks. Significant differences were not observed in the expression of MC1R and TYR between the two different coat colours, and the expression of ASIP was not detected in the mink skin of either coat colour. The expression levels of KITLG, LEF1, DCT, TYRP1, PMEL, Myo5a, Rab27a and SLC7A11 were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with RNA-seq analysis. This study provides several candidate genes that may be associated with the development of two coat colours in mink skin. These results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying skin physiology and melanogenesis in mink and will provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchao Song
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Zongyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Zhigang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Linling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Tongao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Bo Cong
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Fuhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
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77
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Peng Y, Liu X, Geng L, Ma R, Li L, Li J, Zhang C, Liu Z, Gong Y, Li X. Illumina-sequencing based transcriptome study of coat color phenotypes in domestic goats. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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78
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vonHoldt BM, Shuldiner E, Koch IJ, Kartzinel RY, Hogan A, Brubaker L, Wanser S, Stahler D, Wynne CDL, Ostrander EA, Sinsheimer JS, Udell MAR. Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700398. [PMID: 28776031 PMCID: PMC5517105 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of morphologic traits (for example, body size and coat color) in dogs and wolves, the genetic basis of their behavioral divergence is poorly understood. An integrative approach using both behavioral and genetic data is required to understand the molecular underpinnings of the various behavioral characteristics associated with domestication. We analyze a 5-Mb genomic region on chromosome 6 previously found to be under positive selection in domestic dog breeds. Deletion of this region in humans is linked to Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a multisystem congenital disorder characterized by hypersocial behavior. We associate quantitative data on behavioral phenotypes symptomatic of WBS in humans with structural changes in the WBS locus in dogs. We find that hypersociability, a central feature of WBS, is also a core element of domestication that distinguishes dogs from wolves. We provide evidence that structural variants in GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, genes previously implicated in the behavioral phenotype of patients with WBS and contained within the WBS locus, contribute to extreme sociability in dogs. This finding suggests that there are commonalities in the genetic architecture of WBS and canine tameness and that directional selection may have targeted a unique set of linked behavioral genes of large phenotypic effect, allowing for rapid behavioral divergence of dogs and wolves, facilitating coexistence with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett M. vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Emily Shuldiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ilana Janowitz Koch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rebecca Y. Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrew Hogan
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren Brubaker
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shelby Wanser
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, USA
| | - Clive D. L. Wynne
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janet S. Sinsheimer
- Departments of Human Genetics and Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Monique A. R. Udell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331, USA
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Auditory function is a sense that is central to life for cats - being important in situational awareness of potential predators, pursuit of prey, and for communication with conspecifics, humans and other species. Deafness in cats is most frequently the result of a genetic disorder, strongly associated with white fur and blue eyes, but may also result from acquired causes such as advancing age, ototoxic drugs, infection, environmental noise and physical trauma. Deafness can be sensorineural, where there is loss of cochlear hair cells, or conductive, where sound is muffled on its way to the inner ear. Clinical challenges: Establishing whether a cat is deaf can be difficult as behavioral testing of hearing is subjective and does not reliably detect unilateral deafness. Brainstem auditory evoked response testing is an objective measure but is limited in its availability. Currently, sensorineural deafness is irreversible because no treatments are available to restore lost hair cells. Conductive hearing loss can usually be treated, although full hearing recovery following otitis media may take weeks as the body clears the middle ear of debris. Evidence base: The author draws on the published literature and his extensive research on clinical aspects and molecular genetics of deafness, principally in companion animals, to review types and forms of deafness in cats. He also discusses current diagnostic approaches and provides brief advice for managing cats with hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Strain
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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80
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Evans JM, Noorai RE, Tsai KL, Starr-Moss AN, Hill CM, Anderson KJ, Famula TR, Clark LA. Beyond the MHC: A canine model of dermatomyositis shows a complex pattern of genetic risk involving novel loci. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006604. [PMID: 28158183 PMCID: PMC5315411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a chronic inflammatory myopathy and vasculopathy driven by genetic and environmental influences. Here, we investigated the genetic underpinnings of an analogous, spontaneous disease of dogs also termed dermatomyositis (DMS). As in JDM, we observed a significant association with a haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (DLA-DRB1*002:01/-DQA1*009:01/-DQB1*001:01), particularly in homozygosity (P-val = 0.0001). However, the high incidence of the haplotype among healthy dogs indicated that additional genetic risk factors are likely involved in disease progression. We conducted genome-wide association studies in two modern breeds having common ancestry and detected strong associations with novel loci on canine chromosomes 10 (P-val = 2.3X10-12) and 31 (P-val = 3.95X10-8). Through whole genome resequencing, we identified primary candidate polymorphisms in conserved regions of PAN2 (encoding p.Arg492Cys) and MAP3K7CL (c.383_392ACTCCACAAA>GACT) on chromosomes 10 and 31, respectively. Analyses of these polymorphisms and the MHC haplotypes revealed that nine of 27 genotypic combinations confer high or moderate probability of disease and explain 93% of cases studied. The pattern of disease risk across PAN2 and MAP3K7CL genotypes provided clear evidence for a significant epistatic foundation for this disease, a risk further impacted by MHC haplotypes. We also observed a genotype-phenotype correlation wherein an earlier age of onset is correlated with an increased number of risk alleles at PAN2 and MAP3K7CL. High frequencies of multiple genetic risk factors are unique to affected breeds and likely arose coincident with artificial selection for desirable phenotypes. Described herein is the first three-locus association with a complex canine disease and two novel loci that provide targets for exploration in JDM and related immunological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn M. Evans
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rooksana E. Noorai
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Genomics and Computational Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kate L. Tsai
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alison N. Starr-Moss
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cody M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kendall J. Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Leigh Anne Clark
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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81
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Roberts RB, Moore EC, Kocher TD. An allelic series at pax7a is associated with colour polymorphism diversity in Lake Malawi cichlid fish. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2625-2639. [PMID: 28027432 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in the evolution and maintenance of discrete phenotypic polymorphisms, the molecular genetic basis of such polymorphism in the wild is largely unknown. Female sex-associated blotched colour polymorphisms found in cichlids of Lake Malawi, East Africa, represent a highly successful polymorphic phenotype, found and maintained in four genera across the geographic expanse of the lake. Previously, we identified an association with an allelic variant of the paired-box transcription factor gene pax7a and blotched colour morphs in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. Although a diverse range of blotched phenotypes are present in Lake Malawi cichlid species, they all appeared to result from an allele of pax7a that produces increased levels of transcript. Here, we examine the developmental and genetic basis of variation among blotched morphs. First, we confirm that pax7a-associated blotch morphs result primarily from modulation of melanophore development and survival. From laboratory crosses and natural population studies, we identify at least three alleles of pax7a associated with discrete subtypes of blotched morphs, in addition to the ancestral pax7a allele. Genotypes at pax7a support initial evolution of a novel pax7a allele to produce the blotched class of morphs, followed by subsequent evolution of that pax7a blotched allele to produce additional alleles associated with discrete colour morphs. Variant alleles of pax7a produce different levels of pax7a transcript, correlating with pigmentation phenotype at the cellular level. This naturally selected allelic series should serve as a case study for understanding the molecular genetic control of pax7a expression and the evolution of sex-associated alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reade B Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Emily C Moore
- Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Genome sequence, population history, and pelage genetics of the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1013. [PMID: 27938335 PMCID: PMC5148847 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is an endangered African canid threatened by severe habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, and infectious disease. A highly specialized carnivore, it is distinguished by its social structure, dental morphology, absence of dewclaws, and colorful pelage. RESULTS We sequenced the genomes of two individuals from populations representing two distinct ecological histories (Laikipia County, Kenya and KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa). We reconstructed population demographic histories for the two individuals and scanned the genomes for evidence of selection. CONCLUSIONS We show that the African wild dog has undergone at least two effective population size reductions in the last 1,000,000 years. We found evidence of Lycaon individual-specific regions of low diversity, suggestive of inbreeding or population-specific selection. Further research is needed to clarify whether these population reductions and low diversity regions are characteristic of the species as a whole. We documented positive selection on the Lycaon mitochondrial genome. Finally, we identified several candidate genes (ASIP, MITF, MLPH, PMEL) that may play a role in the characteristic Lycaon pelage.
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83
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Chuong EB, Elde NC, Feschotte C. Regulatory activities of transposable elements: from conflicts to benefits. Nat Rev Genet 2016; 18:71-86. [PMID: 27867194 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2016.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are a prolific source of tightly regulated, biochemically active non-coding elements, such as transcription factor-binding sites and non-coding RNAs. Many recent studies reinvigorate the idea that these elements are pervasively co-opted for the regulation of host genes. We argue that the inherent genetic properties of TEs and the conflicting relationships with their hosts facilitate their recruitment for regulatory functions in diverse genomes. We review recent findings supporting the long-standing hypothesis that the waves of TE invasions endured by organisms for eons have catalysed the evolution of gene-regulatory networks. We also discuss the challenges of dissecting and interpreting the phenotypic effect of regulatory activities encoded by TEs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Chuong
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA
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84
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85
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Leeb T, Müller EJ, Roosje P, Welle M. Genetic testing in veterinary dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:4-e1. [PMID: 27425028 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular genetics has made significant advances in the analysis of hereditary dermatoses during the last several years. OBJECTIVES To provide an update on currently available genetic tests for skin diseases of dogs, cats and horses, and to aid the veterinary clinician in the appropriate selection and applications of genetic tests. METHODS The scientific literature on the topic was critically reviewed. The list of known causative variants for genodermatoses and hair morphology traits was compiled by searching the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) database. RESULTS Genetic testing has become an important diagnostic method in veterinary medicine. Genetic tests can help to establish the correct diagnosis in some diseases with relatively nonspecific signs. Genetic tests are also essential for sustainable breeding programmes and to help minimize the frequency of animals with hereditary diseases. Advances in genetic methodology and bioinformatics already allow genome-wide screening for potential disease causing mutations for research purposes. It is anticipated that this will become a routine process in clinical practice in the future. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As specific DNA tests and broad genome-wide analyses come into more common use, it is critical that clinicians understand the proper application and interpretation of these test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosso Leeb
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J Müller
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Petra Roosje
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Monika Welle
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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86
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Zarfoss MK, Klauss G, Newkirk K, Kiupel M, Jones Y, Colitz CMH, Dubielzig RR. Uveal Spindle Cell Tumor of Blue-Eyed Dogs: An Immunohistochemical Study. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:276-84. [PMID: 17491068 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the origin of a spindle cell tumor in the anterior uveal tract of dogs and the influence of ultraviolet radiation on the development of this tumor. Thirteen tumors were identified from the 4,007 canine ocular samples examined at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin between 1978 and 2005. Siberian Husky and Siberian Husky mix dogs were overrepresented (10/13 dogs, overall median age 10 years). Light microscopic evaluation (all dogs) and electron microscopy (2 dogs) were performed. Immunohistochemical staining included alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), vimentin, S-100, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Melan A, microphthalmic transcription factor (MITF-1), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), laminin, gadd45, p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-UVssDNA (antibody for detection of (6–4)-dipyrimidine photoproducts), and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). All tumors occurred in the iris with or without ciliary body involvement and were composed of spindle cells arranged in fascicles and whorls (variable Antoni A and B behavior). All tumors were positive when immunostained for vimentin and S-100. Nine of 13 tumors exhibited GFAP immunopositivity. All tumors were negative for SMA, desmin, Melan A, and MITF-1. Tumors were variably positive for PGP 9.5, laminin, gadd45, p53, PCNA, anti-UVssDNA, and TERT. Electron microscopy revealed intermittent basal laminae between cells. These tumors are morphologically and immunohistochemically most consistent with schwannoma. The relationship between spindle cell tumors of the anterior uvea of dogs, altered neural crest, blue iris color, and ultraviolet radiation has not yet been fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Zarfoss
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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87
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Mizukami K, Yabuki A, Kohyama M, Kushida K, Rahman MM, Uddin MM, Sawa M, Yamato O. Molecular prevalence of multiple genetic disorders in Border collies in Japan and recommendations for genetic counselling. Vet J 2016; 214:21-3. [PMID: 27387721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive management is necessary to prevent deleterious genetic disorders in purebred dogs, but comprehensive studies aimed at prevention of multiple underlying genetic disorders in a single breed have not been performed. The aims of this study were to examine mutant allele frequencies associated with multiple genetic disorders, using Border collies as a representative breed, and to make recommendations for prevention of the disorders. Genotyping of known mutations associated with seven recessive genetic disorders was performed using PCR assays. More than half (56%) of the Border collies had no mutant alleles associated with any of the seven disorders, suggesting that these disorders can be removed from the population over several generations. Since frequencies of each mutant allele differed among disorders, reproductive management should be performed after the establishment of prevention schemes that are appropriate for each disorder, the type and specificity of genetic test available, and the effective population size in each breeding colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizukami
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - A Yabuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - M Kohyama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - K Kushida
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - M M Rahman
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - M M Uddin
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - M Sawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - O Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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88
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Janowitz Koch I, Clark MM, Thompson MJ, Deere-Machemer KA, Wang J, Duarte L, Gnanadesikan GE, McCoy EL, Rubbi L, Stahler DR, Pellegrini M, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK, Sinsheimer JS, vonHoldt BM. The concerted impact of domestication and transposon insertions on methylation patterns between dogs and grey wolves. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1838-55. [PMID: 27112634 PMCID: PMC4849173 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of domestication can exert intense trait-targeted selection on genes and regulatory regions. Specifically, rapid shifts in the structure and sequence of genomic regulatory elements could provide an explanation for the extensive, and sometimes extreme, variation in phenotypic traits observed in domesticated species. Here, we explored methylation differences from >24 000 cytosines distributed across the genomes of the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus). PCA and model-based cluster analyses identified two primary groups, domestic vs. wild canids. A scan for significantly differentially methylated sites (DMSs) revealed species-specific patterns at 68 sites after correcting for cell heterogeneity, with weak yet significant hypermethylation typical of purebred dogs when compared to wolves (59% and 58%, P < 0.05, respectively). Additionally, methylation patterns at eight genes significantly deviated from neutrality, with similar trends of hypermethylation in purebred dogs. The majority (>66%) of differentially methylated regions contained or were associated with repetitive elements, indicative of a genotype-mediated trend. However, DMSs were also often linked to functionally relevant genes (e.g. neurotransmitters). Finally, we utilized known genealogical relationships among Yellowstone wolves to survey transmission stability of methylation marks, from which we found a substantial fraction that demonstrated high heritability (both H(2) and h(2 ) > 0.99). These analyses provide a unique epigenetic insight into the molecular consequences of recent selection and radiation of our most ancient domesticated companion, the dog. These findings suggest selection has acted on methylation patterns, providing a new genomic perspective on phenotypic diversification in domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Janowitz Koch
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Michelle M Clark
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Thompson
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48085, USA
| | - Lionel Duarte
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Eskender L McCoy
- Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel R Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, WY, 82190, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bridgett M vonHoldt
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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89
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Schwab C, Wackernagel W, Grinninger P, Mayer C, Schwab K, Langmann G, Richtig E, Wedrich A, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Zalaudek I. A Unifying Concept of Uveal Pigment Cell Distribution and Dissemination Based on an Animal Model: Insights into Ocular Melanogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:232-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000443877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmented cells are derived from neural crest cells, which migrate along the peripheral nerve sheets into their specific final region. During their migration, cells progressively acquire pigment-producing capabilities, maturation, and the shape of melanocytes. These insights, along with specific clinical characteristics of melanocytic nevi, have led to new concepts of cutaneous, periocular, and iris nevogenesis. To further elucidate the specific ocular embryogenic melanoblast distribution and dissemination - that could explain the distinct distribution of uveal melanocytic neoplasms - we investigated the ocular pigmentation of dogs affected by a specific mutation called Merle, which results in either pigment- (wild type) or non-pigment- (mutated type) producing cells. Based on our observations, we propose a unifying concept of uveal pigment cell distribution and dissemination, which postulates melanoblast migration and maturation following the trigeminal V1 branch and, later, their entrance into the eye along the ciliary nerves and their finest iris branches. Our concept provides an explanation not only for the specific distribution of ocular melanocytic lesions, including uveal and iris nevi, but also for the different locations depending on the metastatic potential of the ocular melanoma. Though speculative, the higher metastatic potential of posterior uveal melanomas compared to iris melanomas may be related to a less differentiated stage in the maturation of migrating melanocytes in the posterior segment compared to the anterior segment of the eye. However, there is a need of further studies focusing on cell differentiation markers of melanocytes at different locations in the eye.
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90
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Abstract
Transposable elements have had a profound impact on the structure and function of mammalian genomes. The retrotransposon Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1), by virtue of its replicative mobilization mechanism, comprises ∼17% of the human genome. Although the vast majority of human LINE-1 sequences are inactive molecular fossils, an estimated 80-100 copies per individual retain the ability to mobilize by a process termed retrotransposition. Indeed, LINE-1 is the only active, autonomous retrotransposon in humans and its retrotransposition continues to generate both intra-individual and inter-individual genetic diversity. Here, we briefly review the types of transposable elements that reside in mammalian genomes. We will focus our discussion on LINE-1 retrotransposons and the non-autonomous Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs) that rely on the proteins encoded by LINE-1 for their mobilization. We review cases where LINE-1-mediated retrotransposition events have resulted in genetic disease and discuss how the characterization of these mutagenic insertions led to the identification of retrotransposition-competent LINE-1s in the human and mouse genomes. We then discuss how the integration of molecular genetic, biochemical, and modern genomic technologies have yielded insight into the mechanism of LINE-1 retrotransposition, the impact of LINE-1-mediated retrotransposition events on mammalian genomes, and the host cellular mechanisms that protect the genome from unabated LINE-1-mediated retrotransposition events. Throughout this review, we highlight unanswered questions in LINE-1 biology that provide exciting opportunities for future research. Clearly, much has been learned about LINE-1 and SINE biology since the publication of Mobile DNA II thirteen years ago. Future studies should continue to yield exciting discoveries about how these retrotransposons contribute to genetic diversity in mammalian genomes.
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91
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Pharmacological BACE1 and BACE2 inhibition induces hair depigmentation by inhibiting PMEL17 processing in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21917. [PMID: 26912421 PMCID: PMC4766495 DOI: 10.1038/srep21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes of the hair follicle produce melanin and are essential in determining the differences in hair color. Pigment cell-specific MELanocyte Protein (PMEL17) plays a crucial role in melanogenesis. One of the critical steps is the amyloid-like functional oligomerization of PMEL17. Beta Site APP Cleaving Enzyme-2 (BACE2) and γ-secretase have been shown to be key players in generating the proteolytic fragments of PMEL17. The β-secretase (BACE1) is responsible for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) fragments in the brain and is therefore proposed as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently BACE1 inhibitors, most of which lack selectivity over BACE2, have demonstrated efficacious reduction of amyloid-β peptides in animals and the CSF of humans. BACE2 knock-out mice have a deficiency in PMEL17 proteolytic processing leading to impaired melanin storage and hair depigmentation. Here, we confirm BACE2-mediated inhibition of PMEL17 proteolytic processing in vitro in mouse and human melanocytes. Furthermore, we show that wildtype as well as bace2(+/-) and bace2(-/-) mice treated with a potent dual BACE1/BACE2 inhibitor NB-360 display dose-dependent appearance of irreversibly depigmented hair. Retinal pigmented epithelium showed no morphological changes. Our data demonstrates that BACE2 as well as additional BACE1 inhibition affects melanosome maturation and induces hair depigmentation in mice.
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92
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Making the invisible visible. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:58-65. [PMID: 26877141 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I will discuss how careful scrutiny of genetic skin disorders could help us to understand human biology. Like other organs, the skin and its appendages, such as hairs and teeth, experience fundamental biological processes ranging from lipid metabolism to vesicular transport and cellular migration. However, in contrast to other organ systems, they are accessible and can be studied with relative ease. By visually revealing the functional consequences of single gene defects, genetic skin diseases offer a unique opportunity to study human biology. Here, I will illustrate this concept by discussing how human genetic disorders of skin pigmentation reflect the mechanisms underlying this complex and vital process.
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93
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Ho T, Watt B, Spruce LA, Seeholzer SH, Marks MS. The Kringle-like Domain Facilitates Post-endoplasmic Reticulum Changes to Premelanosome Protein (PMEL) Oligomerization and Disulfide Bond Configuration and Promotes Amyloid Formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3595-612. [PMID: 26694611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.692442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of functional amyloid must be carefully regulated to prevent the accumulation of potentially toxic products. Premelanosome protein (PMEL) forms non-toxic functional amyloid fibrils that assemble into sheets upon which melanins ultimately are deposited within the melanosomes of pigment cells. PMEL is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum but forms amyloid only within post-Golgi melanosome precursors; thus, PMEL must traverse the secretory pathway in a non-amyloid form. Here, we identified two pre-amyloid PMEL intermediates that likely regulate the timing of fibril formation. Analyses by non-reducing SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, and sedimentation velocity revealed two native high Mr disulfide-bonded species that contain Golgi-modified forms of PMEL. These species correspond to disulfide bond-containing dimeric and monomeric PMEL isoforms that contain no other proteins as judged by two-dimensional PAGE of metabolically labeled/immunoprecipitated PMEL and by mass spectrometry of affinity-purified complexes. Metabolic pulse-chase analyses, small molecule inhibitor treatments, and evaluation of site-directed mutants suggest that the PMEL dimer forms around the time of endoplasmic reticulum exit and is resolved by disulfide bond rearrangement into a monomeric form within the late Golgi or a post-Golgi compartment. Mutagenesis of individual cysteine residues within the non-amyloid cysteine-rich Kringle-like domain stabilizes the disulfide-bonded dimer and impairs fibril formation as determined by electron microscopy. Our data show that the Kringle-like domain facilitates the resolution of disulfide-bonded PMEL dimers and promotes PMEL functional amyloid formation, thereby suggesting that PMEL dimers must be resolved to monomers to generate functional amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ho
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Brenda Watt
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Lynn A Spruce
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Michael S Marks
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and the Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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94
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Holl HM, Brooks SA, Archer S, Brown K, Malvick J, Penedo MCT, Bellone RR. Variant in theRFWD3gene associated withPATN1, a modifier of leopard complex spotting. Anim Genet 2015; 47:91-101. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Holl
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - S. A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | | | - K. Brown
- Department of Biology; University of Tampa; Tampa FL 33606 USA
| | - J. Malvick
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - M. C. T. Penedo
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - R. R. Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; Veterinary Genetics Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
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95
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Abstract
Although deafness can be acquired throughout an animal's life from a variety of causes, hereditary deafness, especially congenital hereditary deafness, is a significant problem in several species. Extensive reviews exist of the genetics of deafness in humans and mice, but not for deafness in domestic animals. Hereditary deafness in many species and breeds is associated with loci for white pigmentation, where the cochlear pathology is cochleo-saccular. In other cases, there is no pigmentation association and the cochlear pathology is neuroepithelial. Late onset hereditary deafness has recently been identified in dogs and may be present but not yet recognized in other species. Few genes responsible for deafness have been identified in animals, but progress has been made for identifying genes responsible for the associated pigmentation phenotypes. Across species, the genes identified with deafness or white pigmentation patterns include MITF, PMEL, KIT, EDNRB, CDH23, TYR, and TRPM1 in dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, ferret, mink, camelid, and rabbit. Multiple causative genes are present in some species. Significant work remains in many cases to identify specific chromosomal deafness genes so that DNA testing can be used to identify carriers of the mutated genes and thereby reduce deafness prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Strain
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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96
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David VA, Menotti-Raymond M, Wallace AC, Roelke M, Kehler J, Leighty R, Eizirik E, Hannah SS, Nelson G, Schäffer AA, Connelly CJ, O'Brien SJ, Ryugo DK. Endogenous retrovirus insertion in the KIT oncogene determines white and white spotting in domestic cats. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2014; 4:1881-91. [PMID: 25085922 PMCID: PMC4199695 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.013425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Dominant White locus (W) in the domestic cat demonstrates pleiotropic effects exhibiting complete penetrance for absence of coat pigmentation and incomplete penetrance for deafness and iris hypopigmentation. We performed linkage analysis using a pedigree segregating White to identify KIT (Chr. B1) as the feline W locus. Segregation and sequence analysis of the KIT gene in two pedigrees (P1 and P2) revealed the remarkable retrotransposition and evolution of a feline endogenous retrovirus (FERV1) as responsible for two distinct phenotypes of the W locus, Dominant White, and white spotting. A full-length (7125 bp) FERV1 element is associated with white spotting, whereas a FERV1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is associated with all Dominant White individuals. For purposes of statistical analysis, the alternatives of wild-type sequence, FERV1 element, and LTR-only define a triallelic marker. Taking into account pedigree relationships, deafness is genetically linked and associated with this marker; estimated P values for association are in the range of 0.007 to 0.10. The retrotransposition interrupts a DNAase I hypersensitive site in KIT intron 1 that is highly conserved across mammals and was previously demonstrated to regulate temporal and tissue-specific expression of KIT in murine hematopoietic and melanocytic cells. A large-population genetic survey of cats (n = 270), representing 30 cat breeds, supports our findings and demonstrates statistical significance of the FERV1 LTR and full-length element with Dominant White/blue iris (P < 0.0001) and white spotting (P < 0.0001), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A David
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Andrea Coots Wallace
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Melody Roelke
- Leidos Biomedical Research Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702 Labooratory Animal Sciences Program (LASP) Bethesda Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2471
| | - James Kehler
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Robert Leighty
- Data Management Services, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, Sao Paulo 12945-010, Brazil
| | | | - George Nelson
- BSP-CCR Genetics Core, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | | | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702 Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David K Ryugo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Hearing Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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97
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Abstract
Although most modern dog breeds are less than 200 years old, the symbiosis between man and dog is ancient. Since prehistoric times, repeated selection events have transformed the wolf into man's guardians, laborers, athletes, and companions. The rapid transformation from pack predator to loyal companion is a feat that is arguably unique among domesticated animals. How this transformation came to pass remained a biological mystery until recently: Within the past decade, the deployment of genomic approaches to study population structure, detect signatures of selection, and identify genetic variants that underlie canine phenotypes is ushering into focus novel biological mechanisms that make dogs remarkable. Ironically, the very practices responsible for breed formation also spurned morbidity; today, many diseases are correlated with breed identity. In this review, we discuss man's best friend in the context of a genetic model to understand paradigms of heritable phenotypes, both desirable and disadvantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Schoenebeck
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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98
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Zhang MQ, Xu X, Luo SJ. The genetics of brown coat color and white spotting in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens). Anim Genet 2014; 45:652-9. [PMID: 24989079 DOI: 10.1111/age.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) exhibit two major coat color variations: a brown vs. wild-type black pigmentation and a white spotting vs. wild-type solid color pattern. The genetic basis for these variations in color and distribution remains largely unknown and may be complicated by a breeding history involving hybridization between yaks and cattle. Here, we investigated 92 domestic yaks from China using a candidate gene approach. Sequence variations in MC1R, PMEL and TYRP1 were surveyed in brown yaks; TYRP1 was unassociated with the coloration and excluded. Recessive mutations from MC1R, or p.Gln34*, p.Met73Leu and possibly p.Arg142Pro, are reported in bovids for the first time and accounted for approximately 40% of the brown yaks in this study. The remaining 60% of brown individuals correlated with a cattle-derived deletion mutation from PMEL (p.Leu18del) in a dominant manner. Degrees of white spotting found in yaks vary from color sidedness and white face, to completely white. After examining the candidate gene KIT, we suggest that color-sided and all-white yaks are caused by the serial translations of KIT (Cs6 or Cs29 ) as reported for cattle. The white-faced phenotype in yaks is associated with the KIT haplotype S(wf) . All KIT mutations underlying the serial phenotypes of white spotting in yaks are identical to those in cattle, indicating that cattle are the likely source of white spotting in yaks. Our results reveal the complex genetic origins of domestic yak coat color as either native in yaks through evolution and domestication or as introduced from cattle through interspecific hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Q Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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99
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Walters-Conte KB, Johnson DLE, Johnson WE, O’Brien SJ, Pecon-Slattery J. The dynamic proliferation of CanSINEs mirrors the complex evolution of Feliforms. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:137. [PMID: 24947429 PMCID: PMC4084570 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive short interspersed elements (SINEs) are retrotransposons ubiquitous in mammalian genomes and are highly informative markers to identify species and phylogenetic associations. Of these, SINEs unique to the order Carnivora (CanSINEs) yield novel insights on genome evolution in domestic dogs and cats, but less is known about their role in related carnivores. In particular, genome-wide assessment of CanSINE evolution has yet to be completed across the Feliformia (cat-like) suborder of Carnivora. Within Feliformia, the cat family Felidae is composed of 37 species and numerous subspecies organized into eight monophyletic lineages that likely arose 10 million years ago. Using the Felidae family as a reference phylogeny, along with representative taxa from other families of Feliformia, the origin, proliferation and evolution of CanSINEs within the suborder were assessed. RESULTS We identified 93 novel intergenic CanSINE loci in Feliformia. Sequence analyses separated Feliform CanSINEs into two subfamilies, each characterized by distinct RNA polymerase binding motifs and phylogenetic associations. Subfamily I CanSINEs arose early within Feliformia but are no longer under active proliferation. Subfamily II loci are more recent, exclusive to Felidae and show evidence for adaptation to extant RNA polymerase activity. Further, presence/absence distributions of CanSINE loci are largely congruent with taxonomic expectations within Feliformia and the less resolved nodes in the Felidae reference phylogeny present equally ambiguous CanSINE data. SINEs are thought to be nearly impervious to excision from the genome. However, we observed a nearly complete excision of a CanSINEs locus in puma (Puma concolor). In addition, we found that CanSINE proliferation in Felidae frequently targeted existing CanSINE loci for insertion sites, resulting in tandem arrays. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the existence of at least two SINE families within the Feliformia suborder, one of which is actively involved in insertional mutagenesis. We find SINEs are powerful markers of speciation and conclude that the few inconsistencies with expected patterns of speciation likely represent incomplete lineage sorting, species hybridization and SINE-mediated genome rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Walters-Conte
- Department of Biology, American University, 101 Hurst Hall 4440 Massachusetts Ave, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Diana LE Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2036 G St, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Stephen J O’Brien
- Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, 41 A, Sredniy Avenue St., Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Jill Pecon-Slattery
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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Downs LM, Mellersh CS. An Intronic SINE insertion in FAM161A that causes exon-skipping is associated with progressive retinal atrophy in Tibetan Spaniels and Tibetan Terriers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93990. [PMID: 24705771 PMCID: PMC3976383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs is characterised by the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells of the retina, resulting in vision loss and eventually complete blindness. The condition affects more than 100 dog breeds and is known to be genetically heterogeneous between breeds. Around 19 mutations have now been identified that are associated with PRA in around 49 breeds, but for the majority of breeds the mutation(s) responsible have yet to be identified. Using genome-wide association with 22 Tibetan Spaniel PRA cases and 10 controls, we identified a novel PRA locus, PRA3, on CFA10 (praw = 2.01×10−5, pgenome = 0.014), where a 3.8 Mb region was homozygous within 12 cases. Using targeted next generation sequencing, a short interspersed nuclear element insertion was identified near a splice acceptor site in an intron of a provocative gene, FAM161A. Analysis of mRNA from an affected dog revealed that the SINE causes exon skipping, resulting in a frame shift, leading to a downstream premature termination codon and possibly a truncated protein product. This mutation segregates with the disease in 22 out of 35 cases tested (63%). Of the PRA controls, none are homozygous for the mutation, 15% carry the mutation and 85% are homozygous wildtype. This mutation was also identified in Tibetan Terriers, although our results indicate that PRA is genetically heterogeneous in both Tibetan Spaniels and Tibetan Terriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Downs
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn S. Mellersh
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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