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Veldhuis MP, Ritchie ME, Ogutu JO, Morrison TA, Beale CM, Estes AB, Mwakilema W, Ojwang GO, Parr CL, Probert J, Wargute PW, Hopcraft JGC, Olff H. Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Science 2019; 363:1424-1428. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas provide major benefits for humans in the form of ecosystem services, but landscape degradation by human activity at their edges may compromise their ecological functioning. Using multiple lines of evidence from 40 years of research in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, we find that such edge degradation has effectively “squeezed” wildlife into the core protected area and has altered the ecosystem’s dynamics even within this 40,000-square-kilometer ecosystem. This spatial cascade reduced resilience in the core and was mediated by the movement of grazers, which reduced grass fuel and fires, weakened the capacity of soils to sequester nutrients and carbon, and decreased the responsiveness of primary production to rainfall. Similar effects in other protected ecosystems worldwide may require rethinking of natural resource management outside protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark E. Ritchie
- Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Joseph O. Ogutu
- University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna B. Estes
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Gordon O. Ojwang
- University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Directorate of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, P.O. Box 47146-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine L. Parr
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GO, UK
- University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | - Patrick W. Wargute
- Directorate of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, P.O. Box 47146-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Han Olff
- University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
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52
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Sacre E, Bode M, Weeks R, Pressey RL. The context dependence of frontier versus wilderness conservation priorities. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sacre
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Michael Bode
- School of Mathematical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Rebecca Weeks
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Robert L. Pressey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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Darbyshire I, Timberlake J, Osborne J, Rokni S, Matimele H, Langa C, Datizua C, de Sousa C, Alves T, Massingue A, Hadj-Hammou J, Dhanda S, Shah T, Wursten B. The endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and conservation status. PHYTOKEYS 2019; 136:45-96. [PMID: 31866738 PMCID: PMC6920223 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total currently known flora of Mozambique and include five strict-endemic genera (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria and Micklethwaitia) and two near-endemic genera (Triceratella and Oligophyton). The mean year of first publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following the onset of the two major regional floristic programmes, the "Flora of Tropical East Africa" and "Flora Zambesiaca", and an associated increase in botanical collecting effort. New taxa from Mozambique continue to be described at a significant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. There is a high congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae, which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of endemism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic flora, with 49% being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato, and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50% of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57% for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique's unique flora. This dataset will be a key resource for ongoing efforts to identify "Important Plant Areas - IPAs" in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Darbyshire
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Timberlake
- 30 Warren Lane, East Dean, East Sussex BN20 0EW, UKUnaffiliatedEast DeanUnited Kingdom
| | - Jo Osborne
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Saba Rokni
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Hermenegildo Matimele
- Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, MozambiqueInstituto de Investigação Agrária de MoçambiqueMaputoMozambique
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UKUniversity of KentCanterburyUnited Kingdom
| | - Clayton Langa
- Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, MozambiqueInstituto de Investigação Agrária de MoçambiqueMaputoMozambique
| | - Castigo Datizua
- Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, MozambiqueInstituto de Investigação Agrária de MoçambiqueMaputoMozambique
| | - Camila de Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, MozambiqueInstituto de Investigação Agrária de MoçambiqueMaputoMozambique
| | - Tereza Alves
- Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, MozambiqueInstituto de Investigação Agrária de MoçambiqueMaputoMozambique
| | - Alice Massingue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, MozambiqueEduardo Mondlane UniversityMaputoMozambique
| | - Jeneen Hadj-Hammou
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UKLancaster UniversityLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Sonia Dhanda
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Toral Shah
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Bart Wursten
- Herbarium, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise 1860, BelgiumHerbariumMeiseBelgium
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Molotoks A, Stehfest E, Doelman J, Albanito F, Fitton N, Dawson TP, Smith P. Global projections of future cropland expansion to 2050 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5895-5908. [PMID: 30267559 PMCID: PMC6282572 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cropland expansion threatens biodiversity by driving habitat loss and impacts carbon storage through loss of biomass and soil carbon (C). There is a growing concern land-use change (LUC) to cropland will result in a loss of ecosystem function and various ecosystem services essential for human health and well-being. This paper examines projections of future cropland expansion from an integrated assessment model IMAGE 3.0 under a "business as usual" scenario and the direct impact on both biodiversity and C storage. By focusing on biodiversity hotspots and Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE) sites, loss of habitat as well as potential impacts on endangered and critically endangered species are explored. With regards to C storage, the impact on both soil and vegetation standing C stocks are examined. We show that if projected trends are realized, there are likely to be severe consequences for these resources. Substantial loss of habitat in biodiversity hotspots such as Indo-Burma, and the Philippians is expected as well as 50% of species in AZE sites losing part of their last remaining habitat. An estimated 13.7% of vegetation standing C stocks and 4.6% of soil C stocks are also projected to be lost in areas affected with Brazil and Mexico being identified as priorities in terms of both biodiversity and C losses from cropland expansion. Changes in policy to regulate projected cropland expansion, and increased measures to protect natural resources, are highly likely to be required to prevent these biodiversity and C losses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Molotoks
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Albanito
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Nuala Fitton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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Watson JEM, Venter O, Lee J, Jones KR, Robinson JG, Possingham HP, Allan JR. Protect the last of the wild. Nature 2018; 563:27-30. [PMID: 30382225 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-07183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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56
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Nic Lughadha E, Walker BE, Canteiro C, Chadburn H, Davis AP, Hargreaves S, Lucas EJ, Schuiteman A, Williams E, Bachman SP, Baines D, Barker A, Budden AP, Carretero J, Clarkson JJ, Roberts A, Rivers MC. The use and misuse of herbarium specimens in evaluating plant extinction risks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20170402. [PMID: 30455216 PMCID: PMC6282085 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbarium specimens provide verifiable and citable evidence of the occurrence of particular plants at particular points in space and time, and are vital resources for assessing extinction risk in the tropics, where plant diversity and threats to plants are greatest. We reviewed approaches to assessing extinction risk in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity's Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Target 2: an assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species by 2020. We tested five alternative approaches, using herbarium-derived data for trees, shrubs and herbs in five different plant groups from temperate and tropical regions. All species were previously fully assessed for the IUCN Red List. We found significant variation in the accuracy with which different approaches classified species as threatened or not threatened. Accuracy was highest for the machine learning model (90%) but the least data-intensive approach also performed well (82%). Despite concerns about spatial, temporal and taxonomic biases and uncertainties in herbarium data, when specimens represent the best available evidence for particular species, their use as a basis for extinction risk assessment is appropriate, necessary and urgent. Resourcing herbaria to maintain, increase and disseminate their specimen data is essential to guide and focus conservation action.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eve J Lucas
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Baines
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE
| | - Amy Barker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Malin C Rivers
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond TW9 3BW, UK
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57
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The potential to use documentation in national Red Lists to characterize red-listed forest species in Fennoscandia and to guide conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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58
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Perez TM, Hogan JA. The changing nature of collaboration in tropical ecology and conservation. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Perez
- Department of Biology; University of Miami; Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; Coral Gables FL 33156 USA
| | - J. Aaron Hogan
- Department of Biological Sciences; International Center for Tropical Botany; Florida International University; Miami FL 33199 USA
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60
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Jones KR, Venter O, Fuller RA, Allan JR, Maxwell SL, Negret PJ, Watson JEM. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure. Science 2018; 360:788-791. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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61
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Cove MV, Gardner B, Simons TR, O'Connell AF. Co-occurrence dynamics of endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbits and free-ranging domestic cats: Prey responses to an exotic predator removal program. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4042-4052. [PMID: 29721278 PMCID: PMC5916284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea-level rise, development, and habitat succession. Exotic predators such as free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. Management strategies have focused on habitat restoration and exotic predator control. However, the effectiveness of predator removal and the effects of anthropogenic habitat modifications and restoration have not been evaluated. Between 2013 and 2015, we used camera traps to survey marsh rabbits and free-ranging cats at 84 sites in the National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida, USA. We used dynamic occupancy models to determine factors associated with marsh rabbit occurrence, colonization, extinction, and the co-occurrence of marsh rabbits and cats during a period of predator removal. Rabbit occurrence was positively related to freshwater habitat and patch size, but was negatively related to the number of individual cats detected at each site. Furthermore, marsh rabbit colonization was negatively associated with relative increases in the number of individual cats at each site between survey years. Cat occurrence was negatively associated with increasing distance from human developments. The probability of cat site extinction was positively related to a 2-year trapping effort, indicating that predator removal reduced the cat population. Dynamic co-occurrence models suggested that cats and marsh rabbits co-occur less frequently than expected under random conditions, whereas co-detections were site and survey-specific. Rabbit site extinction and colonization were not strongly conditional on cat presence, but corresponded with a negative association. Our results suggest that while rabbits can colonize and persist at sites where cats occur, it is the number of individual cats at a site that more strongly influences rabbit occupancy and colonization. These findings indicate that continued predator management would likely benefit endangered small mammals as they recolonize restored habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Cove
- NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Beth Gardner
- School of Environmental and Forest Science University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Theodore R Simons
- U.S. Geological Survey NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Allan F O'Connell
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel MD USA
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62
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Boieiro M, Matthews TJ, Rego C, Crespo L, Aguiar CAS, Cardoso P, Rigal F, Silva I, Pereira F, Borges PAV, Serrano ARM. A comparative analysis of terrestrial arthropod assemblages from a relict forest unveils historical extinctions and colonization differences between two oceanic islands. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195492. [PMID: 29694360 PMCID: PMC5918893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few centuries oceanic island biodiversity has been drastically modified by human-mediated activities. These changes have led to the increased homogenization of island biota and to a high number of extinctions lending support to the recognition of oceanic islands as major threatspots worldwide. Here, we investigate the impact of habitat changes on the spider and ground beetle assemblages of the native forests of Madeira (Madeira archipelago) and Terceira (Azores archipelago) and evaluate its effects on the relative contribution of rare endemics and introduced species to island biodiversity patterns. We found that the native laurel forest of Madeira supported higher species richness of spiders and ground beetles compared with Terceira, including a much larger proportion of indigenous species, particularly endemics. In Terceira, introduced species are well-represented in both terrestrial arthropod taxa and seem to thrive in native forests as shown by the analysis of species abundance distributions (SAD) and occupancy frequency distributions (OFD). Low abundance range-restricted species in Terceira are mostly introduced species dispersing from neighbouring man-made habitats while in Madeira a large number of true rare endemic species can still be found in the native laurel forest. Further, our comparative analysis shows striking differences in species richness and composition that are due to the geographical and geological particularities of the two islands, but also seem to reflect the differences in the severity of human-mediated impacts between them. The high proportion of introduced species, the virtual absence of rare native species and the finding that the SADs and OFDs of introduced species match the pattern of native species in Terceira suggest the role of man as an important driver of species diversity in oceanic islands and add evidence for an extensive and severe human-induced species loss in the native forests of Terceira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Boieiro
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas J. Matthews
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Rego
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Luis Crespo
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos A. S. Aguiar
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - François Rigal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
- CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux IPREM, MIRA, UMR, BP, Pau Cedex, France
| | | | - Fernando Pereira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paulo A. V. Borges
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Artur R. M. Serrano
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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63
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Arlidge WNS, Bull JW, Addison PFE, Burgass MJ, Gianuca D, Gorham TM, Jacob C, Shumway N, Sinclair SP, Watson JEM, Wilcox C, Milner-Gulland EJ. A Global Mitigation Hierarchy for Nature Conservation. Bioscience 2018; 68:336-347. [PMID: 29731513 PMCID: PMC5925785 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to conserve biodiversity comprise a patchwork of international goals, national-level plans, and local interventions that, overall, are failing. We discuss the potential utility of applying the mitigation hierarchy, widely used during economic development activities, to all negative human impacts on biodiversity. Evaluating all biodiversity losses and gains through the mitigation hierarchy could help prioritize consideration of conservation goals and drive the empirical evaluation of conservation investments through the explicit consideration of counterfactual trends and ecosystem dynamics across scales. We explore the challenges in using this framework to achieve global conservation goals, including operationalization and monitoring and compliance, and we discuss solutions and research priorities. The mitigation hierarchy's conceptual power and ability to clarify thinking could provide the step change needed to integrate the multiple elements of conservation goals and interventions in order to achieve successful biodiversity outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N S Arlidge
- PhD student.,Professor at the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology, in Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W Bull
- A Lecturer at the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent, in the United Kingdom, and is with the Department of Food and Resource Economics and the Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate at the University of Copenhagen, in Denmark
| | - Prue F E Addison
- Knowledge exchange and research Fellow.,Professor at the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology, in Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Burgass
- PhD students at the Imperial College London Department of Life Sciences
| | - Dimas Gianuca
- PhD student with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor M Gorham
- A senior research analyst with the Marine Stewardship Council, in London, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Jacob
- Postdoctoral researcher with IFREMER, UMR AMURE, in Brest, France
| | - Nicole Shumway
- Nicole Shumway is a PhD candidate and James E. M. Watson is a professor at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, in Brisbane, Australia
| | - Samuel P Sinclair
- PhD students at the Imperial College London Department of Life Sciences
| | - James E M Watson
- Nicole Shumway is a PhD candidate and James E. M. Watson is a professor at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, in Brisbane, Australia.,JEMW is also director of the Science and Research Initiative at the Wildlife Conservation Society, in the Bronx, New York
| | - Chris Wilcox
- Chris Wilcox is a senior research scientist with the Oceans and Atmosphere Business Unit, CSIRO, in Hobart, Australia
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Professor at the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology, in Oxford, United Kingdom
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Pechanec V, Machar I, Pohanka T, Opršal Z, Petrovič F, Švajda J, Šálek L, Chobot K, Filippovová J, Cudlín P, Málková J. Effectiveness of Natura 2000 system for habitat types protection: A case study from the Czech Republic. NATURE CONSERVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.24.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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65
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Riggio J, Caro T. Structural connectivity at a national scale: Wildlife corridors in Tanzania. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187407. [PMID: 29095901 PMCID: PMC5667852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife corridors can help maintain landscape connectivity but novel methods must be developed to assess regional structural connectivity quickly and cheaply so as to determine where expensive and time-consuming surveys of functional connectivity should occur. We use least-cost methods, the most accurate and up-to-date land conversion dataset for East Africa, and interview data on wildlife corridors, to develop a single, consistent methodology to systematically assess wildlife corridors at a national scale using Tanzania as a case study. Our research aimed to answer the following questions; (i) which corridors may still remain open (i.e. structurally connected) at a national scale, (ii) which have been potentially severed by anthropogenic land conversion (e.g., agriculture and settlements), (iii) where are other remaining potential wildlife corridors located, and (iv) which protected areas with lower forms of protection (e.g., Forest Reserves and Wildlife Management Areas) may act as stepping-stones linking more than one National Park and/or Game Reserve. We identify a total of 52 structural connections between protected areas that are potentially open to wildlife movement, and in so doing add 23 to those initially identified by other methods in Tanzanian Government reports. We find that the vast majority of corridors noted in earlier reports as “likely to be severed” have actually not been cut structurally (21 of 24). Nonetheless, nearly a sixth of all the wildlife corridors identified in Tanzania in 2009 have potentially been separated by land conversion, and a third now pass across lands likely to be converted to human use in the near future. Our study uncovers two reserves with lower forms of protection (Uvinza Forest Reserve in the west and Wami-Mbiki Wildlife Management Area in the east) that act as apparently crucial stepping-stones between National Parks and/or Game Reserves and therefore require far more serious conservation support. Methods used in this study are readily applicable to other nations lacking detailed data on wildlife movements and plagued by inaccurate land cover datasets. Our results are the first step in identifying wildlife corridors at a regional scale and provide a springboard for ground-based follow-up conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Riggio
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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66
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Rehm EM, Chojnacki J, Rogers HS, Savidge JA. Differences among avian frugivores in seed dispersal to degraded habitats. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Rehm
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
| | - Janelle Chojnacki
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
| | - Haldre S. Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011 U.S.A
| | - Julie A. Savidge
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
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67
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Spatz DR, Zilliacus KM, Holmes ND, Butchart SHM, Genovesi P, Ceballos G, Tershy BR, Croll DA. Globally threatened vertebrates on islands with invasive species. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603080. [PMID: 29075662 PMCID: PMC5656423 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity loss is disproportionately rapid on islands, where invasive species are a major driver of extinctions. To inform conservation planning aimed at preventing extinctions, we identify the distribution and biogeographic patterns of highly threatened terrestrial vertebrates (classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature) and invasive vertebrates on ~465,000 islands worldwide by conducting a comprehensive literature review and interviews with more than 500 experts. We found that 1189 highly threatened vertebrate species (319 amphibians, 282 reptiles, 296 birds, and 292 mammals) breed on 1288 islands. These taxa represent only 5% of Earth's terrestrial vertebrates and 41% of all highly threatened terrestrial vertebrates, which occur in <1% of islands worldwide. Information about invasive vertebrates was available for 1030 islands (80% of islands with highly threatened vertebrates). Invasive vertebrates were absent from 24% of these islands, where biosecurity to prevent invasions is a critical management tool. On the 76% of islands where invasive vertebrates were present, management could benefit 39% of Earth's highly threatened vertebrates. Invasive mammals occurred in 97% of these islands, with Rattus sp. as the most common invasive vertebrate (78%; 609 islands). Our results provide an important baseline for identifying islands for invasive species eradication and other island conservation actions that reduce biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena R. Spatz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Avenue, Suite A, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kelly M. Zilliacus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Nick D. Holmes
- Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Avenue, Suite A, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB23QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB23EJ, UK
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, and Chair of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group, Via V. Brancati 48, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Gerardo Ceballos
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Bernie R. Tershy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Conservation Metrics, UCSC Coastal Science Campus, 145 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Donald A. Croll
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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68
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Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention. Nature 2017; 546:73-81. [PMID: 28569796 DOI: 10.1038/nature22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. Here we explore how the extinction risks of terrestrial mammals and birds might change in the next 50 years. Future population growth and economic development are forecasted to impose unprecedented levels of extinction risk on many more species worldwide, especially the large mammals of tropical Africa, Asia and South America. Yet these threats are not inevitable. Proactive international efforts to increase crop yields, minimize land clearing and habitat fragmentation, and protect natural lands could increase food security in developing nations and preserve much of Earth's remaining biodiversity.
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69
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Markovic D, Carrizo SF, Kärcher O, Walz A, David JNW. Vulnerability of European freshwater catchments to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3567-3580. [PMID: 28186382 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to exacerbate the current threats to freshwater ecosystems, yet multifaceted studies on the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater biodiversity at scales that inform management planning are lacking. The aim of this study was to fill this void through the development of a novel framework for assessing climate change vulnerability tailored to freshwater ecosystems. The three dimensions of climate change vulnerability are as follows: (i) exposure to climate change, (ii) sensitivity to altered environmental conditions and (iii) resilience potential. Our vulnerability framework includes 1685 freshwater species of plants, fishes, molluscs, odonates, amphibians, crayfish and turtles alongside key features within and between catchments, such as topography and connectivity. Several methodologies were used to combine these dimensions across a variety of future climate change models and scenarios. The resulting indices were overlaid to assess the vulnerability of European freshwater ecosystems at the catchment scale (18 783 catchments). The Balkan Lakes Ohrid and Prespa and Mediterranean islands emerge as most vulnerable to climate change. For the 2030s, we showed a consensus among the applied methods whereby up to 573 lake and river catchments are highly vulnerable to climate change. The anthropogenic disruption of hydrological habitat connectivity by dams is the major factor reducing climate change resilience. A gap analysis demonstrated that the current European protected area network covers <25% of the most vulnerable catchments. Practical steps need to be taken to ensure the persistence of freshwater biodiversity under climate change. Priority should be placed on enhancing stakeholder cooperation at the major basin scale towards preventing further degradation of freshwater ecosystems and maintaining connectivity among catchments. The catchments identified as most vulnerable to climate change provide preliminary targets for development of climate change conservation management and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Markovic
- Faculty of Business Management and Social Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Caprivistr. 30A, Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
- Center of Applied Biology, Department of Phytomedicine, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Str. 1, Geisenheim, 65366, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
| | - Savrina F Carrizo
- Freshwater Biodiversity Unit IUCN Global Species Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK
| | - Oskar Kärcher
- Faculty of Business Management and Social Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Caprivistr. 30A, Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - Ariane Walz
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Jonathan N W David
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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70
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Hermoso V, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Linke S, Dudgeon D, Petry P, McIntyre P. Optimal allocation of Red List assessments to guide conservation of biodiversity in a rapidly changing world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3525-3532. [PMID: 28168766 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The IUCN Red List is the most extensive source of conservation status assessments for species worldwide, but important gaps in coverage remain. Here, we demonstrate the use of a spatial prioritization approach to efficiently prioritize species assessments to achieve increased and up-to-date coverage efficiently. We focus on freshwater fishes, which constitute a significant portion of vertebrate diversity, although comprehensive assessments are available for only 46% of species. We used marxan to identify ecoregions for future assessments that maximize the coverage of species while accounting for anthropogenic stress. We identified a set of priority regions that would help assess one-third (ca 4000 species) of all freshwater fishes in need of assessment by 2020. Such assessments could be achieved without increasing current investment levels. Our approach is suitable for any taxon and can help ensure that species threat assessments are sufficiently complete to guide global conservation efforts in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Hermoso
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Lleida, Spain
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Simon Linke
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - David Dudgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Paulo Petry
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter McIntyre
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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71
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Chenot J, Affre L, Gros R, Dubois L, Malecki S, Passetti A, Aboucaya A, Buisson E. Eradication of invasive Carpobrotus
sp.: effects on soil and vegetation. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chenot
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
| | - Laurence Affre
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
| | - Raphael Gros
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
| | - Laura Dubois
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
| | - Sarah Malecki
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
| | - Aurélie Passetti
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
| | - Annie Aboucaya
- Parc National de Port Cros, Allée du Castel Ste-Claire, BP 70220; 83406 Hyères Cedex France
| | - Elise Buisson
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie; France
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72
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Pringle RM. Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity. Nature 2017; 546:91-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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73
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Funk SM, Conde D, Lamoreux J, Fa JE. Meeting the Aichi targets: Pushing for zero extinction conservation. AMBIO 2017; 46:443-455. [PMID: 28144903 PMCID: PMC5385670 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective protection of the ~19 000 IUCN-listed threatened species has never been more pressing. Ensuring the survival of the most vulnerable and irreplaceable taxa and places, such as those identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE) species and their associated sites (AZEs&s), is an excellent opportunity to achieve the Aichi 2020 Targets T11 (protected areas) and T12 (preventing species extinctions). AZE taxa have small, single-site populations that are especially vulnerable to human-induced extinctions, particularly for the many amphibians. We show that AZEs&s can be protected feasibly and cost-effectively, but action is urgent. We argue that the Alliance, whose initial main aim was to identify AZEs&s, must be followed up by a second-generation initiative that directs and co-ordinates AZE conservation activities on the ground. The prominent role of zoos, conservation NGOs, and governmental institutions provides a combination of all-encompassing knowhow that can, if properly steered, maximize the long-term survival of AZEs&s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan M. Funk
- Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de La Frontera, Piso 4, Av Alemania 0458, Temuco, Chile
- Nature Heritage, St. Lawrence, Jersey
| | - Dalia Conde
- Department of Biology, Max Planck Odense Center, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Species 360, 7900 International DriveSuite 1040, Bloomington, MN 55425 USA
| | | | - Julia E. Fa
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science & The Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, All Saints, Manchester, M15 6BH UK
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74
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Hoffmann BD, Graham R, Smith D. Ant species accumulation on Lord Howe Island highlights the increasing need for effective biosecurity on islands. NEOBIOTA 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.34.10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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75
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Brooke MDL, Bonnaud E, Dilley BJ, Flint EN, Holmes ND, Jones HP, Provost P, Rocamora G, Ryan PG, Surman C, Buxton RT. Seabird population changes following mammal eradications on islands. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. de L. Brooke
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - E. Bonnaud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; Université Paris-Sud; CNRS; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
| | - B. J. Dilley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch South Africa
| | - E. N. Flint
- US Fish and Wildlife Service; Marine National Monuments of the Pacific; Honolulu HI USA
| | | | - H. P. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment; Sustainability, and Energy; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb IL USA
| | - P. Provost
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Sept-Iles; Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux; Station LPO Ile-Grande; Pleumeur-Bodou France
| | - G. Rocamora
- Biodiversity & Conservation Centre; University of Seychelles; Anse Royale Seychelles
- Island Conservation Society; Pointe Larue; Mahé Seychelles
| | - P. G. Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch South Africa
| | - C. Surman
- Halfmoon Biosciences; Ocean Beach WA Australia
| | - R. T. Buxton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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76
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Bennun L, Regan EC, Bird J, van Bochove JW, Katariya V, Livingstone S, Mitchell R, Savy C, Starkey M, Temple H, Pilgrim JD. The Value of the IUCN Red List for Business Decision-Making. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Bennun
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Eugenie C. Regan
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
| | - Jeremy Bird
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
| | | | - Vineet Katariya
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
| | | | - Robin Mitchell
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
| | - Conrad Savy
- International Finance Corporation; 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington DC 20433 USA
| | - Malcolm Starkey
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
| | - Helen Temple
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
| | - John D. Pilgrim
- The Biodiversity Consultancy; 3E King's Parade Cambridge CB2 1SJ UK
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77
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Fernandes JP, Freire M, Guiomar N, Gil A. Using modeling tools for implementing feasible land use and nature conservation governance systems in small islands - The Pico Island (Azores) case-study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 189:1-13. [PMID: 28002776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the development of systematic conservation planning as management instrument in small oceanic islands, ensuring open systems of governance, and able to integrate an informed and involved participation of the stakeholders. Marxan software was used to define management areas according a set of alternative land use scenarios considering different conservation and management paradigms. Modeled conservation zones were interpreted and compared with the existing protected areas allowing more fused information for future trade-outs and stakeholder's involvement. The results, allowing the identification of Target Management Units (TMU) based on the consideration of different development scenarios proved to be consistent with a feasible development of evaluation approaches able to support sound governance systems. Moreover, the detailed geographic identification of TMU seems to be able to support participated policies towards a more sustainable management of the entire island.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Fernandes
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrícolas e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
| | - M Freire
- Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Évora, Portugal; e-GEO Centro de Estudos de Geografia e Planeamento Regional, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Guiomar
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrícolas e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Évora, Portugal.
| | - A Gil
- Ce3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores (Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Biology), Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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78
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Carrizo SF, Lengyel S, Kapusi F, Szabolcs M, Kasperidus HD, Scholz M, Markovic D, Freyhof J, Cid N, Cardoso AC, Darwall W. Critical catchments for freshwater biodiversity conservation in Europe: identification, prioritisation and gap analysis. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savrina F. Carrizo
- Freshwater Biodiversity Unit; IUCN Global Species Programme; The David Attenborough Building Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Szabolcs Lengyel
- Department of Tisza Research; Danube Research Institute; Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Bem tér 18/c 4026 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Felícia Kapusi
- Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Márton Szabolcs
- Department of Tisza Research; Danube Research Institute; Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Bem tér 18/c 4026 Debrecen Hungary
- Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Hans D. Kasperidus
- Department Conservation Biology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Mathias Scholz
- Department Conservation Biology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Danijela Markovic
- Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences; Caprivistraße 30 A 49076 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Jörg Freyhof
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 310 12587 Berlin Germany
| | - Núria Cid
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Directorate D - Sustainable Resources; Water and Marine Resources Unit; Via Enrico Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra VA Italy
| | - Ana C. Cardoso
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Directorate D - Sustainable Resources; Water and Marine Resources Unit; Via Enrico Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra VA Italy
| | - William Darwall
- Freshwater Biodiversity Unit; IUCN Global Species Programme; The David Attenborough Building Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK
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79
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Sympatric lineage divergence in cryptic Neotropical sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Lasioglossum). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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80
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Obersteiner M, Walsh B, Frank S, Havlík P, Cantele M, Liu J, Palazzo A, Herrero M, Lu Y, Mosnier A, Valin H, Riahi K, Kraxner F, Fritz S, van Vuuren D. Assessing the land resource-food price nexus of the Sustainable Development Goals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501499. [PMID: 27652336 PMCID: PMC5026423 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for a comprehensive new approach to development rooted in planetary boundaries, equity, and inclusivity. The wide scope of the SDGs will necessitate unprecedented integration of siloed policy portfolios to work at international, regional, and national levels toward multiple goals and mitigate the conflicts that arise from competing resource demands. In this analysis, we adopt a comprehensive modeling approach to understand how coherent policy combinations can manage trade-offs among environmental conservation initiatives and food prices. Our scenario results indicate that SDG strategies constructed around Sustainable Consumption and Production policies can minimize problem-shifting, which has long placed global development and conservation agendas at odds. We conclude that Sustainable Consumption and Production policies (goal 12) are most effective at minimizing trade-offs and argue for their centrality to the formulation of coherent SDG strategies. We also find that alternative socioeconomic futures-mainly, population and economic growth pathways-generate smaller impacts on the eventual achievement of land resource-related SDGs than do resource-use and management policies. We expect that this and future systems analyses will allow policy-makers to negotiate trade-offs and exploit synergies as they assemble sustainable development strategies equal in scope to the ambition of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Brian Walsh
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Stefan Frank
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Petr Havlík
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Matthew Cantele
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Junguo Liu
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Amanda Palazzo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Mario Herrero
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yonglong Lu
- International Resource Panel of the United Nations Environmental Program, 15 rue de Milan, 75441 Paris Cedex 09, France
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aline Mosnier
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hugo Valin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Keywan Riahi
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Florian Kraxner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Detlef van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Oranjebuitensingel 6, 2511 VE The Hague, Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Juffe-Bignoli D, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Jenkins RB, Boe K, Hoffmann M, Angulo A, Bachman S, Böhm M, Brummitt N, Carpenter KE, Comer PJ, Cox N, Cuttelod A, Darwall WRT, Di Marco M, Fishpool LDC, Goettsch B, Heath M, Hilton-Taylor C, Hutton J, Johnson T, Joolia A, Keith DA, Langhammer PF, Luedtke J, Nic Lughadha E, Lutz M, May I, Miller RM, Oliveira-Miranda MA, Parr M, Pollock CM, Ralph G, Rodríguez JP, Rondinini C, Smart J, Stuart S, Symes A, Tordoff AW, Woodley S, Young B, Kingston N. Assessing the Cost of Global Biodiversity and Conservation Knowledge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160640. [PMID: 27529491 PMCID: PMC4986939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge products comprise assessments of authoritative information supported by standards, governance, quality control, data, tools, and capacity building mechanisms. Considerable resources are dedicated to developing and maintaining knowledge products for biodiversity conservation, and they are widely used to inform policy and advise decision makers and practitioners. However, the financial cost of delivering this information is largely undocumented. We evaluated the costs and funding sources for developing and maintaining four global biodiversity and conservation knowledge products: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems, Protected Planet, and the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. These are secondary data sets, built on primary data collected by extensive networks of expert contributors worldwide. We estimate that US$160 million (range: US$116–204 million), plus 293 person-years of volunteer time (range: 278–308 person-years) valued at US$ 14 million (range US$12–16 million), were invested in these four knowledge products between 1979 and 2013. More than half of this financing was provided through philanthropy, and nearly three-quarters was spent on personnel costs. The estimated annual cost of maintaining data and platforms for three of these knowledge products (excluding the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems for which annual costs were not possible to estimate for 2013) is US$6.5 million in total (range: US$6.2–6.7 million). We estimated that an additional US$114 million will be needed to reach pre-defined baselines of data coverage for all the four knowledge products, and that once achieved, annual maintenance costs will be approximately US$12 million. These costs are much lower than those to maintain many other, similarly important, global knowledge products. Ensuring that biodiversity and conservation knowledge products are sufficiently up to date, comprehensive and accurate is fundamental to inform decision-making for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Thus, the development and implementation of plans for sustainable long-term financing for them is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Juffe-Bignoli
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B. Jenkins
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kaia Boe
- Nature-based Solutions Group, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Ariadne Angulo
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Amphibian Specialist Group, Toronto M8W 1R2, Canada
| | - Steve Bachman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Brummitt
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Kent E. Carpenter
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme/ Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pat J. Comer
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22203, United States of America
| | - Neil Cox
- IUCN CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, IUCN Global Species Programme, c/o Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Cuttelod
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - William R. T. Darwall
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lincoln D. C. Fishpool
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Goettsch
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Heath
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Hilton-Taylor
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hutton
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Luc Hoffmann Institute, WWF International, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Tim Johnson
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ackbar Joolia
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Keith
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Hurstville, New South Wales 2220, Australia
| | - Penny F. Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Luedtke
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Amphibian Specialist Group, Toronto M8W 1R2, Canada
| | | | - Maiko Lutz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian May
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Miller
- Nature-based Solutions Group, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- IUCN Global Ecosystem Management Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mike Parr
- American Bird Conservancy, 1731 Connecticut Avenue, Washington DC 20009, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Pollock
- IUCN Global Species Programme, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Ralph
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme/ Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jon Paul Rodríguez
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Provita, Apdo. 47552, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo. 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jane Smart
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Biodiversity Conservation Group, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stuart
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Andy Symes
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Tordoff
- Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States of America
| | - Stephen Woodley
- World Commission on Protected Areas IUCN, 64 Juniper Road, Chelsea, QC J9B1T3, Canada
| | - Bruce Young
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22203, United States of America
| | - Naomi Kingston
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL Cambridge, United Kingdom
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82
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Butchart SHM, Di Marco M, Watson JEM. Formulating Smart Commitments on Biodiversity: Lessons from the Aichi Targets. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife International; David Attenborough Building; Pembroke Street Cambridge CB23QZ UK
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB23EJ UK
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
- Global Conservation Program; Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx NY 10460 USA
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83
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Eken G, Isfendiyaroğlu S, Yeniyurt C, Erkol IL, Karataş A, Ataol M. Identifying key biodiversity areas in Turkey: a multi-taxon approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2016.1182949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Güven Eken
- Science Department, Seferihisar Nature School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Süreyya Isfendiyaroğlu
- Conservation Science Department, Doğa Derneği, Ankara, Turkey
- Forestry Faculty, Department of Forest Entomology and Protection, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Yeniyurt
- Conservation Science Department, Doğa Derneği, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Karataş
- Department of Biology, Niğde University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Murat Ataol
- Department of Geography, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
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84
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Modelling harvest of Asian elephants Elephas maximus on the basis of faulty assumptions promotes inappropriate management solutions. ORYX 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s003060531600003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA ratio-based logistic model developed to assess elephant harvest rates, based on a study at Nagarhole Tiger Reserve in India, was recommended as a management tool to control human–elephant conflict through culling. Considering this reserve among others violates an assumption of the logistic model: isolation. Nevertheless, assuming this violation was irrelevant, we re-evaluated the model, with minor modifications, for the neighbouring Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, where we used data from 13 elephant Elephas maximus population surveys to derive bootstrapped sets of population ratios, and mortality records. We generated arrays of harvest regimes and examined which ratio outputs were closest to the bootstrapped ratios. Our results indicated that (1) model outputs corresponded best with the Mudumalai population structure when harvest regimes were extreme and unlikely, (2) there were significant differences in population structure and harvest regimes between Nagarhole and Mudumalai, and (3) only 49% of adult male deaths predicted by model outputs were recorded in official governmental records. The model provides significantly different results among reserves, which invalidates it as a tool to predict change across the entire elephant population. Variability in survey data and inaccuracies in transition probabilities are sufficiently large to warrant caution when using them as a basis for deterministic modelling. Official mortality databases provide a weak means of validation because poaching incidents are poorly recorded. We conclude that the model should be based on validated transition probabilities and encompass the entire regional population.
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85
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Di Marco M, Brooks T, Cuttelod A, Fishpool LDC, Rondinini C, Smith RJ, Bennun L, Butchart SHM, Ferrier S, Foppen RPB, Joppa L, Juffe-Bignoli D, Knight AT, Lamoreux JF, Langhammer PF, May I, Possingham HP, Visconti P, Watson JEM, Woodley S. Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of important bird and biodiversity areas. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:392-402. [PMID: 26307601 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
World governments have committed to increase the global protected areas coverage by 2020, but the effectiveness of this commitment for protecting biodiversity depends on where new protected areas are located. Threshold- and complementarity-based approaches have been independently used to identify important sites for biodiversity. We brought together these approaches by performing a complementarity-based analysis of irreplaceability in important bird and biodiversity areas (IBAs), which are sites identified using a threshold-based approach. We determined whether irreplaceability values are higher inside than outside IBAs and whether any observed difference depends on known characteristics of the IBAs. We focused on 3 regions with comprehensive IBA inventories and bird distribution atlases: Australia, southern Africa, and Europe. Irreplaceability values were significantly higher inside than outside IBAs, although differences were much smaller in Europe than elsewhere. Higher irreplaceability values in IBAs were associated with the presence and number of restricted-range species; number of criteria under which the site was identified; and mean geographic range size of the species for which the site was identified (trigger species). In addition, IBAs were characterized by higher irreplaceability values when using proportional species representation targets, rather than fixed targets. There were broadly comparable results when measuring irreplaceability for trigger species and when considering all bird species, which indicates a good surrogacy effect of the former. Recently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has convened a consultation to consolidate global standards for the identification of key biodiversity areas (KBAs), building from existing approaches such as IBAs. Our results informed this consultation, and in particular a proposed irreplaceability criterion that will allow the new KBA standard to draw on the strengths of both threshold- and complementarity-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Di Marco
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, SapienzaUniversità di Roma, viale dell' Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196, Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Annabelle Cuttelod
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sheraton House Castle Park, Cambridge, CB3 0AX, United Kingdom
| | - Lincoln D C Fishpool
- BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, SapienzaUniversità di Roma, viale dell' Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert J Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Bennun
- The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd, 3E King's Parade, Cambridge, CB2 1SJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ruud P B Foppen
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, P.O. Box 6521, 6503, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- European Bird Census Council, P.O. Box 6521, 6503, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, P.O. Box 9100, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Joppa
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Diego Juffe-Bignoli
- United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T Knight
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - John F Lamoreux
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C., 20005, U.S.A
| | - Penny F Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874601, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-4601, U.S.A
| | - Ian May
- BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | | | - James E M Watson
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Woodley
- WCPA-SSC Joint Task Force on Biodiversity and Protected Areas, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 64 Juniper Road, Chelsea, Quebec, J9B 1T3, Canada
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86
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Watson JEM, Darling ES, Venter O, Maron M, Walston J, Possingham HP, Dudley N, Hockings M, Barnes M, Brooks TM. Bolder science needed now for protected areas. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:243-8. [PMID: 26486683 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing that protected areas (PAs) are essential for effective biodiversity conservation action, the Convention on Biological Diversity established ambitious PA targets as part of the 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. Under the strategic goal to "improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity," Target 11 aims to put 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine regions under PA status by 2020. Additionally and crucially, these areas are required to be of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative, and well-connected and to include "other effective area-based conservation measures" (OECMs). Whereas the area-based targets are explicit and measurable, the lack of guidance for what constitutes important and representative; effective; and OECMs is affecting how nations are implementing the target. There is a real risk that Target 11 may be achieved in terms of area while failing the overall strategic goal for which it is established because the areas are poorly located, inadequately managed, or based on unjustifiable inclusion of OECMs. We argue that the conservation science community can help establish ecologically sensible PA targets to help prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation; identify clear, comparable performance metrics of ecological effectiveness so progress toward these targets can be assessed; and identify metrics and report on the contribution OECMs make toward the target. By providing ecologically sensible targets and new performance metrics for measuring the effectiveness of both PAs and OECMs, the science community can actively ensure that the achievement of the required area in Target 11 is not simply an end in itself but generates genuine benefits for biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Watson
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily S Darling
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A
| | - Oscar Venter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joe Walston
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nigel Dudley
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- University of Northern British Columbia, School of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, Prince George, Canada
- Equilibrium Research, 47 The Quays, Cumberland Road, Bristol, BS1 6UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Hockings
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Megan Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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87
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Analysing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to support regional environmental assessments. Sci Data 2016; 3:160007. [PMID: 26881749 PMCID: PMC4755129 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two processes for regional environmental assessment are currently underway: the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) and Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Both face constraints of data, time, capacity, and resources. To support these assessments, we disaggregate three global knowledge products according to their regions and subregions. These products are: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Key Biodiversity Areas (specifically Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas [IBAs], and Alliance for Zero Extinction [AZE] sites), and Protected Planet. We present fourteen Data citations: numbers of species occurring and percentages threatened; numbers of endemics and percentages threatened; downscaled Red List Indices for mammals, birds, and amphibians; numbers, mean sizes, and percentage coverages of IBAs and AZE sites; percentage coverage of land and sea by protected areas; and trends in percentages of IBAs and AZE sites wholly covered by protected areas. These data will inform the regional/subregional assessment chapters on the status of biodiversity, drivers of its decline, and institutional responses, and greatly facilitate comparability and consistency between the different regional/subregional assessments.
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88
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Abstract
AbstractThe identification and protection of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites at the national level is of great importance to safeguard biodiversity and achieve the targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity for 2020. Here we identify priority species and sites for the Brazilian flora. We evaluated the protection status of each site, taking into account whether or not it was located within a protected area, and the anthropogenic pressure on the site, using human density and gross domestic product as surrogates. We identified a total of 234 trigger species at 140 sites. Most of the sites are located in the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado; only 21 are within protected areas. There was no relationship of human density and annual gross domestic product per capita with the level of site protection. The low proportion of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites protected shows that Brazil is lagging behind in global conservation efforts to protect such sites.
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89
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Turvey ST, Peters S, Brace S, Young RP, Crumpton N, Hansford J, Nuñez-Miño JM, King G, Tsalikidis K, Ottenwalder JA, Timpson A, Funk SM, Brocca JL, Thomas MG, Barnes I. Independent evolutionary histories in allopatric populations of a threatened Caribbean land mammal. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Turvey
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - Stuart Peters
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Selina Brace
- Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Richard P. Young
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey JE3 5BP Channel Islands
| | - Nick Crumpton
- Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - James Hansford
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton; University of Southampton Waterfront Campus; European Way Southampton UK
| | - Jose M. Nuñez-Miño
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor Trinity Jersey JE3 5BP Channel Islands
| | - Gemma King
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway University of London; Egham Hill Egham TW20 OEX UK
| | - Katrina Tsalikidis
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway University of London; Egham Hill Egham TW20 OEX UK
| | | | - Adrian Timpson
- Institute of Archaeology; University College London; Gordon Square London WC1H 0PY UK
| | | | - Jorge L. Brocca
- Sociedad Ornitológica de la Hispaniola; Parque Zoologico Nacional; Avenida de la Vega Real Arroyo Hondo Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
| | - Mark G. Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Ian Barnes
- Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
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90
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Brooks TM, Cuttelod A, Faith DP, Garcia-Moreno J, Langhammer P, Pérez-Espona S. Why and how might genetic and phylogenetic diversity be reflected in the identification of key biodiversity areas? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140019. [PMID: 25561678 PMCID: PMC4290431 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Key biodiversity areas' are defined as sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity. The identification of these sites builds from existing approaches based on measures of species and ecosystem diversity and process. Here, we therefore build from the work of Sgró et al. (2011 Evol. Appl.4, 326–337. (doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00157.x)) to extend a framework for how components of genetic diversity might be considered in the identification of key biodiversity areas. We make three recommendations to inform the ongoing process of consolidating a key biodiversity areas standard: (i) thresholds for the threatened species criterion currently consider a site's share of a threatened species' population; expand these to include the proportion of the species' genetic diversity unique to a site; (ii) expand criterion for ‘threatened species' to consider ‘threatened taxa’ and (iii) expand the centre of endemism criterion to identify as key biodiversity areas those sites holding a threshold proportion of the compositional or phylogenetic diversity of species (within a taxonomic group) whose restricted ranges collectively define a centre of endemism. We also recommend consideration of occurrence of EDGE species (i.e. threatened phylogenetic diversity) in key biodiversity areas to prioritize species-specific conservation actions among sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Brooks
- IUCN, 28 rue Mauverney, Gland 1196, Switzerland
| | - A Cuttelod
- IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - D P Faith
- Australian Museum, 6 College St., Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - P Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874601, Tempe, AZ 85287-4601, USA
| | - S Pérez-Espona
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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91
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Hobson KA, Blight LK, Arcese P. Human-Induced Long-Term Shifts in Gull Diet from Marine to Terrestrial Sources in North America's Coastal Pacific: More Evidence from More Isotopes (δ2H, δ34S). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10834-10840. [PMID: 26302356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes in tissues of seabirds and their prey are a powerful tool for investigating long-term changes in marine foodwebs. Recent isotopic (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) evidence from feathers of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) has shown that over the last 150 years, this species shifted from a midtrophic marine diet to one including lower trophic marine prey and/or more terrestrial or freshwater foods. However, long-term isotopic patterns of δ(15)N and δ(13)C cannot distinguish between the relative importance of lower trophic-level marine foods and terrestrial sources. We examined 48 feather stable-hydrogen (δ(2)H) and -sulfur (δ(34)S) isotope values from this same 150-year feather set and found additional isotopic evidence supporting the hypothesis that gulls shifted to terrestrial and/or freshwater prey. Mean feather δ(2)H and δ(34)S values (± SD) declined from the earliest period (1860-1915; n = 12) from -2.5 ± 21.4 ‰ and 18.9 ± 2.7 ‰, respectively, to -35.5 ± 15.5 ‰ and 14.8 ± 2.4 ‰, respectively, for the period 1980-2009 (n = 12). We estimated a shift of ∼ 30% increase in dependence on terrestrial/freshwater sources. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that gulls increased terrestrial food inputs in response to declining forage fish availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Hobson
- Environment Canada , 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Louise K Blight
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Procellaria Research & Consulting , 944 Dunsmuir Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9A 5C3, Canada
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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92
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Tejedor Garavito N, Newton AC, Golicher D, Oldfield S. The Relative Impact of Climate Change on the Extinction Risk of Tree Species in the Montane Tropical Andes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131388. [PMID: 26177097 PMCID: PMC4503679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are widespread concerns that anthropogenic climate change will become a major cause of global biodiversity loss. However, the potential impact of climate change on the extinction risk of species remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to other current threats. The objective of this research was to examine the relative impact of climate change on extinction risk of upper montane tree species in the tropical Andes, an area of high biodiversity value that is particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The extinction risk of 129 tree species endemic to the region was evaluated according to the IUCN Red List criteria, both with and without the potential impacts of climate change. Evaluations were supported by development of species distribution models, using three methods (generalized additive models, recursive partitioning, and support vector machines), all of which produced similarly high AUC values when averaged across all species evaluated (0.82, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively). Inclusion of climate change increased the risk of extinction of 18–20% of the tree species evaluated, depending on the climate scenario. The relative impact of climate change was further illustrated by calculating the Red List Index, an indicator that shows changes in the overall extinction risk of sets of species over time. A 15% decline in the Red List Index was obtained when climate change was included in this evaluation. While these results suggest that climate change represents a significant threat to tree species in the tropical Andes, they contradict previous suggestions that climate change will become the most important cause of biodiversity loss in coming decades. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on addressing the multiple threatening processes currently affecting biodiversity, rather than focusing primarily on potential climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan Golicher
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Oldfield
- Botanic Garden Conservation International (BGCI), Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
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93
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Bonnaud E, Palmas P, Bourgeois K, Ollier S, Zarzoso-Lacoste D, Vidal E. Island specificities matter: cat diet differs significantly between islands of a major breeding archipelago for a vulnerable endemic seabird. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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94
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Distinctive insular forms of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from western Mediterranean islands. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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95
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McDonald RI. The effectiveness of conservation interventions to overcome the urban-environmental paradox. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1355:1-14. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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96
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Tershy BR, Shen KW, Newton KM, Holmes ND, Croll DA. The Importance of Islands for the Protection of Biological and Linguistic Diversity. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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97
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Meza-Parral Y, Pineda E. Amphibian diversity and threatened species in a severely transformed neotropical region in Mexico. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121652. [PMID: 25799369 PMCID: PMC4370706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many regions around the world concentrate a large number of highly endangered species that have very restricted distributions. The mountainous region of central Veracruz, Mexico, is considered a priority area for amphibian conservation because of its high level of endemism and the number of threatened species. The original tropical montane cloud forest in the region has been dramatically reduced and fragmented and is now mainly confined to ravines and hillsides. We evaluated the current situation of amphibian diversity in the cloud forest fragments of this region by analyzing species richness and abundance, comparing assemblage structure and species composition, examining the distribution and abundance of threatened species, and identifying the local and landscape variables associated with the observed amphibian diversity. From June to October 2012 we sampled ten forest fragments, investing 944 person-hours of sampling effort. A total of 895 amphibians belonging to 16 species were recorded. Notable differences in species richness, abundance, and assemblage structure between forest fragments were observed. Species composition between pairs of fragments differed by an average of 53%, with the majority (58%) resulting from species replacement and the rest (42%) explained by differences in species richness. Half of the species detected are under threat of extinction according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and although their distribution and abundance varied markedly, there were also ubiquitous and abundant species, along with rare species of restricted distribution. The evident heterogeneity of the ten study sites indicates that to conserve amphibians in a mountainous region such as this one it is necessary to protect groups of fragments which represent the variability of the system. Both individually and together cloud forest fragments are very important to conservation because each remnant is inhabited by several threatened species, some of them at imminent risk of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yocoyani Meza-Parral
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Eduardo Pineda
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- * E-mail:
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98
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Conde DA, Colchero F, Güneralp B, Gusset M, Skolnik B, Parr M, Byers O, Johnson K, Young G, Flesness N, Possingham H, Fa JE. Opportunities and costs for preventing vertebrate extinctions. Curr Biol 2015; 25:R219-R221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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99
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Brown JL, Yoder AD. Shifting ranges and conservation challenges for lemurs in the face of climate change. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1131-42. [PMID: 25859320 PMCID: PMC4377258 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Geospatial modeling is one of the most powerful tools available to conservation biologists for estimating current species ranges of Earth's biodiversity. Now, with the advantage of predictive climate models, these methods can be deployed for understanding future impacts on threatened biota. Here, we employ predictive modeling under a conservative estimate of future climate change to examine impacts on the future abundance and geographic distributions of Malagasy lemurs. Using distribution data from the primary literature, we employed ensemble species distribution models and geospatial analyses to predict future changes in species distributions. Current species distribution models (SDMs) were created within the BIOMOD2 framework that capitalizes on ten widely used modeling techniques. Future and current SDMs were then subtracted from each other, and areas of contraction, expansion, and stability were calculated. Model overprediction is a common issue associated Malagasy taxa. Accordingly, we introduce novel methods for incorporating biological data on dispersal potential to better inform the selection of pseudo-absence points. This study predicts that 60% of the 57 species examined will experience a considerable range of reductions in the next seventy years entirely due to future climate change. Of these species, range sizes are predicted to decrease by an average of 59.6%. Nine lemur species (16%) are predicted to expand their ranges, and 13 species (22.8%) distribution sizes were predicted to be stable through time. Species ranges will experience severe shifts, typically contractions, and for the majority of lemur species, geographic distributions will be considerably altered. We identify three areas in dire need of protection, concluding that strategically managed forest corridors must be a key component of lemur and other biodiversity conservation strategies. This recommendation is all the more urgent given that the results presented here do not take into account patterns of ongoing habitat destruction relating to human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Brown
- Biology Department, Duke UniversityDurham, North Carolina, 27705
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Biology Department, Duke UniversityDurham, North Carolina, 27705
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100
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Butchart SH, Clarke M, Smith RJ, Sykes RE, Scharlemann JP, Harfoot M, Buchanan GM, Angulo A, Balmford A, Bertzky B, Brooks TM, Carpenter KE, Comeros-Raynal MT, Cornell J, Ficetola GF, Fishpool LD, Fuller RA, Geldmann J, Harwell H, Hilton-Taylor C, Hoffmann M, Joolia A, Joppa L, Kingston N, May I, Milam A, Polidoro B, Ralph G, Richman N, Rondinini C, Segan DB, Skolnik B, Spalding MD, Stuart SN, Symes A, Taylor J, Visconti P, Watson JE, Wood L, Burgess ND. Shortfalls and Solutions for Meeting National and Global Conservation Area Targets. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Clarke
- BirdLife International; Wellbrook Court; Cambridge CB3 0NA UK
| | - Robert J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
| | - Rachel E. Sykes
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
| | | | - Mike Harfoot
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
- Microsoft Research Computational Science Laboratory; 21 Station Road Cambridge CB1 FB UK
| | - Graeme M. Buchanan
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science; RSPB Scotland; 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park Edinburgh EH12 9DH UK
| | - Ariadne Angulo
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Bastian Bertzky
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Via Enrico Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF); University of the Philippines Los Baños; Laguna 4031 Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Kent E. Carpenter
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - Mia T. Comeros-Raynal
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - John Cornell
- BirdLife International; Wellbrook Court; Cambridge CB3 0NA UK
| | - G. Francesco Ficetola
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Université Grenoble-Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Richard A. Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jonas Geldmann
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
| | - Heather Harwell
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology; Christopher Newport University; Newport News VA 23606 USA
| | - Craig Hilton-Taylor
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB30DL UK
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - Ackbar Joolia
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB30DL UK
| | - Lucas Joppa
- Microsoft Research Computational Science Laboratory; 21 Station Road Cambridge CB1 FB UK
| | - Naomi Kingston
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
| | - Ian May
- BirdLife International; Wellbrook Court; Cambridge CB3 0NA UK
| | - Amy Milam
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
| | - Beth Polidoro
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; Arizona State University; Phoenix AZ 85069 USA
| | - Gina Ralph
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - Nadia Richman
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies; Sapienza University of Rome; Viale dell'Università 32 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Daniel B. Segan
- Global Conservation Program; Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx NY 10460 USA
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management; University of Queensland; St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Benjamin Skolnik
- American Bird Conservancy; P.O. Box 249, 4249 Loudoun Avenue The Plains VA 20198-2237 USA
| | - Mark D. Spalding
- The Nature Conservancy and Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Simon N. Stuart
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Al Ain Zoo; P.O. Box 45553 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Andy Symes
- BirdLife International; Wellbrook Court; Cambridge CB3 0NA UK
| | - Joseph Taylor
- BirdLife International; Wellbrook Court; Cambridge CB3 0NA UK
| | - Piero Visconti
- Microsoft Research Computational Science Laboratory; 21 Station Road Cambridge CB1 FB UK
| | - James E.M. Watson
- Global Conservation Program; Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx NY 10460 USA
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management; University of Queensland; St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Louisa Wood
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Downing Place Cambridge CB2 3EN UK
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
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