51
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Yuasa HJ. Highl-Trp affinity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is attributed to two residues located in the distal heme pocket. FEBS J 2016; 283:3651-3661. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J. Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Applied Science; Faculty of Science; National University Corporation Kochi University; Japan
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52
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Herbel C, Patsoukis N, Bardhan K, Seth P, Weaver JD, Boussiotis VA. Clinical significance of T cell metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:29. [PMID: 27510264 PMCID: PMC4980327 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of normal cells to cancer is accompanied with changes in their metabolism. During this conversion, cell metabolism undergoes a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, also known as Warburg effect, which is a hallmark for cancer cell metabolism. In cancer cells, glycolysis functions in parallel with the TCA cycle and other metabolic pathways to enhance biosynthetic processes and thus support proliferation and growth. Similar metabolic features are observed in T cells during activation but, in contrast to cancer, metabolic transitions in T cells are part of a physiological process. Currently, there is intense interest in understanding the cause and effect relationship between metabolic reprogramming and T cell differentiation. After the recent success of cancer immunotherapy, the crosstalk between immune system and cancer has come to the forefront of clinical and basic research. One of the key goals is to delineate how metabolic alterations of cancer influence metabolism-regulated function and differentiation of tumor resident T cells and how such effects might be altered by immunotherapy. Here, we review the unique metabolic features of cancer, the implications of cancer metabolism on T cell metabolic reprogramming during antigen encounters, and the translational prospective of harnessing metabolism in cancer and T cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Herbel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jessica D Weaver
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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53
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Abstract
Tryptophan-2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) is a heme-containing protein catalyzing the first reaction in the kynurenine pathway, which incorporates oxygen into the indole moiety of tryptophan and catalyzes it into kynurenine (KYN). The activation of TDO results in the depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of kynurenine and its metabolites. These metabolites can affect the function of neurons and inhibit the proliferation of T cells. Increasing evidence demonstrates that TDO is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of brain diseases as well as in the antitumor and transplant fields. Despite its growing popularity, there are few reviews only focusing on TDO. Hence, we herein review TDO by providing a comprehensive overview of TDO, including its biological functions as well as the evolution, structure and catalytic process of TDO. Additionally, this review will focus on the role of TDO in the pathology of three groups of brain diseases: Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Glioma. Finally, we will also provide an opinion regarding the future developmental directions of TDO in brain diseases, especially whether TDO has a potential role in other brain diseases as well as the development and applications of TDO inhibitors as treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Peng Yu
- The Second Clinic Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ze-Zheng Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Da-Ya Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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54
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Hanna DL, Lenz HJ. Novel therapeutics in metastatic colorectal cancer: molecular insights and pharmacogenomic implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1091-108. [PMID: 27031164 PMCID: PMC7493705 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1172961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients has improved five-fold over the last century, CRC remains a significant global health burden. Impressive strides have been made in identifying new regimens, employing maintenance strategies to limit treatment toxicities, and combining multidisciplinary approaches to achieve cure in oligometastatic disease. Attempts at personalized integration of targeted agents have been limited by the ability to identify molecularly enriched patient populations most likely to benefit. In this review, we discuss novel therapeutics and regimens recently approved and in development for mCRC. In addition, we discuss using older agents in novel combination and maintenance strategies, and highlight evidence for implementing pharmacogenomic data and non-invasive monitoring into the personalized management of mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Hanna
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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55
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Zádori D, Veres G, Szalárdy L, Klivényi P, Fülöp F, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway as neurotherapeutics: a patent review (2012–2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:815-32. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1189531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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56
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Álvarez L, Lewis-Ballester A, Roitberg A, Estrin DA, Yeh SR, Marti MA, Capece L. Structural Study of a Flexible Active Site Loop in Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Functional Implications. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2785-93. [PMID: 27112409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of tryptophan to N-formyl kynurenine, the initial and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway. Additionally, this enzyme has been identified as a possible target for cancer therapy. A 20-amino acid protein segment (the JK loop), which connects the J and K helices, was not resolved in the reported hIDO crystal structure. Previous studies have shown that this loop undergoes structural rearrangement upon substrate binding. In this work, we apply a combination of replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed mutagenesis experiments to characterize the structure and dynamics of this protein region. Our simulations show that the JK loop can be divided into two regions: the first region (JK loop(C)) displays specific and well-defined conformations and is within hydrogen bonding distance of the substrate, while the second region (JK loop(N)) is highly disordered and exposed to the solvent. The peculiar flexible nature of JK loop(N) suggests that it may function as a target for post-translational modifications and/or a mediator for protein-protein interactions. In contrast, hydrogen bonding interactions are observed between the substrate and Thr379 in the highly conserved "GTGG" motif of JK loop(C), thereby anchoring JK loop(C) in a closed conformation, which secures the appropriate substrate binding mode for catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirm the key role of this residue, highlighting the importance of the JK loop(C) conformation in regulating the enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the existence of the partially and totally open conformations in the substrate-free form suggests a role of JK loop(C) in controlling substrate and product dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Álvarez
- Dto. de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Fac. de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,INQUIMAE-CONICET , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ariel Lewis-Ballester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Adrián Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , 440 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Darío A Estrin
- Dto. de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Fac. de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,INQUIMAE-CONICET , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Dto. de Química Biologica Fac. de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Dto. de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Fac. de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,INQUIMAE-CONICET , Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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57
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Pantouris G, Loudon-Griffiths J, Mowat CG. Insights into the mechanism of inhibition of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase by isatin derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:70-78. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1170013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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58
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Unique coupling of mono- and dioxygenase chemistries in a single active site promotes heme degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3779-84. [PMID: 27006503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523333113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must acquire host iron for survival and colonization. Because free iron is restricted in the host, numerous pathogens have evolved to overcome this limitation by using a family of monooxygenases that mediate the oxidative cleavage of heme into biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron. However, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, accomplishes this task without generating carbon monoxide, which potentially induces its latent state. Here we show that this unusual heme degradation reaction proceeds through sequential mono- and dioxygenation events within the single active center of MhuD, a mechanism unparalleled in enzyme catalysis. A key intermediate of the MhuD reaction is found to be meso-hydroxyheme, which reacts with O2 at an unusual position to completely suppress its monooxygenation but to allow ring cleavage through dioxygenation. This mechanistic change, possibly due to heavy steric deformation of hydroxyheme, rationally explains the unique heme catabolites of MhuD. Coexistence of mechanistically distinct functions is a previously unidentified strategy to expand the physiological outcome of enzymes, and may be applied to engineer unique biocatalysts.
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59
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Takahashi S, Iizuka H, Kuwabara R, Naito Y, Sakamoto T, Miyagi A, Onozato M, Ichiba H, Fukushima T. Determination ofl-tryptophan andl-kynurenine derivatized with (R)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole by LC-MS/MS on a triazole-bonded column and their quantification in human serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1481-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuuhei Takahashi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Hideaki Iizuka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Ryousuke Kuwabara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yoko Naito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Aya Miyagi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Hideaki Ichiba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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60
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O'Farrell K, Harkin A. Stress-related regulation of the kynurenine pathway: Relevance to neuropsychiatric and degenerative disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 112:307-323. [PMID: 26690895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP), which is activated in times of stress and infection has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Activation of this tryptophan metabolising pathway results in the production of neuroactive metabolites which have the potential to interfere with normal neuronal functioning which may contribute to altered neuronal transmission and the emergence of symptoms of these brain disorders. This review investigates the involvement of the KP in a range of neurological disorders, examining recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical discoveries highlights evidence to indicate that the KP is a potential therapeutic target in both neurodegenerative and stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, this review identifies gaps in our knowledge with regard to this field which are yet to be examined to lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of KP activation in brain health and disease. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Kynurenine Pathway in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O'Farrell
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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61
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Booth ES, Basran J, Lee M, Handa S, Raven EL. Substrate Oxidation by Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: EVIDENCE FOR A COMMON REACTION MECHANISM. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30924-30. [PMID: 26511316 PMCID: PMC4692220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.695684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) catabolism in biology, leading ultimately to the formation of NAD+. The initial and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway involves oxidation of l-Trp to N-formylkynurenine. This is an O2-dependent process and catalyzed by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. More than 60 years after these dioxygenase enzymes were first isolated (Kotake, Y., and Masayama, I. (1936) Z. Physiol. Chem. 243, 237–244), the mechanism of the reaction is not established. We examined the mechanism of substrate oxidation for a series of substituted tryptophan analogues by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. We observed formation of a transient intermediate, assigned as a Compound II (ferryl) species, during oxidation of l-Trp, 1-methyl-l-Trp, and a number of other substrate analogues. The data are consistent with a common reaction mechanism for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of tryptophan and other tryptophan analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Booth
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, Great Britain, United Kingdom and
| | - Jaswir Basran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, Great Britain, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lee
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, Great Britain, United Kingdom and
| | - Sandeep Handa
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, Great Britain, United Kingdom and
| | - Emma L Raven
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, Great Britain, United Kingdom and
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62
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Wu JS, Lin SY, Liao FY, Hsiao WC, Lee LC, Peng YH, Hsieh CL, Wu MH, Song JS, Yueh A, Chen CH, Yeh SH, Liu CY, Lin SY, Yeh TK, Hsu JTA, Shih C, Ueng SH, Hung MS, Wu SY. Identification of Substituted Naphthotriazolediones as Novel Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase (TDO) Inhibitors through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7807-19. [PMID: 26348881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A structure-based virtual screening strategy, comprising homology modeling, ligand-support binding site optimization, virtual screening, and structure clustering analysis, was developed and used to identify novel tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors. Compound 1 (IC50 = 711 nM), selected by virtual screening, showed inhibitory activity toward TDO and was subjected to structural modifications and molecular docking studies. This resulted in the identification of a potent TDO selective inhibitor (11e, IC50 = 30 nM), making it a potential compound for further investigation as a cancer therapeutic and other TDO-related targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sung Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Yu Liao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chi Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung-Chun Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hui Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Andrew Yueh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yeh Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John T-A Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
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63
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Dounay AB, Tuttle JB, Verhoest PR. Challenges and Opportunities in the Discovery of New Therapeutics Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway. J Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Dounay
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, 14 E. Cache
La Poudre Street, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, United States
| | - Jamison B. Tuttle
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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64
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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65
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Makino R, Obayashi E, Hori H, Iizuka T, Mashima K, Shiro Y, Ishimura Y. Initial O2 Insertion Step of the Tryptophan Dioxygenase Reaction Proposed by a Heme-Modification Study. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3604-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Makino
- Department
of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Nishi-ikebukuro
3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Eiji Obayashi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hori
- Center
for Quantum Science and Technology under Extreme Conditions, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Iizuka
- RIKEN Harima Institute/Spring 8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikazuki-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mashima
- Department
of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Nishi-ikebukuro
3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Shiro
- RIKEN Harima Institute/Spring 8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikazuki-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ishimura
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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66
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Wang Q, Liu D, Song P, Zou MH. Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is dysregulated in inflammation, and immune activation. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2015; 20:1116-43. [PMID: 25961549 DOI: 10.2741/4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is the major route for tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, and it contributes to several fundamental biological processes. Trp is constitutively oxidized by tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase in liver cells. In other cell types, it is catalyzed by an alternative inducible indoleamine-pyrrole 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) under certain pathophysiological conditions, which consequently increases the formation of Kyn metabolites. IDO is up-regulated in response to inflammatory conditions as a novel marker of immune activation in early atherosclerosis. Besides, IDO and the IDO-related pathway are important mediators of the immunoinflammatory responses in advanced atherosclerosis. In particular, Kyn, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid are positively associated with inflammation, oxidative stress (SOX), endothelial dysfunction, and carotid artery intima-media thickness values in end-stage renal disease patients. Moreover, IDO is a potential novel contributor to vessel relaxation and metabolism in systemic infections, which is also activated in acute severe heart attacks. The Kyn pathway plays a key role in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease by regulating inflammation, SOX, and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,
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Targeting key dioxygenases in tryptophan–kynurenine metabolism for immunomodulation and cancer chemotherapy. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:609-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Platten M, Weller M, Wick W. Shaping the glioma immune microenvironment through tryptophan metabolism. CNS Oncol 2015; 1:99-106. [PMID: 25054303 DOI: 10.2217/cns.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan is a key microenvironmental factor shaping the immunobiology of many tumor types. The current concept suggests that in the tumor microenvironment, tryptophan is metabolized by specialized dioxygenases, chiefly indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is expressed by tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells. High IDO activity leads to the depletion of tryptophan from the local microenvironment, while immediate tryptophan metabolites, particularly kynurenine, accumulate to high micromolar levels. Both the depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of kynurenine lead to profound suppression of T-cell responses. Orally active IDO inhibitors are currently being explored in clinical trials for their efficacy in enhancing antitumor immune responses. Recent evidence points at alternative routes of tryptophan catabolism via tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase, which is particularly expressed in malignant gliomas resulting in the production of high amounts of kynurenine. Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase-derived kynurenine in turn leads to the promotion of glioma growth and invasiveness and the suppression of antitumor immune responses by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor expressed in glioma cells and glioma-infiltrating T cells. These new data open up novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate glioma-mediated immunosuppression. This review summarizes the current view on the relevance of tryptophan metabolism as an important immunosuppressive, proinvasive and growth-promoting metabolic pathway in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lepiller Q, Soulier E, Li Q, Lambotin M, Barths J, Fuchs D, Stoll-Keller F, Liang TJ, Barth H. Antiviral and Immunoregulatory Effects of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:530-44. [PMID: 25792183 DOI: 10.1159/000375161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, enhanced activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) has been reported. IDO - a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme - has been considered as both an innate defence mechanism and an important regulator of the immune response. The molecular mechanism of IDO induction in HCV infection and its role in the antiviral immune response remain unknown. Using primary human hepatocytes, we show that HCV infection stimulates IDO expression. IDO gene induction was transient and coincided with the expression of types I and III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Overexpression of hepatic IDO prior to HCV infection markedly impaired HCV replication in hepatocytes, suggesting that IDO limits the spread of HCV within the liver. siRNA-mediated IDO knock-down revealed that IDO functions as an IFN-mediated anti-HCV effector. Hepatic IDO was most potently induced by IFN-x03B3;, and ongoing HCV replication could significantly upregulate IDO expression. IRF1 (IFN-regulatory factor 1) and STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) regulated hepatic IDO expression. Hepatic IDO expression also had a significant inhibitory effect on CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Our data suggest that hepatic IDO plays a dual role during HCV infection by slowing down viral replication and also regulating host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hx00F4;pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Reddy S, Reddy KT, Kumari VV, Basha SH. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies evidenced plausible immunotherapeutic anticancer property by Withaferin A targeting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2695-709. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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71
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Barry KP, Ngu A, Cohn EF, Cote JM, Burroughs AM, Gerbino JP, Taylor EA. Exploring allosteric activation of LigAB from Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 through kinetics, mutagenesis and computational studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 567:35-45. [PMID: 25562402 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase (LigAB) from Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 is the defining member of the Type II extradiol dioxygenase superfamily (a.k.a. PCA Dioxygenase Superfamily or PCADSF) and plays a key aromatic ring-opening role in the metabolism of several lignin derived aromatic compounds. In our search for alternate substrates and inhibitors of LigAB, we discovered allosteric rate enhancement in the presence of non-substrate protocatechuate-like aldehydes such as vanillin. LigAB has the broadest substrate utilization profile of all protocatechuate (PCA) 4,5-dioxygenase described in the literature, however, the rate enhancement is only observed with PCA, with vanillin increasing kcat for LigAB by 36%. Computational docking has identified a potential site of allosteric binding near the entrance to the active site. Examination of a multiple sequence alignment reveals that many of the residues contributing to this newly identified allosteric pocket are highly conserved within the LigB family of the PCADSF. Point mutants of Phe103α and Ala18β, two residues located in the putative allosteric pocket, display altered rate enhancement as compared to LigAB-WT, providing support for the computationally identified allosteric binding site. Further investigation of this binding site may provide insight into the mechanism of this never before observed allosteric activation in extradiol dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Ngu
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Erin Frances Cohn
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Joy Marie Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Erika Anne Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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Ball HJ, Jusof FF, Bakmiwewa SM, Hunt NH, Yuasa HJ. Tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes - party of three. Front Immunol 2014; 5:485. [PMID: 25346733 PMCID: PMC4191572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are tryptophan-degrading enzymes that have independently evolved to catalyze the first step in tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP). The depletion of tryptophan and formation of KP metabolites modulates the activity of the mammalian immune, reproductive, and central nervous systems. IDO and TDO enzymes can have overlapping or distinct functions depending on their expression patterns. The expression of TDO and IDO enzymes in mammals differs not only by tissue/cellular localization but also by their induction by distinct stimuli. To add to the complexity, these genes also have undergone duplications in some organisms leading to multiple isoforms of IDO or TDO. For example, many vertebrates, including all mammals, have acquired two IDO genes via gene duplication, although the IDO1-like gene has been lost in some lower vertebrate lineages. Gene duplications can allow the homologs to diverge and acquire different properties to the original gene. There is evidence for IDO enzymes having differing enzymatic characteristics, signaling properties, and biological functions. This review analyzes the evolutionary convergence of IDO and TDO enzymes as tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes and the divergent evolution of IDO homologs to generate an enzyme family with diverse characteristics not possessed by TDO enzymes, with an emphasis on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Felicita F Jusof
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia ; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Supun M Bakmiwewa
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Department of Applied Science, National University Corporation Kochi University , Kochi , Japan
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73
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Tojo S, Kohno T, Tanaka T, Kamioka S, Ota Y, Ishii T, Kamimoto K, Asano S, Isobe Y. Crystal Structures and Structure-Activity Relationships of Imidazothiazole Derivatives as IDO1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1119-23. [PMID: 25313323 PMCID: PMC4190630 DOI: 10.1021/ml500247w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is considered as a promising target for the treatment of several diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer. We report here the crystal structures of two IDO1/IDO1 inhibitor complexes, one of which shows that Amg-1 is directly bound to the heme iron of IDO1 with a clear induced fit. We also describe the identification and preliminary optimization of imidazothiazole derivatives as novel IDO1 inhibitors. Using our crystal structure information and structure-activity relationships (SAR) at the pocket-B of IDO1, we found a series of urea derivatives as potent IDO1 inhibitors and revealed that generation of an induced fit and the resulting interaction with Phe226 and Arg231 are essential for potent IDO1 inhibitory activity. The results of this study are very valuable for understanding the mechanism of IDO1 activation, which is very important for structure-based drug design (SBDD) to discover potent IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tojo
- (S.T.) Phone: +81-6-6466-5193. Fax: +81-6-6466-5297. E-mail:
| | | | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Seiji Kamioka
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ota
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishii
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Keiko Kamimoto
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Asano
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Isobe
- Dainippon
Sumitomo Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
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74
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Meng B, Wu D, Gu J, Ouyang S, Ding W, Liu ZJ. Structural and functional analyses of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Proteins 2014; 82:3210-6. [PMID: 25066423 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), one of the two key enzymes in the kynurenine pathway, catalyzes the indole ring cleavage at the C2-C3 bond of L-tryptophan. This is a rate-limiting step in the regulation of tryptophan concentration in vivo, and is thus important in drug discovery for cancer and immune diseases. Here, we report the crystal structure of human TDO (hTDO) without the heme cofactor to 2.90 Å resolution. The overall fold and the tertiary assembly of hTDO into a tetramer, as well as the active site architecture, are well conserved and similar to the structures of known orthologues. Kinetic and mutational studies confirmed that eight residues play critical roles in L-tryptophan oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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75
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Genestet C, Le Gouellec A, Chaker H, Polack B, Guery B, Toussaint B, Stasia MJ. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by tryptophan metabolites helps Pseudomonas aeruginosa escape neutrophil killing. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:400-10. [PMID: 24929180 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for persistent infections in cystic fibrosis patients, suggesting an ability to circumvent innate immune defenses. This bacterium uses the kynurenine pathway to catabolize tryptophan. Interestingly, many host cells also produce kynurenine, which is known to control immune system homeostasis. We showed that most strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients produce a high level of kynurenine. Moreover, a strong transcriptional activation of kynA (the first gene involved in the kynurenine pathway) was observed upon contact with immune cells and particularly with neutrophils. In addition, using coculture of human neutrophils with various strains of P. aeruginosa producing no (ΔkynA) or a high level of kynurenine (ΔkynU or ΔkynA pkynA), we demonstrated that kynurenine promotes bacterial survival. In addition, increasing the amount kynurenine inhibits reactive oxygen species production by activated neutrophils, as evaluated by chemiluminescence with luminol or isoluminol or SOD-sensitive cytochrome c reduction assay. This inhibition is due neither to a phagocytosis defect nor to direct NADPH oxidase inhibition. Indeed, kynurenine has no effect on oxygen consumption by neutrophils activated by PMA or opsonized zymosan. Using in vitro reactive oxygen species-producing systems, we showed that kynurenine scavenges hydrogen peroxide and, to a lesser extent, superoxide. Kynurenine׳s scavenging effect occurs mainly intracellularly after bacterial stimulation, probably in the phagosome. In conclusion, the kynurenine pathway allows P. aeruginosa to circumvent the innate immune response by scavenging neutrophil reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Genestet
- TIMC/Therex Laboratory, UMR 5525 (CNRS-UJF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Audrey Le Gouellec
- TIMC/Therex Laboratory, UMR 5525 (CNRS-UJF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Hichem Chaker
- TIMC/Therex Laboratory, UMR 5525 (CNRS-UJF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Benoit Polack
- TIMC/Therex Laboratory, UMR 5525 (CNRS-UJF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Benoit Guery
- Recherche translationnelle hôte pathogène, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Toussaint
- TIMC/Therex Laboratory, UMR 5525 (CNRS-UJF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Marie José Stasia
- TIMC/Therex Laboratory, UMR 5525 (CNRS-UJF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France; Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble F-38043, France.
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76
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Sedlmayr P, Blaschitz A, Stocker R. The role of placental tryptophan catabolism. Front Immunol 2014; 5:230. [PMID: 24904580 PMCID: PMC4032907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the mechanisms and consequences of degradation of tryptophan (Trp) in the placenta, focusing mainly on the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), one of three enzymes catalyzing the first step of the kynurenine pathway of Trp degradation. IDO1 has been implicated in regulation of feto-maternal tolerance in the mouse. Local depletion of Trp and/or the presence of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway mediate immunoregulation and exert antimicrobial functions. In addition to the decidual glandular epithelium, IDO1 is localized in the vascular endothelium of the villous chorion and also in the endothelium of spiral arteries of the decidua. Possible consequences of IDO1-mediated catabolism of Trp in the endothelium encompass antimicrobial activity and immunosuppression, as well as relaxation of the placental vasotonus, thereby contributing to placental perfusion and growth of both placenta and fetus. It remains to be evaluated whether other enzymes mediating Trp oxidation, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2, Trp 2,3-dioxygenase, and Trp hydroxylase-1 are of relevance to the biology of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sedlmayr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Astrid Blaschitz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900
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78
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Weber B, Nickel E, Horn M, Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU. Substrate Inhibition in Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:756-761. [PMID: 26270849 DOI: 10.1021/jz500220k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (hIDO) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the L-tryptophan (l-Trp) pyrrole ring. Catalysis is inhibited at high substrate concentrations; mechanistic details of this observation are, however, still under debate. Using time-resolved optical spectroscopy, we have analyzed the dynamics of ternary complex formation between hIDO, l-Trp, and a diatomic ligand. The physiological ligand dioxygen (O2) was replaced by carbon monoxide to exclude enzymatic turnover. Quantitative analysis of the kinetics reveals that the ternary complex forms whenever O2 binds first, whereas an l-Trp substrate molecule arriving prior to O2 in the active site causes self-inhibition. Bound l-Trp prevents the ligand from approaching the heme iron and, therefore, impedes formation of the catalytically active ternary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G Ulrich Nienhaus
- §Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Geng J, Liu A. Heme-dependent dioxygenases in tryptophan oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 544:18-26. [PMID: 24295960 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for mammals. It is utilized not only for protein synthesis but also for the biosynthesis of serotonin and melatonin by the serotonin pathway as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by the kynurenine pathway. Although the kynurenine pathway is responsible for the catabolism of over 90% of l-tryptophan in the mammalian intracellular and extracellular pools, the scientific field was dominated in the last century by studies of the serotonin pathway, due to the physiological significance of the latter's catabolic intermediates and products. However, in the past decade, the focus gradually reversed as the link between the kynurenine pathway and various neurodegenerative disorders and immune diseases is increasingly highlighted. Notably, the first step of this pathway, which is catalyzed by heme-dependent dioxygenases, has been proven to be a potential target for immune regulation and cancer treatment. A thorough understanding of the intriguing chemistry of the heme-dependent dioxygenases may yield insight for the drug discovery of these prevalent illnesses. In this review, we survey enzymatic and mechanistic studies, initially started by Kotake and Masayama over 70 years ago, at the molecular level on the heme-dependent tryptophan dioxygenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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80
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A method for the determination of D-kynurenine in biological tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9747-54. [PMID: 24158577 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
D-kynurenine (D-KYN), a metabolite of D-tryptophan, can serve as the bioprecursor of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine, two neuroactive compounds that are believed to play a role in the pathophysiology of several neurological and psychiatric diseases. In order to investigate the possible presence of D-KYN in biological tissues, we developed a novel assay based on the conversion of D-KYN to KYNA by purified D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO). Samples were incubated with D-AAO under optimal conditions for measuring D-AAO activity (100 mM borate buffer, pH 9.0), and newly produced KYNA was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric detection. The detection limit for D-KYN was 300 fmol, and linearity of the assay was ascertained up to 300 pmol. No assay interference was noted when other D-amino acids, including D-serine and D-aspartate, were present in the incubation mixture at 50-fold higher concentrations than D-KYN. Using this new method, D-KYN was readily detected in the brain, liver, and plasma of mice treated systemically with D-KYN (300 mg/kg). In these experiments, enantioselectivity was confirmed by determining total kynurenine levels in the same samples using a conventional HPLC assay. Availability of a sensitive, specific, and simple method for D-KYN measurement will be instrumental for evaluating whether D-KYN should be considered for a role in physiology and pathology.
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81
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Temml V, Kuehnl S, Schuster D, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Fuchs D. Interaction of Carthamus tinctorius lignan arctigenin with the binding site of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:450-2. [PMID: 24251110 PMCID: PMC3829989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) is used for treatment of inflammatory conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently C. tinctorius lignans arctigenin and trachelogenin but not matairesinol were described to interfere with the activity of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. We examined a potential direct influence of compounds on IDO enzyme activity applying computational calculations based on 3D geometry of the compounds. The interaction pattern analysis and force field-based minimization was performed within LigandScout 3.03, the docking simulation with MOE 2011.10 using the X-ray crystal structure of IDO. Results confirm the possibility of an intense interaction of arctigenin and trachelogenin with the binding site of the enzyme, while matairesinol had no such effect.
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Key Words
- 1-MT, d-1-methyl tryptophan
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin
- Carthamus tinctorius
- GBVI/WSA, generalized-born volume integral/weighted surface area
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- Kyn/Trp, kynurenine to tryptophan ratio
- Lignan
- MMFF94, Merck Molecular Force Field 94
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- Treg, regulatory T-cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Temml
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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82
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Zhang C, Kong L, Liu Q, Lei X, Zhu T, Yin J, Lin B, Deng Z, You D. In vitro characterization of echinomycin biosynthesis: formation and hydroxylation of L-tryptophanyl-S-enzyme and oxidation of (2S,3S) β-hydroxytryptophan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56772. [PMID: 23437232 PMCID: PMC3578932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QXC) and 3-hydroxyquinaldic acid (HQA) feature in quinomycin family and confer anticancer activity. In light of the significant potency against cancer, the biosynthetic gene clusters have been reported from many different Streptomyces strains, and the biosynthetic pathway were proposed mainly based on the in vivo feeding experiment with isotope labeled putative intermediates. Herein we report another gene cluster from Streptomyces griseovariabilis subsp. bandungensis subsp. nov responsible for the biosynthesis of echinomycin (a member of quinomycin family, also named quinomycin A) and presented in vitro evidence to corroborate the previous hypothesis on QXC biosynthesis, showing that only with the assistance of a MbtH-like protein Qui5, did the didomain NRPS protein (Qui18) perform the loading of a L-tryptophan onto its own PCP domain. Particularly, it was found that Qui5 and Qui18 subunits form a functional tetramer through size exclusion chromatography. The subsequent hydroxylation on β-carbon of the loaded L-tryptophan proved in vitro to be completed by cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylase Qui15. Importantly, only the Qui18 loaded L-tryptophan can be hydroxylated by Qui15 and the enzyme was inactive on free L-tryptophan. Additionally, the chemically synthesized (2S,3S) β-hydroxytryptophan was detected to be converted by the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase Qui17 through LC-MS, which enriched our previous knowledge that tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase nearly exclusively acted on L-tryptophan and 6-fluoro-tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Birun Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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83
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McGaha TL, Huang L, Lemos H, Metz R, Mautino M, Prendergast GC, Mellor AL. Amino acid catabolism: a pivotal regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:135-57. [PMID: 22889220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in controlling immunity. Recent advances in identifying molecular pathways that enhance amino acid catabolism and downstream mechanisms that affect immune cells in response to inflammatory cues support the notion that amino acid catabolism regulates innate and adaptive immune cells in pathologic settings. Cells expressing enzymes that degrade amino acids modulate antigen-presenting cell and lymphocyte functions and reveal critical roles for amino acid- and catabolite-sensing pathways in controlling gene expression, functions, and survival of immune cells. Basal amino acid catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis that prevents autoimmunity, whereas elevated amino acid catalytic activity may reinforce immune suppression to promote tumorigenesis and persistence of some pathogens that cause chronic infections. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in generating novel drugs that inhibit or induce amino acid consumption and target downstream molecular pathways that control immunity. In this review, we summarize recent developments and highlight novel concepts and key outstanding questions in this active research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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84
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Ravishankar B, McGaha TL. O death where is thy sting? Immunologic tolerance to apoptotic self. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3571-89. [PMID: 23377225 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In higher organisms, innate scavenging cells maintain physiologic homeostasis by removal of the billions of apoptotic cells generated on a daily basis. Apoptotic cell removal requires efficient recognition and uptake by professional and non-professional phagocytic cells, which are governed by an array of soluble and apoptotic cell-integral signals resulting in immunologically silent clearance. While apoptosis is associated with profound suppression of adaptive and innate inflammatory immunity, we have only begun to scratch the surface in understanding how immunologic tolerance to apoptotic self manifest at either the molecular or cellular level. In the last 10 years, data has emerged implicating professional phagocytes, most notably stromal macrophages and CD8α(+)CD103(+) dendritic cells, as critical in initiation of the regulatory cascade that will ultimately lead to long-term whole-animal immune tolerance. Importantly, recent work by our lab and others has shown that alterations in apoptotic cell perception by the innate immune system either by removal of critical phagocytic sentinels in secondary lymphoid organs or blockage of immunosuppressive pathways leads to pronounced inflammation with a breakdown of tolerance towards self. This challenges the paradigm that apoptotic cells are inherently immunosuppressive, suggesting that apoptotic cell tolerance is a "context-dependent" event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buvana Ravishankar
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Building CN4143, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
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85
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Huang W, Gong Z, Li J, Ding J. Crystal structure of Drosophila melanogaster tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase reveals insights into substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism. J Struct Biol 2013; 181:291-9. [PMID: 23333332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole ring of l-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine in the kynurenine pathway, and is considered as a drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a eukaryotic TDO from Drosophila melanogaster (DmTDO) in complex with heme at 2.7Å resolution. DmTDO consists of an N-terminal segment, a large domain and a small domain, and assumes a tetrameric architecture. Compared with prokaryotic TDOs, DmTDO contains two major insertion sequences: one forms part of the heme-binding site and the other forms a large portion of the small domain. The small domain which is unique to eukaryotic TDOs, interacts with the active site of an adjacent monomer and plays a role in the catalysis. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulation of DmTDO-heme-Trp suggest that like prokaryotic TDOs, DmTDO adopts an induced-fit mechanism to bind l-Trp; in particular, two conserved but flexible loops undergo conformational changes, converting the active site from an open conformation to a closed conformation. The functional roles of the key residues involved in recognition and binding of the heme and the substrate are verified by mutagenesis and kinetic studies. In addition, a modeling study of DmTDO in complex with the competitive inhibitor LM10 provides useful information for further inhibitor design. These findings reveal insights into the substrate recognition and the catalysis of DmTDO and possibly other eukaryotic TDOs and shed lights on the development of effective anti-TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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86
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Valladares R, Bojilova L, Potts AH, Cameron E, Gardner C, Lorca G, Gonzalez CF. Lactobacillus johnsonii
inhibits indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase and alters tryptophan metabolite levels in BioBreeding rats. FASEB J 2013; 27:1711-20. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-223339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Valladares
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lora Bojilova
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Anastasia H. Potts
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Evan Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Christopher Gardner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Graciela Lorca
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Claudio F. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceGenetics InstituteInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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87
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Merlino A, Fuchs MR, Pica A, Balsamo A, Dworkowski FSN, Pompidor G, Mazzarella L, Vergara A. Selective X-ray-induced NO photodissociation in haemoglobin crystals: evidence from a Raman-assisted crystallographic study. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 69:137-40. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912042229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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88
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Freewan M, Rees MD, Plaza TSS, Glaros E, Lim YJ, Wang XS, Yeung AWS, Witting PK, Terentis AC, Thomas SR. Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a catalyst of physiological heme peroxidase reactions: implications for the inhibition of dioxygenase activity by hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1548-67. [PMID: 23209301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a key regulator of immune responses through catalyzing l-tryptophan (l-Trp) oxidation. Here, we show that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) activates the peroxidase function of IDO to induce protein oxidation and inhibit dioxygenase activity. Exposure of IDO-expressing cells or recombinant human IDO (rIDO) to H(2)O(2) inhibited dioxygenase activity in a manner abrogated by l-Trp. Dioxygenase inhibition correlated with IDO-catalyzed H(2)O(2) consumption, compound I-mediated formation of protein-centered radicals, altered protein secondary structure, and opening of the distal heme pocket to promote nonproductive substrate binding; these changes were inhibited by l-Trp, the heme ligand cyanide, or free radical scavengers. Protection by l-Trp coincided with its oxidation into oxindolylalanine and kynurenine and the formation of a compound II-type ferryl-oxo heme. Physiological peroxidase substrates, ascorbate or tyrosine, enhanced rIDO-mediated H(2)O(2) consumption and attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced protein oxidation and dioxygenase inhibition. In the presence of H(2)O(2), rIDO catalytically consumed nitric oxide (NO) and utilized nitrite to promote 3-nitrotyrosine formation on IDO. The promotion of H(2)O(2) consumption by peroxidase substrates, NO consumption, and IDO nitration was inhibited by l-Trp. This study identifies IDO as a heme peroxidase that, in the absence of substrates, self-inactivates dioxygenase activity via compound I-initiated protein oxidation. l-Trp protects against dioxygenase inactivation by reacting with compound I and retarding compound II reduction to suppress peroxidase turnover. Peroxidase-mediated dioxygenase inactivation, NO consumption, or protein nitration may modulate the biological actions of IDO expressed in inflammatory tissues where the levels of H(2)O(2) and NO are elevated and l-Trp is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Freewan
- Centre for Vascular Research and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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89
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Chauhan N, Basran J, Rafice SA, Efimov I, Millett ES, Mowat CG, Moody PCE, Handa S, Raven EL. How is the distal pocket of a heme protein optimized for binding of tryptophan? FEBS J 2012; 279:4501-9. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishma Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry; Henry Wellcome Building; University of Leicester; UK
| | - Jaswir Basran
- Department of Biochemistry; Henry Wellcome Building; University of Leicester; UK
| | - Sara A. Rafice
- Department of Chemistry; Henry Wellcome Building; University of Leicester; UK
| | - Igor Efimov
- Department of Chemistry; Henry Wellcome Building; University of Leicester; UK
| | | | | | | | - Sandeep Handa
- Department of Chemistry; Henry Wellcome Building; University of Leicester; UK
| | - Emma L. Raven
- Department of Chemistry; Henry Wellcome Building; University of Leicester; UK
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90
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Platten M, Wick W, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5435-40. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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91
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Armstrong CT, Watkins DW, Anderson JLR. Constructing manmade enzymes for oxygen activation. Dalton Trans 2012; 42:3136-50. [PMID: 23076271 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural oxygenases catalyse the insertion of oxygen into an impressive array of organic substrates with exquisite efficiency, specificity and power unparalleled by current biomimetic catalysts. However, their true potential to provide tailor-made oxygenation catalysts remains largely untapped, perhaps a consequence of the evolutionary complexity imprinted into their three-dimensional structures through millennia of exposure to parallel selective pressures. In this perspective we describe how we may take inspiration from natural enzymes to design manmade oxygenase enzymes free from such complexity. We explore the differing chemistries accessed by natural oxygenases and outline a stepwise methodology whereby functional elements key to oxygenase catalysis are assembled within artificially designed protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Armstrong
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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92
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Xu Z, Baunach M, Ding L, Hertweck C. Bacterial Synthesis of Diverse Indole Terpene Alkaloids by an Unparalleled Cyclization Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10293-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Xu Z, Baunach M, Ding L, Hertweck C. Bacterial Synthesis of Diverse Indole Terpene Alkaloids by an Unparalleled Cyclization Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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94
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Yoshihara S, Otani H, Tsunoda M, Ishii K, Iizuka H, Ichiba H, Fukushima T. Alterations in extracellular tryptophan and dopamine concentrations in rat striatum following peripheral administration of d- and l-tryptophan: An in vivo microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:74-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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95
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Moineaux L, Laurent S, Reniers J, Dolušić E, Galleni M, Frère JM, Masereel B, Frédérick R, Wouters J. Synthesis, crystal structures and electronic properties of isomers of chloro-pyridinylvinyl-1H-indoles. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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96
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Geng J, Dornevil K, Liu A. Chemical Rescue of the Distal Histidine Mutants of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12209-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304164b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Geng
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kednerlin Dornevil
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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97
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Abstract
From a protein structural viewpoint, tryptophan is often considered an inert structural amino acid, playing a role as a hydrophobic anchor in membrane proteins or as part of the hydrophobic core of soluble proteins. However, tryptophan is the only polyaromatic amino acid and, from a chemical viewpoint, possesses unique reactivity owing to the electron-richness of the indole system. This reactivity is seen in the area of natural products and metabolites which have exquisite modifications of the indole ring system. Enzymes have evolved multiple strategies to break or modify the indole ring; one particular class is the IDO/TDO (indoleamine/tryptophan dioxygenase) superfamily. A new member of this family, PrnB, on the surface catalyses a very different reaction, but actually shares much of the early chemistry with the tryptophan dioxygenases. Studies on PrnB have contributed to our understanding of the wider superfamily. In the present mini-review, recent developments in our understanding of how the TDO class of enzymes use activated molecular oxygen to break the indole ring are discussed.
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98
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Montelione GT. The Protein Structure Initiative: achievements and visions for the future. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:7. [PMID: 22500193 PMCID: PMC3318194 DOI: 10.3410/b4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) was established in 2000 by the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences with the long-term goal of providing 3D (three-dimensional) structural information for most proteins in nature. As advances in genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, homology modelling, and methods for rapid determination of 3D structures of proteins by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) converged, it was proposed that our understanding of the biology of protein structure and evolution could be greatly enabled by ‘genomic-scale’ protein structure determination. Over the past 12 years, the PSI has evolved from a testing bed for new methods of sample and structure production to a core component of a wide range of biology programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano T Montelione
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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99
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Millett ES, Efimov I, Basran J, Handa S, Mowat CG, Raven EL. Heme-containing dioxygenases involved in tryptophan oxidation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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100
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Efimov I, Basran J, Sun X, Chauhan N, Chapman S, Mowat CG, Raven EL. The mechanism of substrate inhibition in human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3034-41. [PMID: 22299628 PMCID: PMC3280726 DOI: 10.1021/ja208694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase catalyzes the O(2)-dependent oxidation of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to N-formylkynurenine (NFK) as part of the kynurenine pathway. Inhibition of enzyme activity at high L-Trp concentrations was first noted more than 30 years ago, but the mechanism of inhibition has not been established. Using a combination of kinetic and reduction potential measurements, we present evidence showing that inhibition of enzyme activity in human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (hIDO) and a number of site-directed variants during turnover with L-tryptophan (L-Trp) can be accounted for by the sequential, ordered binding of O(2) and L-Trp. Analysis of the data shows that at low concentrations of L-Trp, O(2) binds first followed by the binding of L-Trp; at higher concentrations of L-Trp, the order of binding is reversed. In addition, we show that the heme reduction potential (E(m)(0)) has a regulatory role in controlling the overall rate of catalysis (and hence the extent of inhibition) because there is a quantifiable correlation between E(m)(0) (that increases in the presence of L-Trp) and the rate constant for O(2) binding. This means that the initial formation of ferric superoxide (Fe(3+)-O(2)(•-)) from Fe(2+)-O(2) becomes thermodynamically less favorable as substrate binds, and we propose that it is the slowing down of this oxidation step at higher concentrations of substrate that is the origin of the inhibition. In contrast, we show that regeneration of the ferrous enzyme (and formation of NFK) in the final step of the mechanism, which formally requires reduction of the heme, is facilitated by the higher reduction potential in the substrate-bound enzyme and the two constants (k(cat) and E(m)(0)) are shown also to be correlated. Thus, the overall catalytic activity is balanced between the equal and opposite dependencies of the initial and final steps of the mechanism on the heme reduction potential. This tuning of the reduction potential provides a simple mechanism for regulation of the reactivity, which may be used more widely across this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Efimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester
LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jaswir Basran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester
LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester
LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nishma Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester
LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen
K. Chapman
- Heriot-Watt University, George Heriot Wing, Edinburgh
EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Mowat
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Lloyd Raven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester
LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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