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Vazquez C, Jurado KA. Neurotropic RNA Virus Modulation of Immune Responses within the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074018. [PMID: 35409387 PMCID: PMC8999457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates intricately coordinated immune responses to prevent neurological disease. However, the emergence of viruses capable of entering the CNS and infecting neurons threatens this delicate balance. Our CNS is protected from foreign invaders and excess solutes by a semipermeable barrier of endothelial cells called the blood–brain barrier. Thereby, viruses have implemented several strategies to bypass this protective layer and modulate immune responses within the CNS. In this review, we outline these immune regulatory mechanisms and provide perspectives on future questions in this rapidly expanding field.
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52
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Dual control of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication by autophagy in mouse macrophages. Virus Res 2022; 315:198778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Autophagy impairment in liver CD11c + cells promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through production of IL-23. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1440. [PMID: 35301333 PMCID: PMC8931085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a global increase in rates of obesity with a parallel epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Autophagy is an essential mechanism involved in the degradation of cellular material and has an important function in the maintenance of liver homeostasis. Here, we explore the effect of Autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) deficiency in liver CD11c+ cells in mice fed HFD. When compared to control mice, Atg5-deficient CD11c+ mice exhibit increased glucose intolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity when fed HFD. This phenotype is associated with the development of NAFLD. We observe that IL-23 secretion is induced in hepatic CD11c+ myeloid cells following HFD feeding. We demonstrate that both therapeutic and preventative IL-23 blockade alleviates glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and protects against NAFLD development. This study provides insights into the function of autophagy and IL-23 production by hepatic CD11c+ cells in NAFLD pathogenesis and suggests potential therapeutic targets. The function of autophagy and how this affects non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is not fully known. Here the authors show that in mice with a targeted disruption of the autophagy pathway in CD11c+ cells, development of NAFLD is accelerated involving IL-23 and blocking of IL-23 reduces disease.
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Liang Z, Zhang S, Zou Z, Li J, Wu R, Xia L, Shi G, Cai J, Tang J, Jian J. Functional characterization of BAG3 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) during viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:465-475. [PMID: 35218970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is a cochaperone protein that interacts with Bcl-2 and mediate cell death. However, little is known about the roles of fish BAG3 during viral infection. In this study, we characterized a BAG3 homolog from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcBAG3) and investigated its roles during viral infection. The EcBAG3 protein encoded 579 amino acids with typical WW, PXXP and BAG domains, which shared high identities with reported fish BAG3. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that EcBAG3 was highly expressed in brain and heart. And the expression of EcBAG3 was significantly up-regulated after red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) stimulation in vitro. EcBAG3 overexpression could promoted the expression of viral genes (coat protein (CP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)), which was enhanced by co-transfection with Hsp70 and Hsp22. Also, EcBAG3 overexpression up-regulated the expression of LC3-Ⅱ and down-regulated the expression of Bax and BNIP3, the IFN- (IRF1, IRF3, IRF7, IFP35, Mx1) or inflammation-related (IL-1β and TNFα) factors, as well as decreased the activities of NF-κB, ISRE and IFN-3. While knockdown of EcBAG3 decreased the transcripts of RGNNV CP gene and RdRp gene. Further studies showed that EcBAG3 knockdown impaired the expression level of autophagy factor LC3-Ⅱ, and promoted the expression level of Bax and BNIP3, inflammatory factors and interferon factors. These data indicate that EcBAG3 can affect viral infection through modulating virus-induced cell death, regulating the expression of IFN- and inflammation-related factors, which will be helpful to further explore the immune response of fish during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China
| | - Zihong Zou
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China
| | - Jinze Li
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China
| | - Rimin Wu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China
| | - Liqun Xia
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Gang Shi
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China; Guangxi Key Lab for Marine Natural Products and Combinational Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Centre, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, PR China.
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), 524002, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
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55
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Chen Y, Cao B, Zheng W, Sun Y, Xu T. eIF3k inhibits NF-κB signaling by targeting MyD88 for ATG5-mediated autophagic degradation in teleost fish. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101730. [PMID: 35176284 PMCID: PMC8914388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal activation of NF-κB signaling is crucial for the initiation of inflammatory responses and eliminating invading bacteria. Bacteria have likewise evolved the ability to evade immunity; however, mechanisms by which bacteria dysregulate host NF-κB signaling are unclear. In this study, we identify eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF3k, a nonessential member of the eIF3 translation initiation complex, as a suppressor of the NF-κB pathway. Mechanistically, we show that eIF3k expression induced by Vibrio harveyi enhances E3 ligase Nrdp1-mediated K27-linked ubiquitination of MyD88, an upstream regulator of NF-κB pathway activation. Furthermore, we show that eIF3k acts as a bridge linking ubiquitin-tagged MyD88 and ATG5, an important mediator of autophagy. We demonstrate that the MyD88-eIF3k-ATG5 complex is transported to the autophagosome for degradation, and that innate immune signaling is subsequently terminated and does not attack invading V. harveyi. Therefore, our study identifies eIF3k as a specific inhibitor of the MyD88-dependent NF-κB pathway and suggests that eIF3k may act as a selective autophagic receptor that synergizes with ATG5 to promote the autophagic degradation of MyD88, which helps V. harveyi to evade innate immunity. We conclude that V. harveyi can manipulate a host's autophagy process to evade immunity in fish and also provide a new perspective on mammalian resistance to bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chen
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baolan Cao
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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56
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Chawla K, Subramanian G, Rahman T, Fan S, Chakravarty S, Gujja S, Demchak H, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Autophagy in Virus Infection: A Race between Host Immune Response and Viral Antagonism. IMMUNO 2022; 2:153-169. [PMID: 35252965 PMCID: PMC8893043 DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway operated at the basal level to maintain homeostasis and is induced by external stimuli for specific functions. The degradative function of autophagy is considered a cellular anti-viral immune response. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword in viral infection; viruses often benefit from it, and the infected cells can also use it to inhibit viral replication. In addition to viral regulation, autophagy pathway proteins also function in autophagy-independent manners to regulate immune responses. Since viruses have co-evolved with hosts, they have developed ways to evade the anti-viral autophagic responses of the cells. Some of these mechanisms are also covered in our review. Lastly, we conclude with the thought that autophagy can be targeted for therapeutic interventions against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Chawla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Tia Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shumin Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shreyas Gujja
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hayley Demchak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence:
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57
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Ke PY. Autophagy and antiviral defense. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:317-338. [PMID: 34859938 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy not only maintains cellular homeostasis but also counteracts the effects of external stimuli, including invading pathogens. Among various kinds of pathogens, viruses have been extensively shown to induce autophagy to benefit viral growth in infected cells and to modulate host defense responses, such as innate antiviral immunity. Recently, numerous lines of evidence have implied that virus-induced autophagy triggers multilayer mechanisms to regulate the innate antiviral response of host cells, thus promoting a balance in virus-host cell interactions. In this review, the detailed mechanisms underlying autophagy and the innate antiviral immune response are first described. Then, I summarize the current information regarding the diverse functional role(s) of autophagy in the control of antiviral defenses against different types of viral infections. Moreover, the physiological significance of autophagy-regulated antiviral responses on the viral life cycle and the potential autophagy alterations induced by virus-associated antiviral signaling is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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58
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Wei Z, Wen Q, Li W, Yuan X, Fu Q, Cui Z, Chen X. ATG12 is involved in the antiviral immune response in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:262-271. [PMID: 34653664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ATG12, a core autophagy protein, forms a conjugate with ATG5 to promote the formation of autophagosome membrane, and plays an important role in antiviral immunity. However, little is known about the function of ATG12 in fish. Here, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) ATG12 (LcATG12), which is 354 nucleotides long and encodes a protein of 117 amino acids. The deduced LcATG12 possesses a conserved APG12 domain (residues 31 to 117), and shares 91.45% identities with ATG12 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). LcATG12 was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest level in intestine. Its transcript was also detected in primary head kidney granulocytes (PKG), primary head kidney macrophages (PKM), primary head kidney lymphocytes (PKL), and large yellow croaker head kidney (LYCK) cell line, and was significantly up-regulated by poly(I:C). LcATG12 was regularly distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus of LYCK and epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. Overexpression of LcATG12 in EPC cells significantly inhibited the replication of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Further studies reveled that LcATG12 could induce the occurrence of autophagy in LYCK cells. Furthermore, overexpression of LcATG12 in LYCK cells increased the expression levels of large yellow croaker type I interferons (IFNs, IFNc, IFNd, and IFNh), IFN regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7), and IFN-stimulated genes (PKR, Mx, and Viperin). All these data indicated that LcATG12 plays a role in the antiviral immunity possibly by inducing both autophagy and type I IFN response in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhengwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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59
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Chauhan S, Jena KK, Mehto S, Chauhan NR, Sahu R, Dhar K, Yadav R, Krishna S, Jaiswal P, Chauhan S. Innate immunity and inflammophagy: balancing the defence and immune homeostasis. FEBS J 2021; 289:4112-4131. [PMID: 34826185 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive crosstalk exists between autophagy and innate immune signalling pathways. The stimuli that induce pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated innate immune signalling pathways, also upregulate autophagy. The purpose of this increased autophagy is to eliminate the stimuli and/or suppress the inflammatory pathways by targeted degradation of PRRs or intermediary proteins (termed 'inflammophagy'). By executing these functions, autophagy dampens excess inflammation triggered by the innate immune signalling pathways. Thus, autophagy helps in the maintenance of the body's innate immune homeostasis to protect from inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Many autophagy-dependent mechanisms that could control innate immune signalling have been studied over the last few years. However, still, the understanding is incomplete, and studies that are more systematic should be undertaken to delineate the mechanisms of inflammophagy. Here, we discuss the available knowledge of crosstalk between autophagy and PRR signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chauhan
- Epigenetic and Chromatin Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rinku Sahu
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kollori Dhar
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rina Yadav
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sivaram Krishna
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pundrik Jaiswal
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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60
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Liang S, Wu YS, Li DY, Tang JX, Liu HF. Autophagy in Viral Infection and Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:766142. [PMID: 34722550 PMCID: PMC8554085 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.766142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an evolutionarily conserved cellular process, autophagy plays an essential role in the cellular metabolism of eukaryotes as well as in viral infection and pathogenesis. Under physiological conditions, autophagy is able to meet cellular energy needs and maintain cellular homeostasis through degrading long-lived cellular proteins and recycling damaged organelles. Upon viral infection, host autophagy could degrade invading viruses and initial innate immune response and facilitate viral antigen presentation, all of which contribute to preventing viral infection and pathogenesis. However, viruses have evolved a variety of strategies during a long evolutionary process, by which they can hijack and subvert host autophagy for their own benefits. In this review, we highlight the function of host autophagy in the key regulatory steps during viral infections and pathogenesis and discuss how the viruses hijack the host autophagy for their life cycle and pathogenesis. Further understanding the function of host autophagy in viral infection and pathogenesis contributes to the development of more specific therapeutic strategies to fight various infectious diseases, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yun-Shan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University (Foshan Shunde Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Foshan, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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61
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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111338. [PMID: 34768767 PMCID: PMC8583510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell’s needs. They are also at the center of the proinflammatory response and have essential roles in the response against pathogenic infections. Mitochondria are a major site for production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which are essential to fight infection. However, excessive and uncontrolled production can become deleterious to the cell, leading to mitochondrial and tissue damage. Pathogens exploit the role of mitochondria during infection by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), mitochondrial network and disrupting the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in these biological processes makes these organelle good targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented a summary of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogen response, as well as the potential promising mitochondrial targets for the fight against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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62
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Han J, Feng G, Wu J, Zhang Y, Long Z, Yao X. Association of ATG5 gene polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Han Chinese population. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 122:1049-1056. [PMID: 34661876 PMCID: PMC9300489 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose There is growing evidence that autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) is involved in neural development, neuronal differentiation, and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between ATG5 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the Han population. Methods A case–control study was conducted in 120 PD patients and 100 healthy volunteers. MassArray platform was used to analyze polymorphisms in three different regions of ATG5 gene (rs510432, rs573775 and rs17587319). In the included subjects, 50 PD patients and 50 healthy volunteers were selected, and the plasma ATG5 concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The allele and genotype frequencies of SNPs were assessed using the SHEsis program. Results We found a significant correlation between rs17587319 and PD, and the subcomponent showed a high correlation between rs17587319 with cognitive impairment and age at onset in PD patients. At the same time, the total plasma ATG5 level of PD patients and the plasma ATG5 expression level of early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) patients were significantly higher than the control group, while there was no significant difference of ATG5 expression between late-onset Parkinson’s disease (LOPD) patients and the control group. Conclusion These findings suggest that genetic variations in the ATG5 gene and low levels of the ATG5 protein are associated with susceptibility to PD and with cognitive impairment in PD patients. ATG5 could be a potential biomarker to assess the severity and prognosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Ganghua Feng
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Jibao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Zhipeng Long
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yao
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, China.
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Muñoz-Moreno R, Martínez-Romero C, García-Sastre A. Induction and Evasion of Type-I Interferon Responses during Influenza A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038414. [PMID: 32661015 PMCID: PMC8485741 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious pathogens and one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in both humans and animals worldwide. Upon infection, the innate immune system provides the first line of defense to neutralize or limit the replication of invading pathogens, creating a fast and broad response that brings the cells into an alerted state through the secretion of cytokines and the induction of the interferon (IFN) pathway. At the same time, IAVs have developed a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms in order to avoid or circumvent the host antiviral response, promoting viral replication. Herein, we will review and summarize already known and recently described innate immune mechanisms that host cells use to fight IAV viral infections as well as the main strategies developed by IAVs to overcome such powerful defenses during this fascinating virus-host interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Hou P, Lin Y, Li Z, Lu R, Wang Y, Tian T, Jia P, Zhang X, Cao L, Zhou Z, Li C, Gu J, Guo D. Autophagy receptor CCDC50 tunes the STING-mediated interferon response in viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2358-2371. [PMID: 34453126 PMCID: PMC8484562 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA sensing and timely activation of interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity are crucial for the defense against DNA virus infections and the clearance of abnormal cells. However, overactivation of immune responses may lead to tissue damage and autoimmune diseases; therefore, these processes must be intricately regulated. STING is the key adaptor protein, which is activated by cyclic GMP-AMP, the second messenger derived from cGAS-mediated DNA sensing. Here, we report that CCDC50, a newly identified autophagy receptor, tunes STING-directed type I IFN signaling activity by delivering K63-polyubiquitinated STING to autolysosomes for degradation. Knockout of CCDC50 significantly increases herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- or DNA ligand-induced production of type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. Ccdc50-deficient mice show increased production of IFN, decreased viral replication, reduced cell infiltration, and improved survival rates compared with their wild-type littermates when challenged with HSV-1. Remarkably, the expression of CCDC50 is downregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune disease. CCDC50 levels are negatively correlated with IFN signaling pathway activation and disease severity in human SLE patients. CCDC50 deficiency potentiates the cGAS-STING-mediated immune response triggered by SLE serum. Thus, our findings reveal the critical role of CCDC50 in the immune regulation of viral infections and autoimmune diseases and provide insights into the therapeutic implications of CCDC50 manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Hou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zibo Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiqing Lu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Tian
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770The Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Penghui Jia
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Division of Rheumatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Cao
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jieruo Gu
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Division of Rheumatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XMOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Nemati S, Pazoki H, Mohammad Rahimi H, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Shahrokh S, Baghaei K, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Toxoplasma gondii profilin and tachyzoites RH strain may manipulate autophagy via downregulating Atg5 and Atg12 and upregulating Atg7. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7041-7047. [PMID: 34453672 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy process is an important defense mechanism against intracellular infection. This process plays a critical role in limiting the development of Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to investigate the effects of T. gondii profilin and tachyzoites on the expression of autophagy genes. METHODS AND RESULTS PMA-activated THP-1 cell line was incubated with T. gondii profilin and tachyzoites for 6 h. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression of Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, and LC3b was evaluated using real-time PCR. The results revealed statistically significant downregulation of Atg5 for 1.43 (P-value = 0.0062) and 4.15 (P-value = 0.0178) folds after treatment with T. gondii profilin and tachyzoites, respectively. Similar to Atg 5, Atg 12 revealed a statistically significant downregulation for profilin (1.41 fold; P-value = 0.0047) and T. gondii tachyzoites (3.25 fold; P-value = 0.011). The expression of Atg7 elevated in both T. gondii profilin (2.083 fold; P-value = 0.0087) and tachyzoites (1.64 fold; P-value = 0.206). T. gondii profilin and tachyzoites downregulated (1.04 fold; P-value = 0.0028) and upregulated (twofold; P-value = 0.091) the expression of LC3b, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that T. gondii and profilin may manipulate autophagy via preventing from the formation of Atg5-12-16L complex to facilitate replication of T. gondii and development of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pazoki
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wan SW, Lee YR, Ho TS, Chang CP. Regulation of innate immune signaling pathways by autophagy in dengue virus infection. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:170-179. [PMID: 34553486 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is not only an intracellular recycling degradation system that maintains cellular homeostasis but is also a component of innate immunity that contributes to host defense against viral infection. The viral components as well as viral particles trapped in autophagosomes can be delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Abundant evidence indicates that dengue virus (DENV) has evolved the potent ability to hijack or subvert autophagy process for escaping host immunity and promoting viral replication. Moreover, autophagy is often required to deliver viral components to pattern recognition receptors signaling for interferon (IFN)-mediated viral elimination. Hence, this review summarizes DENV-induced autophagy, which exhibits dual effects on proviral activity of promoting replication and antiviral activity to eliminating viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Wan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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67
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Khatami A, Lin RCY, Petrovic‐Fabijan A, Alkalay‐Oren S, Almuzam S, Britton PN, Brownstein MJ, Dao Q, Fackler J, Hazan R, Horne B, Nir‐Paz R, Iredell JR. Bacterial lysis, autophagy and innate immune responses during adjunctive phage therapy in a child. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13936. [PMID: 34369652 PMCID: PMC8422068 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjunctive phage therapy was used in an attempt to avoid catastrophic outcomes from extensive chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteoarticular infection in a 7-year-old child. Monitoring of phage and bacterial kinetics allowed real-time phage dose adjustment, and along with markers of the human host response, indicated a significant therapeutic effect within two weeks of starting adjunctive phage therapy. These findings strongly suggested the release of bacterial cells or cell fragments into the bloodstream from deep bony infection sites early in treatment. This was associated with transient fever and local pain and with evidence of marked upregulation of innate immunity genes in the host transcriptome. Adaptive immune responses appeared to develop after a week of therapy and some immunomodulatory elements were also observed to be upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Khatami
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyThe Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ruby C Y Lin
- Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Sivan Alkalay‐Oren
- Institute of Dental Sciences and School of Dental MedicineThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical Center, and the Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
| | - Sulaiman Almuzam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyThe Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - Philip N Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyThe Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Quang Dao
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | - Joe Fackler
- Adaptive Phage TherapeuticsGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Ronen Hazan
- Institute of Dental Sciences and School of Dental MedicineThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Ran Nir‐Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical Center, and the Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
| | - Jonathan R Iredell
- Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyWestmead Institute for Medical ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia
- Westmead HospitalWestern Sydney Local Health DistrictWestmeadNSWAustralia
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68
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He M, Ding NZ, He CQ. Novirhabdoviruses versus fish innate immunity: A review. Virus Res 2021; 304:198525. [PMID: 34339774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Novirhabdoviruses belong to the Rhabdoviridae family of RNA viruses. All of the four members are pathogenic for bony fish. Particularly, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) often cause mass animal deaths and huge economic losses, representing major obstacles to fish farming industry worldwide. The interactions between fish and novirhabdoviruses are becoming better understood. In this review, we will present our current knowledge of fish innate immunity, particularly type I interferon (IFN-I) response, against novirhabdoviral infection, and the evasion strategies exploited by novirhabdoviruses. Members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) appear to be involved in novirhabdovirus surveillance. NF-κB activation and IFN-I induction are primarily triggered for antiviral defense. Autophagy can also be induced by viral glycoprotein (G). Although sensitive to IFN-I, novirhabdoviruses have nucleoprotein (N), matrix protein (M), and non-virion protein (NV) to interfere with host signal transduction and gene expression steps toward antiviral state establishment. Moreover, novirhabdoviruses may exploit some microRNAs for immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nai-Zheng Ding
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Cheng-Qiang He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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69
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FIP200 restricts RNA virus infection by facilitating RIG-I activation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:921. [PMID: 34326461 PMCID: PMC8322336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) senses viral RNA and instigates an innate immune signaling cascade to induce type I interferon expression. Currently, the regulatory mechanisms controlling RIG-I activation remain to be fully elucidated. Here we show that the FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) facilitates RIG-I activation. FIP200 deficiency impaired RIG-I signaling and increased host susceptibility to RNA virus infection. In vivo studies further demonstrated FIP200 knockout mice were more susceptible to RNA virus infection due to the reduced innate immune response. Mechanistic studies revealed that FIP200 competed with the helicase domain of RIG-I for interaction with the two tandem caspase activation and recruitment domains (2CARD), thereby facilitating the release of 2CARD from the suppression status. Furthermore, FIP200 formed a dimer and facilitated 2CARD oligomerization, thereby promoting RIG-I activation. Taken together, our study defines FIP200 as an innate immune signaling molecule that positively regulates RIG-I activation. Lingyan Wang et al. report that the autophagy-associated protein FIP200 interacts with the RNA sensor RIG-I to trigger activation of the type I interferon pathway.
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70
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Batool M, Kim MS, Choi S. Structural insights into the distinctive RNA recognition and therapeutic potentials of RIG-I-like receptors. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:399-425. [PMID: 34287999 DOI: 10.1002/med.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses, including the coronavirus, develop a unique strategy to evade the host immune response by interrupting the normal function of cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). RLRs rapidly detect atypical nucleic acids, thereby triggering the antiviral innate immune signaling cascade and subsequently activates the interferons transcription and induction of other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Nonetheless, these receptors are manipulated by viral proteins to subvert the host immune system and sustain the infectivity and replication potential of the virus. RIG-I senses the single-stranded, double-stranded, and short double-stranded RNAs and recognizes the key signature, a 5'-triphosphate moiety, at the blunt end of the viral RNA. Meanwhile, the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is triggered by longer double stranded RNAs, messenger RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation in their 5'-cap, and RNA aggregates. Therefore, structural insights into the nucleic-acid-sensing and downstream signaling mechanisms of these receptors hold great promise for developing effective antiviral therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the critical roles played by RLRs in viral infections as well as their ligand recognition mechanisms. In addition, we highlight the crosstalk between the toll-like receptors and RLRs and provide a comprehensive overview of RLR-associated diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of RLRs for the development of antiviral-drugs. Moreover, we believe that these RLR-based antivirals will serve as a step toward countering the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batool
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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FIP200 controls the TBK1 activation threshold at SQSTM1/p62-positive condensates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13863. [PMID: 34226595 PMCID: PMC8257712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase TBK1 is a central regulator of innate immune responses and autophagy, and ablation of either function has been linked to neuroinflammatory or degenerative diseases. Autophagy is an intracellular process that recycles old or damaged proteins and organelles. In recent years, the TBK1-dependent regulation of autophagy pathways has been characterized. However, the autophagy-dependent regulation of TBK1 activity awaits further clarification. Here, we observed that TBK1 is recruited to SQSTM1/p62-containing aggregates via the selective autophagy receptor TAX1BP1. In these aggregates, TBK1 phosphorylates SQSTM1/p62 at serine 403 and thus presumably regulates the efficient engulfment and clearance of these structures. We found that TBK1 activation is strongly increased if FIP200, a component of the autophagy-inducing ULK1 complex, is not present or cannot bind to TAX1BP1. Given our collective findings, we hypothesize that FIP200 ensures the inducible activation of TBK1 at SQSTM1/p62 condensates.
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Ganesh GV, Mohanram RK. Metabolic reprogramming and immune regulation in viral diseases. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2268. [PMID: 34176174 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak and transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide and the ensuing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has left us scrambling for ways to contain the disease and develop vaccines that are safe and effective. Equally important, understanding the impact of the virus on the host system in convalescent patients, healthy otherwise or with co-morbidities, is expected to aid in developing effective strategies in the management of patients afflicted with the disease. Viruses possess the uncanny ability to redirect host metabolism to serve their needs and also limit host immune response to ensure their survival. An ever-increasingly powerful approach uses metabolomics to uncover diverse molecular signatures that influence a wide array of host signalling networks in different viral infections. This would also help integrate experimental findings from individual studies to yield robust evidence. In addition, unravelling the molecular mechanisms harnessed by both viruses and tumours in their host metabolism will help broaden the repertoire of therapeutic tools available to combat viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham V Ganesh
- Life Science Division, SRM Research Institute and Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramkumar K Mohanram
- Life Science Division, SRM Research Institute and Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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An unconventional role of an ASB family protein in NF-κB activation and inflammatory response during microbial infection and colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015416118. [PMID: 33431678 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015416118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-mediated signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammatory process, innate and adaptive immune responses. The hyperactivation of inflammatory response causes host cell death, tissue damage, and autoinflammatory disorders, such as sepsis and inflammatory bowel disease. However, how these processes are precisely controlled is still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ankyrin repeat and suppressor of cytokine signaling box containing 1 (ASB1) is involved in the positive regulation of inflammatory responses by enhancing the stability of TAB2 and its downstream signaling pathways, including NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Mechanistically, unlike other members of the ASB family that induce ubiquitination-mediated degradation of their target proteins, ASB1 associates with TAB2 to inhibit K48-linked polyubiquitination and thereby promote the stability of TAB2 upon stimulation of cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which indicates that ASB1 plays a noncanonical role to further stabilize the target protein rather than induce its degradation. The deficiency of Asb1 protects mice from Salmonella typhimurium- or LPS-induced septic shock and increases the survival of mice. Moreover, Asb1-deficient mice exhibited less severe colitis and intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Given the crucial role of ASB proteins in inflammatory signaling pathways, our study offers insights into the immune regulation in pathogen infection and inflammatory disorders with therapeutic implications.
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Herpesvirus Regulation of Selective Autophagy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050820. [PMID: 34062931 PMCID: PMC8147283 DOI: 10.3390/v13050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and materials. In addition, a specific type of selective autophagy (xenophagy) is also activated as a line of defense against invading intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. However, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the host’s antiviral defense and even to activate some proviral types of selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, for their successful infection and replication. This review discusses the current knowledge on the regulation of selective autophagy by human herpesviruses.
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
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Ergosterol peroxide suppresses porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV)-induced autophagy to inhibit virus replication via p38 signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109068. [PMID: 33894664 PMCID: PMC8035807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV) that continues to spread globally, placing strain on economic and public health. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of PDCoV remains largely unclear, and effective strategies to prevent or treat PDCoV infection are still limited. In this study, the interaction between autophagy and PDCoV replication in LLC-PK1 cells was investigated. We demonstrated that PDCoV infection induced a complete autophagy process. Pharmacologically induced autophagy with rapamycin increased the expression of PDCoV N, while pharmacologically inhibited autophagy with wortmannin decreased the expression of PDCoV N, suggesting that PDCoV-induced autophagy facilitates virus replication. Further experiments showed that PDCoV infection activated p38 signaling pathway to trigger autophagy. Besides, ergosterol peroxide (EP) alleviated PDCoV-induced activation of p38 to suppress autophagy, thus exerting its antiviral effects. Finally, we employed a piglet model of PDCoV infection to demonstrate that EP prevented PDCoV infection by suppressing PDCoV-induced autophagy via p38 signaling pathway in vivo. Collectively, these findings accelerate the understanding of the pathogenesis of PDCoV infection and provide new insights for the development of EP as an effective therapeutic strategy for PDCoV.
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Xie B, Zhao M, Song D, Wu K, Yi L, Li W, Li X, Wang K, Chen J. Induction of autophagy and suppression of type I IFN secretion by CSFV. Autophagy 2021; 17:925-947. [PMID: 32160078 PMCID: PMC8078712 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy plays an essential role in cellular responses to pathogens. However, the precise mechanisms and signaling pathways that modulate cellular autophagy in classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-infected host cells have not been confirmed. In this study, we showed that CSFV infection inhibits the phosphorylation of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), subsequently leading to autophagy initiation. We also show that MAPK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling is involved in CSFV-induced autophagy. The CSFV-induced inhibition of AKT/PKB (AKT serine/threonine kinase)-MTOR was observed to be partially responsible for the MTOR inactivation and subsequent autophagy initiation. Moreover, the CAMKK2/CaMKKβ (calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2)-PRKAA/AMPK (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha) axis was found to be involved in CSFV-induced autophagy. Meanwhile, CSFV non-structural protein NS5A induced autophagy via the CAMKK2-PRKAA-MTOR signaling pathway but not the AKT-MTOR or MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1-MTOR pathway. Although the AKT-MTOR pathway also plays an important role in the induction of autophagy by CSFV. We also found the interaction between HSP90AB1/HSPCB and NS5A by tandem affinity purification/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, the CSFV-induced [Ca2+]cyto increase potently induced autophagy through CAMKK2 and PRKAA. Moreover, we isolated and identified the BECN1/Beclin 1 protein complexes by tandem affinity purification/LC-MS and immunoprecipitation, the interaction between BECN1 and MAVS was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, laser scanning confocal microscope technology, and GST affinity-isolation experiments. Furthermore, CSFV-mediated autophagy suppressing type I IFN production is related to the interaction between MAVS and BECN1. Finally, the modulation of autophagy induction pathways by different autophagy regulatory factors significantly affected the replication of CSFV.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; CAMKK2: Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2; CSFV: Classical swine fever virus; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; HSP90AB1: Heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1; IFN: Interferon; ISGs: IFN-stimulated genes; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MAP1LC3/LC3: Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAVS: Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MOI: Multiplicity of infection; MTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PRKAA: Protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha; shRNA: short hairpin RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu C, Zang Y, Zhao Y, Cui W, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Xu M. Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis Confirmed That ATG5 Promoted the Maintenance of Tumor Metabolism and the Occurrence of Tumor Immune Escape. Front Oncol 2021; 11:652211. [PMID: 33842365 PMCID: PMC8027486 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.652211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy related protein 5 (ATG5) is an important autophagosome formation related protein, and its involvement in the biological process of autophagy has been shown to correlate with tumor metabolic patterns and the formation of tumor heterogeneity. However, the role of ATG5 in tumor metabolism and tumor immunity remains unclear. Method In order to explore this problem, this study was designed to reveal the role of ATG5 in tumor metabolism and tumor immunity through pan-cancer analysis of multi-database. GTEx database, CCLE database, and TCGA database were used to describe the expression, prognosis, immune microenvironment, immune new antigen, immune checkpoint, TMB, and microsatellite instability of ATG5 in 33 types of tumors. A series of bioinformatics tools and methods were used for quantitative analysis and panoramic description, such as to Estimate, Scanneo and GSEA. Result The differential analysis results of multiple databases showed that ATG5 was ubiquitously highly expressed in pan-cancer, especially in solid tumors. Survival analysis revealed that ATG5 was universally associated with the prognosis of pan-cancer, and high ATG5 expression was significantly associated with poor patient prognosis in most cases. Further, the expression level of ATG5 was confirmed to be associated with tumor immune infiltration and tumor microenvironment, especially in BRCA, KIRC, and LIHC. In addition to this, ATG5 expression was confirmed to correlate with these clinically significant phenotypes, in conjunction with immune neoantigens and immune checkpoint gene expression profiles in pan-cancer. In addition to TMB and microsatellite instability in pan-cancer, we confirmed that ATG5 expression affects the expression of DNA repair genes and methyltransferases in pan-cancer, and found through gene set enrichment analysis that ATG5 is involved in the regulation of numerous signaling pathways involved in cancer metabolism and cancer immunity. Conclusions ATG5 participated in the formation of autophagosomal membrane important molecule LC3-II outside, and played an important role in tumor metabolism and tumor immunity. The comprehensive pan-cancer analysis not only revealed the potential of ATG5 in tumor-targeted therapy but also suggested ATG5 as a promising tumor predictive biomarker in most solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yusheng Zang
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Institute of Bioengineering, Biotrans Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai, China.,United New Drug Research and Development Center, Biotrans Technology Co., LTD, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiqiang Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weifang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yingcui Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Man Xu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Hamaoui D, Subtil A. ATG16L1 functions in cell homeostasis beyond autophagy. FEBS J 2021; 289:1779-1800. [PMID: 33752267 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atg16-like (ATG16L) proteins were identified in higher eukaryotes for their resemblance to Atg16, a yeast protein previously characterized as a subunit of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 complex. In yeast, this complex catalyzes the lipidation of Atg8 on pre-autophagosomal structures and is therefore required for the formation of autophagosomes. In higher eukaryotes, ATG16L1 is also almost exclusively present as part of an ATG12-ATG5/ATG16L1 complex and has the same essential function in autophagy. However, ATG16L1 is three times bigger than Atg16. It displays, in particular, a carboxy-terminal extension, including a WD40 domain, which provides a platform for interaction with a variety of proteins, and allows for the recruitment of the ATG12-ATG5/ATG16L1 complex to membranes under different contexts. Furthermore, detailed analyses at the cellular level have revealed that some of the ATG16L1-driven activities are independent of the lipidation reaction catalyzed by the ATG12-ATG5/ATG16L1 complex. At the organ level, the use of mice that are hypomorphic for Atg16l1, or with cell-specific ablation of its expression, revealed a large panel of consequences of ATG16L1 dysfunctions. In this review, we recapitulate the current knowledge on ATG16L1 expression and functions. We emphasize, in particular, how it broadly acts as a brake on inflammation, thereby contributing to maintaining cell homeostasis. We also report on independent studies that converge to show that ATG16L1 is an important player in the regulation of intracellular traffic. Overall, autophagy-independent functions of ATG16L1 probably account for more of the phenotypes associated with ATG16L1 deficiencies than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hamaoui
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Paris, France
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Deretic V. Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism. Immunity 2021; 54:437-453. [PMID: 33691134 PMCID: PMC8026106 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a quality-control, metabolic, and innate immunity process. Normative autophagy affects many cell types, including hematopoietic as well as non-hematopoietic, and promotes health in model organisms and humans. When autophagy is perturbed, this has repercussions on diseases with inflammatory components, including infections, autoimmunity and cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular and liver diseases. As a cytoplasmic degradative pathway, autophagy protects from exogenous hazards, including infection, and from endogenous sources of inflammation, including molecular aggregates and damaged organelles. The focus of this review is on the role of autophagy in inflammation, including type I interferon responses and inflammasome outputs, from molecules to immune cells. A special emphasis is given to the intersections of autophagy with innate immunity, immunometabolism, and functions of organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes that act as innate immunity and immunometabolic signaling platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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81
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Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:539-555. [PMID: 33462384 PMCID: PMC7812568 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the human genome, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, which contain N-terminal caspase recruitment domains, are activated upon the detection of viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Activated RLRs induce downstream signaling via their interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins and activate the production of type I and III interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that RLR-mediated signaling is regulated by interactions with endogenous RNAs and host proteins, such as those involved in stress responses and posttranslational modifications. Since RLR-mediated cytokine production is also involved in the regulation of acquired immunity, the deregulation of RLR-mediated signaling is associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Moreover, RLR-mediated signaling might be involved in the aberrant cytokine production observed in coronavirus disease 2019. Since the discovery of RLRs in 2004, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of RLR-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of regulated RNA recognition and signal activation by RLRs, focusing on the interactions between various host and viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Onoguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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Li K, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Virus-Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571509. [PMID: 33717061 PMCID: PMC7952751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Okada T, Ogura T. Scanning Electron-Assisted Dielectric Microscopy Reveals Autophagosome Formation by LC3 and ATG12 in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041834. [PMID: 33673233 PMCID: PMC7917705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular self-devouring system that plays a central role in cellular recycling. The formation of functional autophagosomes depends on several autophagy-related proteins, including the microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) and the conserved autophagy-related gene 12 (Atg12). We have recently developed a novel scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) for nanoscale observations of intact cells. Here, we used the SE-ADM system to observe LC3- and Atg12-containing autophagosomes in cells labelled in the culture medium with antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold particles. We observed that, during autophagosome formation, Atg12 localized along the actin meshwork structure, whereas LC3 formed arcuate or circular alignments. Our system also showed a difference in the distribution of LC3 and Atg12; Atg12 was broadly distributed while LC3 was more localized. The difference in the spatial distribution demonstrated by our system explains the difference in the size of fluorescent spots due to the fluorescently labelled antibodies observed using optical microscopy. The direct SE-ADM observation of cells should thus be effective in analyses of autophagosome formation.
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Dual Effects of Let-7b in the Early Stage of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01800-20. [PMID: 33208444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01800-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA let-7b expression is induced by infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is involved in the regulation of HCV replication by directly targeting the HCV genome. The current study demonstrated that let-7b directly targets negative regulators of type I interferon (IFN) signaling thereby limiting HCV replication in the early stage of HCV infection. Let-7b-regulated genes which are involved in host cellular responses to HCV infection were unveiled by microarray profiling and bioinformatic analyses, followed by various molecular and cellular assays using Huh7 cells expressing wild-type (WT) or the seed region-mutated let-7b. Let-7b targeted the cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) protein, a negative regulator of JAK/STAT signaling, which then enhanced STAT1-Y701 phosphorylation leading to increased expression of the downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Let-7b augmented retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling, but not MDA5, to phosphorylate and nuclear translocate IRF3 leading to increased expression of IFN-β. Let-7b directly targeted the ATG12 and IκB kinase alpha (IKKα) transcripts and reduced the interaction of the ATG5-ATG12 conjugate and RIG-I leading to increased expression of IFN, which may further stimulate JAK/STAT signaling. Let-7b induced by HCV infection elicits dual effects on IFN expression and signaling, along with targeting the coding sequences of NS5B and 5' UTR of the HCV genome, and limits HCV RNA accumulation in the early stage of HCV infection. Controlling let-7b expression is thereby crucial in the intervention of HCV infection.IMPORTANCE HCV is a leading cause of liver disease, with an estimated 71 million people infected worldwide. During HCV infection, type I interferon (IFN) signaling displays potent antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Host factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), play a role in upregulating IFN signaling to limit HCV replication. Let-7b is a liver-abundant miRNA that is induced by HCV infection and targets the HCV genome to suppress HCV RNA accumulation. In this study, we demonstrated that let-7b, as a positive regulator of type I IFN signaling, plays dual roles against HCV replication by increasing the expression of IFN and interferon-sensitive response element (ISRE)-driven interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the early stage of HCV infection. This study sheds new insight into understanding the role of let-7b in combatting HCV infection. Clarifying IFN signaling regulated by miRNA during the early phase of HCV infection may help researchers understand the initial defense mechanisms to other RNA viruses.
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Autophagy-A Story of Bacteria Interfering with the Host Cell Degradation Machinery. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020110. [PMID: 33499114 PMCID: PMC7911818 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and fundamental cellular process to maintain cellular homeostasis through recycling of defective organelles or proteins. In a response to intracellular pathogens, autophagy further acts as an innate immune response mechanism to eliminate pathogens. This review will discuss recent findings on autophagy as a reaction to intracellular pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Interestingly, while some of these bacteria have developed methods to use autophagy for their own benefit within the cell, others have developed fascinating mechanisms to evade recognition, to subvert the autophagic pathway, or to escape from autophagy.
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86
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Chu JYK, Ou JHJ. Autophagy in HCV Replication and Protein Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031089. [PMID: 33499186 PMCID: PMC7865906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It is also known to possess other functions including protein trafficking and anti-microbial activities. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to co-opt cellular autophagy pathway to promote its own replication. HCV regulates autophagy through multiple mechanisms to control intracellular protein and membrane trafficking to enhance its replication and suppress host innate immune response. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the interplay between HCV and autophagy and the crosstalk between HCV-induced autophagy and host innate immune responses.
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87
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Hou P, Yang K, Jia P, Liu L, Lin Y, Li Z, Li J, Chen S, Guo S, Pan J, Wu J, Peng H, Zeng W, Li C, Liu Y, Guo D. A novel selective autophagy receptor, CCDC50, delivers K63 polyubiquitination-activated RIG-I/MDA5 for degradation during viral infection. Cell Res 2021; 31:62-79. [PMID: 32612200 PMCID: PMC7852694 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process that delivers cytosolic substances to the lysosome for degradation, but its direct role in the regulation of antiviral innate immunity remains poorly understood. Here, through high-throughput screening, we discovered that CCDC50 functions as a previously unknown autophagy receptor that negatively regulates the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway initiated by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), the sensors for RNA viruses. The expression of CCDC50 is enhanced by viral infection, and CCDC50 specifically recognizes K63-polyubiquitinated RLRs, thus delivering the activated RIG-I/MDA5 for autophagic degradation. The association of CCDC50 with phagophore membrane protein LC3 is confirmed by crystal structure analysis. In contrast to other known autophagic cargo receptors that associate with either the LIR-docking site (LDS) or the UIM-docking site (UDS) of LC3, CCDC50 can bind to both LDS and UDS, representing a new type of cargo receptor. In mouse models with RNA virus infection, CCDC50 deficiency reduces the autophagic degradation of RIG-I/MDA5 and promotes type I IFN responses, resulting in enhanced viral resistance and improved survival rates. These results reveal a new link between autophagy and antiviral innate immune responses and provide additional insights into the regulatory mechanisms of RLR-mediated antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Kongxiang Yang
- Modern Virology Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Penghui Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Lan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zibo Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Shuliang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Shuting Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Ji'An Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Hong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Weijie Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yingfang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), Seventh Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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88
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Luo X, Donnelly CR, Gong W, Heath BR, Hao Y, Donnelly LA, Moghbeli T, Tan YS, Lin X, Bellile E, Kansy BA, Carey TE, Brenner JC, Cheng L, Polverini PJ, Morgan MA, Wen H, Prince ME, Ferris RL, Xie Y, Young S, Wolf GT, Chen Q, Lei YL. HPV16 drives cancer immune escape via NLRX1-mediated degradation of STING. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1635-1652. [PMID: 31874109 DOI: 10.1172/jci129497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has surpassed that of cervical cancer and is projected to increase rapidly until 2060. The coevolution of HPV with transforming epithelial cells leads to the shutdown of host immune detection. Targeting proximal viral nucleic acid-sensing machinery is an evolutionarily conserved strategy among viruses to enable immune evasion. However, E7 from the dominant HPV subtype 16 in HNSCC shares low homology with HPV18 E7, which was shown to inhibit the STING DNA-sensing pathway. The mechanisms by which HPV16 suppresses STING remain unknown. Recently, we characterized the role of the STING/type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway in maintaining immunogenicity of HNSCC in mouse models. Here we extended those findings into the clinical domain using tissue microarrays and machine learning-enhanced profiling of STING signatures with immune subsets. We additionally showed that HPV16 E7 uses mechanisms distinct from those used by HPV18 E7 to antagonize the STING pathway. We identified NLRX1 as a critical intermediary partner to facilitate HPV16 E7-potentiated STING turnover. The depletion of NLRX1 resulted in significantly improved IFN-I-dependent T cell infiltration profiles and tumor control. Overall, we discovered a unique HPV16 viral strategy to thwart host innate immune detection that can be further exploited to restore cancer immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Luo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Christopher R Donnelly
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wang Gong
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Blake R Heath
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuning Hao
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lorenza A Donnelly
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Toktam Moghbeli
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yee Sun Tan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Bellile
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kansy
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Thomas E Carey
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - J Chad Brenner
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peter J Polverini
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark E Prince
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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89
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García-Pérez BE, González-Rojas JA, Salazar MI, Torres-Torres C, Castrejón-Jiménez NS. Taming the Autophagy as a Strategy for Treating COVID-19. Cells 2020; 9:E2679. [PMID: 33322168 PMCID: PMC7764362 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, an efficient treatment for COVID-19 is still unavailable, and people are continuing to die from complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the development of new therapeutic approaches is urgently needed, and one alternative is to target the mechanisms of autophagy. Due to its multifaceted role in physiological processes, many questions remain unanswered about the possible advantages of inhibiting or activating autophagy. Based on a search of the literature in this field, a novel analysis has been made to highlight the relation between the mechanisms of autophagy in antiviral and inflammatory activity in contrast with those of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The present analysis reveals a remarkable coincidence between the uncontrolled inflammation triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and autophagy defects. Particularly, there is conclusive evidence about the substantial contribution of two concomitant factors to the development of severe COVID-19: a delayed or absent type I and III interferon (IFN-I and IFN-III) response together with robust cytokine and chemokine production. In addition, a negative interplay exists between autophagy and an IFN-I response. According to previous studies, the clinical decision to inhibit or activate autophagy should depend on the underlying context of the pathological timeline of COVID-19. Several treatment options are herein discussed as a guide for future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-R.), (M.I.S.)
| | - Juan Antonio González-Rojas
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-R.), (M.I.S.)
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-R.), (M.I.S.)
| | - Carlos Torres-Torres
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km. 1. Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, Mexico;
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90
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Autophagy-A Hidden but Important Actor on Oral Cancer Scene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239325. [PMID: 33297472 PMCID: PMC7729760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration of denture use, oral hygiene, smoking and male sex were identified as risk factors for oral mucosal lesions. As it is well known, all the oral mucosal lesions associated with risk factors have an important degree of malignity. Chronic mechanical irritation can be another cause of oral cancer and it is produced by the constant action of a deleterious agent from the oral cavity. Autophagy represents a complex evolutionary conserved catabolic process in which cells self-digest intracellular organelles in order to regulate their normal turnover and remove the damaged ones with compromised function to further maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is modulated by mTOR kinase and indirectly by PI3K/AKT survival pathway. Due to its dual capacity to either induce cell death or promote cell survival, important evidence pointed that autophagy has a two-faced role in response to chemotherapy in cancer. In conclusion, understanding how to overcome cytoprotective autophagy and how to take advantage of autophagic cell death is critical in order to enhance the cancer cells sensitivity to particular therapeutic agents.
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91
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The Relevance of MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of HCV-Disease: The Emergent Role of miR-17-92 in Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121364. [PMID: 33260407 PMCID: PMC7761224 DOI: 10.3390/v12121364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem. HCV is a hepatotropic and lymphotropic virus that leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and lymphoproliferative disorders such as cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The molecular mechanisms by which HCV induces these diseases are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding molecules that negatively regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by decreasing their target gene expression. We will attempt to summarize the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in the HCV life cycle, HCV-related HCC, and lymphoproliferative disorders, focusing on both the functional effects of their deregulation as well as on their putative role as biomarkers, based on association analyses. We will also provide original new data regarding the miR 17-92 cluster in chronically infected HCV patients with and without lymphoproliferative disorders who underwent antiviral therapy. All of the cluster members were significantly upregulated in CV patients compared to patients without CV and significantly decreased in those who achieved vasculitis clinical remission after viral eradication. To conclude, miRNAs play an important role in HCV infection and related oncogenic processes, but their molecular pathways are not completely clear. In some cases, they may be potential therapeutic targets or non-invasive biomarkers of tumor progression.
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92
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Li BB, Chen YL, Pang F. MicroRNA-30a Targets ATG5 and Attenuates Airway Fibrosis in Asthma by Suppressing Autophagy. Inflammation 2020; 43:44-53. [PMID: 31748850 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, chronic airway inflammation; bronchial tissue fibrosis, is a pathological feature common to children asthma, and an emerging data has indicted that autophagy plays critical roles in airway inflammation and fibrosis-mediated airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to examine whether the antifibrotic effect of epithelial microRNAs (miRNAs) relies on regulating autophagy-mediated airway remodeling and to identify the factors involved and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed miR-30a were downregulated in children with asthma and ovalbumin (OVA) mouse model in parallel with the upregulation of autophagy-related proteins; moreover, we observed miR-30a inhibited the autophagy by downregulated autophagy-related 5 (ATG5). Then, we observed that overexpression of miR-30a suppressed the fibrogenesis and autophagic flux which was stimulated by interleukin-33 (IL-33) in bronchial epithelial cells. In vivo experiments showed that miR-30a overexpression decreased airway remodeling by decreased autophagy. This study uncovered a previously unrecognized antifibrotic role of miR-30a in asthma, in IL-33-induced lung epithelial cells in vitro, and in a murine model of OVA-induced airway inflammation in vivo and explored the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bin Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Tiantai County People's Hospital, 1 Kang ling Road, Tiantai County, Taizhou City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Long Chen
- Department of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Hangzhou, 196 Wen Hui Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Fuzhen Pang
- Department of Paediatrics, Tiantai County People's Hospital, 1 Kang ling Road, Tiantai County, Taizhou City, Zhejiang, China.
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93
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Zamame Ramirez JA, Romagnoli GG, Kaneno R. Inhibiting autophagy to prevent drug resistance and improve anti-tumor therapy. Life Sci 2020; 265:118745. [PMID: 33186569 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic drugs remain the first-line option for cancer therapy but the development of drug-resistance by tumor cells represents a primary obstacle for successful chemotherapy. Autophagy is a physiological mechanism of cell survival efficiently used by tumor cells to avoid cell death and to induce drug-resistance. It is a macromolecular process, in which cells degrade and recycle intracellular substrates and damaged organelles to alleviate cell stress caused by nutritional deprivation, hypoxia, irradiation, and cytotoxic agents, as well. There is evidence that autophagy prevents cancer during the early steps of carcinogenesis, but once transformed, these cells show enhanced autophagy capacity and use it to survive, grow, and facilitate metastasis. Current basic studies and clinical trials show the feasibility of using pharmacological or molecular blockage of autophagy to improve the anticancer therapy efficiency. In this review, we overviewed the pathways and molecular aspects of autophagy, its role in carcinogenesis, and the evidence for its role in cancer adaptation and drug-resistance. Finally, we reviewed the clinical findings on how the autophagy interference helps to improve conventional anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofer Andree Zamame Ramirez
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziela Gorete Romagnoli
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Oeste Paulista University - UNOESTE, Department of Health Sciences, Jaú, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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94
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Golbabapour S, Bagheri-Lankarani K, Ghavami S, Geramizadeh B. Autoimmune Hepatitis and Stellate Cells: An Insight into the Role of Autophagy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:6073-6095. [PMID: 30947648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190402120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a necroinflammatory process of liver, featuring interface hepatitis
by T cells, macrophages and plasma cells that invade to periportal parenchyma. In this process, a
variety of cytokines are secreted and liver tissues undergo fibrogenesis, resulting in the apoptosis of
hepatocytes. Autophagy is a complementary mechanism for restraining intracellular pathogens to
which the innate immune system does not provide efficient endocytosis. Hepatocytes with their
particular regenerative features are normally in a quiescent state, and, autophagy controls the accumulation
of excess products, therefore the liver serves as a basic model for the study of autophagy.
Impairment of autophagy in the liver causes the accumulation of damaged organelles, misfolded
proteins and exceeded lipids in hepatocytes as seen in metabolic diseases. In this review, we introduce
autoimmune hepatitis in association with autophagy signaling. We also discuss some genes and
proteins of autophagy, their regulatory roles in the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the importance
of lipophagy and tyrosine kinase in hepatic fibrogenesis. In order to provide a comprehensive
overview of the regulatory role of autophagy in autoimmune hepatitis, the pathway analysis of autophagy
in autoimmune hepatitis is also included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Golbabapour
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Kamran Bagheri-Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Medical school of Shiraz University, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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95
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Pradel B, Robert-Hebmann V, Espert L. Regulation of Innate Immune Responses by Autophagy: A Goldmine for Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578038. [PMID: 33123162 PMCID: PMC7573147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway for intracellular components and is highly conserved across eukaryotes. This process is a key player in innate immunity and its activation has anti-microbial effects by directly targeting pathogens and also by regulating innate immune responses. Autophagy dysfunction is often associated with inflammatory diseases. Many studies have shown that it can also play a role in the control of innate immunity by preventing exacerbated inflammation and its harmful effects toward the host. The arms race between hosts and pathogens has led some viruses to evolve strategies that enable them to benefit from autophagy, either by directly hijacking the autophagy pathway for their life cycle, or by using its regulatory functions in innate immunity. The control of viral replication and spread involves the production of anti-viral cytokines. Controlling the signals that lead to production of these cytokines is a perfect way for viruses to escape from innate immune responses and establish successful infection. Published reports related to this last viral strategy have extensively grown in recent years. In this review we describe several links between autophagy and regulation of innate immune responses and we provide an overview of how viruses exploit these links for their own benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Pradel
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucile Espert
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
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96
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Lin X, Yu S, Mao H, Ren P, Jin M. hnRNPH2 as an Inhibitor of Chicken MDA5-Mediated Type I Interferon Response: Analysis Using Chicken MDA5-Host Interactome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:541267. [PMID: 33123126 PMCID: PMC7573076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.541267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I and MDA5 are two key pattern recognition receptors that sense the invasion of RNA viruses and initiate type I interferon (IFN) response. Although these receptors are generally conserved in vertebrates, RIG-I is absent in chickens, whereas MDA5 is present. Chicken MDA5 (chMDA5) plays a pivotal role in sensing the invasion of RNA viruses into cells. However, unlike mammalian MDA5, where there are in-depth and extensive studies, regulation of the chMDA5-mediated signaling pathway remains unexplored. In this study, we performed a pulldown assay and mass spectrometry analysis to identify chicken proteins that could interact with the N terminal of chMDA5 (chMDA5-N) that contained two CARDs responsible for binding of the well-known downstream adaptor MAVS. We found that 337 host proteins could potentially interact with chMDA5-N, which were integrated to build a chMDA5-N–host association network and analyzed by KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology annotation. Results of our analysis revealed that diverse cellular processes, such as RNA binding and transport and protein translation, ribosome, chaperones, and proteasomes are critical cellular factors regulating the chMDA5-mediated signaling pathway. We cloned 64 chicken genes to investigate their effects on chMDA5-mediated chicken IFN-β production and confirmed the association of chicken DDX5, HSPA8, HSP79, IFIT5, PRDX1, and hnRNPH2 with chMDA5-N. In particular, we found that chicken hnRNPH2 impairs the association between chMDA5-N and MAVS and thus acts as a check on the chMDA5-mediated signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the chicken MDA5–host interactome, which provides fundamental but significant insights to further explore the mechanism of chicken MDA5 signaling regulation in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiman Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peilei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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97
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Zhao MM, Wang RS, Zhou YL, Yang ZG. Emerging relationship between RNA helicases and autophagy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:767-778. [PMID: 33043643 PMCID: PMC7606199 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RNA helicases, the largest family of proteins that participate in RNA metabolism, stabilize the intracellular environment through various processes, such as translation and pre-RNA splicing. These proteins are also involved in some diseases, such as cancers and viral diseases. Autophagy, a self-digestive and cytoprotective trafficking process in which superfluous organelles and cellular garbage are degraded to stabilize the internal environment or maintain basic cellular survival, is associated with human diseases. Interestingly, similar to autophagy, RNA helicases play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and are related to many types of diseases. According to recent studies, RNA helicases are closely related to autophagy, participate in regulating autophagy, or serve as a bridge between autophagy and other cellular activities that widely regulate some pathophysiological processes or the development and progression of diseases. Here, we summarize the most recent studies to understand how RNA helicases function as regulatory proteins and determine their association with autophagy in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-miao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ru-sha Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan-lin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zheng-gang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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98
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Montaseri A, Giampietri C, Rossi M, Riccioli A, Fattore AD, Filippini A. The Role of Autophagy in Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption Function. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1398. [PMID: 33008140 PMCID: PMC7601508 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated recycling process of cellular wastes. Having a housekeeping role, autophagy through the digestion of domestic cytosolic organelles, proteins, macromolecules, and pathogens, eliminates unnecessary materials and provides nutrients and energy for cell survival and maintenance. The critical role of autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and maintenance of bone homeostasis has previously been reported. Increasing evidence reveals that autophagy dysregulation leads to alteration of osteoclast function and enhanced bone loss, which is associated with the onset and progression of osteoporosis. In this review, we briefly consolidate the current state-of-the-art technology regarding the role of autophagy in osteoclast function in both physiologic and pathologic conditions to have a more general view on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michela Rossi
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Riccioli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.F.)
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99
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Khalil H, Abd ElHady A, Elawdan KA, Mohamed D, Mohamed DD, Abd El Maksoud AI, El-Chennawi FA, El-Fikiy B, El-Sayed IH. The Mechanical Autophagy as a Part of Cellular Immunity; Facts and Features in Treating the Medical Disorders. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:266-289. [PMID: 32993405 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1828453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that incorporates lysosomal-degradation to maintain cell survival and energy sources. In recent decades, the role of autophagy has implicated in the initiation and development of many diseases that affect humanity. Among these diseases are autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, which connected with the lacking autophagy. Other diseases are connected with the increasing levels of autophagy such as cancers and infectious diseases. Therefore, controlling autophagy with sufficient regulators could represent an effective strategy to overcome such diseases. Interestingly, targeting autophagy can also provide a sufficient method to combat the current epidemic caused by the ongoing coronavirus. In this review, we aim to highlight the physiological function of the autophagic process to understand the circumstances surrounding its role in the cellular immunity associated with the development of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Khalil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Amira Abd ElHady
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Elawdan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mohamed
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Doaa D Mohamed
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Farha A El-Chennawi
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansora University, Mansora, Egypt
| | - Bhgat El-Fikiy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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100
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Recchiuti A, Isopi E, Romano M, Mattoscio D. Roles of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Autophagy and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6637. [PMID: 32927853 PMCID: PMC7555248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that accounts for degradation and recycling of cellular components to extend cell survival under stress conditions. In addition to this prominent role, recent evidence indicates that autophagy is crucially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response, a tightly controlled process aimed at clearing the inflammatory stimulus and restoring tissue homeostasis. To be efficient and beneficial to the host, inflammation should be controlled by a resolution program, since uncontrolled inflammation is the underlying cause of many pathologies. Resolution of inflammation is an active process mediated by a variety of mediators, including the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), a family of endogenous lipid autacoids known to regulate leukocyte infiltration and activities, and counterbalance cytokine production. Recently, regulation of autophagic mechanisms by these mediators has emerged, uncovering unappreciated connections between inflammation resolution and autophagy. Here, we summarize mechanisms of autophagy and resolution, focusing on the contribution of autophagy in sustaining paradigmatic examples of chronic inflammatory disorders. Then, we discuss the evidence that SPMs can restore dysregulated autophagy, hypothesizing that resolution of inflammation could represent an innovative approach to modulate autophagy and its impact on the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenico Mattoscio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Chieti—Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.R.); (E.I.); (M.R.)
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