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Sergeeva A, Liu H, Mai HJ, Mettler-Altmann T, Kiefer C, Coupland G, Bauer P. Cytokinin-promoted secondary growth and nutrient storage in the perennial stem zone of Arabis alpina. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1459-1476. [PMID: 33336445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perennial plants maintain their lifespan through several growth seasons. Arabis alpina serves as a model Brassicaceae species to study perennial traits. Lateral stems of A. alpina have a proximal vegetative zone with a dormant bud zone and a distal senescing seed-producing inflorescence zone. We addressed how this zonation is distinguished at the anatomical level, whether it is related to nutrient storage and which signals affect the zonation. We found that the vegetative zone exhibits secondary growth, which we termed the perennial growth zone (PZ). High-molecular-weight carbon compounds accumulate there in cambium and cambium derivatives. Neither vernalization nor flowering were requirements for secondary growth and the sequestration of storage compounds. The inflorescence zone with only primary growth, termed the annual growth zone (AZ), or roots exhibited different storage characteristics. Following cytokinin application cambium activity was enhanced and secondary phloem parenchyma was formed in the PZ and also in the AZ. In transcriptome analysis, cytokinin-related genes represented enriched gene ontology terms and were expressed at a higher level in the PZ than in the AZ. Thus, A. alpina primarily uses the vegetative PZ for nutrient storage, coupled to cytokinin-promoted secondary growth. This finding lays a foundation for future studies addressing signals for perennial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sergeeva
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hongjiu Liu
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Mai
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Christiane Kiefer
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, D-50829, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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52
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Hartmann FP, Rathgeber CBK, Badel É, Fournier M, Moulia B. Modelling the spatial crosstalk between two biochemical signals explains wood formation dynamics and tree-ring structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1727-1737. [PMID: 33247732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In conifers, xylogenesis during a growing season produces a very characteristic tree-ring structure: large, thin-walled earlywood cells followed by narrow, thick-walled latewood cells. Although many factors influence the dynamics of differentiation and the final dimensions of xylem cells, the associated patterns of variation remain very stable from one year to the next. While radial growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve, the widths of xylem differentiation zones exhibit characteristic skewed bell-shaped curves. These elements suggest a strong internal control of xylogenesis. It has long been hypothesized that much of this regulation relies on a morphogenetic gradient of auxin. However, recent modelling studies have shown that while this hypothesis could account for the dynamics of stem radial growth and the zonation of the developing xylem, it failed to reproduce the characteristic tree-ring structure. Here, we investigated the hypothesis of regulation by a crosstalk between auxin and a second biochemical signal, by using computational morphodynamics. We found that, in conifers, such a crosstalk is sufficient to simulate the characteristic features of wood formation dynamics, as well as the resulting tree-ring structure. In this model, auxin controls cell enlargement rates while another signal (e.g. cytokinin, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) drives cell division and auxin polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Éric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Li Y, Zhang X, Cheng Q, Teixeira da Silva JA, Fang L, Ma G. Elicitors Modulate Young Sandalwood ( Santalum album L.) Growth, Heartwood Formation, and Concrete Oil Synthesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020339. [PMID: 33578821 PMCID: PMC7916594 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Five chemical elicitors––6-benzyladenine (BA), ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)––were used to treat 1- and 5-year-old sandal trees (Santalum album L.) to assess their effects on growth, heartwood formation and concrete oil synthesis. The results showed that some newly formed branches in stems that were induced by BA and ETH displayed leaf senescence and developed new smaller and light-green leaves. The relative percentage of concrete oil from the heartwood of water-treated trees (0.65%) was significantly lower than that from trees treated with 4 mM H2O2 (2.85%) and 4 mM BA (2.75%) within one year. Four mM BA, H2O2 and CaCl2 induced a significantly higher level of sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM of these elicitors. Four mM MeJA induced significantly less sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM MeJA. Morphological, physiological, and chromatographic–spectrometric technologies were integrated to trace the potential function of these exogenously applied chemical elicitors. The results may have important applications and provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation and hardening in young sandalwood trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Qingwei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
- Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 7, Miki-cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-Ken, Miki-cho 761-0799, Japan;
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Li SM, Zheng HX, Zhang XS, Sui N. Cytokinins as central regulators during plant growth and stress response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:271-282. [PMID: 33025178 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of the plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, the potential regulating mechanism during plant growth and stress response are discussed. Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of plant growth, physiological activities, and yield. Cytokinins also play a key role in response to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt and high or low temperature. Through the signal transduction pathway, cytokinins interact with various transcription factors via a series of phosphorylation cascades to regulate cytokinin-target gene expression. In this review, we systematically summarize the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins, cytokinin signaling, and associated gene regulation, and highlight the function of cytokinins during plant development and resistance to abiotic stress. We also focus on the importance of crosstalk between cytokinins and other classes of phytohormones, including auxin, ethylene, strigolactone, and gibberellin. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the mechanisms by which cytokinins act as central regulators of plant development and stress reactions, and highlight topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Hormonal and transcriptional analyses provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying root thickening and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Callerya speciosa (Champ. ex Benth.) Schot. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9. [PMID: 33420059 PMCID: PMC7794344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Callerya speciosa (Champ. ex Benth.) Schot is a traditional Chinese medicine characterized by tuberous roots as the main organ of isoflavonoid accumulation. Root thickening and isoflavonoid accumulation are two major factors for yield and quality of C. speciosa. However, the underlying mechanisms of root thickening and isoflavonoid biosynthesis have not yet been elucidated. Here, integrated morphological, hormonal and transcriptomic analyses of C. speciosa tuberous roots at four different ages (6, 12, 18, 30 months after germination) were performed. The growth cycle of C. speciosa could be divided into three stages: initiation, rapid-thickening and stable-thickening stage, which cued by the activity of vascular cambia. Endogenous changes in phytohormones were associated with developmental changes during root thickening. Jasmonic acid might be linked to the initial development of tuberous roots. Abscisic acid seemed to be essential for tuber maturation, whereas IAA, cis-zeatin and gibberellin 3 were considered essential for rapid thickening of tuberous roots. A total of 4337 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during root thickening, including 15 DEGs participated in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and 153 DEGs involved in starch/sucrose metabolism, hormonal signaling, transcriptional regulation and cell wall metabolism. A hypothetical model of genetic regulation associated with root thickening and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in C. speciosa is proposed, which will help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of tuberous root formation and isoflavonoid biosynthesis.
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Abreu IN, Johansson AI, Sokołowska K, Niittylä T, Sundberg B, Hvidsten TR, Street NR, Moritz T. A metabolite roadmap of the wood-forming tissue in Populus tremula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1559-1572. [PMID: 32648607 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wood, or secondary xylem, is the product of xylogenesis, a developmental process that begins with the proliferation of cambial derivatives and ends with mature xylem fibers and vessels with lignified secondary cell walls. Fully mature xylem has undergone a series of cellular processes, including cell division, cell expansion, secondary wall formation, lignification and programmed cell death. A complex network of interactions between transcriptional regulators and signal transduction pathways controls wood formation. However, the role of metabolites during this developmental process has not been comprehensively characterized. To evaluate the role of metabolites during wood formation, we performed a high spatial resolution metabolomics study of the wood-forming zone of Populus tremula, including laser dissected aspen ray and fiber cells. We show that metabolites show specific patterns within the wood-forming zone, following the differentiation process from cell division to cell death. The data from profiled laser dissected aspen ray and fiber cells suggests that these two cell types host distinctly different metabolic processes. Furthermore, by integrating previously published transcriptomic and proteomic profiles generated from the same trees, we provide an integrative picture of molecular processes, for example, deamination of phenylalanine during lignification is of critical importance for nitrogen metabolism during wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Annika I Johansson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Sokołowska
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
- Forest Division, Stora Enso AB, Nacka, SE-13104, Sweden
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-901 87, Sweden
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NO-1433, Norway
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
- The NovoNordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
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Milhinhos A, Bollhöner B, Blazquez MA, Novák O, Miguel CM, Tuominen H. ACAULIS5 Is Required for Cytokinin Accumulation and Function During Secondary Growth of Populus Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601858. [PMID: 33304375 PMCID: PMC7701098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the primary root and young hypocotyl of Arabidopsis, ACAULIS5 promotes translation of SUPPRESSOR OF ACAULIS51 (SAC51) and thereby inhibits cytokinin biosynthesis and vascular cell division. In this study, the relationships between ACAULIS5, SAC51 and cytokinin biosynthesis were investigated during secondary growth of Populus stems. Overexpression of ACAULIS5 from the constitutive 35S promoter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) trees suppressed the expression level of ACAULIS5, which resulted in low levels of the physiologically active cytokinin bases as well as their direct riboside precursors in the transgenic lines. Low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin levels of the transgenic trees coincided with low cambial activity of the stem. ACAULIS5 therefore, contrary to its function in young seedlings in Arabidopsis, stimulates cytokinin accumulation and cambial activity during secondary growth of the stem. This function is not derived from maturing secondary xylem tissues as transgenic suppression of ACAULIS5 levels in these tissues did not influence secondary growth. Interestingly, evidence was obtained for increased activity of the anticlinal division of the cambial initials under conditions of low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin accumulation. We propose that ACAULIS5 integrates auxin and cytokinin signaling to promote extensive secondary growth of tree stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milhinhos
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Blazquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Hou J, Xu H, Fan D, Ran L, Li J, Wu S, Luo K, He XQ. MiR319a-targeted PtoTCP20 regulates secondary growth via interactions with PtoWOX4 and PtoWND6 in Populus tomentosa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1354-1368. [PMID: 32604464 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary growth is a key characteristic of trees, which requires the coordination of multiple regulatory mechanisms including transcriptional regulators and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the roles of microRNAs in the regulation of secondary growth need to be explored in depth. Here, the role of miR319a and its target, PtoTCP20, in the secondary growth of Populus tomentosa stem was investigated using genetic and molecular analyses. The expression level of miR319a gradually decreased from primary to secondary growth in P. tomentosa, while that of PtoTCP20 gradually increased. MiR319a overexpression in seedlings resulted in delayed secondary growth and decreased xylem production, while miR319a knockdown and PtoTCP20 overexpression promoted secondary growth and increased xylem production. Further analysis showed that PtoTCP20 interacted with PtoWOX4a and activated PtoWND6 transcription in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that PtoTCP20 controls vascular cambium proliferation by binding to PtoWOX4a, and promotes secondary xylem differentiation by activating PtoWND6 transcription, thereby regulating secondary growth in P. tomentosa. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying secondary growth in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Di Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lingyu Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianqiu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Xiao Y, Yi F, Ling J, Yang G, Lu N, Jia Z, Wang J, Zhao K, Wang J, Ma W. Genome-wide analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression and endogenous hormone regulation during tension wood formation in Catalpa bungei. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:609. [PMID: 32891118 PMCID: PMC7487903 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are the key factors regulating vascular development in plants, and they are also involved in tension wood (TW) formation. Although the theory of hormone distribution in TW formation is widely supported, the effects of endogenous hormones on TW formation have not yet been assessed. In this study, TW formation was induced in Catalpa bungei by artificial bending. The phytohormone content of TW, opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW) was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and transcriptome sequencing was performed. The hormone content and related gene expression data were comprehensively analyzed. RESULTS The results of analyses of the plant hormone contents indicated significantly higher levels of cis-zeatin (cZ), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in TW than in OW. Genes involved in the IAA and ABA synthesis pathways, such as ALDH (evm. MODEL group5.1511) and UGT (evm. MODEL scaffold36.20), were significantly upregulated in TW. and the expression levels of ARF (evm. MODEL group5.1332), A-ARR (evm. MODEL group0.1600), and TCH4 (evm. MODEL group2.745), which participate in IAA, cZ and Brassinolide (BR) signal transduction, were significantly increased in TW. In particular, ARF expression may be regulated by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the HD-ZIP transcription factor ATHB-15. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a multiple hormone-mediated network of C. bungei TW formation based on hormone levels and transcriptional expression profiles were identified during TW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Guijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Zirui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Junchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Luoyang, 471002, Henan Province, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
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Photoperiod and temperature as dominant environmental drivers triggering secondary growth resumption in Northern Hemisphere conifers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20645-20652. [PMID: 32759218 PMCID: PMC7456155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007058117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood formation consumes around 15% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions per year and plays a critical role in long-term sequestration of carbon on Earth. However, the exogenous factors driving wood formation onset and the underlying cellular mechanisms are still poorly understood and quantified, and this hampers an effective assessment of terrestrial forest productivity and carbon budget under global warming. Here, we used an extensive collection of unique datasets of weekly xylem tissue formation (wood formation) from 21 coniferous species across the Northern Hemisphere (latitudes 23 to 67°N) to present a quantitative demonstration that the onset of wood formation in Northern Hemisphere conifers is primarily driven by photoperiod and mean annual temperature (MAT), and only secondarily by spring forcing, winter chilling, and moisture availability. Photoperiod interacts with MAT and plays the dominant role in regulating the onset of secondary meristem growth, contrary to its as-yet-unquantified role in affecting the springtime phenology of primary meristems. The unique relationships between exogenous factors and wood formation could help to predict how forest ecosystems respond and adapt to climate warming and could provide a better understanding of the feedback occurring between vegetation and climate that is mediated by phenology. Our study quantifies the role of major environmental drivers for incorporation into state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs), thereby providing an improved assessment of long-term and high-resolution observations of biogeochemical cycles across terrestrial biomes.
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Qi X, Takahashi H, Kawasaki Y, Ohta Y, Isozaki M, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Imanishi S, Chen X, Nakazono M. Differences in xylem development between Dutch and Japanese tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) correlate with cytokinin levels in hypocotyls. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:315-322. [PMID: 32407462 PMCID: PMC7380485 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dutch tomato cultivars tend to have a greater yield than Japanese cultivars even if they are grown under the same conditions. Factors contributing to the increased yield of the Dutch cultivars were a greater light use efficiency and greater leaf photosynthetic rate. On the other hand, the relationship between tomato yields and anatomical traits is still unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the anatomical traits related to the difference in yield between Dutch and Japanese cultivars. METHODS Anatomical properties were compared during different growth stages of Dutch and Japanese tomatoes. Hormone profiles and related gene expression in hypocotyls of Dutch and Japanese cultivars were compared in the hypocotyls of 3- and 4-week-old plants. KEY RESULTS Dutch cultivars have a more developed secondary xylem than Japanese cultivars, which would allow for greater transport of water, mineral nutrients and phytohormones to the shoots. The areas and ratios of the xylem in the hypocotyls of 3- to 6-week-old plants were larger in the Dutch cultivars. In reciprocal grafts of the Japanese and Dutch cultivars, xylem development at the scion and rootstock depended on the scion cultivar, suggesting that some factors in the scion are responsible for the difference in xylem development. The cytokinin content, especially the level of N6-(Δ 2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP)-type cytokinin, was higher in the Dutch cultivars. This result was supported by the greater expression of Sl-IPT3 (a cytokinin biosynthesis gene) and Sl-RR16/17 (a cytokinin-responsive gene) in the Dutch cultivars. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that iP-type cytokinins, which are locally synthesized in the hypocotyl, contribute to xylem development. The greater xylem development in Dutch cultivars might contribute to the high yield of the tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Yasushi Kawasaki
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Yuya Ohta
- Mie Prefecture Agricultural Research Institute, Ureshino Kawakitacho, Matsusaka, Mie, Japan
| | - Masahide Isozaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Jammer A, Albacete A, Schulz B, Koch W, Weltmeier F, van der Graaff E, Pfeifhofer HW, Roitsch TG. Early-stage sugar beet taproot development is characterized by three distinct physiological phases. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00221. [PMID: 32766510 PMCID: PMC7395582 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the agronomic importance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), the early-stage development of its taproot has only been poorly investigated. Thus, the mechanisms that determine growth and sugar accumulation in sugar beet are largely unknown. In the presented study, a physiological characterization of early-stage sugar beet taproot development was conducted. Activities were analyzed for fourteen key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in developing taproots over the first 80 days after sowing. In addition, we performed in situ localizations of selected carbohydrate-metabolic enzyme activities, anatomical investigations, and quantifications of soluble carbohydrates, hexose phosphates, and phytohormones. Based on the accumulation dynamics of biomass and sucrose, as well as on anatomical parameters, the early phase of taproot development could be subdivided into three stages-prestorage, transition, secondary growth and sucrose accumulation stage-each of which was characterized by distinct metabolic and phytohormonal signatures. The enzyme activity signatures corresponding to these stages were also shown to be robustly reproducible in experiments conducted in two additional locations. The results from this physiological phenotyping approach contribute to the identification of the key regulators of sugar beet taproot development and open up new perspectives for sugar beet crop improvement concerning both physiological marker-based breeding and biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Department of Crop SciencesUFT TullnUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Present address:
Department of Plant Production and AgrotechnologyInstitute for Agri‐Food Research and Development of Murcia (IMIDA)MurciaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Eric van der Graaff
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesCopenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
- Present address:
Koppert Cress B.V.MonsterThe Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas G. Roitsch
- Department of Crop SciencesUFT TullnUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)TullnAustria
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesCopenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
- Department of Adaptive BiotechnologiesGlobal Change Research Institute CASBrnoCzech Republic
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Hoang NV, Choe G, Zheng Y, Aliaga Fandino AC, Sung I, Hur J, Kamran M, Park C, Kim H, Ahn H, Kim S, Fei Z, Lee JY. Identification of Conserved Gene-Regulatory Networks that Integrate Environmental Sensing and Growth in the Root Cambium. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2887-2900.e7. [PMID: 32531282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cambium drives the lateral growth of stems and roots, contributing to diverse plant growth forms. The root crop is one of the outstanding examples of the cambium-driven growth. To understand its molecular basis, we used radish to generate a compendium of root-tissue- and stage-specific transcriptomes from two contrasting inbred lines during root growth. Expression patterns of key cambium regulators and hormone signaling components were validated. Clustering and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of radish datasets followed by a comparative analysis against the newly established Arabidopsis early cambium data revealed evolutionary conserved stress-response transcription factors that may intimately control the cambium. Indeed, an in vivo network consisting of selected stress-response and cambium regulators indicated ERF-1 as a potential key checkpoint of cambial activities, explaining how cambium-driven growth is altered in response to environmental changes. The findings here provide valuable information about dynamic gene expression changes during cambium-driven root growth and have implications with regard to future engineering schemes, leading to better crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam V Hoang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Goh Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Inyoung Sung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaeryung Hur
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoujin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hongryul Ahn
- Bioinformatics Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea; Division of Data Science, University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea; Bioinformatics Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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64
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Rauschendorfer J, Yordanov Y, Dobrev P, Vankova R, Sykes R, Külheim C, Busov V. Overexpression of a developing xylem cDNA library in transgenic poplar generates high mutation rate specific to wood formation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1434-1443. [PMID: 31799778 PMCID: PMC7207001 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated feasibility of the Full-length complementary DNA OvereXpression (FOX) system as a mutagenesis approach in poplar, using developing xylem tissue. The main goal was to assess the overall mutation rate and if the system will increase instances of mutants affected in traits linked to the xylem tissue. Indeed, we found a high mutation rate of 17.7%, whereas 80% of all mutants were significantly affected in cellulose, lignin and/or hemicellulose. Cell wall biosynthesis is a major process occurring during xylem development. Enrichment of mutants affected in cell wall composition suggests that the tissue source for the FOX library influenced the occurrence of mutants affected in a trait linked to this tissue. Additionally, we found that FLcDNAs from mutants affected in cell wall composition were homologous to genes known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis and most recovered FLcDNAs corresponded to genes whose native expression was highest in xylem. We characterized in detail a mutant line with increased diameter. The phenotype was caused by a poplar homolog of LONELY GUY 1 (LOG1), which encodes an enzyme in cytokinin biosynthesis and significantly increased xylem proliferation. The causative role of LOG1 in the observed phenotype was further reaffirmed by elevated cytokinin concentration in the mutant and recapitulation overexpression experiment wherein multiple independent lines phenocopied the original FOX mutant. Our experiments show that the FOX approach can be efficiently used for gene discovery and molecular interrogation of traits specific to woody perennial growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rauschendorfer
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Department of BiologyEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonILUSA
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Robert Sykes
- Nuclear Materials ScienceLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Victor Busov
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
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65
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A genetic framework for regulation and seasonal adaptation of shoot architecture in hybrid aspen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11523-11530. [PMID: 32393640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004705117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shoot architecture is critical for optimizing plant adaptation and productivity. In contrast with annuals, branching in perennials native to temperate and boreal regions must be coordinated with seasonal growth cycles. How branching is coordinated with seasonal growth is poorly understood. We identified key components of the genetic network that controls branching and its regulation by seasonal cues in the model tree hybrid aspen. Our results demonstrate that branching and its control by seasonal cues is mediated by mutually antagonistic action of aspen orthologs of the flowering regulators TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and APETALA1 (LIKE APETALA 1/LAP1). LAP1 promotes branching through local action in axillary buds. LAP1 acts in a cytokinin-dependent manner, stimulating expression of the cell-cycle regulator AIL1 and suppressing BRANCHED1 expression to promote branching. Short photoperiod and low temperature, the major seasonal cues heralding winter, suppress branching by simultaneous activation of TFL1 and repression of the LAP1 pathway. Our results thus reveal the genetic network mediating control of branching and its regulation by environmental cues facilitating integration of branching with seasonal growth control in perennial trees.
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66
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Kucukoglu M, Chaabouni S, Zheng B, Mähönen AP, Helariutta Y, Nilsson O. Peptide encoding Populus CLV3/ESR-RELATED 47 (PttCLE47) promotes cambial development and secondary xylem formation in hybrid aspen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:75-85. [PMID: 31749215 PMCID: PMC7065007 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) peptide ligands in connection with their receptors are important players in cell-to-cell communications in plants. Here, we investigated the function of the Populus CLV3/ESR-RELATED 47 (PttCLE47) gene during secondary growth and wood formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach. Expression of PttCLE47 peaks in the vascular cambium. Silencing of the PttCLE47 gene expression affected lateral expansion of stems and decreased apical height growth and leaf size. In particular, PttCLE47 RNAi trees exhibited a narrower secondary xylem zone with less xylem cells/cell file. The reduced radial growth phenotype also correlated with a reduced number of cambial cell layers. In agreement with these results, expression of several cambial regulator genes was downregulated in the stems of the transgenic trees in comparison with controls. Altogether, these results suggest that the PttCLE47 gene is a major positive regulator of cambial activity in hybrid aspen, mainly promoting the production of secondary xylem. Furthermore, in contrast to previously characterized CLE genes expressed in the wood-forming zone, PttCLE47 appears to be active at its site of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE)University of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB)Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Viikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Salma Chaabouni
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE)University of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB)Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Viikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE)University of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB)Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Viikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCB2 1LRCambridgeUK
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
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67
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Wang X, Ding J, Lin S, Liu D, Gu T, Wu H, Trigiano RN, McAvoy R, Huang J, Li Y. Evolution and roles of cytokinin genes in angiosperms 2: Do ancient CKXs play housekeeping roles while non-ancient CKXs play regulatory roles? HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:29. [PMID: 32140238 PMCID: PMC7049301 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) is a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of endogenous cytokinins. However, the origins and roles of CKX genes in angiosperm evolution remain unclear. Based on comprehensive bioinformatic and transgenic plant analyses, we demonstrate that the CKXs of land plants most likely originated from an ancient chlamydial endosymbiont during primary endosymbiosis. We refer to the CKXs retaining evolutionarily ancient characteristics as "ancient CKXs" and those that have expanded and functionally diverged in angiosperms as "non-ancient CKXs". We show that the expression of some non-ancient CKXs is rapidly inducible within 15 min upon the dehydration of Arabidopsis, while the ancient CKX (AtCKX7) is not drought responsive. Tobacco plants overexpressing a non-ancient CKX display improved oxidative and drought tolerance and root growth. Previous mutant studies have shown that non-ancient CKXs regulate organ development, particularly that of flowers. Furthermore, ancient CKXs preferentially degrade cis-zeatin (cZ)-type cytokinins, while non-ancient CKXs preferentially target N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenines (iPs) and trans-zeatins (tZs). Based on the results of this work, an accompanying study (Wang et al. 10.1038/s41438-019-0211-x) and previous studies, we hypothesize that non-ancient CKXs and their preferred substrates of iP/tZ-type cytokinins regulate angiosperm organ development and environmental stress responses, while ancient CKXs and their preferred substrates of cZs play a housekeeping role, which echoes the conclusions and hypothesis described in the accompanying report (Wang, X. et al. Evolution and roles of cytokinin genes in angiosperms 1: Doancient IPTs play housekeeping while non-ancient IPTs play regulatory roles? Hortic Res7, (2020). 10.1038/s41438-019-0211-x).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Decai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Robert N. Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4560 USA
| | - Richard McAvoy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Jinling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 USA
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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69
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Wang H. Regulation of vascular cambium activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110322. [PMID: 31928672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cambium contributes to lateral growth in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms. Physiological, genetics and molecular studies indicate that cambial activity is regulated by a combination of long-distance hormonal signals and short-range peptide signaling pathways. Communication from endodermis and phloem tissues also affects cambial stem cell proliferation. Interactions between these signaling pathways provide flexibility for vascular development. In this mini-review, we discuss the new findings in long- and short-range signaling pathways in regulating vascular cambium proliferation and provide future perspectives in the cambium research. Deep imaging and mathematical modeling will help further dissecting the functional mechanisms of cambial activity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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70
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Maurya JP, Singh RK, Miskolczi PC, Prasad AN, Jonsson K, Wu F, Bhalerao RP. Branching Regulator BRC1 Mediates Photoperiodic Control of Seasonal Growth in Hybrid Aspen. Curr Biol 2019; 30:122-126.e2. [PMID: 31839452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cessation of growth as winter approaches is a key adaptive trait for survival of perennial plants, such as long-lived trees native to boreal and temperate regions [1, 2]. The timing of growth cessation in these plants is controlled by photoperiodic cues. As shown recently, perception of growth-repressive short photoperiod (SP) mediated via components of circadian clock results in downregulation of the tree ortholog of Arabidopsis flowering regulator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FT2 [3, 4]. Downregulation of FT2 results in suppression of downstream components LAP1 (orthologous to the Arabidopsis floral meristem identity gene APETALA1) and AIL1 (orthologous to AINTEGUMENTA in Arabidopsis), culminating in induction of growth cessation and bud set [5-7]. Results presented here reveal that, in addition to the CO/FT pathway, a photoperiodically controlled negative feedback loop involving a tree ortholog of Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 (BRC1) (a member of TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF family), LAP1, and FT2 participates in regulation of seasonal growth in the model tree hybrid aspen. In growth-promotive long photoperiod, LAP1 suppresses expression of BRC1, but upon perception of growth-repressive SP, downregulation of LAP1 de-represses expression of its downstream target BRC1. BRC1 physically interacts with FT2, and BRC1-FT interaction further reinforces the effect of SP and triggers growth cessation by antagonizing FT action. Accordingly, BRC1 gain and loss of function result in early and retarded growth cessation responses to SP, respectively. Thus, these results reveal a regulatory feedback loop that reinforces responses to SP and induction of seasonal growth cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Maurya
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pal C Miskolczi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amritha N Prasad
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Jonsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Feng Wu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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71
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Héricourt F, Larcher M, Chefdor F, Koudounas K, Carqueijeiro I, Lemos Cruz P, Courdavault V, Tanigawa M, Maeda T, Depierreux C, Lamblin F, Glévarec G, Carpin S. New Insight into HPts as Hubs in Poplar Cytokinin and Osmosensing Multistep Phosphorelays: Cytokinin Pathway Uses Specific HPts. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120591. [PMID: 31835814 PMCID: PMC6963366 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified proteins in poplar which belong to an osmosensing (OS) signaling pathway, called a multistep phosphorelay (MSP). The MSP comprises histidine-aspartate kinases (HK), which act as membrane receptors; histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) proteins, which act as phosphorelay proteins; and response regulators (RR), some of which act as transcription factors. In this study, we identified the HK proteins homologous to the Arabidopsis cytokinin (CK) receptors, which are first partners in the poplar cytokinin MSP, and focused on specificity of these two MSPs (CK and OS), which seem to share the same pool of HPt proteins. Firstly, we isolated five CK HKs from poplar which are homologous to Arabidopsis AHK2, AHK3, and AHK4, namely, HK2, HK3a, HK3b, HK4a, HK4b. These HKs were shown to be functional kinases, as observed in a functional complementation of a yeast HK deleted strain. Moreover, one of these HKs, HK4a, was shown to have kinase activity dependent on the presence of CK. Exhaustive interaction tests between these five CK HKs and the 10 HPts characterized in poplar were performed using two-hybrid and BiFC experiments. The resulting partnership was compared to that previously identified between putative osmosensors HK1a/1b and HPt proteins. Finally, in planta coexpression analysis of genes encoding these potential partners revealed that almost all HPts are coexpressed with CK HKs in four different poplar organs. Overall, these results allowed us to unravel the common and specific partnerships existing between OS and CK MSP in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Héricourt
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Mélanie Larcher
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Françoise Chefdor
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Pamela Lemos Cruz
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Mirai Tanigawa
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Christiane Depierreux
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Sabine Carpin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3849-4804
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Chen JJ, Wang LY, Immanen J, Nieminen K, Spicer R, Helariutta Y, Zhang J, He XQ. Differential regulation of auxin and cytokinin during the secondary vascular tissue regeneration in Populus trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:188-201. [PMID: 31230359 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration upon wounding in plants highlights the developmental plasticity of plants. Previous studies have described the morphological and molecular changes of secondary vascular tissue (SVT) regeneration after large-scale bark girdling in trees. However, how phytohormones regulate SVT regeneration is still unknown. Here, we established a novel in vitro SVT regeneration system in the hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) clone T89 to bypass the limitation of using field-grown trees. The effects of phytohormones on SVT regeneration were investigated by applying exogenous hormones and utilizing various transgenic trees. Vascular tissue-specific markers and hormonal response factors were also examined during SVT regeneration. Using this in vitro regeneration system, we demonstrated that auxin and cytokinin differentially regulate phloem and cambium regeneration. Whereas auxin is sufficient to induce regeneration of phloem prior to continuous cambium restoration, cytokinin only promotes the formation of new phloem, not cambium. The positive role of cytokinin on phloem regeneration was further confirmed in cytokinin overexpression trees. Analysis of a DR5 reporter transgenic line further suggested that cytokinin blocks the re-establishment of auxin gradients, which is required for the cambium formation. Investigation on the auxin and cytokinin signalling genes indicated these two hormones interact to regulate SVT regeneration. Taken together, the in vitro SVT regeneration system allows us to make use of various molecular and genetic tools to investigate SVT regeneration. Our results confirmed that complementary auxin and cytokinin domains are required for phloem and cambium reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ling-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Juha Immanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT, 06320, USA
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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73
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Molecular Responses during Plant Grafting and Its Regulation by Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090397. [PMID: 31443419 PMCID: PMC6770456 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant grafting is an important horticulture technique used to produce a new plant after joining rootstock and scion. This is one of the most used techniques by horticulturists to enhance the quality and production of various crops. Grafting helps in improving the health of plants, their yield, and the quality of plant products, along with the enhancement of their postharvest life. The main process responsible for successful production of grafted plants is the connection of vascular tissues. This step determines the success rate of grafts and hence needs to be studied in detail. There are many factors that regulate the connection of scion and stock, and plant hormones are of special interest for researchers in the recent times. These phytohormones act as signaling molecules and have the capability of translocation across the graft union. Plant hormones, mainly auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, play a major role in the regulation of various key physiological processes occurring at the grafting site. In the current review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of graft development and the phytohormone-mediated regulation of the growth and development of graft union.
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74
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Pommerrenig B, Eggert K, Bienert GP. Boron Deficiency Effects on Sugar, Ionome, and Phytohormone Profiles of Vascular and Non-Vascular Leaf Tissues of Common Plantain ( Plantago major L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3882. [PMID: 31395813 PMCID: PMC6719229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular tissues essentially regulate water, nutrient, photo-assimilate, and phytohormone logistics throughout the plant body. Boron (B) is crucial for the development of the vascular tissue in many dicotyledonous plant taxa and B deficiency particularly affects the integrity of phloem and xylem vessels, and, therefore, functionality of long-distance transport. We hypothesize that changes in the plants' B nutritional status evoke differential responses of the vasculature and the mesophyll. However, direct analyses of the vasculature in response to B deficiency are lacking, due to the experimental inaccessibility of this tissue. Here, we generated biochemical and physiological understanding of B deficiency response reactions in common plantain (Plantago major L.), from which pure and intact vascular bundles can be extracted. Low soil B concentrations affected quantitative distribution patterns of various phytohormones, sugars and macro-, and micronutrients in a tissue-specific manner. Vascular sucrose levels dropped, and sucrose loading into the phloem was reduced under low B supply. Phytohormones responded selectively to B deprivation. While concentrations of abscisic acid and salicylic acid decreased at low B supply, cytokinins and brassinosteroids increased in the vasculature and the mesophyll, respectively. Our results highlight the biological necessity to analyze nutrient deficiency responses in a tissue- rather organ-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 22, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kai Eggert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gerd P Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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75
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Jaworek P, Kopečný D, Zalabák D, Šebela M, Kouřil Š, Hluska T, Končitíková R, Podlešáková K, Tarkowski P. Occurrence and biosynthesis of cytokinins in poplar. PLANTA 2019; 250:229-244. [PMID: 30980246 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins occur in poplar as free compounds and constituents of tRNA, poplar isopentenyltransferases are involved in the production of isoprenoid cytokinins, while biosynthesis of their aromatic counterparts remains unsolved. Cytokinins are phytohormones with a fundamental role in the regulation of plant growth and development. They occur naturally either as isoprenoid or aromatic derivatives, but the latter are quite rare and less studied. Here, the spatial expression of all nine isopentenyl transferase genes of Populus × canadensis cv. Robusta (PcIPTs) as analyzed by RT-qPCR revealed a tissue preference and strong differences in expression levels for the different adenylate and tRNA PcIPTs. Together with their phylogeny, this result suggests a functional diversification for the different PcIPT proteins. Additionally, the majority of PcIPT genes were cloned and expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana under an inducible promoter. The cytokinin levels measured in the Arabidopsis-overexpressing lines as well as their phenotype indicate that the studied adenylate and tRNA PcIPT proteins are functional in vivo and thus will contribute to the cytokinin pool in poplar. We screened the cytokinin content in leaves of 12 Populus species by ultra-high performance-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and discovered that the capacity to produce not only isoprenoid, but also aromatic cytokinins is widespread amongst the Populus accessions studied. Important for future studies is that the levels of aromatic cytokinins transiently increase after daybreak and are much higher in older plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jaworek
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kouřil
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Končitíková
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Podlešáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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76
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Abstract
In perennial plants, seasonal shifts provide cues that control adaptive growth patterns of the shoot apex. However, where these seasonal cues are sensed and communicated to the shoot apex remains unknown. We demonstrate that systemic signals from leaves play key roles in seasonal control of shoot growth in model tree hybrid aspen. Grafting experiments reveal that the tree ortholog of Arabidopsis flowering time regulator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) systemically convey seasonal cues to the shoot apex. GA (unlike FT) also acts locally in shoot apex, downstream of FT in seasonal growth control. At the shoot apex, antagonistic factors-LAP1, a target of FT and the FT antagonist TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-act locally to promote and suppress seasonal growth, respectively. These data reveal seasonal changes perceived in leaves that are communicated to the shoot apex by systemic signals that, in concert with locally acting components, control adaptive growth patterns.
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77
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Fischer U, Kucukoglu M, Helariutta Y, Bhalerao RP. The Dynamics of Cambial Stem Cell Activity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:293-319. [PMID: 30822110 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell populations in meristematic tissues at distinct locations in the plant body provide the potency of continuous plant growth. Primary meristems, at the apices of the plant body, contribute mainly to the elongation of the main plant axes, whereas secondary meristems in lateral positions are responsible for the thickening of these axes. The stem cells of the vascular cambium-a secondary lateral meristem-produce the secondary phloem (bast) and secondary xylem (wood). The sites of primary and secondary growth are spatially separated, and mobile signals are expected to coordinate growth rates between apical and lateral stem cell populations. Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been uncovered, it seems likely that hormones, peptides, and mechanical cues orchestrate primary and secondary growth. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge and recent discoveries of how cambial stem cell activity is regulated, with a focus on mobile signals and the response of cambial activity to environmental and stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Fischer
- KWS SAAT SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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78
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What Makes the Wood? Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Xylem Acclimation in Hardwoods to an Ever-Changing Environment. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wood, also designated as secondary xylem, is the major structure that gives trees and other woody plants stability for upright growth and maintains the water supply from the roots to all other plant tissues. Over recent decades, our understanding of the cellular processes of wood formation (xylogenesis) has substantially increased. Plants as sessile organisms face a multitude of abiotic stresses, e.g., heat, drought, salinity and limiting nutrient availability that require them to adjust their wood structure to maintain stability and water conductivity. Because of global climate change, more drastic and sudden changes in temperature and longer periods without precipitation are expected to impact tree productivity in the near future. Thus, it is essential to understand the process of wood formation in trees under stress. Many traits, such as vessel frequency and size, fiber thickness and density change in response to different environmental stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how abiotic stress factors affect wood formation on the molecular level focussing on the genes that have been identified in these processes.
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79
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Dong T, Zhu M, Yu J, Han R, Tang C, Xu T, Liu J, Li Z. RNA-Seq and iTRAQ reveal multiple pathways involved in storage root formation and development in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:136. [PMID: 30971210 PMCID: PMC6458706 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is the sixth most important food crop in the world. The formation and development of storage roots in sweet potato is a highly complicated and genetically programmed process. However, the underlying mechanisms of storage root development have not yet been elucidated. RESULTS To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in storage root development, a combined analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of sweet potato fibrous roots (F) and storage roots at four different stages (D1, D3, D5 and D10) was performed in the present study. A total of 26,273 differentially expressed genes were identified in a comparison between the fibrous root library and four storage root libraries, while 2558 proteins showed a 1.0-fold or greater expression difference as indicated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis. The combination of the transcriptome and proteome analyses and morphological and physiological data revealed several critical pathways involved in storage root formation and development. First, genes/proteins involved in the development of meristems/cambia and starch biosynthesis were all significantly upregulated in storage roots compared with fibrous roots. Second, multiple phytohormones and the genes related to their biosynthesis showed differential expression between fibrous roots and storage roots. Third, a large number of transcription factors were differentially expressed during storage root initiation and development, which suggests the importance of transcription factor regulation in the development of storage roots. Fourth, inconsistent gene expression was found between the transcriptome and proteome data, which indicated posttranscriptional regulatory activity during the development of storage roots. CONCLUSION Overall, these results reveal multiple events associated with storage root development and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory networks involved in storage root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongpeng Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingran Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
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80
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Qaderi MM, Martel AB, Dixon SL. Environmental Factors Influence Plant Vascular System and Water Regulation. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030065. [PMID: 30875945 PMCID: PMC6473727 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental initiation of plant vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem, from the vascular cambium depends on environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation. Proper formation of vascular tissue is critical for the transpiration stream, along with photosynthesis as a whole. While effects of individual environmental factors on the transpiration stream are well studied, interactive effects of multiple stress factors are underrepresented. As expected, climate change will result in plants experiencing multiple co-occurring environmental stress factors, which require further studies. Also, the effects of the main climate change components (carbon dioxide, temperature, and drought) on vascular cambium are not well understood. This review aims at synthesizing current knowledge regarding the effects of the main climate change components on the initiation and differentiation of vascular cambium, the transpiration stream, and photosynthesis. We predict that combined environmental factors will result in increased diameter and density of xylem vessels or tracheids in the absence of water stress. However, drought may decrease the density of xylem vessels or tracheids. All interactive combinations are expected to increase vascular cell wall thickness, and therefore increase carbon allocation to these tissues. A comprehensive study of the effects of multiple environmental factors on plant vascular tissue and water regulation should help us understand plant responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirwais M Qaderi
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - Ashley B Martel
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - Sage L Dixon
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
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81
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Wulf KE, Reid JB, Foo E. Auxin transport and stem vascular reconnection - has our thinking become canalized? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:429-439. [PMID: 30380009 PMCID: PMC6377096 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a polar auxin transport stream has long been correlated with the differentiation and patterning of vascular cells across vascular plants. As our understanding of auxin transport and vascular development has grown, so too has evidence for the correlation between these processes. However, a clear understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving this correlation has not been elucidated. SCOPE This article examines the hypothesis that canalization via polar auxin transport regulates vascular reconnection and patterning in the stem after wounding or grafting. We examine the evidence for the causal nature of the relationship and the suggested role that other hormones may play. Data are presented indicating that in grafted plants the degree of auxin transport may not always correlate with vascular reconnection. Furthermore, data on grafting success using plants with a range of hormone-related mutations indicate that these hormones may not be critical for vascular reconnection. CONCLUSIONS In the past, excellent work examining elements of auxin synthesis, transport and response in relation to vascular development has been carried out. However, new experimental approaches are required to test more directly the hypothesis that auxin transport regulates stem vascular reconnection after wounding or grafting. This could include studies on the timing of the re-establishment of auxin transport and vascular reconnection after grafting and the influence of auxin transport mutants and inhibitors on these processes using live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Wulf
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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82
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Ullah C, Unsicker SB, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Accumulation of Catechin and Proanthocyanidins in Black Poplar Stems After Infection by Plectosphaerella populi: Hormonal Regulation, Biosynthesis and Antifungal Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1441. [PMID: 31803202 PMCID: PMC6873352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols including the monomeric catechin and the polymeric proanthocyanidins (PAs) are abundant phenolic metabolites in poplar (Populus spp.) previously described to protect leaves against pathogen infection. However, it is not known whether stems are also defended in this way. Here we investigated flavan-3-ol accumulation, activity, and the regulation of formation in black poplar (P. nigra) stems after infection by a newly described fungal stem pathogen, Plectosphaerella populi, which forms canker-like lesions in stems. We showed that flavan-3-ol contents increased in P. populi-infected black poplar stems over the course of infection compared to non-infected controls. Transcripts of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) genes involved in the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis were also upregulated upon fungal infection indicating de novo biosynthesis. Amending culture medium with catechin and PAs reduced the mycelial growth of P. populi, suggesting that these metabolites act as anti-pathogen defenses in poplar in vivo. Among the hormones, salicylic acid (SA) was higher in P. populi-infected tissues compared to the non-infected controls over the course of infection studied, while jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels were higher than controls only at the early stages of infection. Interestingly, cytokinins (CKs) were also upregulated in P. populi-infected stems. Poplar saplings treated with CK showed decreased levels of flavan-3-ols and SA in stems suggesting a negative association between CK and flavan-3-ol accumulation. Taken together, the sustained upregulation of SA in correlation with catechin and PA accumulation suggests that this is the dominant hormone inducing the formation of antifungal flavan-3-ols during P. populi infection of poplar stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Chhana Ullah,
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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83
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Hellmann E, Ko D, Ruonala R, Helariutta Y. Plant Vascular Tissues-Connecting Tissue Comes in All Shapes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E109. [PMID: 30551673 PMCID: PMC6313914 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, humans have grown and used structures based on vascular tissues in plants. One could imagine that life would have developed differently without wood as a resource for building material, paper, heating energy, or fuel and without edible tubers as a food source. In this review, we will summarise the status of research on Arabidopsis thaliana vascular development and subsequently focus on how this knowledge has been applied and expanded in research on the wood of trees and storage organs of crop plants. We will conclude with an outlook on interesting open questions and exciting new research opportunities in this growing and important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hellmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Donghwi Ko
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Raili Ruonala
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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84
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Busov VB. Manipulation of Growth and Architectural Characteristics in Trees for Increased Woody Biomass Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1505. [PMID: 30459780 PMCID: PMC6232754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth and architectural traits in trees are economically and environmentally important and thus of considerable importance to the improvement of forest and fruit trees. These traits are complex and result from the operation of a number of molecular mechanisms. This review will focus on the regulation of crown architecture, secondary woody growth and adventitious rooting. These traits and processes have significant impact on deployment, management, and productivity of tree crops. The majority of the described work comes from experiments in model plants, poplar, apple, peach, and plum because these species allow functional analysis of the involved genes and have significant genomics resources. However, these studies convincingly show conserved mechanisms for elaboration of specific growth and architectural traits. The conservation of these mechanisms suggest that they can be used as a blueprint for the improvement of these traits and processes in phylogenetically diverse tree crops. We will specifically consider the involvement of flowering time, transcription factors and hormone-associated genes. The review will also discuss the impact of recent technological advances as well as the challenges to the dissection of these traits in trees.
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85
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Shen Y, Li Y, Xu D, Yang C, Li C, Luo K. Molecular cloning and characterization of a brassinosteriod biosynthesis-related gene PtoDWF4 from Populus tomentosa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1424-1436. [PMID: 29579304 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) as steroid hormones play an important role in plant growth and development. However, little is known about how BRs affect secondary wall biosynthesis in woody plants. In this study, we cloned and characterized PtoDWF4, a homologus gene of Arabidopsis DWF4 encoding a cytochrome P450 protein, from Populus tomentosa. qRT-PCR analysis showed that PtoDWF4 was highly expressed in stems, especially in xylem. Overexpression of PtoDWF4 (PtoDWF4-OE) in poplar promoted growth rate and biomass yield, increased area and cell layers of xylem. Transgenic plants showed a significant increase in plant height and stem diameter compared with the wild type. In contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation of PtoDWF4 (PtoDWF4-KO) resulted in significantly decreased biomass production in transgenic plants. Further studies revealed that constitutive expression of PtoDWF4 up-regulated the expression of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis-related genes, whereas knock-out of PtoDWF4 down-regulated their expression. Quantitative analysis of cell wall components showed a significant increase in PtoDWF4-OE lines but a reduction in PtoDWF4-KO lines compared with wild-type plants. Taken together, our results indicate that PtoDWF4 plays a positive role in improving growth rate and elevating biomass production in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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86
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Edwards KD, Takata N, Johansson M, Jurca M, Novák O, Hényková E, Liverani S, Kozarewa I, Strnad M, Millar AJ, Ljung K, Eriksson ME. Circadian clock components control daily growth activities by modulating cytokinin levels and cell division-associated gene expression in Populus trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1468-1482. [PMID: 29520862 PMCID: PMC6001645 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trees are carbon dioxide sinks and major producers of terrestrial biomass with distinct seasonal growth patterns. Circadian clocks enable the coordination of physiological and biochemical temporal activities, optimally regulating multiple traits including growth. To dissect the clock's role in growth, we analysed Populus tremula × P. tremuloides trees with impaired clock function due to down-regulation of central clock components. late elongated hypocotyl (lhy-10) trees, in which expression of LHY1 and LHY2 is reduced by RNAi, have a short free-running period and show disrupted temporal regulation of gene expression and reduced growth, producing 30-40% less biomass than wild-type trees. Genes important in growth regulation were expressed with an earlier phase in lhy-10, and CYCLIN D3 expression was misaligned and arrhythmic. Levels of cytokinins were lower in lhy-10 trees, which also showed a change in the time of peak expression of genes associated with cell division and growth. However, auxin levels were not altered in lhy-10 trees, and the size of the lignification zone in the stem showed a relative increase. The reduced growth rate and anatomical features of lhy-10 trees were mainly caused by misregulation of cell division, which may have resulted from impaired clock function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieron D. Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, C.H. Waddington BuildingUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Naoki Takata
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
- RNA Biology and Molecular PhysiologyBielefeld University33615BielefeldGermany
| | - Manuela Jurca
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchInstitute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University783 71OlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Eva Hényková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchInstitute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University783 71OlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Silvia Liverani
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchInstitute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University783 71OlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Andrew J. Millar
- School of Biological Sciences, C.H. Waddington BuildingUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Maria E. Eriksson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
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87
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Tylewicz S, Petterle A, Marttila S, Miskolczi P, Azeez A, Singh RK, Immanen J, Mähler N, Hvidsten TR, Eklund DM, Bowman JL, Helariutta Y, Bhalerao RP. Photoperiodic control of seasonal growth is mediated by ABA acting on cell-cell communication. Science 2018. [PMID: 29519919 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In temperate and boreal ecosystems, seasonal cycles of growth and dormancy allow perennial plants to adapt to winter conditions. We show, in hybrid aspen trees, that photoperiodic regulation of dormancy is mechanistically distinct from autumnal growth cessation. Dormancy sets in when symplastic intercellular communication through plasmodesmata is blocked by a process dependent on the phytohormone abscisic acid. The communication blockage prevents growth-promoting signals from accessing the meristem. Thus, precocious growth is disallowed during dormancy. The dormant period, which supports robust survival of the aspen tree in winter, is due to loss of access to growth-promoting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tylewicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Petterle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Marttila
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - P Miskolczi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Azeez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Jain R&D Laboratory, Agri Park, Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, India
| | - R K Singh
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Immanen
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Post Office Box 65, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Mähler
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T R Hvidsten
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - D M Eklund
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Y Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - R P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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88
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van Zeijl A, Wardhani TAK, Seifi Kalhor M, Rutten L, Bu F, Hartog M, Linders S, Fedorova EE, Bisseling T, Kohlen W, Geurts R. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of Four Putative Symbiosis Genes of the Tropical Tree Parasponia andersonii Reveals Novel Phenotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:284. [PMID: 29559988 PMCID: PMC5845686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasponia represents five fast-growing tropical tree species in the Cannabaceae and is the only plant lineage besides legumes that can establish nitrogen-fixing nodules with rhizobium. Comparative analyses between legumes and Parasponia allows identification of conserved genetic networks controlling this symbiosis. However, such studies are hampered due to the absence of powerful reverse genetic tools for Parasponia. Here, we present a fast and efficient protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of Parasponia andersonii. Using this protocol, knockout mutants are obtained within 3 months. Due to efficient micro-propagation, bi-allelic mutants can be studied in the T0 generation, allowing phenotypic evaluation within 6 months after transformation. We mutated four genes - PanHK4, PanEIN2, PanNSP1, and PanNSP2 - that control cytokinin, ethylene, or strigolactone hormonal networks and that in legumes commit essential symbiotic functions. Knockout mutants in Panhk4 and Panein2 displayed developmental phenotypes, namely reduced procambium activity in Panhk4 and disturbed sex differentiation in Panein2 mutants. The symbiotic phenotypes of Panhk4 and Panein2 mutant lines differ from those in legumes. In contrast, PanNSP1 and PanNSP2 are essential for nodule formation, a phenotype similar as reported for legumes. This indicates a conserved role for these GRAS-type transcriptional regulators in rhizobium symbiosis, illustrating the value of Parasponia trees as a research model for reverse genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Geurts
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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89
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Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant development, influencing many agriculturally important processes, including growth, nutrient responses and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cytokinin levels in plants are regulated by biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. Cytokinins are perceived by membrane-localized histidine-kinase receptors and are transduced through a His-Asp phosphorelay to activate a family of transcription factors in the nucleus. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we summarize the current understanding of cytokinin metabolism, transport and signaling, and discuss how this phytohormone regulates changes in gene expression to mediate its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Kieber
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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90
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Mo Z, Feng G, Su W, Liu Z, Peng F. Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into Grafting Union Development in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020071. [PMID: 29401757 PMCID: PMC5852567 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), as a popular nut tree, has been widely planted in China in recent years. Grafting is an important technique for its cultivation. For a successful grafting, graft union development generally involves the formation of callus and vascular bundles at the graft union. To explore the molecular mechanism of graft union development, we applied high throughput RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptomic profiles of graft union at four timepoints (0 days, 8 days, 15 days, and 30 days) during the pecan grafting process. After de novo assembly, 83,693 unigenes were obtained, and 40,069 of them were annotated. A total of 12,180 differentially expressed genes were identified between by grafting. Genes involved in hormone signaling, cell proliferation, xylem differentiation, cell elongation, secondary cell wall deposition, programmed cell death, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging showed significant differential expression during the graft union developmental process. In addition, we found that the content of auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin were accumulated at the graft unions during the grafting process. These results will aid in our understanding of successful grafting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Mo
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Gang Feng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Wenchuan Su
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Fangren Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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91
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Paul S, Wildhagen H, Janz D, Polle A. Drought effects on the tissue- and cell-specific cytokinin activity in poplar. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:plx067. [PMID: 29354257 PMCID: PMC5767954 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change with increasing periods of drought is expected to reduce the yield of biomass crops such as poplars. To combat yield loss, it is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms that control growth under drought. Here, the goal was to resolve the drought-induced changes of active cytokinins, a main growth hormone in plants, at the tissue level in different cell types and organs of poplars (Populus × canescens) in comparison with growth, biomass, leaf shedding, photosynthesis and water potential. Since cytokinin response is mediated by type-A response regulators, ARR5::GUS reporter lines were used to map cytokinin activity histochemically. The expression of PtaRR3 and PtaRR10 was examined in different stem sections. Young leaves showed strong cytokinin activity in the veins and low staining under drought stress, accompanied by diminished leaf expansion. Leaf scars, at positions where drought-shedding occurred, showed strong reduction of cytokinin activity. The pith in the differentiation zone of stem showed high cytokinin activity with distinct, very active parenchymatic cells and enhanced activity close to primary xylem. This pattern was maintained under drought but the cytokinin activity was reduced. Mature phloem parenchymatic cells showed high cytokinin activity and mature wood showed no detectable cytokinin activity. Cytokinin activity in the cambium was apparent as a clear ring, which faded under drought. Xylem-localized cytokinin activities were also mirrored by the relative expression of PtaRR3, whereas PtaRR10 showed developmental but no drought-induced changes. Primary meristems exhibited high cytokinin activity regardless of drought stress, supporting a function of this phytohormone in meristem maintenance, whereas declining cytokinin activities in apical pith tissues and cambium of drought-stressed poplars linked cytokinin in these cell types with the control of primary and secondary growth processes. Changes in cytokinin activity further imply a role in drought avoidance mechanisms of poplars, especially in the reduction of leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanty Paul
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Wildhagen
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
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92
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Johnson D, Eckart P, Alsamadisi N, Noble H, Martin C, Spicer R. Polar auxin transport is implicated in vessel differentiation and spatial patterning during secondary growth in Populus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:186-196. [PMID: 29578291 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Dimensions and spatial distribution of vessels are critically important features of woody stems, allowing for adaptation to different environments through their effects on hydraulic efficiency and vulnerability to embolism. Although our understanding of vessel development is poor, basipetal transport of auxin through the cambial zone may play an important role. METHODS Stems of Populus tremula ×alba were treated with the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) in a longitudinal strip along the length of the lower stem. Vessel lumen diameter, circularity, and length; xylem growth; tension wood area; and hydraulic conductivity before and after a high pressure flush were determined on both NPA-treated and control plants. KEY RESULTS NPA-treated stems formed aberrant vessels that were short, small in diameter, highly clustered, and angular in cross section, whereas xylem formed on the untreated side of the stem contained typical vessels that were similar to those of controls. NPA-treated stems had reduced specific conductivity relative to controls, but this difference was eliminated by the high-pressure flush. The control treatment (lanolin + dimethyl sulfoxide) reduced xylem growth and increased tension wood formation, but never produced the aberrant vessel patterning seen in NPA-treated stems. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a model of vessel development in which basipetal polar auxin transport through the xylem-side cambial derivatives is required for proper expansion and patterning of vessels and demonstrate that reduced auxin transport can produce stems with altered stem hydraulic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Johnson
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - Phoebe Eckart
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - Noah Alsamadisi
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | | | - Celia Martin
- Department of Biology, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
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93
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Nanda AK, Melnyk CW. The role of plant hormones during grafting. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:49-58. [PMID: 29181647 PMCID: PMC5762790 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plant tissues together through a process known as grafting. By creating a chimeric organism, desirable properties from two plants combine to enhance disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, vigour or facilitate the asexual propagation of plants. In addition, grafting has been extremely informative in science for studying and identifying the long-distance movement of molecules. Despite its increasing use in horticulture and science, how plants undertake the process of grafting remains elusive. Here, we discuss specifically the role of eight major plant hormones during the wound healing and vascular formation process, two phenomena involved in grafting. We furthermore present the roles of these hormones during graft formation and highlight knowledge gaps and future areas of interest for the field of grafting biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden.
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94
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Kondo Y. Reconstitutive approach for investigating plant vascular development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:23-29. [PMID: 29181650 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants generate various tissues and organs via a strictly regulated developmental program. The plant vasculature is a complex tissue system consisting of xylem and phloem tissues with a layer of cambial cells in between. Multiple regulatory steps are involved in vascular development. Although molecular and genetic studies have uncovered a variety of key factors controlling vascular development, studies of the actual functions of these factors have been limited due to the inaccessibility of the plant vasculature. Thus, to obtain a different perspective, culture systems have been widely used to analyze the sequential processes that occur during vascular development. A tissue culture system known as VISUAL, in which molecular genetic analysis can easily be performed, was recently established in Arabidopsis thaliana. This reconstitutive approach to vascular development enables this process to be investigated quickly and easily. In this review, I summarize our recent knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying vascular development and provide future perspectives on vascular analyses that can be performed using VISUAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Ruonala
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;, ,
| | - Donghwi Ko
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;, ,
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;, ,
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96
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Daudu D, Allion E, Liesecke F, Papon N, Courdavault V, Dugé de Bernonville T, Mélin C, Oudin A, Clastre M, Lanoue A, Courtois M, Pichon O, Giron D, Carpin S, Giglioli-Guivarc’h N, Crèche J, Besseau S, Glévarec G. CHASE-Containing Histidine Kinase Receptors in Apple Tree: From a Common Receptor Structure to Divergent Cytokinin Binding Properties and Specific Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1614. [PMID: 28979279 PMCID: PMC5611679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin signaling is a key regulatory pathway of many aspects in plant development and environmental stresses. Herein, we initiated the identification and functional characterization of the five CHASE-containing histidine kinases (CHK) in the economically important Malus domestica species. These cytokinin receptors named MdCHK2, MdCHK3a/MdCHK3b, and MdCHK4a/MdCHK4b by homology with Arabidopsis AHK clearly displayed three distinct profiles. The three groups exhibited architectural variations, especially in the N-terminal part including the cytokinin sensing domain. Using a yeast complementation assay, we showed that MdCHK2 perceives a broad spectrum of cytokinins with a substantial sensitivity whereas both MdCHK4 homologs exhibit a narrow spectrum. Both MdCHK3 homologs perceived some cytokinins but surprisingly they exhibited a basal constitutive activity. Interaction studies revealed that MdCHK2, MdCHK4a, and MdCHK4b homodimerized whereas MdCHK3a and MdCHK3b did not. Finally, qPCR analysis and bioinformatics approach pointed out contrasted expression patterns among the three MdCHK groups as well as distinct sets of co-expressed genes. Our study characterized for the first time the five cytokinin receptors in apple tree and provided a framework for their further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Daudu
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Elsa Allion
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Franziska Liesecke
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- EA 3142 Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Université AngersAngers, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | | | - Céline Mélin
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Martine Courtois
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - David Giron
- UMR 7261 Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Sabine Carpin
- EA 1207 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’OrléansOrléans, France
| | | | - Joël Crèche
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-RabelaisTours, France
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97
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Impact of Silicon in Plant Biomass Production: Focus on Bast Fibres, Hypotheses, and Perspectives. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6030037. [PMID: 28891950 PMCID: PMC5620593 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is an abundant element which, when supplied to plants, confers increased vigor and resistance to exogenous stresses, as well as enhanced stem mechanical strength. Plant species vary in their ability to take Si up and to accumulate it under the form of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) in their tissues: emblematic of this is the example of Poales, among which there is rice, a high Si accumulator. Monocots usually accumulate more Si than dicots; however, the impact that Si has on dicots, notably on economically important dicots, is a subject requiring further study and scientific efforts. In this review, we discuss the impact that Si has on bast fibre-producing plants, because of the potential importance that this element has in sustainable agriculture practices and in light of the great economic value of fibre crops in fostering a bio-economy. We discuss the data already available in the literature, as well as our own research on textile hemp. In particular, we demonstrate the beneficial effect of Si under heavy metal stress, by showing an increase in the leaf fresh weight under growth on Cd 20 µM. Additionally, we propose an effect of Si on bast fibre growth, by suggesting an action on the endogenous phytohormone levels and a mechanical role involved in the resistance to the turgor pressure during elongation. We conclude our survey with a description of the industrial and agricultural uses of Si-enriched plant biomass, where woody fibres are included in the survey.
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98
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Ragni L, Greb T. Secondary growth as a determinant of plant shape and form. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 79:58-67. [PMID: 28864343 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary producers of biomass on earth. As an almost stereotypic feature, higher plants generate continuously growing bodies mediated by the activity of different groups of stem cells, the meristems. Shoot and root thickening is one of the fundamental growth processes determining form and function of these bodies. Mediated by a group of cylindrical meristems located below organ surfaces, vascular and protective tissues are continuously generated in a highly plastic manner, a competence essential for the survival in an ever changing environment. Acknowledging the fundamental role of this process, which is overall designated as secondary growth, we discuss in this review our current knowledge about the evolution and molecular regulation of the vascular cambium. The cambium is the meristem responsible for the formation of wood and bast, the two types of vascular tissues important for long-distance transport of water and assimilates, respectively. Although regulatory patterns are only beginning to emerge, we show that cambium activity represents a highly rewarding model for studying cell fate decisions, tissue patterning and differentiation, which has experienced an outstanding phylogenetic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragni
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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99
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Kucukoglu M, Nilsson J, Zheng B, Chaabouni S, Nilsson O. WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX4 (WOX4)-like genes regulate cambial cell division activity and secondary growth in Populus trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:642-657. [PMID: 28609015 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary growth derives from the meristematic activity of the vascular cambium. In Arabidopsis thaliana, cell divisions in the cambium are regulated by the transcription factor WOX4, a key target of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED 41 (CLE41) signaling pathway. However, function of the WOX4-like genes in plants that are dependent on a much more prolific secondary growth, such as trees, remains unclear. Here, we investigate the role of WOX4 and CLE41 homologs for stem secondary growth in Populus trees. In Populus, PttWOX4 genes are specifically expressed in the cambial region during vegetative growth, but not after growth cessation and during dormancy, possibly involving a regulation by auxin. In PttWOX4a/b RNAi trees, primary growth was not affected whereas the width of the vascular cambium was severely reduced and secondary growth was greatly diminished. Our data show that in Populus trees, PttWOX4 genes control cell division activity in the vascular cambium, and hence growth in stem girth. This activity involves the positive regulation of PttWOX4a/b through PttCLE41-related genes. Finally, expression profiling suggests that the CLE41 signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved program for the regulation of vascular cambium activity between angiosperm and gymnosperm tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Salma Chaabouni
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
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100
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Denis E, Kbiri N, Mary V, Claisse G, Conde E Silva N, Kreis M, Deveaux Y. WOX14 promotes bioactive gibberellin synthesis and vascular cell differentiation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:560-572. [PMID: 28218997 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Procambial and cambial stem cells provide the initial cells that allow the formation of vascular tissues. WOX4 and WOX14 have been shown to act redundantly to promote procambial cell proliferation and differentiation. Gibberellins (GAs), which have an important role in wood formation, also stimulate cambial cell division. Here we show that the loss of WOX14 function phenocopies some traits of GA-deficient mutants that can be complemented by exogenous GA application, whereas WOX14 overexpression stimulates the expression of GA3ox anabolism genes and represses GA2ox catabolism genes, promoting the accumulation of bioactive GA. More importantly, our data clearly indicate that WOX14 but not WOX4 promotes vascular cell differentiation and lignification in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Denis
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Nadia Kbiri
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Viviane Mary
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Gaëlle Claisse
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Natalia Conde E Silva
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
- GQE- Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Martin Kreis
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Yves Deveaux
- Saclay Plant Science, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
- GQE- Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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