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Pancholi NJ, Price AM, Weitzman MD. Take your PIKK: tumour viruses and DNA damage response pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0269. [PMID: 28893936 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses regulate cellular processes to facilitate viral replication. Manipulation of nuclear proteins and pathways by nuclear replicating viruses often causes cellular genome instability that contributes to transformation. The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) safeguards the host to maintain genome integrity, but DNA tumour viruses can manipulate the DDR to promote viral propagation. In this review, we describe the interactions of DNA tumour viruses with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) pathways, which are central regulatory arms of the DDR. We review how signalling through the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinases (DNA-PK) influences viral life cycles, and how their manipulation by viral proteins may contribute to tumour formation.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha J Pancholi
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology and Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander M Price
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology and Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology and Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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52
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Wang L, Howell ME, McPeak B, Riggs K, Kohne C, Yohanon JU, Foxler DE, Sharp TV, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. LIMD1 is induced by and required for LMP1 signaling, and protects EBV-transformed cells from DNA damage-induced cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6282-6297. [PMID: 29464072 PMCID: PMC5814212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIMD1 (LIM domain-containing protein 1) is considered as a tumor suppressor, being deregulated in many cancers to include hematological malignancies; however, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms of its deregulation and its roles in carcinogenesis. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with a panel of malignancies of lymphocytic and epithelial origin. Using high throughput expression profiling, we have previously identified LIMD1 as a common marker associated with the oncogenic transcription factor IRF4 in EBV-related lymphomas and other hematological malignancies. In this study, we have identified potential conserved IRF4- and NFκB-binding motifs in the LIMD1 gene promoter, and both are demonstrated functional by promoter-reporter assays. We further show that LIMD1 is partially upregulated by EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) via IRF4 and NFκB in EBV latency. As to its role in the setting of EBV latent infection, we show that LIMD1 interacts with TRAF6, a crucial mediator of LMP1 signal transduction. Importantly, LIMD1 depletion impairs LMP1 signaling and functions, potentiates ionomycin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis, and inhibits p62-mediated selective autophagy. Taken together, these results show that LIMD1 is upregulated in EBV latency and plays an oncogenic role rather than that of a tumor suppressor. Our findings have identified LIMD1 as a novel player in EBV latency and oncogenesis, and open a novel research avenue, in which LIMD1 and p62 play crucial roles in linking DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis, and autophagy and their potential interplay during viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Mary E.A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Brooke McPeak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Katrina Riggs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Carissa Kohne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Jether Uel Yohanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Daniel E. Foxler
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tyson V. Sharp
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614, TN, USA
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53
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Lee JH, Choi J, Ahn YO, Kim TM, Heo DS. CD21-independent Epstein-Barr virus entry into NK cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 327:21-25. [PMID: 29499908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is an aggressive malignant disease that is associated with Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) infection. To date, the mechanism of viral entry into NK cells remains uncertain. Here, we investigated this mechanism using human NK cells in vitro. CD21 mRNA expression, an EBV-entry receptor, was transiently detected in NK cells after exosome treatment, and levels decreased after further culture. CD21 protein expression was also transiently transferred to NK cells after co-culture with an EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Raji) via trogocytosis. However, EBV did not infect NK cells through CD21-mediated trogocytosis. Unexpectedly, when NK cell leukemia cells, as well as primary NK cells, were treated with viral supernatant, EBV genes, but not RNA, were detected in the NK cells, at latency stage 0. Therefore, these results suggest that EBV-NK cell infection results from the direct transfer of viral episomes, independent of EBV-positive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoo Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jahyang Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Oon Ahn
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Seog Heo
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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54
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Mui UN, Haley CT, Tyring SK. Viral Oncology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E111. [PMID: 29186062 PMCID: PMC5742800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12% of all human cancers. A large number of the world's population harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but only a small proportion of these individuals go on to develop cancer. The interplay between host and viral factors is a complex process that works together to create a microenvironment conducive to oncogenesis. In this review, the molecular biology and oncogenic pathways of established human oncoviruses will be discussed. Currently, there are seven recognized human oncoviruses, which include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Available and emerging therapies for these oncoviruses will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Ngoc Mui
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | | | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
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55
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Hau PM, Tsao SW. Epstein-Barr Virus Hijacks DNA Damage Response Transducers to Orchestrate Its Life Cycle. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110341. [PMID: 29144413 PMCID: PMC5707548 DOI: 10.3390/v9110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects most of the human population. EBV infection is associated with multiple human cancers, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a subset of gastric carcinomas, and almost all undifferentiated non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Intensive research has shown that EBV triggers a DNA damage response (DDR) during primary infection and lytic reactivation. The EBV-encoded viral proteins have been implicated in deregulating the DDR signaling pathways. The consequences of DDR inactivation lead to genomic instability and promote cellular transformation. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship between EBV infection and the DDR transducers, including ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM and Rad3-related), and DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase), and discusses how EBV manipulates the DDR signaling pathways to complete the replication process of viral DNA during lytic reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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56
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Fitzsimmons L, Kelly GL. EBV and Apoptosis: The Viral Master Regulator of Cell Fate? Viruses 2017; 9:E339. [PMID: 29137176 PMCID: PMC5707546 DOI: 10.3390/v9110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in cells from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and is now known to be a contributory factor in 1-2% of all cancers, for which there are as yet, no EBV-targeted therapies available. Like other herpesviruses, EBV adopts a persistent latent infection in vivo and only rarely reactivates into replicative lytic cycle. Although latency is associated with restricted patterns of gene expression, genes are never expressed in isolation; always in groups. Here, we discuss (1) the ways in which the latent genes of EBV are known to modulate cell death, (2) how these mechanisms relate to growth transformation and lymphomagenesis, and (3) how EBV genes cooperate to coordinately regulate key cell death pathways in BL and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Since manipulation of the cell death machinery is critical in EBV pathogenesis, understanding the mechanisms that underpin EBV regulation of apoptosis therefore provides opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Fitzsimmons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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57
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Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 induces genomic instability and progressive malignancy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78948-78964. [PMID: 29108278 PMCID: PMC5668011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a serious health problem in China and Southeast Asia. Relapse is the major cause of mortality, but mechanisms of relapse are mysterious. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and host genomic instability (GI) have correlated with NPC development. Previously, we reported that lytic early genes DNase and BALF3 induce genetic alterations and progressive malignancy in NPC cells, implying lytic proteins may be required for NPC relapse. In this study, we show that immediate early gene BRLF1 induces chromosome mis-segregation and genomic instability in the NPC cells. Similar phenomenon was also demonstrated in 293 and zebrafish embryonic cells. BRLF1 nuclear localization signal (NLS) mutant still induced genomic instability and inhibitor experiments revealed that BRLF1 interferes with chromosome segregation and induces genomic instability by activating Erk signaling. Furthermore, the chromosome aberrations and tumorigenic features of NPC cells were significantly increased with the rounds of BRLF1 expression, and these cells developed into larger tumor nodules in mice. Therefore, BRLF1 may be the important factor contributing to NPC relapse and targeting BRLF1 may benefit patients.
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58
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Kamranvar SA, Masucci MG. Regulation of Telomere Homeostasis during Epstein-Barr virus Infection and Immortalization. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080217. [PMID: 28792435 PMCID: PMC5580474 DOI: 10.3390/v9080217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of unlimited proliferative potential is dependent on the activation of mechanisms for telomere maintenance, which counteracts telomere shortening and the consequent triggering of the DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. The capacity of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) to infect B-lymphocytes in vitro and transform the infected cells into autonomously proliferating immortal cell lines underlies the association of this human gamma-herpesvirus with a broad variety of lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies. Current evidence suggests that both telomerase-dependent and -independent pathways of telomere elongation are activated in the infected cells during the early and late phases of virus-induced immortalization. Here we review the interaction of EBV with different components of the telomere maintenance machinery and the mechanisms by which the virus regulates telomere homeostasis in proliferating cells. We also discuss how these viral strategies may contribute to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak A Kamranvar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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59
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Yu H, Zhang H, Chu Z, Ruan Q, Chen X, Kong D, Huang X, Li H, Tang H, Wu H, Wang Y, Xie W, Ding Y, Yao P. Combination of betulinic acid and chidamide synergistically inhibits Epstein-Barr virus replication through over-generation of reactive oxygen species. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61646-61661. [PMID: 28977893 PMCID: PMC5617453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has widely infected more than 90% of human populations. Currently, there is no efficient way to remove the virus because the EBV carriers are usually in a latent stage that allows them to escape the immune system and common antiviral drugs. In the effort to develop an efficient strategy for the removal of the EBV virus, we have shown that betulinic acid (BA) slightly suppresses EBV replication through SOD2 suppression with subsequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage in EBV-transformed LCL (lymphoblastoid cell line) cells. Chidamide (CDM, CS055), a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), could significantly switch EBV from the latent stage to the lytic stage with increased gene expression of BZLF1 and BMRF1, but has a small effect on EBV replication due to the suppression effect of CDM-mediated ROS generation. Interestingly, a combination of BA and CDM synergistically inhibits EBV replication with ROS over-generation and subsequent DNA damage and apoptosis. Overexpression of SOD2 diminishes this effect, while SOD2 knockdown mimics this effect. An in vivo xenograft tumor development study with the tail vein injection of EBV-transformed LCL cells in nude mice proves that the combination of BA and CDM synergistically increases superoxide anion release in tumor tissues and suppresses EBV replication and tumor growth, and significantly prolongs mouse survival. We conclude that the combination of BA and CDM could be an efficient strategy for clinical EBV removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, PR China
| | - Zhigang Chu
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qiongfang Ruan
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Xueru Chen
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, PR China
| | - Danli Kong
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Huawen Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- Beijing Haidian Hospital, Haidian Section of Peking University 3 Hospital, Beijing 100080, PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Biomedical Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Weiguo Xie
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yuanling Ding
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Paul Yao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, PR China.,Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, PR China.,Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
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60
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Hu J, Li H, Luo X, Li Y, Bode A, Cao Y. The role of oxidative stress in EBV lytic reactivation, radioresistance and the potential preventive and therapeutic implications. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1722-1729. [PMID: 28571118 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
| | - Ann Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota; Austin MN 55912
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis; Chinese Ministry of Health; Changsha China
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61
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Young LS, Lo KW. The role of metabolic reprogramming in γ-herpesvirus-associated oncogenesis. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1512-1521. [PMID: 28542909 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses, EBV and KSHV, are closely associated with a number of human cancers. While the signal transduction pathways exploited by γ-herpesviruses to promote cell growth, survival and transformation have been reported, recent studies have uncovered the impact of γ-herpesvirus infection on host cell metabolism. Here, we review the mechanisms used by γ-herpesviruses to induce metabolic reprogramming in host cells, focusing on their ability to modulate the activity of metabolic regulators and manipulate metabolic pathways. While γ-herpesviruses alter metabolic phenotypes as a means to support viral infection and long-term persistence, this modulation can inadvertently contribute to cancer development. Strategies that target deregulated metabolic phenotypes induced by γ-herpesviruses provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kwok-Fung Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Institutite of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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62
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Armero VES, Tremblay MP, Allaire A, Boudreault S, Martenon-Brodeur C, Duval C, Durand M, Lapointe E, Thibault P, Tremblay-Létourneau M, Perreault JP, Scott MS, Bisaillon M. Transcriptome-wide analysis of alternative RNA splicing events in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinomas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176880. [PMID: 28493890 PMCID: PMC5426614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple human diseases including cancer have been associated with a dysregulation in RNA splicing patterns. In the current study, modifications to the global RNA splicing landscape of cellular genes were investigated in the context of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Global alterations to the RNA splicing landscape of cellular genes was examined in a large-scale screen from 295 primary gastric adenocarcinomas using high-throughput RNA sequencing data. RT-PCR analysis, mass spectrometry, and co-immunoprecipitation studies were also used to experimentally validate and investigate the differential alternative splicing (AS) events that were observed through RNA-seq studies. Our study identifies alterations in the AS patterns of approximately 900 genes such as tumor suppressor genes, transcription factors, splicing factors, and kinases. These findings allowed the identification of unique gene signatures for which AS is misregulated in both Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer and EBV-negative gastric cancer. Moreover, we show that the expression of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) leads to modifications in the AS profile of cellular genes and that the EBNA1 protein interacts with cellular splicing factors. These findings provide insights into the molecular differences between various types of gastric cancer and suggest a role for the EBNA1 protein in the dysregulation of cellular AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. S. Armero
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Tremblay
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andréa Allaire
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Boudreault
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Martenon-Brodeur
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cyntia Duval
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Durand
- Plateforme RNomique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elvy Lapointe
- Plateforme RNomique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Thibault
- Plateforme RNomique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maude Tremblay-Létourneau
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michelle S. Scott
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Bisaillon
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Effect of mitochondrially targeted carboxy proxyl nitroxide on Akt-mediated survival in Daudi cells: Significance of a dual mode of action. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174546. [PMID: 28426671 PMCID: PMC5398517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicious cycles of mutations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation contribute to cancer progression. The use of antioxidants to inhibit ROS generation promotes cytostasis by affecting the mutation cycle and ROS-dependent survival signaling. However, cancer cells select mutations to elevate ROS albeit maintaining mitochondrial hyperpolarization (Δψm), even under hypoxia. From this perspective, the use of drugs that disrupt both ROS generation and Δψm is a viable anticancer strategy. Hence, we studied the effects of mitochondrially targeted carboxy proxyl nitroxide (Mito-CP) and a control ten carbon TPP moiety (Dec-TPP+) in the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi) and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells under hypoxia and normoxia. We found preferential localization, Δψm and adenosine triphosphate loss, and significant cytotoxicity by Mito-CP in Daudi cells alone. Interestingly, ROS levels were decreased and maintained in hypoxic and normoxic cancer cells, respectively, by Mito-CP but not Dec-TPP+, therefore preventing any adaptive signaling. Moreover, dual effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics and ROS by Mito-CP curtailed the cancer survival via Akt inhibition, AMPK-HIF-1α activation and promoted apoptosis via increased BCL2-associated X protein and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression. This dual mode of action by Mito-CP provides a better explanation of the application of antioxidants with specific relevance to cancerous transformation and adaptations in the Daudi cell line.
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Nakada R, Hirano H, Matsuura Y. Structural basis for the regulation of nuclear import of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) by phosphorylation of the nuclear localization signal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:113-117. [PMID: 28104399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in every EBV-positive tumor and is essential for the maintenance, replication, and transcription of the EBV genome in the nucleus of host cells. EBNA1 is a serine phosphoprotein, and it has been shown that phosphorylation of S385 in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of EBNA1 increases the binding affinity to the nuclear import adaptor importin-α1 as well as importin-α5, and stimulates nuclear import of EBNA1. To gain insights into how phosphorylation of the EBNA1 NLS regulates nuclear import, we have determined the crystal structures of two peptide complexes of importin-α1: one with S385-phosphorylated EBNA1 NLS peptide, determined at 2.0 Å resolution, and one with non-phosphorylated EBNA1 NLS peptide, determined at 2.2 Å resolution. The structures show that EBNA1 NLS binds to the major and minor NLS-binding sites of importin-α1, and indicate that the binding affinity of the EBNA1 NLS to the minor NLS-binding site could be enhanced by phosphorylation of S385 through electrostatic interaction between the phosphate group of phospho-S385 and K392 of importin-α1 (corresponding to R395 of importin-α5) on armadillo repeat 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nakada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Hidemi Hirano
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan.
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Abstract
The vast majority of the human adult population is infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the majority of the EBV-infected individuals tolerates the infection well, without any further symptoms after primary infection. In cases of individuals which undergo primary infection in the form of an infectious mononucleosis, or which have undergone primary infection in their past, it is sometimes important to appraise symptomatic disease or differentiate infectious mononucleosis from other conditions. In these cases, serological methods, i.e., immunofluorescence, ELISA, or Western blot, are the methods of choice to come to an unequivocal diagnostic conclusion, while the detection and quantification of viral DNA through PCR plays a minor role.On the other hand, in a minority of the human population, EBV infection is associated or causally linked with autoimmune or malignant disease. Especially in the bone marrow or solid organ transplanted, or in otherwise severely immune-suppressed patients, prolonged EBV primary infection or EBV reactivation from latency may be a serious and life-threatening complication which needs to be diagnosed the faster the better, in order to take therapeutic steps in time. Determining the serostatus correctly is also important in these cases. However, the direct and quantitative detection of viral DNA are of importance for the diagnosis of serious EBV disease and its monitoring.In the following, we give an overview of diagnostic methods to accurately determine EBV serostatus and viral load. We evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each method and report on the diagnostic significance of each and how to resolve diagnostic problems in case of uncertainties. For practical procedures, we refer to the detailed instruction manuals of the respective test kit manufacturers which have to be closely followed for reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 11, Freiburg im Breisgau, D-79106, Germany
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66
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Pei Y, Lewis AE, Robertson ES. Current Progress in EBV-Associated B-Cell Lymphomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:57-74. [PMID: 29052132 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus discovered more than 50 years ago. EBV-associated lymphomagenesis is still a significant viral-associated disease as it involves a diverse range of pathologies, especially B-cell lymphomas. Recent development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies and in vivo mouse models have significantly promoted our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms which drive these cancers and allowed for the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. This review will highlight the current advances in EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas, focusing on transcriptional regulation, chromosome aberrations, in vivo studies of EBV-mediated lymphomagenesis, as well as the treatment strategies to target viral-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandria E Lewis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Huang T, Ji Y, Hu D, Chen B, Zhang H, Li C, Chen G, Luo X, Zheng XW, Lin X. SNHG8 is identified as a key regulator of epstein-barr virus(EBV)-associated gastric cancer by an integrative analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:80990-81002. [PMID: 27835598 PMCID: PMC5348371 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of cancers, including gastric cancer, which has one of the highest mortality rates of all human cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested to have important causal roles in gastric cancer. However, the interaction between lncRNAs and EBV has not yet been studied. To this end, we sequenced 11,311 lncRNAs and 144,826 protein-coding transcripts from four types of tissue: one non-EBV-infected gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) and its adjacent normal tissue, and one EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and its adjacent normal tissue. Five lncRNAs showed EBVaGC-specific expression; of those, one (SNHG8) was validated using real-time PCR in an independent cohort with 88 paired gastric cancer and adjacent tissue samples. To explore the functions of SNHG8, we identified its mRNA targets on the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network of the Illumina Body Map, which contains the RNA sequencing data of mRNAs and lncRNAs from 16 normal human tissues. SNHG8 lncRNA was found to affect several gastric cancer-specific pathways and target genes of EBV. Our results reveal the intertwined tumorigenesis mechanisms of lncRNA and EBV and identify SNHG8 as a highly possible candidate biomarker and drug target of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baozheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hejun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiong-wei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Abstract
It is more than 50 years since the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first human tumour virus, was discovered. EBV has subsequently been found to be associated with a diverse range of tumours of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Progress in the molecular analysis of EBV has revealed fundamental mechanisms of more general relevance to the oncogenic process. This Timeline article highlights key milestones in the 50-year history of EBV and discusses how this virus provides a paradigm for exploiting insights at the molecular level in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Paul G Murray
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Medicine, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Akram N, Imran M, Noreen M, Ahmed F, Atif M, Fatima Z, Bilal Waqar A. Oncogenic Role of Tumor Viruses in Humans. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:20-27. [PMID: 27830995 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the intracellular pathogens that reproduce only in the living cell and manipulate the cellular machinery to produce more viruses. Viral replications can affect cellular genes of the host in multiple cancerous ways. Approximately, 20% of all human oncogenesis is caused by cancer-causing viruses known as oncoviruses. Viral infection causes chronic inflammation leading to cell death, uncontrollable proliferation, and modulated expression of some of the regulatory proteins. Oncogenesis is a multistep phenomenon in which normal host cells are transformed into cancerous cells on the basis of host genetic variability. Oncogenic viruses encode genes that cause viral replication and transformation of the host cells to produce viral proteins and protein complexes. The phenomenon from basic viral infection to tumorigenesis is lengthy due to the involvement of factors like immunity complications, cellular mutations, and exposure to other cancerous agents. The viruses that are involved in human cancer development are Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human papilloma virus (HPV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), and Human T lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV-1). This review article summarizes advanced knowledge related to human oncogenic viruses and the molecular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrah Akram
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Noreen
- 2 Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan , Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz Ahmed
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zareen Fatima
- 3 Department of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging (DRSMI) , FHAS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Bilal Waqar
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (DMLS), Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS), Imperial College of Business Studies (ICBS) , Lahore, Pakistan
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70
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Jha HC, Pei Y, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr Virus: Diseases Linked to Infection and Transformation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1602. [PMID: 27826287 PMCID: PMC5078142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in 1964, and was the first known human tumor virus now shown to be associated with a vast number of human diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand infection, propagation, and transformation in various cell types linked to human diseases. However, a comprehensive lens through which virus infection, reactivation and transformation of infected host cells can be visualized is yet to be formally established and will need much further investigation. Several human cell types infected by EBV have been linked to associated diseases. However, whether these are a direct result of EBV infection or indirectly due to contributions by additional infectious agents will need to be fully investigated. Therefore, a thorough examination of infection, reactivation, and cell transformation induced by EBV will provide a more detailed view of its contributions that drive pathogenesis. This undoubtedly expand our knowledge of the biology of EBV infection and the signaling activities of targeted cellular factors dysregulated on infection. Furthermore, these insights may lead to identification of therapeutic targets and agents for clinical interventions. Here, we review the spectrum of EBV-associated diseases, the role of the encoded latent antigens, and the switch to latency or lytic replication which occurs in EBV infected cells. Furthermore, we describe the cellular processes and critical factors which contribute to cell transformation. We also describe the fate of B-cells and epithelial cells after EBV infection and the expected consequences which contribute to establishment of viral-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem C Jha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
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71
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Araldi RP, Módolo DG, de Sá Júnior PL, Consonni SR, de Carvalho RF, Roperto FP, Beçak W, de Cassia Stocco R. Genetics and metabolic deregulation following cancer initiation: A world to explore. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:449-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Daschkey S, Bienemann K, Schuster V, Kreth HW, Linka RM, Hönscheid A, Fritz G, Johannes C, Fleckenstein B, Kempkes B, Gombert M, Ginzel S, Borkhardt A. Fatal Lymphoproliferative Disease in Two Siblings Lacking Functional FAAP24. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:684-92. [PMID: 27473539 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary defects in several genes have been shown to disturb the normal immune response to EBV and to give rise to severe EBV-induced lymphoproliferation in the recent years. Nevertheless, in many patients, the molecular basis of fatal EBV infection still remains unclear. The Fanconi anemia-associated protein 24 (FAAP24) plays a dual role in DNA repair. By association with FANCM as component of the FA core complex, it recruits the FA core complex to damaged DNA. Additionally, FAAP24 has been shown to evoke ATR-mediated checkpoint responses independently of the FA core complex. By whole exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous missense mutation in the FAAP24 gene (cC635T, pT212M) in two siblings of a consanguineous Turkish family who died from an EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease after infection with a variant EBV strain, expressing a previously unknown EBNA2 allele.In order to analyze the functionality of the variant FAAP24 allele, we used herpes virus saimiri-transformed patient T cells to test endogenous cellular FAAP24 functions that are known to be important in DNA damage control. We saw an impaired FANCD2 monoubiquitination as well as delayed checkpoint responses, especially affecting CHK1 phosphorylation in patient samples in comparison to healthy controls. The phenotype of this FAAP24 mutation might have been further accelerated by an EBV strain that harbors an EBNA2 allele with enhanced activities compared to the prototype laboratory strain B95.8. This is the first report of an FAAP24 loss of function mutation found in human patients with EBV-associated lymphoproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Daschkey
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bienemann
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Volker Schuster
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - René Martin Linka
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Hönscheid
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Insitute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Biological Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Virological Institute, Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Clinic Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Gombert
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ginzel
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tan SN, Sim SP, Khoo ASB. Potential role of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mediating chromosomal rearrangements in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:35. [PMID: 27231526 PMCID: PMC4880972 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic aberrations have been identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. There are increasing evidences that the apoptotic nuclease caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) is one of the players leading to translocation in leukemia. Oxidative stress, which has been strongly implicated in carcinogenesis, is a potent apoptotic inducer. Most of the NPC etiological factors are known to induce oxidative stress. Although apoptosis is a cell death process, cells possess the potential to survive apoptosis upon DNA repair. Eventually, the surviving cells may carry rearranged chromosomes. We hypothesized that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis may cause chromosomal breaks mediated by CAD. Upon erroneous DNA repair, cells that survive apoptosis may harbor chromosomal rearrangements contributing to NPC pathogenesis. This study focused on the AF9 gene at 9p22, a common deletion region in NPC. We aimed to propose a possible model for molecular mechanism underlying the chromosomal rearrangements in NPC. Results In the present study, we showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced apoptosis in NPC (HK1) and normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NP69) cells, as evaluated by flow cytometric analyses. Activity of caspases 3/7 was detected in H2O2-treated cells. This activity was inhibited by caspase inhibitor (CI). By nested inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), we demonstrated that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in HK1 and NP69 cells resulted in cleavages within the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) of the AF9 gene. The gene cleavage frequency detected in the H2O2-treated cells was found to be significantly higher than untreated control. We further found that treatment with CI, which indirectly inhibits CAD, significantly reduced the chromosomal breaks in H2O2-cotreated cells. Intriguingly, a few breakpoints were mapped within the AF9 region that was previously reported to translocate with the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings suggested that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis could be one of the mechanisms underlying the chromosomal rearrangements in NPC. CAD may play an important role in chromosomal cleavages mediated by oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. A potential model for oxidative stress-induced apoptosis mediating chromosomal rearrangements in NPC is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nee Tan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Peng Sim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Alan S B Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhao X, Xiang H, Bai X, Fei N, Huang Y, Song X, Zhang H, Zhang L, Tong D. Porcine parvovirus infection activates mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway by inducing ROS accumulation. Virol J 2016; 13:26. [PMID: 26880103 PMCID: PMC4755023 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection primarily causes reproductive failure of pregnant swine and results in host cell death. Boars, as an important disseminator, shed PPV to sows via semen. PPV infects and numerously replicates in boar testicle, which results in damage of swine testicle in vivo. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a mediator of cell apoptosis, play a crucial role in the mitochondria apoptotic pathway. However, whether PPV infection induces ST cells apoptosis and ROS accumulation is still unclear. Methods To determine the effects of PPV infection on the apoptosis, we detected morphological changes, DNA ladder, activities of caspases, and expression of PARP in PPV-infected ST cells. Moreover, aiming to investigate the effect of PPV infection on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and ROS accumulation, we detected the Δψm, apoptosis-related genes, and ROS. To investigate the role of ROS in the process of PPV-induced apoptosis, the ST cells were infected with PPV and treated with the ROS antioxidants. The ROS level was measured using Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit and the Δψm, expression level of Bcl-2, translocation of Bax, and redistribution of mitochondria cytochrome c were tested. Results In this study, we demonstrated that PPV infection could induce apoptosis that was characterized by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and activation of caspases. Moreover, PPV infection suppressed Bcl-2 expression, enhanced Bax expression and translocation to mitochondria, decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and triggered the release of cytochrome c, which caused the subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and initiation of apoptosis. However, during the process of PPV-induced apoptosis, the protein levels of Fas and FasL were not affected. Further studies showed that PPV infection caused ROS accumulation. Inhibition of ROS could reduce mitochondrial transmembrane potential and could significantly block ST cells apoptosis via suppressing Bax translocation, cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation. Conclusions All these results suggest that PPV-induced ROS accumulation mediates apoptosis in ST cells, which provided theoretical basis for the molecular pathogenesis of PPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hailing Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naijiao Fei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangjun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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75
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Jha HC, Banerjee S, Robertson ES. The Role of Gammaherpesviruses in Cancer Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010018. [PMID: 26861404 PMCID: PMC4810139 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, one fifth of cancers in the population are associated with viral infections. Among them, gammaherpesvirus, specifically HHV4 (EBV) and HHV8 (KSHV), are two oncogenic viral agents associated with a large number of human malignancies. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to EBV and KSHV infection and their ability to induce cellular transformation. We describe their strategies for manipulating major cellular systems through the utilization of cell cycle, apoptosis, immune modulation, epigenetic modification, and altered signal transduction pathways, including NF-kB, Notch, Wnt, MAPK, TLR, etc. We also discuss the important EBV latent antigens, namely EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3’s and LMP’s, which are important for targeting these major cellular pathways. KSHV infection progresses through the engagement of the activities of the major latent proteins LANA, v-FLIP and v-Cyclin, and the lytic replication and transcription activator (RTA). This review is a current, comprehensive approach that describes an in-depth understanding of gammaherpes viral encoded gene manipulation of the host system through targeting important biological processes in viral-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610, Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610, Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610, Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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76
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Consideration of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Noncoding RNAs EBER1 and EBER2 as a Functional Backup of Viral Oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1. mBio 2016; 7:e01926-15. [PMID: 26787829 PMCID: PMC4725009 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01926-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded noncoding RNAs EBER1 and EBER2 are highly abundant through all four latency stages of EBV infection (III-II-I-0) and have been associated with an oncogenic phenotype when expressed in cell lines cultured in vitro. In vivo, EBV-infected B cells derived from freshly isolated lymphocytes show that EBER1/2 deletion does not impair viral latency. Based on published quantitative proteomics data from BJAB cells expressing EBER1 and EBER2, we propose that the EBERs, through their activation of AKT in a B-cell-specific manner, are a functionally redundant backup of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-an essential oncoprotein in EBV-associated malignancies, with a main role in AKT activation. Our proposed model may explain the lack of effect on viral latency establishment in EBER-minus EBV infection.
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77
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Burgess RC, Misteli T. Not All DDRs Are Created Equal: Non-Canonical DNA Damage Responses. Cell 2015; 162:944-7. [PMID: 26317463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that there is a single canonical DNA damage response (DDR) that protects cells from various types of double-strand breaks and that its activation occurs via recognition of DNA ends by the DDR machinery. Recent work suggests that both assumptions may be oversimplifications. Here, we discuss several variations of the DDR in which the pathway is activated by diverse cellular events and/or generates distinct signaling outcomes. The existence of multiple non-canonical DDRs provides insights into how DNA damage is sensed and suggests a highly modular organization of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Burgess
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, School of the Sciences, Stevenson University, Stevenson, MD 21153, USA.
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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78
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Oxidative stress enables Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell transformation by posttranscriptional regulation of viral and cellular growth-promoting factors. Oncogene 2015; 35:3807-16. [PMID: 26592445 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection of human B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to the establishment of immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) that are widely used as a model of viral oncogenesis. An early consequence of infection is the induction of DNA damage and activation of the DNA damage response, which limits the efficiency of growth transformation. The cause of the DNA damage remains poorly understood. We have addressed this question by comparing the response of B lymphocytes infected with EBV or stimulated with a potent B-cell mitogen. We found that although the two stimuli induce comparable proliferation during the first 10 days of culture, the EBV-infected blasts showed significantly higher levels of DNA damage, which correlated with stronger and sustained accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with ROS scavengers decreased DNA damage in both mitogen-stimulated and EBV-infected cells. However, while mitogen-induced proliferation was slightly improved, the proliferation of EBV-infected cells and the establishment of LCLs were severely impaired. Quenching of ROS did not affect the kinetics and magnitude of viral gene expression but was associated with selective downregulation of the viral LMP1 and phosphorylated cellular transcription factor STAT3 that have key roles in transformation. Analysis of the mechanism by which high levels of ROS support LMP1 expression revealed selective inhibition of viral microRNAs that target the LMP1 transcript. Our study provides novel insights into the role of EBV-induced oxidative stress in promoting B-cell immortalization and malignant transformation.
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79
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Bruce JP, Yip K, Bratman SV, Ito E, Liu FF. Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Molecular Landscape. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3346-55. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.60.7846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique epithelial malignancy arising from the superior aspect of the pharyngeal mucosal space, associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in most cases. The capacity to characterize cancer genomes in unprecedented detail is now providing insights into the genesis and molecular underpinnings of this disease. Herein, we provide an overview of the molecular aberrations that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression. The contributions of major Epstein-Barr virus–encoded factors, including proteins, small RNAs, and microRNAs, along with their interactions with pathways regulating cell proliferation and survival are highlighted. We review recent analyses that clearly define the role of genetic and epigenetic variations affecting the human genome in NPC. These findings point to the impact of DNA methylation and histone modifications on gene expression programs that promote this malignancy. The molecular interactions that allow NPC cells to evade immune recognition and elimination, which is crucial for the survival of cells expressing potentially immunogenic viral proteins, are also described. Finally, the potential utility of detecting host and viral factors for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC is discussed. Altogether, the studies summarized herein have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular biology of NPC, yet much remains to be uncovered. Emerging techniques for using and analyzing well-annotated biospecimens from patients with NPC will ultimately lead to a greater level of understanding, and enable improvements in precision therapies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P. Bruce
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Yip
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott V. Bratman
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Ito
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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80
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Marullo R, Werner E, Zhang H, Chen GZ, Shin DM, Doetsch PW. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins induce a chronic oxidative stress response via NOX2 that causes genomic instability and increased susceptibility to DNA damage in head and neck cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1397-406. [PMID: 26354779 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of a subgroup of head and neck cancer characterized by an intrinsic radiosensitivity. HPV initiates cellular transformation through the activity of E6 and E7 proteins. E6 and E7 expression is necessary but not sufficient to transform the host cell, as genomic instability is required to acquire the malignant phenotype in HPV-initiated cells. This study reveals a key role played by oxidative stress in promoting genomic instability and radiosensitivity in HPV-positive head and neck cancer. By employing an isogenic human cell model, we observed that expression of E6 and E7 is sufficient to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in head and neck cancer cells. E6/E7-induced oxidative stress is mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs) and causes DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. This mechanism for genomic instability distinguishes HPV-positive from HPV-negative tumors, as we observed NOX-induced oxidative stress in HPV-positive but not HPV-negative head and neck cancer cells. We identified NOX2 as the source of HPV-induced oxidative stress as NOX2 silencing significantly reduced ROS generation, DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in HPV-positive cells. Due to their state of chronic oxidative stress, HPV-positive cells are more susceptible to DNA damage induced by ROS and ionizing radiation (IR). Furthermore, exposure to IR results in the formation of complex lesions in HPV-positive cells as indicated by the higher amount of chromosomal breakage observed in this group of cells. These results reveal a novel mechanism for sustaining genomic instability in HPV-positive head and neck tumors and elucidate its contribution to their intrinsic radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Marullo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | | | - Hongzheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | - Georgia Z Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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81
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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82
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Navari M, Etebari M, De Falco G, Ambrosio MR, Gibellini D, Leoncini L, Piccaluga PP. The presence of Epstein-Barr virus significantly impacts the transcriptional profile in immunodeficiency-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:556. [PMID: 26113842 PMCID: PMC4462103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive neoplasm derived from mature, antigen-experienced B-lymphocytes. Three clinical/epidemiological variants have been recognized, named sporadic, endemic and immunodeficiency-associated BL (ID-BL). Although they are listed within a unique entity in the current WHO Classification, recent evidence indicated genetic and transcriptional differences among the three sub-groups. Further, the presence of latently persisting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with specific features in endemic and sporadic cases. In this study, we explored for the first time whether EBV infection could be related with a specific molecular profile in immunodeficiency-associated cases. We studied 30 BL cases, including nine occurring in HIV-positive patients (5 EBV-positive and 4 EBV-negative) by gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling. We found that ID-BL presented with different profiles based on EBV presence. Specifically, 252 genes were differentially expressed, some of them being involved in intracellular signaling and apoptosis regulation. Furthermore, 28 miRNAs including both EBV-encoded (N = 18) and cellular (N = 10) ones were differentially regulated. Of note, genes previously demonstrated to be targeted by such miRNA were consistently found among differentially expressed genes, indicating the relevant contribution of miRNA to the molecular profile of the examined cases. Grippingly, 17 out of the 252 differentially expressed genes turned out to be potentially targeted by both cellular and EBV-encoded miRNA, suggesting a complex interaction and not excluding a potential synergism. In conclusion, we documented transcriptional differences based on the presence of EBV in ID-BL, and suggested a complex interaction between cellular and viral molecules in the determination of the global molecular profile of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Navari
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine Bologna, Italy ; Department of Basic Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia De Falco
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Maria R Ambrosio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine Bologna, Italy
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83
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Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Kunita A, Fukayama M. Update on Epstein-Barr virus and gastric cancer (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1421-34. [PMID: 25633561 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype that accounts for nearly 10% of gastric carcinomas. EBVaGC is defined by monoclonal proliferation of carcinoma cells with latent EBV infection, as demonstrated by EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization. EBVaGC has characteristic clinicopathological features, including predominance among males, a proximal location in the stomach, lymphoepithelioma-like histology and a favorable prognosis. EBVaGC belongs to latency type I or II, in which EBERs, EBNA-1, BARTs, LMP-2A and BART miRNAs are expressed. Previous studies have shown that some EBV latent genes have oncogenic properties. Recent advances in genome-wide and comprehensive molecular analyses have demonstrated that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to EBVaGC carcinogenesis. Genetic changes that are characteristic of EBVaGC include frequent mutations in PIK3CA and ARID1A and amplification of JAK2 and PD-L1/L2. Global CpG island hypermethylation, which induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is also a unique feature of EBVaGC and is considered to be crucial for its carcinogenesis. Furthermore, post-transcriptional gene expression regulation by cellular and/or EBV-derived microRNAs has attracted considerable attention. These abnormalities result in significant alterations in gene expression related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and immune signaling pathways. In the present review we highlight the latest findings on EBVaGC from clinicopathological and molecular perspectives to provide a better understanding of EBV involvement in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shinozaki-Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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84
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Cai Q, Chen K, Young KH. Epstein-Barr virus-positive T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e133. [PMID: 25613730 PMCID: PMC4314580 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus, a ubiquitous human herpesvirus, can induce both lytic and latent infections that result in a variety of human diseases, including lymphoproliferative disorders. The oncogenic potential of Epstein–Barr virus is related to its ability to infect and transform B lymphocytes into continuously proliferating lymphoblastoid cells. However, Epstein–Barr virus has also been implicated in the development of T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases. Epstein–Barr virus encodes a series of products that mimic several growth, transcription and anti-apoptotic factors, thus usurping control of pathways that regulate diverse homeostatic cellular functions and the microenvironment. However, the exact mechanism by which Epstein–Barr virus promotes oncogenesis and inflammatory lesion development remains unclear. Epstein–Barr virus-associated T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases often have overlapping clinical symptoms as well as histologic and immunophenotypic features because both lymphoid cell types derive from a common precursor. Accurate classification of Epstein–Barr virus-associated T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases is a prerequisite for appropriate clinical management. Currently, the treatment of most T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases is less than satisfactory. Novel and targeted therapies are strongly required to satisfy clinical demands. This review describes our current knowledge of the genetics, oncogenesis, biology, diagnosis and treatment of Epstein–Barr virus-associated T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cai
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kailin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ken H Young
- 1] Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA [2] The University of Texas School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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85
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) plays multiple important roles in EBV latent infection and has also been shown to impact EBV lytic infection. EBNA1 is required for the stable persistence of the EBV genomes in latent infection and activates the expression of other EBV latency genes through interactions with specific DNA sequences in the viral episomes. EBNA1 also interacts with several cellular proteins to modulate the activities of multiple cellular pathways important for viral persistence and cell survival. These cellular effects are also implicated in oncogenesis, suggesting a direct role of EBNA1 in the development of EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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86
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Abstract
Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) remains the most prevalent pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa even though it was the first human cancer with a viral etiology described over 50 years ago. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in a BL tumor in 1964 and has since been implicated in other malignancies. The etiology of endemic BL has been linked to EBV and Plasmodium falciparum malaria co-infection. While epidemiologic studies have yielded insight into EBV infection and the etiology of endemic BL, the modulation of viral persistence in children by malaria and deficits in EBV immunosurveillance has more recently been reified. Renewed efforts to design prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines provide hope of preventing EBV-associated BL as well as increasing the ability to cure this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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87
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Chao M, Wang HN, Lu YJ, Chang YS, Yu JS. The V-val subtype Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 promotes cell survival after serum withdrawal. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:958-66. [PMID: 25434292 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can establish latent infection and has been associated with various human cancers. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein that is expressed in all EBV-associated malignant tissues. The N- and C-terminal domains of EBNA1, which are connected by internal glycine/alanine-rich short repeat sequences of various sizes, show sequence divergence across EBV strains isolated from around the world. At least five subtypes have been described, according to the amino acid at residue 487: P-ala, P-thr, V-val, V-pro, and V-leu. Whether the variations of EBNA-1 contribute to the pathogenesis of EBV or simply reflect the geographical distribution of EBV remain to be investigated. Furthermore, the cell effects conferred by EBNA1 subtypes that differ from that of the B95.8 prototype, which belongs to the P-ala subtype, remain to be elucidated. In this study, PCR was amplified with the full-length V-val EBNA1 gene from the CG3 cell line, an EBV-carrying lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a Taiwanese chronic myeloid leukemia patient. Plasmids expressing His-tagged EBNA1 fusion proteins in E. coli were constructed and used to raise antibodies in rabbit. The V-val EBNA1 gene was then cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and successfully expressed in the transfected cultured cells. Expression of V-val EBNA1 rendered 293 cells able to undergo serum‑independent cell proliferation, providing them with anti-apoptotic abilities, which are two characteristics of cancer cells. These data suggested that use of EBNA1 originally derived from tumor cells, rather than the more commonly utilized prototype, when investigating the potential role of EBNA1 in the oncogenesis of EBV-associated malignancies, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chao
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Ning Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi Jin Lu
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan R.O.C
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88
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Weitzman MD, Weitzman JB. What's the damage? The impact of pathogens on pathways that maintain host genome integrity. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:283-94. [PMID: 24629335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genome integrity and transmission of intact genomes is critical for cellular, organismal, and species survival. Cells can detect damaged DNA, activate checkpoints, and either enable DNA repair or trigger apoptosis to eliminate the damaged cell. Aberrations in these mechanisms lead to somatic mutations and genetic instability, which are hallmarks of cancer. Considering the long history of host-microbe coevolution, an impact of microbial infection on host genome integrity is not unexpected, and emerging links between microbial infections and oncogenesis further reinforce this idea. In this review, we compare strategies employed by viruses, bacteria, and parasites to alter, subvert, or otherwise manipulate host DNA damage and repair pathways. We highlight how microbes contribute to tumorigenesis by directly inducing DNA damage, inactivating checkpoint controls, or manipulating repair processes. We also discuss indirect effects resulting from inflammatory responses, changes in cellular metabolism, nuclear architecture, and epigenome integrity, and the associated evolutionary tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Weitzman
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France.
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89
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Chen Y, Williams V, Filippova M, Filippov V, Duerksen-Hughes P. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2155-86. [PMID: 25340830 PMCID: PMC4276961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of 10%-15% of human cancers worldwide. The most common outcome for virus-induced reprogramming is genomic instability, including accumulation of mutations, aberrations and DNA damage. Although each virus has its own specific mechanism for promoting carcinogenesis, the majority of DNA oncogenic viruses encode oncogenes that transform infected cells, frequently by targeting p53 and pRB. In addition, integration of viral DNA into the human genome can also play an important role in promoting tumor development for several viruses, including HBV and HPV. Because viral integration requires the breakage of both the viral and the host DNA, the integration rate is believed to be linked to the levels of DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, including inflammation induced by either the virus itself or by co-infections with other agents, environmental agents and other factors. Typically, cancer develops years to decades following the initial infection. A better understanding of virus-mediated carcinogenesis, the networking of pathways involved in transformation and the relevant risk factors, particularly in those cases where tumorigenesis proceeds by way of virus integration, will help to suggest prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of virus-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Vonetta Williams
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Maria Filippova
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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90
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Choi YB, Harhaj EW. Functional implications of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generated by oncogenic viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:423-436. [PMID: 25580106 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Between 15-20% of human cancers are associated with infection by oncogenic viruses. Oncogenic viruses, including HPV, HBV, HCV and HTLV-1, target mitochondria to influence cell proliferation and survival. Oncogenic viral gene products also trigger the production of reactive oxygen species which can elicit oxidative DNA damage and potentiate oncogenic host signaling pathways. Viral oncogenes may also subvert mitochondria quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy and metabolic adaptation pathways to promote virus replication. Here, we will review recent progress on viral regulation of mitophagy and metabolic adaptation and their roles in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns HopkinsSchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Edward William Harhaj
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns HopkinsSchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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91
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Chang KC, Chang Y, Wang LHC, Tsai HW, Huang W, Su IJ. Pathogenesis of virus-associated human cancers: Epstein–Barr virus and hepatitis B virus as two examples. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113:581-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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92
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Molteni CG, Principi N, Esposito S. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1163-9. [PMID: 25039433 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.945443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many pathological consequences. Low concentrations of radicals can promote viral replication; however, high concentrations of radicals can also inhibit viral replication and are detrimental to the cell due to their mitogenic activity. We reviewed the detailed mechanisms behind oxygen and nitrogen radical production and focused on how viruses induce radical production. In addition, we examined the effects of oxygen and nitrogen radicals on both the virus and host. We also reviewed enzymatic and chemical detoxification mechanisms and recent advances in therapeutic antioxidant applications. Many molecules that modulate the redox balance have yielded promising results in cell and animal models of infection. This encourages their use in clinical practice either alone or with existing therapies. However, since the redox balance also plays an important role in host defence against pathogens, carefully designed clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic benefits and secondary effects of these molecules and whether these effects differ between different types of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Molteni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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93
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miR-190 is upregulated in Epstein-Barr Virus type I latency and modulates cellular mRNAs involved in cell survival and viral reactivation. Virology 2014; 464-465:184-195. [PMID: 25086243 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a prevalent human pathogen infecting over 90% of the population. Much of the success of the virus is attributed to its ability to maintain latency. The detailed mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of EBV latency remain poorly understood. A microRNA profiling study revealed differential expression of many cellular miRNAs between types I and III latency cells, suggesting cellular miRNAs may play roles in regulating EBV latency. mir-190 is the most differentially up-regulated miRNA in type I latency cells as compared with type III latency cells and the up-regulation appears to be attributed to EBER RNAs that express in higher levels in type I latency cells than type III cells. With the aide of a lentiviral overexpression system and microarray analysis, several cellular mRNAs are identified as potential targets of mir-190. By targeting TP53INP1, miR-190 enhances cell survival by preventing apoptosis and relieving G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Additionally, miR-190 down-regulates NR4A3, a cellular immediate-early gene for EBV reactivation, and inhibits the expression of the viral immediate-early gene bzlf1 and viral lytic DNA replication. Taken together, our data revealed a mechanism that EBV utilizes a cellular microRNA to promote host cell survival and prevent virus from entering lytic life cycle for latency maintenance.
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94
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Abstract
Viruses must interact with their hosts in order to replicate; these interactions often provoke the evolutionarily conserved response to DNA damage, known as the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR can be activated by incoming viral DNA, during the integration of retroviruses, or in response to the aberrant DNA structures generated upon replication of DNA viruses. Furthermore, DNA and RNA viral proteins can induce the DDR by promoting inappropriate S phase entry, by modifying cellular DDR factors directly, or by unintentionally targeting host DNA. The DDR may be antiviral, although viruses often require proximal DDR activation of repair and recombination factors to facilitate replication as well as downstream DDR signaling suppression to ensure cell survival. An unintended consequence of DDR attenuation during infection is the long-term survival and proliferation of precancerous cells. Therefore, the molecular basis for DDR activation and attenuation by viruses remains an important area of study that will likely provide key insights into how viruses have evolved with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710;
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95
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Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 protein regulates viral latency through effects on let-7 microRNA and dicer. J Virol 2014; 88:11166-77. [PMID: 25031339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays multiple roles in EBV latent infection, including altering cellular pathways relevant for cancer. Here we used microRNA (miRNA) cloning coupled with high-throughput sequencing to identify the effects of EBNA1 on cellular miRNAs in two nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. EBNA1 affected a small percentage of cellular miRNAs in both cell lines, in particular, upregulating multiple let-7 family miRNAs, including let-7a. The effects of EBNA1 on let-7a were verified by demonstrating that EBNA1 silencing in multiple EBV-positive carcinomas downregulated let-7a. Accordingly, the let-7a target, Dicer, was found to be partially downregulated by EBNA1 expression (at the mRNA and protein levels) and upregulated by EBNA1 silencing in EBV-positive cells. Reporter assays based on the Dicer 3' untranslated region with and without let-7a target sites indicated that the effects of EBNA1 on Dicer were mediated by let-7a. EBNA1 was also found to induce the expression of let-7a primary RNAs in a manner dependent on the EBNA1 transcriptional activation region, suggesting that EBNA1 induces let-7a by transactivating the expression of its primary transcripts. Consistent with previous reports that Dicer promotes EBV reactivation, we found that a let-7a mimic inhibited EBV reactivation to the lytic cycle, while a let-7 sponge increased reactivation. The results provide a mechanism by which EBNA1 could promote EBV latency by inducing let-7 miRNAs. IMPORTANCE The EBNA1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes in multiple ways to the latent mode of EBV infection that leads to lifelong infection. In this study, we identify a mechanism by which EBNA1 helps to maintain EBV infection in a latent state. This involves induction of a family of microRNAs (let-7 miRNAs) that in turn decreases the level of the cellular protein Dicer. We demonstrate that let-7 miRNAs inhibit the reactivation of latent EBV, providing an explanation for our previous observation that EBNA1 promotes latency. In addition, since decreased levels of Dicer have been associated with metastatic potential, EBNA1 may increase metastases by downregulating Dicer.
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96
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Modelling the structure of full-length Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1. Virus Genes 2014; 49:358-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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97
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Rickinson AB. Co-infections, inflammation and oncogenesis: future directions for EBV research. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:99-115. [PMID: 24751797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is aetiologically linked to a wide range of human tumours. Some arise as accidents of the virus' lifestyle in its natural niche, the B lymphoid system; these include B-lymphoproliferative disease of the immunocompromised, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Burkitt Lymphoma and particular forms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Interestingly, HIV infection increases the incidence of each of these B cell malignancies, though by different degrees and for different reasons. Other EBV-associated tumours arise through rare viral entry into unnatural target tissues; these include all cases of nasal T/NK cell lymphoma and of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma plus a small but significant subset of gastric carcinomas, a tumour type more generally associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Understanding EBV's involvement in the pathogenesis of these different malignancies is an important long-term goal. This article focuses on two overlapping, but relatively neglected, areas of research that could contribute to that goal. The first addresses the mechanisms whereby coincident infections with other pathogens increase the risk of EBV-positive malignancies, and takes as its paradigm the actions of holoendemic malaria and HIV infections as co-factors in Burkitt lymphomagenesis. The second widens the argument to include both infectious and non-infectious sources of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of EBV-positive tumours such as T/NK cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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98
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Voisset C, Daskalogianni C, Contesse MA, Mazars A, Arbach H, Le Cann M, Soubigou F, Apcher S, Fåhraeus R, Blondel M. A yeast-based assay identifies drugs that interfere with immune evasion of the Epstein-Barr virus. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:435-44. [PMID: 24558096 PMCID: PMC3974454 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is tightly associated with certain human cancers, but there is as yet no specific treatment against EBV-related diseases. The EBV-encoded EBNA1 protein is essential to maintain viral episomes and for viral persistence. As such, EBNA1 is expressed in all EBV-infected cells, and is highly antigenic. All infected individuals, including individuals with cancer, have CD8(+) T cells directed towards EBNA1 epitopes, yet the immune system fails to detect and destroy cells harboring the virus. EBV immune evasion depends on the capacity of the Gly-Ala repeat (GAr) domain of EBNA1 to inhibit the translation of its own mRNA in cis, thereby limiting the production of EBNA1-derived antigenic peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. Here we establish a yeast-based assay for monitoring GAr-dependent inhibition of translation. Using this assay we identify doxorubicin (DXR) as a compound that specifically interferes with the GAr effect on translation in yeast. DXR targets the topoisomerase-II-DNA complexes and thereby causes genomic damage. We show, however, that the genotoxic effect of DXR and various analogs thereof is uncoupled from the effect on GAr-mediated translation control. This is further supported by the observation that etoposide and teniposide, representing another class of topoisomerase-II-DNA targeting drugs, have no effect on GAr-mediated translation control. DXR and active analogs stimulate, in a GAr-dependent manner, EBNA1 expression in mammalian cells and overcome GAr-dependent restriction of MHC class I antigen presentation. These results validate our approach as an effective high-throughput screening assay to identify drugs that interfere with EBV immune evasion and, thus, constitute candidates for treating EBV-related diseases, in particular EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1078; Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne; CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest F-29200, France
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99
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Chen X, Kamranvar SA, Masucci MG. Tumor viruses and replicative immortality--avoiding the telomere hurdle. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:43-51. [PMID: 24486644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor viruses promote cell proliferation in order to gain access to an environment suitable for persistence and replication. The expression of viral products that promote growth transformation is often accompanied by the induction of multiple signs of telomere dysfunction, including telomere shortening, damage of telomeric DNA and chromosome instability. Long-term survival and progression to full malignancy require the bypassing of senescence programs that are triggered by the damaged telomeres. Here we review different strategies by which tumor viruses interfere with telomere homeostasis during cell transformation. This frequently involves the activation of telomerase, which assures both the integrity and functionality of telomeres. In addition, recent evidence suggests that oncogenic viruses may activate a recombination-based mechanism for telomere elongation known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). This error-prone strategy promotes genomic instability and could play an important role in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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100
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Tempera I, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic regulation of EBV persistence and oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:22-9. [PMID: 24468737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a fundamental role in generating diverse and heritable patterns of viral and cellular gene expression. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can adopt a variety of gene expression programs that are necessary for long-term viral persistence and latency in multiple host-cell types and conditions. The latent viral genomes assemble into chromatin structures with different histone and DNA modifications patterns that control viral gene expression. Variations in nucleosome organization and chromatin conformations can also influence gene expression by coordinating physical interactions between different regulatory elements. The viral-encoded and host-cell factors that control these epigenetic features are beginning to be understood at the genome-wide level. These epigenetic regulators can also influence viral pathogenesis by expanding tissue tropism, evading immune detection, and driving host-cell carcinogenesis. Here, we review some of the recent findings and perspectives on how the EBV epigenome plays a central role in viral latency and viral-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Tempera
- The Fels Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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