51
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Prodhomme MK, Péricart S, Pommier RM, Morel AP, Brunac AC, Franchet C, Moyret-Lalle C, Brousset P, Puisieux A, Hoffmann JS, Tissier A. Opposite Roles for ZEB1 and TMEJ in the Regulation of Breast Cancer Genome Stability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727429. [PMID: 34458275 PMCID: PMC8388841 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells frequently acquire mutations in faithful DNA repair genes, as exemplified by BRCA-deficiency. Moreover, overexpression of an inaccurate DNA repair pathway may also be at the origin of the genetic instability arising during the course of cancer progression. The specific gain in expression of POLQ, encoding the error-prone DNA polymerase Theta (POLθ) involved in theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ), is associated with a characteristic mutational signature. To gain insight into the mechanistic regulation of POLQ expression, this review briefly presents recent findings on the regulation of POLQ in the claudin-low breast tumor subtype, specifically expressing transcription factors involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) such as ZEB1 and displaying a paucity in genomic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie K Prodhomme
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Péricart
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxane M Pommier
- Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Pierre Morel
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Brunac
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Franchet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Moyret-Lalle
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Institut Curie, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Tissier
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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52
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Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. DNA Polymerase θ: A Cancer Drug Target with Reverse Transcriptase Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1146. [PMID: 34440316 PMCID: PMC8391894 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of precision medicine from the development of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors that preferentially kill cells defective in homologous recombination has sparked wide interest in identifying and characterizing additional DNA repair enzymes that are synthetic lethal with HR factors. DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) is a validated anti-cancer drug target that is synthetic lethal with HR factors and other DNA repair proteins and confers cellular resistance to various genotoxic cancer therapies. Since its initial characterization as a helicase-polymerase fusion protein in 2003, many exciting and unexpected activities of Polθ in microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) and translesion synthesis (TLS) have been discovered. Here, we provide a short review of Polθ's DNA repair activities and its potential as a drug target and highlight a recent report that reveals Polθ as a naturally occurring reverse transcriptase (RT) in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Richard T. Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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53
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Gao Y, Chang X, Xia J, Sun S, Mu Z, Liu X. Identification of HCC-Related Genes Based on Differential Partial Correlation Network. Front Genet 2021; 12:672117. [PMID: 34335688 PMCID: PMC8320536 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.672117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. As the disease is involved in multiple biological processes, systematic identification of disease genes and module biomarkers can provide a better understanding of disease mechanisms. In this study, we provided a network-based approach to integrate multi-omics data and discover disease-related genes. We applied our method to HCC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and obtained a functional module with 15 disease-related genes as network biomarkers. The results of classification and hierarchical clustering demonstrate that the identified functional module can effectively distinguish between the disease and the control group in both supervised and unsupervised methods. In brief, this computational method to identify potential functional disease modules could be useful to disease diagnosis and further mechanism study of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Institute of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Sun
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zengchao Mu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
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54
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Ray U, Raghavan SC. Understanding the DNA double-strand break repair and its therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103177. [PMID: 34325086 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and its regulation are tightly integrated inside cells. Homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining and microhomology mediated end joining are three major DSB repair pathways in mammalian cells. Targeting proteins associated with these repair pathways using small molecule inhibitors can prove effective in tumors, especially those with deregulated repair. Sensitization of cancer to current age therapy including radio and chemotherapy, using small molecule inhibitors is promising and warrant further development. Although several are under clinical trial, till date no repair inhibitor is approved for commercial use in cancer patients, with the exception of PARP inhibitors targeting single-strand break repair. Based on molecular profiling of repair proteins, better prognostic and therapeutic output can be achieved in patients. In the present review, we highlight the different mechanisms of DSB repair, chromatin dynamics to provide repair accessibility and modulation of inhibitors in association with molecular profiling and current gold standard treatment modalities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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55
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Depletion of DNA Polymerase Theta Inhibits Tumor Growth and Promotes Genome Instability through the cGAS-STING-ISG Pathway in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133204. [PMID: 34206946 PMCID: PMC8268317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary DNA polymerase theta, encoded by the human POLQ gene, is upregulated in several cancers and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The importance of POLQ, however, has yet to be elucidated in esophageal cancer. In this study, we explored the functional impacts of POLQ and looked into its underlying mechanisms. POLQ was overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumors associated with unfavorable prognosis and contributed to malignant phenotypes by promoting genome stability, suggesting that targeting polymerase theta may provide a potential therapeutic approach for improving ESCC management. Abstract Overexpression of the specialized DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) is frequent in breast, colon and lung cancers and has been correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Here, we aimed to determine the importance and functional role of POLQ in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Integrated analysis of four RNA-seq datasets showed POLQ was predominantly upregulated in ESCC tumors. High expression of POLQ was also observed in a cohort of 25 Hong Kong ESCC patients and negatively correlated with ESCC patient survival. POLQ knockout (KO) ESCC cells were sensitized to multiple genotoxic agents. Both rH2AX foci staining and the comet assay indicated a higher level of genomic instability in POLQ-depleted cells. Double KO of POLQ and FANCD2, known to promote POLQ recruitment at sites of damage, significantly impaired cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, as compared to either single POLQ or FANCD2 KOs. A significantly increased number of micronuclei was observed in POLQ and/or FANCD2 KO ESCC cells. Loss of POLQ and/or FANCD2 also resulted in the activation of cGAS and upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Our results suggest that high abundance of POLQ in ESCC contributes to the malignant phenotype through genome instability and activation of the cGAS pathway.
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56
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Tomasini PP, Guecheva TN, Leguisamo NM, Péricart S, Brunac AC, Hoffmann JS, Saffi J. Analyzing the Opportunities to Target DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair and Replicative Stress Responses to Improve Therapeutic Index of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3130. [PMID: 34201502 PMCID: PMC8268241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ample improvements of CRC molecular landscape, the therapeutic options still rely on conventional chemotherapy-based regimens for early disease, and few targeted agents are recommended for clinical use in the metastatic setting. Moreover, the impact of cytotoxic, targeted agents, and immunotherapy combinations in the metastatic scenario is not fully satisfactory, especially the outcomes for patients who develop resistance to these treatments need to be improved. Here, we examine the opportunity to consider therapeutic agents targeting DNA repair and DNA replication stress response as strategies to exploit genetic or functional defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways through synthetic lethal mechanisms, still not explored in CRC. These include the multiple actors involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through homologous recombination (HR), classical non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), inhibitors of the base excision repair (BER) protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as well as inhibitors of the DNA damage kinases ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), CHK1, WEE1, and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). We also review the biomarkers that guide the use of these agents, and current clinical trials with targeted DDR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pellenz Tomasini
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (P.P.T.); (N.M.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Temenouga Nikolova Guecheva
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, University Foundation of Cardiology (IC-FUC), Porto Alegre 90620-000, Brazil;
| | - Natalia Motta Leguisamo
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (P.P.T.); (N.M.L.)
| | - Sarah Péricart
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France; (S.P.); (A.-C.B.); (J.S.H.)
| | - Anne-Cécile Brunac
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France; (S.P.); (A.-C.B.); (J.S.H.)
| | - Jean Sébastien Hoffmann
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France; (S.P.); (A.-C.B.); (J.S.H.)
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (P.P.T.); (N.M.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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57
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Zhou J, Gelot C, Pantelidou C, Li A, Yücel H, Davis RE, Farkkila A, Kochupurakkal B, Syed A, Shapiro GI, Tainer JA, Blagg BSJ, Ceccaldi R, D’Andrea AD. A first-in-class Polymerase Theta Inhibitor selectively targets Homologous-Recombination-Deficient Tumors. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:598-610. [PMID: 34179826 PMCID: PMC8224818 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (POLθ) is synthetic lethal with Homologous Recombination (HR) deficiency and thus a candidate target for HR-deficient cancers. Through high-throughput small molecule screens we identified the antibiotic Novobiocin (NVB) as a specific POLθ inhibitor that selectively kills HR-deficient tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. NVB directly binds to the POLθ ATPase domain, inhibits its ATPase activity, and phenocopies POLθ depletion. NVB kills HR-deficient breast and ovarian tumors in GEMM, xenograft and PDX models. Increased POLθ levels predict NVB sensitivity, and BRCA-deficient tumor cells with acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are sensitive to NVB in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, NVB-mediated cell death in PARPi-resistant cells arises from increased double-strand break end resection, leading to accumulation of single-strand DNA intermediates and non-functional RAD51 foci. Our results demonstrate that NVB may be useful alone or in combination with PARPi in treating HR-deficient tumors, including those with acquired PARPi resistance. (151/150).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camille Gelot
- Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Constantia Pantelidou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hatice Yücel
- Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rachel E. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Anniina Farkkila
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bose Kochupurakkal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aleem Syed
- Departments of Cancer Biology and of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Geoffrey I. Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Departments of Cancer Biology and of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Raphael Ceccaldi
- Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France.,Corresponding authors: Alan D. D’Andrea, M.D., Director, Susan F. Smith Center for Women’s Cancers (SFSCWC), Director, Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, The Fuller-American Cancer Society Professor, Harvard Medical School, Phone: 617-632-2080, , Raphael Ceccaldi, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France, Phone: +33 (0)1 56 24 69 49,
| | - Alan D. D’Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Susan F. Smith Center for Women’s Cancers, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Corresponding authors: Alan D. D’Andrea, M.D., Director, Susan F. Smith Center for Women’s Cancers (SFSCWC), Director, Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, The Fuller-American Cancer Society Professor, Harvard Medical School, Phone: 617-632-2080, , Raphael Ceccaldi, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France, Phone: +33 (0)1 56 24 69 49,
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58
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Masud T, Soong C, Xu H, Biele J, Bjornson S, McKinney S, Aparicio S. Ubiquitin-mediated DNA damage response is synthetic lethal with G-quadruplex stabilizer CX-5461. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9812. [PMID: 33963218 PMCID: PMC8105411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CX-5461 is a G-quadruplex (G4) ligand currently in trials with initial indications of clinical activity in cancers with defects in homologous recombination repair. To identify more genetic defects that could sensitize tumors to CX-5461, we tested synthetic lethality for 480 DNA repair and genome maintenance genes to CX-5461, pyridostatin (PDS), a structurally unrelated G4-specific stabilizer, and BMH-21, which binds GC-rich DNA but not G4 structures. We identified multiple members of HRD, Fanconi Anemia pathways, and POLQ, a polymerase with a helicase domain important for G4 structure resolution. Significant synthetic lethality was observed with UBE2N and RNF168, key members of the DNA damage response associated ubiquitin signaling pathway. Loss-of-function of RNF168 and UBE2N resulted in significantly lower cell survival in the presence of CX-5461 and PDS but not BMH-21. RNF168 recruitment and histone ubiquitination increased with CX-5461 treatment, and nuclear ubiquitination response frequently co-localized with G4 structures. Pharmacological inhibition of UBE2N acted synergistically with CX-5461. In conclusion, we have uncovered novel genetic vulnerabilities to CX-5461 with potential significance for patient selection in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehmina Masud
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Charles Soong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Justina Biele
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Saelin Bjornson
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Steven McKinney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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59
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Replication Stress, Genomic Instability, and Replication Timing: A Complex Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094764. [PMID: 33946274 PMCID: PMC8125245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication-timing program constitutes a key element of the organization and coordination of numerous nuclear processes in eukaryotes. This program is established at a crucial moment in the cell cycle and occurs simultaneously with the organization of the genome, thus indicating the vital significance of this process. With recent technological achievements of high-throughput approaches, a very strong link has been confirmed between replication timing, transcriptional activity, the epigenetic and mutational landscape, and the 3D organization of the genome. There is also a clear relationship between replication stress, replication timing, and genomic instability, but the extent to which they are mutually linked to each other is unclear. Recent evidence has shown that replication timing is affected in cancer cells, although the cause and consequence of this effect remain unknown. However, in-depth studies remain to be performed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of replication-timing regulation and clearly identify different cis- and trans-acting factors. The results of these studies will potentially facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic pathways, particularly for personalized medicine, or new biomarkers. This review focuses on the complex relationship between replication timing, replication stress, and genomic instability.
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60
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Maiorano D, El Etri J, Franchet C, Hoffmann JS. Translesion Synthesis or Repair by Specialized DNA Polymerases Limits Excessive Genomic Instability upon Replication Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3924. [PMID: 33920223 PMCID: PMC8069355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA can experience "replication stress", an important source of genome instability, induced by various external or endogenous impediments that slow down or stall DNA synthesis. While genome instability is largely documented to favor both tumor formation and heterogeneity, as well as drug resistance, conversely, excessive instability appears to suppress tumorigenesis and is associated with improved prognosis. These findings support the view that karyotypic diversity, necessary to adapt to selective pressures, may be limited in tumors so as to reduce the risk of excessive instability. This review aims to highlight the contribution of specialized DNA polymerases in limiting extreme genetic instability by allowing DNA replication to occur even in the presence of DNA damage, to either avoid broken forks or favor their repair after collapse. These mechanisms and their key regulators Rad18 and Polθ not only offer diversity and evolutionary advantage by increasing mutagenic events, but also provide cancer cells with a way to escape anti-cancer therapies that target replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Maiorano
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (D.M.); (J.E.E.)
| | - Jana El Etri
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002, CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier, France; (D.M.); (J.E.E.)
| | - Camille Franchet
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France;
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61
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Carvajal-Garcia J, Crown KN, Ramsden DA, Sekelsky J. DNA polymerase theta suppresses mitotic crossing over. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009267. [PMID: 33750946 PMCID: PMC8016270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) is a chromosome break repair pathway that is able to rescue the lethality associated with the loss of proteins involved in early steps in homologous recombination (e.g., BRCA1/2). This is due to the ability of polymerase theta (Pol θ) to use resected, 3' single stranded DNA tails to repair chromosome breaks. These resected DNA tails are also the starting substrate for homologous recombination. However, it remains unknown if TMEJ can compensate for the loss of proteins involved in more downstream steps during homologous recombination. Here we show that the Holliday junction resolvases SLX4 and GEN1 are required for viability in the absence of Pol θ in Drosophila melanogaster, and lack of all three proteins results in high levels of apoptosis. Flies deficient in Pol θ and SLX4 are extremely sensitive to DNA damaging agents, and mammalian cells require either Pol θ or SLX4 to survive. Our results suggest that TMEJ and Holliday junction formation/resolution share a common DNA substrate, likely a homologous recombination intermediate, that when left unrepaired leads to cell death. One major consequence of Holliday junction resolution by SLX4 and GEN1 is cancer-causing loss of heterozygosity due to mitotic crossing over. We measured mitotic crossovers in flies after a Cas9-induced chromosome break, and observed that this mutagenic form of repair is increased in the absence of Pol θ. This demonstrates that TMEJ can function upstream of the Holiday junction resolvases to protect cells from loss of heterozygosity. Our work argues that Pol θ can thus compensate for the loss of the Holliday junction resolvases by using homologous recombination intermediates, suppressing mitotic crossing over and preserving the genomic stability of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carvajal-Garcia
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - K. Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dale A. Ramsden
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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62
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Schrempf A, Slyskova J, Loizou JI. Targeting the DNA Repair Enzyme Polymerase θ in Cancer Therapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:98-111. [PMID: 33109489 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies represent a milestone towards personalized treatment as they function via inhibition of cancer-specific alterations. Polymerase θ (POLQ), an error-prone translesion polymerase, also involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, is often upregulated in cancer. POLQ is synthetic lethal with various DNA repair genes, including known cancer drivers such as BRCA1/2, making it essential in homologous recombination-deficient cancers. Thus, POLQ represents a promising target in cancer therapy and efforts for the development of POLQ inhibitors are actively underway with first clinical trials due to start in 2021. This review summarizes the journey of POLQ from a backup DNA repair enzyme to a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schrempf
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Slyskova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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63
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Nayak S, Calvo JA, Cantor SB. Targeting translesion synthesis (TLS) to expose replication gaps, a unique cancer vulnerability. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:27-36. [PMID: 33416413 PMCID: PMC7837368 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1864321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance (DDT) mechanism that employs error-prone polymerases to bypass replication blocking DNA lesions, contributing to a gain in mutagenesis and chemo-resistance. However, recent findings illustrate an emerging role for TLS in replication gap suppression (RGS), distinct from its role in post-replication gap filling. Here, TLS protects cells from replication stress (RS)-induced toxic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps that accumulate in the wake of active replication. Intriguingly, TLS-mediated RGS is specifically observed in several cancer cell lines and contributes to their survival. Thus, targeting TLS has the potential to uniquely eradicate tumors without harming non-cancer tissues. Areas Covered: This review provides an innovative perspective on the role of TLS beyond its canonical function of lesion bypass or post-replicative gap filling. We provide a comprehensive analysis that underscores the emerging role of TLS as a cancer adaptation necessary to overcome the replication stress response (RSR), an anti-cancer barrier. Expert Opinion: TLS RGS is critical for tumorigenesis and is a new hallmark of cancer. Although the exact mechanism and extent of TLS dependency in cancer is still emerging, TLS inhibitors have shown promise as an anti-cancer therapy in selectively targeting this unique cancer vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| | - Jennifer A Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
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64
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Prodhomme MK, Pommier RM, Franchet C, Fauvet F, Bergoglio V, Brousset P, Morel AP, Brunac AC, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Petrilli V, Moyret-Lalle C, Hoffmann JS, Puisieux A, Tissier A. EMT Transcription Factor ZEB1 Represses the Mutagenic POLθ-Mediated End-Joining Pathway in Breast Cancers. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1595-1606. [PMID: 33239429 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic of cancer development is the acquisition of genomic instability, which results from the inaccurate repair of DNA damage. Among double-strand break repair mechanisms induced by oncogenic stress, the highly mutagenic theta-mediated end-joining (TMEJ) pathway, which requires DNA polymerase theta (POLθ) encoded by the POLQ gene, has been shown to be overexpressed in several human cancers. However, little is known regarding the regulatory mechanisms of TMEJ and the consequence of its dysregulation. In this study, we combined a bioinformatics approach exploring both Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated depletion of the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in claudin-low tumor cells or forced expression of ZEB1 in basal-like tumor cells, two triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes, to demonstrate that ZEB1 represses POLQ expression. ZEB1, a master epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-inducing transcription factor, interacted directly with the POLQ promoter. Moreover, downregulation of POLQ by ZEB1 fostered micronuclei formation in TNBC tumor cell lines. Consequently, ZEB1 expression prevented TMEJ activity, with a major impact on genome integrity. In conclusion, we showed that ZEB1 directly inhibits the expression of POLQ and, therefore, TMEJ activity, controlling both stability and integrity of breast cancer cell genomes. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings uncover an original mechanism of TMEJ regulation, highlighting ZEB1 as a key player in genome stability during cancer progression via its repression of POLQ.See related commentary by Carvajal-Maldonado and Wood, p. 1441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie K Prodhomme
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roxane M Pommier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Franchet
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Fauvet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Pierre Morel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Brunac
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Mojgan Devouassoux-Shisheboran
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Petrilli
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Moyret-Lalle
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France. .,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Tissier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Équipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Lyon, France. .,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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65
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Patterson-Fortin J, D'Andrea AD. Exploiting the Microhomology-Mediated End-Joining Pathway in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4593-4600. [PMID: 32651257 PMCID: PMC7641946 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) is performed by two major pathways, homology-dependent repair and classical nonhomologous end-joining. Recent studies have identified a third pathway, microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ). MMEJ has similarities to homology-dependent repair, in that repair is initiated with end resection, leading to single-stranded 3' ends, which require microhomology upstream and downstream of the DSB. Importantly, the MMEJ pathway is commonly upregulated in cancers, especially in homologous recombination-deficient cancers, which display a distinctive mutational signature. Here, we review the molecular process of MMEJ as well as new targets and approaches exploiting the MMEJ pathway in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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66
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Polymerase δ promotes chromosomal rearrangements and imprecise double-strand break repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27566-27577. [PMID: 33077594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014176117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated DNA polymerases θ (Pol θ) and β (Pol β) as mediators of alternative nonhomologous end-joining (Alt-NHEJ) events, including chromosomal translocations. Here we identify subunits of the replicative DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) as promoters of Alt-NHEJ that results in more extensive intrachromosomal mutations at a single double-strand break (DSB) and more frequent translocations between two DSBs. Depletion of the Pol δ accessory subunit POLD2 destabilizes the complex, resulting in degradation of both POLD1 and POLD3 in human cells. POLD2 depletion markedly reduces the frequency of translocations with sequence modifications but does not affect the frequency of translocations with exact joins. Using separation-of-function mutants, we show that both the DNA synthesis and exonuclease activities of the POLD1 subunit contribute to translocations. As described in yeast and unlike Pol θ, Pol δ also promotes homology-directed repair. Codepletion of POLD2 with 53BP1 nearly eliminates translocations. POLD1 and POLD2 each colocalize with phosphorylated H2AX at ionizing radiation-induced DSBs but not with 53BP1. Codepletion of POLD2 with either ligase 3 (LIG3) or ligase 4 (LIG4) does not further reduce translocation frequency compared to POLD2 depletion alone. Together, these data support a model in which Pol δ promotes Alt-NHEJ in human cells at DSBs, including translocations.
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67
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Cetin B, Wabl CA, Gumusay O. The DNA damaging revolution. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 156:103117. [PMID: 33059228 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme that plays a critical role in the repair of single-strand DNA damage via the base excision repair pathway. PARP inhibitors have substantial single-agent antitumor activity by inducing synthetic lethality. They have also emerged as promising anticancer targeted therapies, especially in tumors harboring deleterious germline or somatic breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutations. PARP inhibition produces single-strand DNA breaks, which may be repaired by homologous recombination, a process partially dependent on BRCA1 and BRCA2. The PARP inhibitors olaparib, veliparib, talazoparib, niraparib, and rucaparib have predominantly been studied in patients with breast or ovarian cancers associated with deleterious germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the role of PARP inhibitors alone and in combination with other therapies, including selective inhibitors against key targets involved in the DNA damage response. In this review we summarize the use of PARP inhibitors in various tumor types, as well as possible approaches for overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Cetin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Chiara A Wabl
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Ozge Gumusay
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, United States
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68
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Hwang T, Reh S, Dunbayev Y, Zhong Y, Takata Y, Shen J, McBride KM, Murnane JP, Bhak J, Lee S, Wood RD, Takata KI. Defining the mutation signatures of DNA polymerase θ in cancer genomes. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa017. [PMID: 32885167 PMCID: PMC7454005 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (POLQ)-mediated end joining (TMEJ) is a distinct pathway for mediating DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. TMEJ is required for the viability of BRCA-mutated cancer cells. It is crucial to identify tumors that rely on POLQ activity for DSB repair, because such tumors are defective in other DSB repair pathways and have predicted sensitivity to POLQ inhibition and to cancer therapies that produce DSBs. We define here the POLQ-associated mutation signatures in human cancers, characterized by short insertions and deletions in a specific range of microhomologies. By analyzing 82 COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) signatures, we found that BRCA-mutated cancers with a higher level of POLQ expression have a greatly enhanced representation of the small insertion and deletion signature 6, as well as single base substitution signature 3. Using human cancer cells with disruptions of POLQ, we further show that TMEJ dominates end joining of two separated DSBs (distal EJ). Templated insertions with microhomology are enriched in POLQ-dependent distal EJ. The use of this signature analysis will aid in identifying tumors relying on POLQ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejoo Hwang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shelley Reh
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Yerkin Dunbayev
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Yoko Takata
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kevin M McBride
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - John P Murnane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jong Bhak
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kei-Ichi Takata
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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69
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Hanscom T, McVey M. Regulation of Error-Prone DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and Its Impact on Genome Evolution. Cells 2020; 9:E1657. [PMID: 32660124 PMCID: PMC7407515 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks are one of the most deleterious DNA lesions. Their repair via error-prone mechanisms can promote mutagenesis, loss of genetic information, and deregulation of the genome. These detrimental outcomes are significant drivers of human diseases, including many cancers. Mutagenic double-strand break repair also facilitates heritable genetic changes that drive organismal adaptation and evolution. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of various error-prone DNA double-strand break repair processes and the cellular conditions that regulate them, with a focus on alternative end joining. We provide examples that illustrate how mutagenic double-strand break repair drives genome diversity and evolution. Finally, we discuss how error-prone break repair can be crucial to the induction and progression of diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department. of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
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70
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Baptista LC, Costa ML, Surita FG, Rocha CDS, Lopes-Cendes I, Souza BBD, Costa FF, Melo MBD. Placental transcriptome profile of women with sickle cell disease reveals differentially expressed genes involved in migration, trophoblast differentiation and inflammation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 84:102458. [PMID: 32562953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of disorders whose common characteristic is the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) S in erythrocytes. The main consequence of this abnormality is vaso-occlusion, which can affect almost all organs including the placenta. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression profile in placentas of women with SCD by means of total RNA sequencing. For this, we proposed a case-control study, with three groups of pregnant women: HbSS (n = 10), HbSC (n = 14) and HbAA (n = 21). The results showed differences in expression in a number of genes such as NOS2 (fold change, FC = 4.52), HLAG (FC = 5.56), ASCL2 (FC = 3.61), CXCL10 (FC = -3.66) and IL1R2 (FC = 3.92) for the HbSC group and S100A8 (FC = -3.82), CPXM2 (FC = 4.57), CXCL10 (FC = -4.59), CXCL11 (FC = -3.72) and CAMP (FC = -4.55) for the HbSS group. Differentially expressed genes are mainly associated with migration, trophoblast differentiation and inflammation. The causes leading to altered gene expression in placentas of sickle cell patients are not fully understood, but the presence of intravascular hemolysis and vaso-occlusion, with cycles of ischemia and reperfusion, may contribute to the emergence of an environment which can be very harmful for placental physiology, altering the nutrient supply and metabolic exchange for fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Carvalho Baptista
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil.
| | - Maria Laura Costa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-880, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Garanhani Surita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-880, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane de Souza Rocha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Batista de Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Ferreira Costa
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-878, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Barbosa de Melo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil.
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71
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Wu F, Chai RC, Wang Z, Liu YQ, Zhao Z, Li GZ, Jiang HY. Molecular classification of IDH-mutant glioblastomas based on gene expression profiles. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:853-860. [PMID: 30877769 PMCID: PMC6642368 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant glioblastoma (GBM), accounts for ~10% GBMs, arises from lower grade diffuse glioma and preferentially appears in younger patients. Here, we aim to establish a robust gene expression-based molecular classification of IDH-mutant GBM. A total of 33 samples from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas RNA-sequencing data were selected as training set, and 21 cases from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas microarray data were used as validation set. Consensus clustering identified three groups with distinguished prognostic and molecular features. G1 group, with a poorer clinical outcome, mainly contained TERT promoter wild-type and male cases. G2 and G3 groups had better prognosis differed in gender. Gene ontology analysis showed that genes enriched in G1 group were involved in DNA replication, cell division and cycle. On the basis of the differential genes between G1 and G2/G3 groups, a six-gene signature was developed with a Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier analysis found that the acquired signature could differentiate the outcome of low- and high-risk cases. Moreover, the signature could also serve as an independent prognostic factor for IDH-mutant GBM in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that gene sets correlated with high-risk group were involved in cell cycle, cell proliferation, DNA replication and repair. These finding highlights heterogeneity within IDH-mutant GBMs and will advance our molecular understanding of this lethal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Chao Chai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Zhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Yu Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
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72
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Liptay M, Barbosa JS, Rottenberg S. Replication Fork Remodeling and Therapy Escape in DNA Damage Response-Deficient Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:670. [PMID: 32432041 PMCID: PMC7214843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancers have lost a critical DNA damage response (DDR) pathway during tumor evolution. These alterations provide a useful explanation for the initial sensitivity of tumors to DNA-targeting chemotherapy. A striking example is dysfunctional homology-directed repair (HDR), e.g., due to inactivating mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Extensive efforts are being made to develop novel targeted therapies exploiting such an HDR defect. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are an instructive example of this approach. Despite the success of PARP inhibitors, the presence of primary or acquired therapy resistance remains a major challenge in clinical oncology. To move the field of precision medicine forward, we need to understand the precise mechanisms causing therapy resistance. Using preclinical models, various mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance have been identified. Restoration of HDR seems to be a prevalent mechanism but this does not explain resistance in all cases. Interestingly, some factors involved in DNA damage response (DDR) have independent functions in replication fork (RF) biology and their loss causes RF instability and therapy sensitivity. However, in BRCA-deficient tumors, loss of these factors leads to restored stability of RFs and acquired drug resistance. In this review we discuss the recent advances in the field of RF biology and its potential implications for chemotherapy response in DDR-defective cancers. Additionally, we review the role of DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways in maintenance of genome integrity and their alterations in cancer. Furthermore, we refer to novel tools that, combined with a better understanding of drug resistance mechanisms, may constitute a great advance in personalized diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with HDR-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liptay
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joana S. Barbosa
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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73
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Carvajal-Garcia J, Cho JE, Carvajal-Garcia P, Feng W, Wood RD, Sekelsky J, Gupta GP, Roberts SA, Ramsden DA. Mechanistic basis for microhomology identification and genome scarring by polymerase theta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8476-8485. [PMID: 32234782 PMCID: PMC7165422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921791117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta mediates an end joining pathway (TMEJ) that repairs chromosome breaks. It requires resection of broken ends to generate long, 3' single-stranded DNA tails, annealing of complementary sequence segments (microhomologies) in these tails, followed by microhomology-primed synthesis sufficient to resolve broken ends. The means by which microhomologies are identified is thus a critical step in this pathway, but is not understood. Here we show microhomologies are identified by a scanning mechanism initiated from the 3' terminus and favoring bidirectional progression into flanking DNA, typically to a maximum of 15 nucleotides into each flank. Polymerase theta is frequently insufficiently processive to complete repair of breaks in microhomology-poor, AT-rich regions. Aborted synthesis leads to one or more additional rounds of microhomology search, annealing, and synthesis; this promotes complete repair in part because earlier rounds of synthesis generate microhomologies de novo that are sufficiently long that synthesis is more processive. Aborted rounds of synthesis are evident in characteristic genomic scars as insertions of 3 to 30 bp of sequence that is identical to flanking DNA ("templated" insertions). Templated insertions are present at higher levels in breast cancer genomes from patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations, consistent with an addiction to TMEJ in these cancers. Our work thus describes the mechanism for microhomology identification and shows how it both mitigates limitations implicit in the microhomology requirement and generates distinctive genomic scars associated with pathogenic genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carvajal-Garcia
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jang-Eun Cho
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Pablo Carvajal-Garcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica y Minera, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wanjuan Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Steven A Roberts
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Dale A Ramsden
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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74
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Andreis TF, Correa BS, Vianna FS, De-Paris F, Siebert M, Leistner-Segal S, Hahn EC, Ulbrich JM, Rivero LFR, De Oliveira FH, Lorandi V, Ashton-Prolla P, Macedo GS. Analysis of Predictive Biomarkers in Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma From Southern Brazil Reveals a Distinct Profile From Other Regions of the Country. J Glob Oncol 2020; 5:1-9. [PMID: 31532708 PMCID: PMC6872182 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic subtype of non–small-cell lung cancer, representing 40% of all diagnoses. Several biomarkers are currently used to determine patient eligibility for targeted treatments, including analysis of molecular alterations in EGFR and ALK, as well as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression. Epidemiologic data reporting the frequency of these biomarkers in Brazilian patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are limited, and existing studies predominantly included patients from the southeast region of the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS The goal of this study was to investigate the frequency of somatic mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes, ALK, and PD-L1 expression in a series of Brazilian patients diagnosed with LUAD predominantly recruited from centers in southern Brazil. Molecular analysis of the EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes was performed by next-generation sequencing using DNA extracted from tumor tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect ALK and PD-L1 expression. RESULTS Analysis of 619 tumors identified KRAS mutations in 189 (30.2%), EGFR mutations in 120 (19.16%), and BRAF mutations in 19 (3%). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated ALK and PD-L1 expression in 4% and 35.1% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the molecular epidemiology of patients with LUAD from southern Brazil and the largest assessing the frequency of multiple predictive biomarkers for this tumor in the country. The study also reveals a distinct mutation profile compared with data originating from other regions of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Andreis
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Correa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Vianna
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Siebert
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Eriza C Hahn
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jane M Ulbrich
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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75
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Laporte GA, Leguisamo NM, Gloria HDCE, Azambuja DB, Kalil AN, Saffi J. The role of double-strand break repair, translesion synthesis, and interstrand crosslinks in colorectal cancer progression-clinicopathological data and survival. J Surg Oncol 2020; 121:906-916. [PMID: 31650563 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES DNA repair is a new and important pathway that explains colorectal carcinogenesis. This study will evaluate the prognostic value of molecular modulation of double-strand break repair (XRCC2 and XRCC5); DNA damage tolerance/translesion synthesis (POLH, POLK, and POLQ), and interstrand crosslink repair (DCLRE1A) in sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Tumor specimens and matched healthy mucosal tissues from 47 patients with CRC who underwent surgery were assessed for gene expression of XRCC2, XRCC5, POLH, POLK, POLQ, and DCLRE1A; protein expression of Polk, Ku80, p53, Ki67, and mismatch repair MLH1 and MSH2 components; CpG island promoter methylation of XRCC5, POLH, POLK, POLQ, and DCLRE1A was performed. RESULTS Neoplastic tissues exhibited induction of POLK (P < .001) and DCLRE1A (P < .001) expression and low expression of POLH (P < .001) and POLQ (P < .001) in comparison to healthy paired mucosa. Low expression of POLH was associated with mucinous histology and T1-T2 tumors (P = .038); low tumor expression of POLK was associated with distant metastases (P = .042). CRC harboring POLK promoter methylation exhibited better disease-free survival (DFS) (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that low expression or unmethylated POLH and POLK were related to worse biological behavior tumors. However, POLK methylation was associated with better DFS. POLK and POLH are potential prognostic biomarkers in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Laporte
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Santa Rita Hospital/ISCMPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natália M Leguisamo
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, University Foundation of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helena de Castro E Gloria
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio N Kalil
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Santa Rita Hospital/ISCMPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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76
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Brambati A, Barry RM, Sfeir A. DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) - an error-prone polymerase necessary for genome stability. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 60:119-126. [PMID: 32302896 PMCID: PMC7230004 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved multiple pathways to repair DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and ensure genome stability. In addition to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), cells evolved an error-prone repair pathway termed microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). The mutagenic outcome of MMEJ derives from the activity of DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) - a multidomain enzyme that is minimally expressed in normal tissue but overexpressed in tumors. Polθ expression is particularly crucial for the proliferation of HR deficient cancer cells. As a result, this mutagenic repair emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy, and inhibitors are currently in pre-clinical development. Here, we review the multifunctionality of this enigmatic polymerase, focusing on its role during DSB repair in mammalian cells and its impact on cancer genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Brambati
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Raymond Mario Barry
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Agnel Sfeir
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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77
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When RAD52 Allows Mitosis to Accept Unscheduled DNA Synthesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010026. [PMID: 31861741 PMCID: PMC7017103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful duplication of the human genome during the S phase of cell cycle and accurate segregation of sister chromatids in mitosis are essential for the maintenance of chromosome stability from one generation of cells to the next. Cells that are copying their DNA in preparation for division can suffer from ‘replication stress’ (RS) due to various external or endogenous impediments that slow or stall replication forks. RS is a major cause of pathologies including cancer, premature ageing and other disorders associated with genomic instability. It particularly affects genomic loci where progression of replication forks is intrinsically slow or problematic, such as common fragile site (CFS), telomeres, and repetitive sequences. Although the eukaryotic cell cycle is conventionally thought of as several separate steps, each of which must be completed before the next one is initiated, it is now accepted that incompletely replicated chromosomal domains generated in S phase upon RS at these genomic loci can result in late DNA synthesis in G2/M. In 2013, during investigations into the mechanism by which the specialized DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) contributes to the replication and stability of CFS, we unveiled that indeed some DNA synthesis was still occurring in early mitosis at these loci. This surprising observation of mitotic DNA synthesis that differs fundamentally from canonical semi-conservative DNA replication in S-phase has been then confirmed, called “MiDAS”and believed to counteract potentially lethal chromosome mis-segregation and non-disjunction. While other contributions in this Special Issue of Cancers focus on the role of RAS52RAD52 during MiDAS, this review emphases on the discovery of MiDAS and its molecular effectors.
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78
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Trenner A, Sartori AA. Harnessing DNA Double-Strand Break Repair for Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1388. [PMID: 31921645 PMCID: PMC6921965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious, with a single unrepaired DSB being sufficient to trigger cell death. Compared to healthy cells, cancer cells have a higher DSB burden due to oncogene-induced replication stress and acquired defects in DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms. Consequently, hyperproliferating cancer cells rely on efficient DSB repair for their survival. Moreover, augmented DSB repair capacity is a major cause of radio- and chemoresistance and, ultimately, cancer recurrence. Although inherited DDR defects can predispose individuals to develop certain cancers, the very same vulnerability may be therapeutically exploited to preferentially kill tumor cells. A paradigm for DNA repair targeted therapy has emerged in cancers that exhibit mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes, conferring a strong defect in homologous recombination, a major and error-free DSB repair pathway. Clinical validation of such approaches, commonly described as synthetic lethality (SL), has been provided by the regulatory approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors (PARPi) as monotherapy for BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian tumors. In this review, we will describe the different DSB repair mechanisms and discuss how their specific features could be exploited for cancer therapy. A major emphasis is put on advances in combinatorial treatment modalities and SL approaches arising from DSB repair pathway interdependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Trenner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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79
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Terradas M, Munoz-Torres PM, Belhadj S, Aiza G, Navarro M, Brunet J, Capellá G, Valle L. Contribution to colonic polyposis of recently proposed predisposing genes and assessment of the prevalence of NTHL1- and MSH3-associated polyposes. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1910-1923. [PMID: 31243857 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances have allowed the identification of new adenomatous and serrated polyposis genes, and of several candidate genes that require additional supporting evidence of causality. Through an exhaustive literature review and mutational screening of 177 unrelated polyposis patients, we assessed the involvement of MCM9, FOCAD, POLQ, and RNF43 in the predisposition to (nonserrated) colonic polyposis, as well as the prevalence of NTHL1 and MSH3 mutations among genetically unexplained polyposis patients. Our results, together with previously reported data and mutation frequency in controls, indicate that: MCM9 and POLQ mutations are not associated with polyposis; germline RNF43 mutations, with a prevalence of 1.5-2.5% among serrated polyposis patients, do not cause nonserrated polyposis; MSH3 biallelic mutations are highly infrequent among European polyposis patients, and the prevalence of NTHL1 biallelic mutations among unexplained polyposes is ~2%. Although nonsignificant, FOCAD predicted deleterious variants are overrepresented in polyposis patients compared to controls, warranting larger studies to provide definite evidence in favor or against their causal association with polyposis predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Terradas
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau M Munoz-Torres
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sami Belhadj
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aiza
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Navarro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Brunet
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBGi, Girona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellá
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Valle
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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80
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Schimmel J, van Schendel R, den Dunnen JT, Tijsterman M. Templated Insertions: A Smoking Gun for Polymerase Theta-Mediated End Joining. Trends Genet 2019; 35:632-644. [PMID: 31296341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A recognized source of disease-causing genome alterations is erroneous repair of broken chromosomes, which can be executed by two distinct mechanisms: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and the recently discovered polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) pathway. While TMEJ has previously been considered to act as an alternative mechanism backing up NHEJ, recent work points to a role for TMEJ in the repair of replication-associated DNA breaks that are excluded from repair through homologous recombination. Because of its mode of action, TMEJ is intrinsically mutagenic and sometimes leaves behind a recognizable genomic scar when joining chromosome break ends (i.e., 'templated insertions'). This review article focuses on the intriguing observation that this polymerase theta signature is frequently observed in disease alleles, arguing for a prominent role of this double-strand break repair pathway in genome diversification and disease-causing spontaneous mutagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Schimmel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan T den Dunnen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Tijsterman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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81
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Liu Q, Lopez K, Murnane J, Humphrey T, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Misrepair in Context: TGFβ Regulation of DNA Repair. Front Oncol 2019; 9:799. [PMID: 31552165 PMCID: PMC6736563 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA damage protects genomic integrity, which is key to tissue functional integrity. In cancer, the type and fidelity of DNA damage response is the fundamental basis for clinical response to cytotoxic therapy. Here we consider the contribution of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), a ubiquitous, pleotropic cytokine that is abundant in the tumor microenvironment, to therapeutic response. The action of TGFβ is best illustrated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Survival of HNSCC patients with human papilloma virus (HPV) positive cancer is more than double compared to those with HPV-negative HNSCC. Notably, HPV infection profoundly impairs TGFβ signaling. HPV blockade of TGFβ signaling, or pharmaceutical TGFβ inhibition that phenocopies HPV infection, shifts cancer cells from error-free homologous-recombination DNA double-strand-break (DSB) repair to error-prone alternative end-joining (altEJ). Cells using altEJ are more sensitive to standard of care radiotherapy and cisplatin, and are sensitized to PARP inhibitors. Hence, HPV-positive HNSCC is an experiment of nature that provides a strong rationale for the use of TGFβ inhibitors for optimal therapeutic combinations that improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory (SZBL), Shenzhen, China
| | - Kirsten Lopez
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Murnane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Humphrey
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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82
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Alshabi AM, Shaikh IA, Vastrad C. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of the Drug-Treated Breast Cancer Based on Gene Expression Microarray. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070282. [PMID: 31311202 PMCID: PMC6681318 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Breast cancer (BRCA) remains the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the present study, we identified novel biomarkers expressed during estradiol and tamoxifen treatment of BRCA. The microarray dataset of E-MTAB-4975 from Array Express database was downloaded, and the differential expressed genes (DEGs) between estradiol-treated BRCA sample and tamoxifen-treated BRCA sample were identified by limma package. The pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, construction of target genes-miRNA interaction network and target genes-transcription factor (TF) interaction network were performed using bioinformatics tools. The expression, prognostic values, and mutation of hub genes were validated by SurvExpress database, cBioPortal, and human protein atlas (HPA) database. A total of 856 genes (421 up-regulated genes and 435 down-regulated genes) were identified in T47D (overexpressing Split Ends (SPEN) + estradiol) samples compared to T47D (overexpressing Split Ends (SPEN) + tamoxifen) samples. Pathway and GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in response to lysine degradation II (pipecolate pathway), cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, cell cycle pathway, and response to cytokine pathway. DEGs (MCM2, TCF4, OLR1, HSPA5, MAP1LC3B, SQSTM1, NEU1, HIST1H1B, RAD51, RFC3, MCM10, ISG15, TNFRSF10B, GBP2, IGFBP5, SOD2, DHF and MT1H) , which were significantly up- and down-regulated in estradiol and tamoxifen-treated BRCA samples, were selected as hub genes according to the results of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, target genes-miRNA interaction network and target genes-TF interaction network analysis. The SurvExpress database, cBioPortal, and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database further confirmed that patients with higher expression levels of these hub genes experienced a shorter overall survival. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed, and potential therapeutic applications of estradiol and tamoxifen were predicted in BRCA samples. The data may unravel the future molecular mechanisms of BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Alshabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 66237, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 66237, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, ChanabasavaNilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India.
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83
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POLQ Overexpression Is Associated with an Increased Somatic Mutation Load and PLK4 Overexpression in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050722. [PMID: 31137743 PMCID: PMC6562496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA Polymerase Theta (POLQ) is a DNA polymerase involved in error-prone translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and error-prone repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In the present study, we examined whether abnormal POLQ expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). First, we found overexpression of POLQ at both the mRNA and protein levels in LAC, using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and by immunohistochemical analysis of our LAC series. POLQ overexpression was associated with an advanced pathologic stage and an increased total number of somatic mutations in LAC. When H1299 human lung cancer cell clones overexpressing POLQ were established and examined, the clones showed resistance to a DSB-inducing chemical in the clonogenic assay and an increased frequency of mutations in the supF forward mutation assay. Further analysis revealed that POLQ overexpression was also positively correlated with Polo Like Kinase 4 (PLK4) overexpression in LAC, and that PLK4 overexpression in the POLQ-overexpressing H1299 cells induced centrosome amplification. Finally, analysis of the TCGA data revealed that POLQ overexpression was associated with an increased somatic mutation load and PLK4 overexpression in diverse human cancers; on the other hand, overexpressions of nine TLS polymerases other than POLQ were associated with an increased somatic mutation load at a much lower frequency. Thus, POLQ overexpression is associated with advanced pathologic stage, increased somatic mutation load, and PLK4 overexpression, the last inducing centrosome amplification, in LAC, suggesting that POLQ overexpression is involved in the pathogenesis of LAC.
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84
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Wang Z, Song Y, Li S, Kurian S, Xiang R, Chiba T, Wu X. DNA polymerase θ (POLQ) is important for repair of DNA double-strand breaks caused by fork collapse. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3909-3919. [PMID: 30655289 PMCID: PMC6422074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase θ (POLQ) plays an important role in alternative nonhomologous end joining or microhomology-mediated end joining (alt-NHEJ/MMEJ). Here, we show that POLQ is not only required for MMEJ to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by endonucleases such as I-SceI or Cas9, but is also needed for repair of DSBs derived from DNA nicks generated by Cas9 nickase. Consistently, we found that POLQ deficiency leads to sensitivity to topoisomerase inhibitors that cause DNA single-strand break (SSB) accumulation at replication forks and to ATR inhibitors that induce replication fork collapse. These studies support the function of POLQ in coping with replication stress and repairing DSBs upon fork collapse. POLQ overexpression is present in many cancer types and is associated with poor prognosis, including breast cancer regardless of BRCA1 status. We provide proof-of-concept evidence to support a novel cancer treatment strategy that combines POLQ inhibition with administration of topoisomerase or ATR inhibitors, which induces replication stress and fork collapse. Given the prevalence of POLQ overexpression in tumors, such strategy may have a significant impact on developing targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
- the Biomedical Gerontology Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yadong Song
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
- the School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China, and
| | - Shibo Li
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Sunil Kurian
- the Division of Organ Transplant, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Rong Xiang
- the School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China, and
| | - Takuya Chiba
- the Biomedical Gerontology Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037,
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85
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Bianco JN, Bergoglio V, Lin YL, Pillaire MJ, Schmitz AL, Gilhodes J, Lusque A, Mazières J, Lacroix-Triki M, Roumeliotis TI, Choudhary J, Moreaux J, Hoffmann JS, Tourrière H, Pasero P. Overexpression of Claspin and Timeless protects cancer cells from replication stress in a checkpoint-independent manner. Nat Commun 2019; 10:910. [PMID: 30796221 PMCID: PMC6385232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced replication stress (RS) promotes cancer development but also impedes tumor growth by activating anti-cancer barriers. To determine how cancer cells adapt to RS, we have monitored the expression of different components of the ATR-CHK1 pathway in primary tumor samples. We show that unlike upstream components of the pathway, the checkpoint mediators Claspin and Timeless are overexpressed in a coordinated manner. Remarkably, reducing the levels of Claspin and Timeless in HCT116 cells to pretumoral levels impeded fork progression without affecting checkpoint signaling. These data indicate that high level of Claspin and Timeless increase RS tolerance by protecting replication forks in cancer cells. Moreover, we report that primary fibroblasts adapt to oncogene-induced RS by spontaneously overexpressing Claspin and Timeless, independently of ATR signaling. Altogether, these data indicate that enhanced levels of Claspin and Timeless represent a gain of function that protects cancer cells from of oncogene-induced RS in a checkpoint-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien N Bianco
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France.,Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse 3, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Pillaire
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse 3, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Lyne Schmitz
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Gilhodes
- Clinical trials Office - Biostatistics Unit, Institute Claudius Regaud, Institute Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Amelie Lusque
- Clinical trials Office - Biostatistics Unit, Institute Claudius Regaud, Institute Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse-Oncopole (IUCT-O), 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazières
- Thoracic Oncology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, University Paul Sabatier, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse 3, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Tourrière
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 34396, Montpellier, France.
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86
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Jiraskova K, Hughes DJ, Brezina S, Gumpenberger T, Veskrnova V, Buchler T, Schneiderova M, Levy M, Liska V, Vodenkova S, Di Gaetano C, Naccarati A, Pardini B, Vymetalkova V, Gsur A, Vodicka P. Functional Polymorphisms in DNA Repair Genes Are Associated with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility and Clinical Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E97. [PMID: 30591675 PMCID: PMC6337670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair processes are involved in both the onset and treatment efficacy of colorectal cancer (CRC). A change of a single nucleotide causing an amino acid substitution in the corresponding protein may alter the efficiency of DNA repair, thus modifying the CRC susceptibility and clinical outcome. We performed a candidate gene approach in order to analyze the association of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the genes covering the main DNA repair pathways with CRC risk and clinical outcome modifications. Our candidate polymorphisms were selected according to the foremost genomic and functional prediction databases. Sixteen nsSNPs in 12 DNA repair genes were evaluated in cohorts from the Czech Republic and Austria. Apart from the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, which occurred as the main prognostic factor in all of the performed analyses, we observed several significant associations of different nsSNPs with survival and clinical outcomes in both cohorts. However, only some of the genes (REV3L, POLQ, and NEIL3) were prominently defined as prediction factors in the classification and regression tree analysis; therefore, the study suggests their association for patient survival. In summary, we provide observational and bioinformatics evidence that even subtle alterations in specific proteins of the DNA repair pathways may contribute to CRC susceptibility and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jiraskova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - David J Hughes
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Group, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tanja Gumpenberger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronika Veskrnova
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Videnska 800, 140 59 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Videnska 800, 140 59 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Schneiderova
- Department of Surgery, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 499/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Levy
- Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Thomayerova 815/5, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
- Department of Surgery, Medical School in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej svobody 80, 304 600 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Cornelia Di Gaetano
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology; Genomic Variation in Human Populations and Complex Diseases, IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology; Genomic Variation in Human Populations and Complex Diseases, IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology; Genomic Variation in Human Populations and Complex Diseases, IIGM Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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87
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Hong KH, Song S, Shin W, Kang K, Cho CS, Hong YT, Han K, Moon JH. A case of interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma studied by whole-exome sequencing. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:1279-1285. [PMID: 30099721 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) is an aggressive neoplasm and is an extremely rare disease, with a challenging diagnosis. Etiology of IDCS is also unknown and most studies with only case reports. In our case, immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for S100, CD45, and CD68, but negative for CD1a and CD21. This study aimed to investigate the causative factors of IDCS by sequencing the protein-coding regions of IDCS. We performed whole-exome sequencing with genomic DNA from blood and sarcoma tissue of the IDCS patient using the Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. After that, we conducted Sanger sequencing for validation of sarcoma-specific variants and gene ontology analysis using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Through comparing sequencing data of sarcoma with normal blood, we obtained 15 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as sarcoma-specific variants. Although the 15 SNPs were not validated by Sanger sequencing due to tumor heterogeneity and low sensitivity of Sanger sequencing, we examined the function of the genes in which each SNP is located. Based on previous studies and gene ontology database, we found that POLQ encoding DNA polymerase theta enzyme and FNIP1 encoding tumor suppressor folliculin-interacting protein might have contributed to the IDCS. Our study provides potential causative genetic factors of IDCS and plays a role in advancing the understanding of IDCS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Song
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Shin
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Sung Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hwan Moon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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88
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Lee WH, Chen LC, Lee CJ, Huang CC, Ho YS, Yang PS, Ho CT, Chang HL, Lin IH, Chang HW, Liu YR, Wu CH, Tu SH. DNA primase polypeptide 1 (PRIM1) involves in estrogen-induced breast cancer formation through activation of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:615-630. [PMID: 30097999 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA primase polypeptide 1 (PRIM1) is responsible for synthesizing small RNA primers for Okazaki fragments generated during discontinuous DNA replication. PRIM1 mRNA expression levels in breast tumor samples were detected by real-time PCR analysis. Xenografted tumor model was established to study the carcinogenic role of PRIM1 and its potential therapeutic applications. The average PRIM1 mRNA (copy number × 103 /μg) expression was 4.7-fold higher in tumors than in normal tissue (*p = 0.005, n = 254). PRIM1 was detected preferentially at a higher level (>40-fold) in poorly differentiated tumor tissues (n = 46) compared with more highly differentiated tumors tissues (n = 10) (*p = 0.005). Poor overall survival rate was correlated to the estrogen receptor positive (ER+, n = 20) patients with higher PRIM1 expression when compare to the ER- (n = 10) patients (Chi Square test, p = 0.03). Stable expression of PRIM1-siRNA in the ER+ BT-474 cells-xenograft tumors significantly reduced tumor volume in SCID mice (*p = 0.005). The anti-tumoral effects of inotilone isolated from Phellinus linteus was tested and had significant effects on the inhibition of PRIM1 protein expression in ER+ breast cancer cells. In vivo study was performed by administering inotilone (10 mg/kg, twice a week for 6 weeks), which resulted in significantly reduced BT-474-xenografted tumor growth volume compared with control (n =5 per group, *p < 0.05). This study provides evidences for the prognostic effects of PRIM1 with poor overall survival rate in the ER+ patients and will be valuable to test for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chen
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Soon Ho
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hang-Lung Chang
- Department of General Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Lin
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of General Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Tu
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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89
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Zhang L, Kim I. Semiparametric Bayesian kernel survival model for evaluating pathway effects. Stat Methods Med Res 2018; 28:3301-3317. [PMID: 30289021 DOI: 10.1177/0962280218797360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Massive amounts of high-dimensional data have been accumulated over the past two decades, which has cultured increasing interests in identifying gene pathways related to certain biological processes. In particular, since pathway-based analysis has the ability to detect subtle changes of differentially expressed genes that could be missed when using gene-based analysis, detecting the gene pathways that regulate certain diseases can provide new strategies for medical procedures and new targets for drug discovery. Limited work has been carried out, primarily in regression settings, to study the effects of pathways on survival outcomes. Motivated by a breast cancer gene-pathway data set, which exhibits the "small n, large p" characteristics, we propose a semiparametric Bayesian kernel survival model (s-BKSurv) to study the effects of both clinical covariates and gene expression levels within a pathway on survival time. We model the unknown high-dimensional functions of pathways via Gaussian kernel machine to consider the possibility that genes within the same pathway interact with each other. To address the multiple comparisons problem under a full Bayesian setting, we propose a similarity-dependent procedure based on Bayes factor to control the family-wise error rate. We demonstrate the outperformance of our approach under various simulation settings and pathways data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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90
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Zafar MK, Maddukuri L, Ketkar A, Penthala NR, Reed MR, Eddy S, Crooks PA, Eoff RL. A Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Human DNA Polymerase η Potentiates the Effects of Cisplatin in Tumor Cells. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1262-1273. [PMID: 29345908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) performed by human DNA polymerase eta (hpol η) allows tolerance of damage from cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP or cisplatin). We have developed hpol η inhibitors derived from N-aryl-substituted indole barbituric acid (IBA), indole thiobarbituric acid (ITBA), and indole quinuclidine scaffolds and identified 5-((5-chloro-1-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione (PNR-7-02), an ITBA derivative that inhibited hpol η activity with an IC50 value of 8 μM and exhibited 5-10-fold specificity for hpol η over replicative pols. We conclude from kinetic analyses, chemical footprinting assays, and molecular docking that PNR-7-02 binds to a site on the little finger domain and interferes with the proper orientation of template DNA to inhibit hpol η. A synergistic increase in CDDP toxicity was observed in hpol η-proficient cells co-treated with PNR-7-02 (combination index values = 0.4-0.6). Increased γH2AX formation accompanied treatment of hpol η-proficient cells with CDDP and PNR-7-02. Importantly, PNR-7-02 did not impact the effect of CDDP on cell viability or γH2AX in hpol η-deficient cells. In summary, we observed hpol η-dependent effects on DNA damage/replication stress and sensitivity to CDDP in cells treated with PNR-7-02. The ability to employ a small-molecule inhibitor of hpol η to improve the cytotoxic effect of CDDP may aid in the development of more effective chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof K Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Leena Maddukuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Amit Ketkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Narsimha R Penthala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Megan R Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Sarah Eddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Robert L Eoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
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91
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Family A and B DNA Polymerases in Cancer: Opportunities for Therapeutic Interventions. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7010005. [PMID: 29301327 PMCID: PMC5872031 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases are essential for genome replication, DNA repair and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Broadly, these enzymes belong to two groups: replicative and non-replicative DNA polymerases. A considerable body of data suggests that both groups of DNA polymerases are associated with cancer. Many mutations in cancer cells are either the result of error-prone DNA synthesis by non-replicative polymerases, or the inability of replicative DNA polymerases to proofread mismatched nucleotides due to mutations in 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Moreover, non-replicative, TLS-capable DNA polymerases can negatively impact cancer treatment by synthesizing DNA past lesions generated from treatments such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, etoposide, bleomycin, and radiotherapy. Hence, the inhibition of DNA polymerases in tumor cells has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes. Here, we review the association of DNA polymerases in cancer from the A and B families, which participate in lesion bypass, and conduct gene replication. We also discuss possible therapeutic interventions that could be used to maneuver the role of these enzymes in tumorigenesis.
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92
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Laverty DJ, Greenberg MM. In Vitro Bypass of Thymidine Glycol by DNA Polymerase θ Forms Sequence-Dependent Frameshift Mutations. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6726-6733. [PMID: 29243925 PMCID: PMC5743609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Unrepaired DNA lesions block replication and threaten genomic stability. Several specialized translesion polymerases, including polymerase θ (Pol θ), contribute to replicative bypass of these lesions. The role of Pol θ in double-strand break repair is well-understood, but its contribution to translesion synthesis is much less so. We describe the action of Pol θ on templates containing thymidine glycol (Tg), a major cytotoxic, oxidative DNA lesion that blocks DNA replication. Unrepaired Tg lesions are bypassed in human cells by specialized translesion polymerases by one of two distinct pathways: high-fidelity bypass by the combined action of Pol κ and Pol ζ or weakly mutagenic bypass by Pol θ. Here we report that in vitro bypass of Tg by Pol θ results in frameshift mutations (deletions) in a sequence-dependent fashion. Steady-state kinetic analysis indicated that one- and two-nucleotide deletions are formed 9- and 6-fold more efficiently, respectively, than correct, full-length bypass products. Sequencing of in vitro bypass products revealed that bypass preference decreased in the following order on a template where all three outcomes were possible: two-nucleotide deletion > correct bypass > one-nucleotide deletion. These results suggest that bypass of Tg by Pol θ results in mutations opposite the lesion, as well as frameshift mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Laverty
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Marc M. Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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93
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Reczek CR, Shakya R, Miteva Y, Szabolcs M, Ludwig T, Baer R. The DNA resection protein CtIP promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32172-83. [PMID: 27058754 PMCID: PMC5078005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many DNA repair factors act to suppress tumor formation by preserving genomic stability. Similarly, the CtIP protein, which interacts with the BRCA1 tumor suppressor, is also thought to have tumor suppression activity. Through its role in DNA end resection, CtIP facilitates DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (DSBR-HR) and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). In addition, however, CtIP has also been implicated in the formation of aberrant chromosomal rearrangements in an MMEJ-dependent manner, an activity that could potentially promote tumor development by increasing genome instability. To clarify whether CtIP acts in vivo to suppress or promote tumorigenesis, we have examined its oncogenic potential in mouse models of human breast cancer. Surprisingly, mice heterozygous for a null Ctip allele did not display an increased susceptibility to tumor formation. Moreover, mammary-specific biallelic CtIP ablation did not elicit breast tumors in a manner reminiscent of BRCA1 loss. Instead, CtIP inactivation dramatically reduced the kinetics of mammary tumorigenesis in mice bearing mammary-specific lesions of the p53 gene. Thus, unlike other repair factors, CtIP is not a tumor suppressor, but has oncogenic properties that can promote tumorigenesis, consistent with its ability to facilitate MMEJ-dependent chromosomal instability. Consequently, inhibition of CtIP-mediated MMEJ may prove effective against tumor types, such as human breast cancer, that display MMEJ-dependent chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Reczek
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reena Shakya
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Current address: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yana Miteva
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Current address: Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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94
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Arivazhagan R, Lee J, Bayarsaikhan D, Kwak P, Son M, Byun K, Salekdeh GH, Lee B. MicroRNA-340 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of colon cancer cells by modulating REV3L. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5155-5168. [PMID: 29435169 PMCID: PMC5797040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Directed Polymerase Zeta Catalytic Subunit (REV3L) has recently emerged as an important oncogene. Although the expressions of REV3L are similar in normal and cancer cells, several mutations in REV3L have been shown to play important roles in cancer. These mutations cause proteins misfolding and mislocalization, which in turn alters their interactions and biological functions. miRNAs play important regulatory roles during the progression and metastasis of several human cancers. This study was undertaken to determine how changes in the location and interactions of REV3L regulate colon cancer progression. REV3L protein mislocalization confirmed from the immunostaining results and the known interactions of REV3L was found to be broken as seen from the PLA assay results. The mislocalized REV3L might interact with new proteins partners in the cytoplasm which in turn may play role in regulating colon cancer progression. hsa-miR-340 (miR-340), a microRNA down-regulated in colon cancer, was used to bind to and downregulate REV3L, and found to control the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of colon cancer cells (HCT-116 and DLD-1) via the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, this down-regulation of REV3L also diminished colon cancer cell migration, and down-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9. Combined treatment of colon cancer cells with miR-340 and 5-FU enhanced the inhibitory effects of 5-FU. In addition, in vivo experiments conducted on nude mice revealed tumor sizes were smaller in a HCT-116-miR-340 injected group than in a HCT-116-pCMV injected group. Our findings suggest mutations in REV3L causes protein mislocalization to the cytoplasm, breaking its interaction and is believed to form new protein interactions in cytoplasm contributing to colon cancer progression. Accordingly, microRNA-340 appears to be a good candidate for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Arivazhagan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Kwak
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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95
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Schimmel J, Kool H, van Schendel R, Tijsterman M. Mutational signatures of non-homologous and polymerase theta-mediated end-joining in embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 2017; 36:3634-3649. [PMID: 29079701 PMCID: PMC5730883 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells employ potentially mutagenic DNA repair mechanisms to avoid the detrimental effects of chromosome breaks on cell survival. While classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ) is largely error-free, alternative end-joining pathways have been described that are intrinsically mutagenic. Which end-joining mechanisms operate in germ and embryonic cells and thus contribute to heritable mutations found in congenital diseases is, however, still largely elusive. Here, we determined the genetic requirements for the repair of CRISPR/Cas9-induced chromosomal breaks of different configurations, and establish the mutational consequences. We find that cNHEJ and polymerase theta-mediated end-joining (TMEJ) act both parallel and redundant in mouse embryonic stem cells and account for virtually all end-joining activity. Surprisingly, mutagenic repair by polymerase theta (Pol θ, encoded by the Polq gene) is most prevalent for blunt double-strand breaks (DSBs), while cNHEJ dictates mutagenic repair of DSBs with protruding ends, in which the cNHEJ polymerases lambda and mu play minor roles. We conclude that cNHEJ-dependent repair of DSBs with protruding ends can explain de novo formation of tandem duplications in mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Schimmel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Kool
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Tijsterman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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96
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Mateos-Gomez PA, Kent T, Deng SK, McDevitt S, Kashkina E, Hoang TM, Pomerantz RT, Sfeir A. The helicase domain of Polθ counteracts RPA to promote alt-NHEJ. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:1116-1123. [PMID: 29058711 PMCID: PMC6047744 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian polymerase theta (Polθ) is a multifunctional enzyme that promotes error-prone DNA repair by alternative nonhomologous end joining (alt-NHEJ). Here we present structure-function analyses that reveal that, in addition to the polymerase domain, Polθ-helicase activity plays a central role during double-strand break (DSB) repair. Our results show that the helicase domain promotes chromosomal translocations by alt-NHEJ in mouse embryonic stem cells and also suppresses CRISPR-Cas9- mediated gene targeting by homologous recombination (HR). In vitro assays demonstrate that Polθ-helicase activity facilitates the removal of RPA from resected DSBs to allow their annealing and subsequent joining by alt-NHEJ. Consistent with an antagonistic role for RPA during alt-NHEJ, inhibition of RPA1 enhances end joining and suppresses recombination. Taken together, our results reveal that the balance between HR and alt-NHEJ is controlled by opposing activities of Polθ and RPA, providing further insight into the regulation of repair-pathway choice in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Mateos-Gomez
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tatiana Kent
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sarah K. Deng
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Shane McDevitt
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Trung M. Hoang
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Agnel Sfeir
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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97
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Zafar MK, Eoff RL. Translesion DNA Synthesis in Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1942-1955. [PMID: 28841374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The genomic landscape of cancer is one marred by instability, but the mechanisms that underlie these alterations are multifaceted and remain a topic of intense research. Cellular responses to DNA damage and/or replication stress can affect genome stability in tumors and influence the response of patients to therapy. In addition to direct repair, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) is an element of genomic maintenance programs that contributes to the etiology of several types of cancer. DDT mechanisms primarily act to resolve replication stress, and this can influence the effectiveness of genotoxic drugs. Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is an important component of DDT that facilitates direct bypass of DNA adducts and other barriers to replication. The central role of TLS in the bypass of drug-induced DNA lesions, the promotion of tumor heterogeneity, and the involvement of these enzymes in the maintenance of the cancer stem cell niche presents an opportunity to leverage inhibition of TLS as a way of improving existing therapies. In the review that follows, we summarize mechanisms of DDT, misregulation of TLS in cancer, and discuss the potential for targeting these pathways as a means of improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof K Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Robert L Eoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
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98
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Bournique E, Dall'Osto M, Hoffmann JS, Bergoglio V. Role of specialized DNA polymerases in the limitation of replicative stress and DNA damage transmission. Mutat Res 2017; 808:62-73. [PMID: 28843435 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Replication stress is a strong and early driving force for genomic instability and tumor development. Beside replicative DNA polymerases, an emerging group of specialized DNA polymerases is involved in the technical assistance of the replication machinery in order to prevent replicative stress and its deleterious consequences. During S-phase, altered progression of the replication fork by endogenous or exogenous impediments induces replicative stress, causing cells to reach mitosis with genomic regions not fully duplicated. Recently, specific mechanisms to resolve replication intermediates during mitosis with the aim of limiting DNA damage transmission to daughter cells have been identified. In this review, we detail the two major actions of specialized DNA polymerases that limit DNA damage transmission: the prevention of replicative stress by non-B DNA replication and the recovery of stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bournique
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Marina Dall'Osto
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France.
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99
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Nickoloff JA, Jones D, Lee SH, Williamson EA, Hromas R. Drugging the Cancers Addicted to DNA Repair. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3832892. [PMID: 28521333 PMCID: PMC5436301 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair can result in oncogenic genomic instability. Cancers occurring from DNA repair defects were once thought to be limited to rare inherited mutations (such as BRCA1 or 2). It now appears that a clinically significant fraction of cancers have acquired DNA repair defects. DNA repair pathways operate in related networks, and cancers arising from loss of one DNA repair component typically become addicted to other repair pathways to survive and proliferate. Drug inhibition of the rescue repair pathway prevents the repair-deficient cancer cell from replicating, causing apoptosis (termed synthetic lethality). However, the selective pressure of inhibiting the rescue repair pathway can generate further mutations that confer resistance to the synthetic lethal drugs. Many such drugs currently in clinical use inhibit PARP1, a repair component to which cancers arising from inherited BRCA1 or 2 mutations become addicted. It is now clear that drugs inducing synthetic lethality may also be therapeutic in cancers with acquired DNA repair defects, which would markedly broaden their applicability beyond treatment of cancers with inherited DNA repair defects. Here we review how each DNA repair pathway can be attacked therapeutically and evaluate DNA repair components as potential drug targets to induce synthetic lethality. Clinical use of drugs targeting DNA repair will markedly increase when functional and genetic loss of repair components are consistently identified. In addition, future therapies will exploit artificial synthetic lethality, where complementary DNA repair pathways are targeted simultaneously in cancers without DNA repair defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dennie Jones
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
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100
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Laverty DJ, Averill AM, Doublié S, Greenberg MM. The A-Rule and Deletion Formation During Abasic and Oxidized Abasic Site Bypass by DNA Polymerase θ. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1584-1592. [PMID: 28459528 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is implicated in various cellular processes including double-strand break repair and apurinic/apyrimidinic site bypass. Because Pol θ expression correlates with poor cancer prognosis, the ability of Pol θ to bypass the C4'-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) and 2-deoxyribonolactone (L), which are generated by cytotoxic agents, is of interest. Translesion synthesis and subsequent extension by Pol θ past C4-AP or L and an abasic site (AP) or its tetrahydrofuran analogue (F) was examined. Pol θ conducts translesion synthesis on templates containing AP and F with similar efficiencies and follows the "A-rule," inserting nucleotides in the order A > G > T. Translesion synthesis on templates containing C4-AP and L is less efficient than AP and F, and the preference for A insertion is reduced for L and absent for C4-AP. Extension past all abasic lesions (AP, F, C4-AP, and L) was significantly less efficient than translesion synthesis and yielded deletions caused by the base one or two nucleotides downstream from the lesion being used as a template, with the latter being favored. These results suggest that bypass of abasic lesions by Pol θ is highly mutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Laverty
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - April M. Averill
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Markey Center for Molecular
Genetics, The University of Vermont, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Sylvie Doublié
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Markey Center for Molecular
Genetics, The University of Vermont, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Marc M. Greenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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