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Zheng CG, Chen BY, Sun RH, Mou XZ, Han F, Li Q, Huang HJ, Liu JQ, Tu YX. miR-133b Downregulation Reduces Vulnerable Plaque Formation in Mice with AS through Inhibiting Macrophage Immune Responses. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:745-757. [PMID: 31146256 PMCID: PMC6539412 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by accumulating deposition of lipids in the arterial intima. Notably, macrophages participate centrally in the pathogenesis of this deadly disease. In this study, we established AS mouse models in order to investigate the effect of microRNA-133b (miR-133b) on vulnerable plaque formation and vascular remodeling in AS and explore the potential functional mechanisms. The expression of miR-133b was altered or the Notch-signaling pathway was blocked in the AS mouse models in order to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of macrophages. It was observed that miR-133b was upregulated in AS, which might target MAML1 to regulate the Notch-signaling pathway. AS mice with downregulated miR-133b or inhibited Notch-signaling pathway presented with a reduced AS plaque area, a decreased positive rate of macrophages, and an increased positive rate of vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, Notch-signaling pathway blockade or miR-133b downregulation inhibited the macrophage viability and migration and accelerated the apoptosis. This study provides evidence that downregulated miR-133b expression may inhibit the immune responses of macrophages and attenuate the vulnerable plaque formation and vascular remodeling in AS mice through the MAML1-mediated Notch-signaling pathway, highlighting miR-133b as a novel therapeutic target for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gen Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou 311700, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Yu Chen
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311700, China; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Hua Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Jun Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Quan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Xing Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China.
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52
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The Use of Nutraceuticals to Counteract Atherosclerosis: The Role of the Notch Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5470470. [PMID: 31915510 PMCID: PMC6935452 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5470470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the currently available pharmacotherapies, today, thirty percent of worldwide deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), whose primary cause is atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disorder characterized by the buildup of lipid deposits on the inside of arteries. Multiple cellular signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the processes underlying atherosclerosis, and evidence has been accumulating for the crucial role of Notch receptors in regulating the functions of the diverse cell types involved in atherosclerosis onset and progression. Several classes of nutraceuticals have potential benefits for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and CVDs, some of which could in part be due to their ability to modulate the Notch pathway. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of Notch in vascular health and its modulation by nutraceuticals for the prevention of atherosclerosis and/or treatment of related CVDs.
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53
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Fortini F, Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Caliceti C, Lambertini E, Pannuti A, Peiffer DS, Balla C, Rizzo P. Estrogen-mediated protection against coronary heart disease: The role of the Notch pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:87-100. [PMID: 30817989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen regulates a plethora of biological processes, under physiological and pathological conditions, by affecting key pathways involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, fate, survival and metabolism. The Notch receptors are mediators of communication between adjacent cells and are key determinants of cell fate during development and in postnatal life. Crosstalk between estrogen and the Notch pathway intervenes in many processes underlying the development and maintenance of the cardiovascular system. The identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between these types of endocrine and juxtacrine signaling are leading to a deeper understanding of physiological conditions regulated by these steroid hormones and, potentially, to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent pathologies linked to reduced levels of estrogen, such as coronary heart disease, and cardiotoxicity caused by hormone therapy for estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Pannuti
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Daniel S Peiffer
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago: Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago: Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristina Balla
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, RA, Italy; Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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54
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Davis-Knowlton J, Turner JE, Turner A, Damian-Loring S, Hagler N, Henderson T, Emery IF, Bond K, Duarte CW, Vary CPH, Eldrup-Jorgensen J, Liaw L. Characterization of smooth muscle cells from human atherosclerotic lesions and their responses to Notch signaling. J Transl Med 2019; 99:290-304. [PMID: 29795127 PMCID: PMC6309523 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of heart disease and stroke. The use of animal models has advanced our understanding of the molecular signaling that contributes to atherosclerosis. Further understanding of this degenerative process in humans will require human tissue. Plaque removed during endarterectomy procedures to relieve arterial obstructions is usually discarded, but can be an important source of diseased cells. Resected tissue from carotid and femoral endarterectomy procedures were compared with carotid arteries from donors with no known cardiovascular disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) contribute to plaque formation and may determine susceptibility to rupture. Notch signaling is implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis, and plays a receptor-specific regulatory role in SMC. We defined protein localization of Notch2 and Notch3 within medial and plaque SMC using immunostaining, and compared Notch2 and Notch3 levels in total plaques with whole normal arteries using immunoblot. We successfully derived SMC populations from multiple endarterectomy specimens for molecular analysis. To better define the protein signature of diseased SMC, we utilized sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra (SWATH) proteomic analysis to compare normal carotid artery SMC with endarterectomy-derived SMC. Similarities in protein profile and differentiation markers validated the SMC identity of our explants. We identified a subset of differentially expressed proteins that are candidates as functional markers of diseased SMC. To understand how Notch signaling may affect diseased SMC, we performed Jagged1 stimulation of primary cultures. In populations that displayed significant growth, Jagged1 signaling through Notch2 suppressed proliferation; cultures with low growth potential were non-responsive to Jagged1. In addition, Jagged1 did not promote contractile smooth muscle actin nor have a significant effect on the mature differentiated phenotype. Thus, SMC derived from atherosclerotic lesions show distinct proteomic profiles and have altered Notch signaling in response to Jagged1 as a differentiation stimulus, compared with normal SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Davis-Knowlton
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Turner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Anna Turner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Sydney Damian-Loring
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Nicholas Hagler
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Terry Henderson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Ivette F. Emery
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Kyle Bond
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Christine W. Duarte
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Calvin P. H. Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jens Eldrup-Jorgensen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA. .,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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55
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Murata A, Hikosaka M, Yoshino M, Zhou L, Hayashi SI. Kit-independent mast cell adhesion mediated by Notch. Int Immunol 2019; 31:69-79. [PMID: 30299470 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kit/CD117 plays a crucial role in the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion of mammalian mast cells (MCs); however, it is unclear whether other adhesion molecule(s) perform important roles in the adhesion of MCs. In the present study, we show a novel Kit-independent adhesion mechanism of mouse cultured MCs mediated by Notch family members. On stromal cells transduced with each Notch ligand gene, Kit and its signaling become dispensable for the entire adhesion process of MCs from tethering to spreading. The Notch-mediated spreading of adherent MCs involves the activation of signaling via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases, similar to Kit-mediated spreading. Despite the activation of the same signaling pathways, while Kit supports the adhesion and survival of MCs, Notch only supports adhesion. Thus, Notch family members are specialized adhesion molecules for MCs that effectively replace the adhesion function of Kit in order to support the interaction of MCs with the surrounding cellular microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Murata
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mari Hikosaka
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Miya Yoshino
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayashi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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Nakano T, Katsuki S, Chen M, Decano JL, Halu A, Lee LH, Pestana DVS, Kum AST, Kuromoto RK, Golden WS, Boff MS, Guimaraes GC, Higashi H, Kauffman KJ, Maejima T, Suzuki T, Iwata H, Barabási AL, Aster JC, Anderson DG, Sharma A, Singh SA, Aikawa E, Aikawa M. Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Promotes Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation Via the Interplay of OATP2B1 and Dll4-Notch Signaling. Circulation 2019; 139:78-96. [PMID: 30586693 PMCID: PMC6311723 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases cardiovascular risk. Underlying mechanisms, however, remain obscure. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate is an independent cardiovascular risk factor in CKD. We explored the potential impact of indoxyl sulfate on proinflammatory activation of macrophages and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS We examined in vitro the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of indoxyl sulfate on proinflammatory responses of macrophages and the roles of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). A systems approach, involving unbiased global proteomics, bioinformatics, and network analysis, then explored potential key pathways. To address the role of Delta-like 4 (Dll4) in indoxyl sulfate-induced macrophage activation and atherogenesis in CKD in vivo, we used 5/6 nephrectomy and Dll4 antibody in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice. To further determine the relative contribution of OATP2B1 or Dll4 to proinflammatory activation of macrophages and atherogenesis in vivo, we used siRNA delivered by macrophage-targeted lipid nanoparticles in mice. RESULTS We found that indoxyl sulfate-induced proinflammatory macrophage activation is mediated by its uptake through transporters, including OATP2B1, encoded by the SLCO2B1 gene. The global proteomics identified potential mechanisms, including Notch signaling and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, that mediate indoxyl sulfate-triggered proinflammatory macrophage activation. We chose the Notch pathway as an example of key candidates for validation of our target discovery platform and for further mechanistic studies. As predicted computationally, indoxyl sulfate triggered Notch signaling, which was preceded by the rapid induction of Dll4 protein. Dll4 induction may result from inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, via the deubiquitinating enzyme USP5. In mice, macrophage-targeted OATP2B1/Slco2b1 silencing and Dll4 antibody inhibited proinflammatory activation of peritoneal macrophages induced by indoxyl sulfate. In low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice, Dll4 antibody abolished atherosclerotic lesion development accelerated in Ldlr-/- mice. Moreover, coadministration of indoxyl sulfate and OATP2B1/Slco2b1 or Dll4 siRNA encapsulated in macrophage-targeted lipid nanoparticles in Ldlr-/- mice suppressed lesion development. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that novel crosstalk between OATP2B1 and Dll4-Notch signaling in macrophages mediates indoxyl sulfate-induced vascular inflammation in CKD.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Indican/toxicity
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shunsuke Katsuki
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingxian Chen
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julius L. Decano
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Diego V. S. Pestana
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Angelo S. T. Kum
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rodrigo K. Kuromoto
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Whitney S. Golden
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mario S. Boff
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gabriel C. Guimaraes
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin J. Kauffman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Division of Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Complex Network Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Jon C. Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sasha A. Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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57
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Bartolome A, Zhu C, Sussel L, Pajvani UB. Notch signaling dynamically regulates adult β cell proliferation and maturity. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:268-280. [PMID: 30375986 DOI: 10.1172/jci98098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates differentiation of the pancreatic endocrine lineage during embryogenesis, but the role of Notch in mature β cells is unclear. We found that islets derived from lean mice show modest β cell Notch activity, which increases in obesity and in response to high glucose. This response appeared maladaptive, as mice with β cell-specific-deficient Notch transcriptional activity showed improved glucose tolerance when subjected to high-fat diet feeding. Conversely, mice with β cell-specific Notch gain of function (β-NICD) had a progressive loss of β cell maturity, due to proteasomal degradation of MafA, leading to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose intolerance with aging or obesity. Surprisingly, Notch-active β cells had increased proliferative capacity, leading to increased but dysfunctional β cell mass. These studies demonstrate a dynamic role for Notch in developed β cells for simultaneously regulating β cell function and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bartolome
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Changyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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58
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Zhu DD, Wang YZ, Zou C, She XP, Zheng Z. The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy based on Notch pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:921-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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59
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Decano JL, Aikawa M. Dynamic Macrophages: Understanding Mechanisms of Activation as Guide to Therapy for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:97. [PMID: 30123798 PMCID: PMC6086112 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging theory is that macrophages are heterogenous; an attribute that allows them to change behavior and execute specific functions in disease processes. This review aims to describe the current understanding on factors that govern their phenotypic changes, and provide insights for intervention beyond managing classical risk factors. Evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages triggers either a pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory or pro-resolving behavior. Dynamic changes in bioenergetics, metabolome or influence from bioactive lipids may promote resolution or aggravation of inflammation. Direct cell-to-cell interactions with other immune cells can also influence macrophage activation. Both paracrine signaling and intercellular molecular interactions either co-stimulate or co-inhibit activation of macrophages as well as their paired immune cell collaborator. More pathways of activation can even be uncovered by inspecting macrophages in the single cell level, since differential expression in key gene regulators can be screened in higher resolution compared to conventional averaged gene expression readouts. All these emerging macrophage activation mechanisms may be further explored and consolidated by using approaches in network biology. Integrating these insights can unravel novel and safer drug targets through better understanding of the pro-inflammatory activation circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius L. Decano
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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60
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Ikeda H, Ishii A, Sano K, Chihara H, Arai D, Abekura Y, Nishi H, Ono M, Saji H, Miyamoto S. Activatable fluorescence imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with indocyanine green. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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61
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Matrine blocks AGEs- induced HCSMCs phenotypic conversion via suppressing Dll4-Notch pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 835:126-131. [PMID: 30063915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contractile- synthetic phenotypic conversion takes responsibility in the atherosclerotic plaque formation by abnormal synthesis, secretion and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrine exerts therapeutic effects on both cardiovascular diseases and organ fibrosis. In this study, we investigated matrine's inhibitory effect and mechanisms on AGEs- induced VSMC contractile- synthetic phenotypic conversion. Cultured human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCSMCs) were exposed to AGEs. Matrine at serially diluted concentrations were used to treat the cells. HCSMCs phenotype was identified by immunofluorescent staining of contractile phenotypic markers including mooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH11) and smooth muscle α-actin (ACTA2). Sircol collagen assay was used to assess the collagen secretion level. Notch signaling activation was determined by luciferase assay. Western blotting was used to evaluate expression levels of collagen I, collagen VIII, Delta-like (Dll)1, Dll3, Dll4, Jagged1, Jagged2, Notch intracellular domain (NICD)1 and Hes family basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor1 (HES1). Matrine pre-treatment recovered the AGEs- induced contractile- synthetic phenotypic conversion by increasing MYH11 and ACTA2 in HCSMCs. Matrine reduced AGEs- mediated activation of Notch signaling, down-regulated expression levels of NICD1, HES1, collagen I and collagen VIII and collagen secretion contents in HCSMCs. Matrine inhibited expression level of Dll4 without affecting other Notch ligands including Dll1, Dll3, Jagged1 and Jagged2 in HCSMCs exposed to AGEs. These results suggested that AGEs exposure facilitated the contractile- synthetic phenotypic conversion of HCSMCs. Matrine blocked this phenotypic conversion by suppressing Dll4- Notch signaling pathway activation.
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Matthews AL, Koo CZ, Szyroka J, Harrison N, Kanhere A, Tomlinson MG. Regulation of Leukocytes by TspanC8 Tetraspanins and the "Molecular Scissor" ADAM10. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1451. [PMID: 30013551 PMCID: PMC6036176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is a ubiquitous transmembrane protein that functions as a "molecular scissor" to cleave the extracellular regions from its transmembrane target proteins. ADAM10 is well characterized as the ligand-dependent activator of Notch proteins, which control cell fate decisions. Indeed, conditional knockouts of ADAM10 in mice reveal impaired B-, T-, and myeloid cell development and/or function. ADAM10 cleaves many other leukocyte-expressed substrates. On B-cells, ADAM10 cleavage of the low-affinity IgE receptor CD23 promotes allergy and asthma, cleavage of ICOS ligand impairs antibody responses, and cleavage of the BAFF-APRIL receptor transmembrane activator and CAML interactor, and BAFF receptor, reduce B-cell survival. On microglia, increased ADAM10 cleavage of a rare variant of the scavenger receptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 may increase susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. We and others recently showed that ADAM10 interacts with one of six different regulatory tetraspanin membrane proteins, which we termed the TspanC8 subgroup, comprising Tspan5, Tspan10, Tspan14, Tspan15, Tspan17, and Tspan33. The TspanC8s are required for ADAM10 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, and emerging evidence suggests that they dictate ADAM10 subcellular localization and substrate specificity. Therefore, we propose that ADAM10 should not be regarded as a single scissor, but as six different scissors with distinct substrate specificities, depending on the associated TspanC8. In this review, we collate recent transcriptomic data to present the TspanC8 repertoires of leukocytes, and we discuss the potential role of the six TspanC8/ADAM10 scissors in leukocyte development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Matthews
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chek Ziu Koo
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Szyroka
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neale Harrison
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aditi Kanhere
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Tomlinson
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Mirtschink P, Chavakis T. The Missed Notch to Bring Down Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:448-450. [PMID: 29606343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling contributes to maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis and is also involved in disease. A recent study demonstrates that inhibition of Dll4-Notch signaling by anti-Dll4 improves pancreatic islet function and insulin production by multiple complementary mechanisms. Thus, anti-Dll4 represents a therapeutic approach for compromised insulin production in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mirtschink
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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64
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Miranda K, Yang X, Bam M, Murphy EA, Nagarkatti PS, Nagarkatti M. MicroRNA-30 modulates metabolic inflammation by regulating Notch signaling in adipose tissue macrophages. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1140-1150. [PMID: 29899524 PMCID: PMC6195825 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Obesity is a pandemic disorder that is characterized by accumulation of adipose tissue and chronic-low grade inflammation that is driven primarily by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). While ATM polarization from pro-(M1)to anti-(M2) inflammatory phenotype influences insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure, the mechanisms of such a switch are unclear. In the current study we identified epigenetic pathways including microRNAs (miR) in ATMs that regulate obesity-induced inflammation. Subjects/Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to develop lean and diet-induced obese mice respectively. Transcriptome microarrays, microRNA microarrays, and meDIP-Seq were performed on ATMs isolated from visceral fat. Pathway analysis and bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) transfections further allowed computational and functional analysis of miRNA-mediated ATM polarization. Results ATMs from HFD-fed mice were skewed towards M1 inflammatory phenotype. Concurrently, the expression of miRs 30a-5p, 30c-5p, and 30e-5p was downregulated in ATMs from HFD mice when compared to mice fed NCD. The miR-30 family was shown to target Delta-like-4, a Notch1 ligand, whose expression was increased in HFD ATMs. Inhibition of miR-30 in conditioned BMDM triggered Notch1 signaling, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and M1 macrophage polarization. In addition, DNA hypermethylation was observed in mir30-associated CpG islands suggesting HFD downregulates miR-30 through epigenetic modifications. Conclusions HFD-induced obesity downregulates miR-30 by DNA methylation thereby inducing Notch1 signaling in ATMs and their polarization to M1 macrophages. These findings identify miR-30 as a regulator of pro-inflammatory ATM polarization and suggest miR-30 manipulation could be a therapeutic target for obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Miranda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Marpe Bam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Prakash S Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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Abstract
The development processes of arteries and veins are fundamentally different, leading to distinct differences in anatomy, structure, and function as well as molecular profiles. Understanding the complex interaction between genetic and epigenetic pathways, as well as extracellular and biomechanical signals that orchestrate arterial venous differentiation, is not only critical for the understanding of vascular diseases of arteries and veins but also valuable for vascular tissue engineering strategies. Recent research has suggested that certain transcriptional factors not only control arterial venous differentiation during development but also play a critical role in adult vessel function and disease processes. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and critical transcription factors that are important for arterial versus venous specification. We focus on those signals that have a direct relation to the structure and function of arteries and veins, and have implications for vascular disease processes and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niklason
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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66
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Palaga T, Wongchana W, Kueanjinda P. Notch Signaling in Macrophages in the Context of Cancer Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:652. [PMID: 29686671 PMCID: PMC5900058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting roles depending on the microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often associated with poor prognosis in most, but not all cancer. Understanding how macrophages become TAMs and how TAMs interact with tumor cells and shape the outcome of cancer is one of the key areas of interest in cancer therapy research. Notch signaling is involved in macrophage activation and its effector functions. Notch signaling has been indicated to play roles in the regulation of macrophage activation in pro-inflammatory and wound-healing processes. Recent evidence points to the involvement of canonical Notch signaling in the differentiation of TAMs in a breast cancer model. On the other hand, hyperactivation of Notch signaling specifically in macrophages in tumors mass has been shown to suppress tumor growth in an animal model of cancer. Investigations into how Notch signaling is regulated in TAMs and translates into pro- or anti-tumor functions are still largely in their infancy. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current understanding of the conflicting roles of Notch signaling in regulating the effector function of macrophages and the involvement of Notch signaling in TAM differentiation and function. Furthermore, how Notch signaling in TAMs affects the tumor microenvironment is reviewed. Finally, the direct or indirect cross-talk among TAMs, tumor cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment via Notch signaling is discussed along with the possibility of its clinical application. Investigations into Notch signaling in macrophages may lead to a more effective way for immune intervention in the treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Wongchana
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kim K, Goldberg IJ, Graham MJ, Sundaram M, Bertaggia E, Lee SX, Qiang L, Haeusler RA, Metzger D, Chambon P, Yao Z, Ginsberg HN, Pajvani UB. γ-Secretase Inhibition Lowers Plasma Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins by Stabilizing the LDL Receptor. Cell Metab 2018; 27:816-827.e4. [PMID: 29576536 PMCID: PMC5884729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excess plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key component of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome. We have shown that γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) treatment improves glucose tolerance due to inhibition of hepatic Notch signaling but found additional Notch-independent reduction of plasma TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in GSI-treated, as well as hepatocyte-specific, γ-secretase knockout (L-Ncst) mice, which suggested a primary effect on hepatocyte TRL uptake. Indeed, we found increased VLDL and LDL particle uptake in L-Ncst hepatocytes and Ncst-deficient hepatoma cells, in part through reduced γ-secretase-mediated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) cleavage and degradation. To exploit this novel finding, we generated a liver-selective Nicastrin ASO, which recapitulated glucose and lipid improvements of L-Ncst mice, with increased levels of hepatocyte LDLR. Collectively, these results identify the role of hepatic γ-secretase to regulate LDLR and suggest that liver-specific GSIs may simultaneously improve multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Enrico Bertaggia
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel X Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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68
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Jones EA, Lehoux S. Shear stress, arterial identity and atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2018; 115:467-73. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-10-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SummaryIn the developing embryo, the vasculature first takes the form of a web-like network called the vascular plexus. Arterial and venous differentiation is subsequently guided by the specific expression of genes in the endothelial cells that provide spatial and temporal cues for development. Notch1/4, Notch ligand delta-like 4 (Dll4), and Notch downstream effectors are typically expressed in arterial cells along with EphrinB2, whereas chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) and EphB4 characterise vein endothelial cells. Haemodynamic forces (blood pressure and blood flow) also contribute importantly to vascular remodelling. Early arteriovenous differentiation and local blood flow may hold the key to future inflammatory diseases. Indeed, despite the fact that atherosclerosis risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and diabetes all induce endothelial cell dysfunction throughout the vasculature, plaques develop only in arteries, and they localise essentially in vessel branch points, curvatures and bifurcations, where blood flow (and consequently shear stress) is low or oscillatory. Arterial segments exposed to high blood flow (and high laminar shear stress) tend to remain plaque-free. These observations have led many to investigate what particular properties of arterial or venous endothelial cells confer susceptibility or protection from plaque formation, and how that might interact with a particular shear stress environment.
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69
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Hou X, Zhang Y, Li W, Hu AJ, Luo C, Zhou W, Hu JK, Daniele SG, Wang J, Sheng J, Fan Y, Greenberg AS, Farmer SR, Hu MG. CDK6 inhibits white to beige fat transition by suppressing RUNX1. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29523786 PMCID: PMC5845007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas white adipose tissue depots contribute to the development of metabolic diseases, brown and beige adipose tissue has beneficial metabolic effects. Here we show that CDK6 regulates beige adipocyte formation. We demonstrate that mice lacking the CDK6 protein or its kinase domain (K43M) exhibit significant increases beige cell formation, enhanced energy expenditure, better glucose tolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity, and are more resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Re-expression of CDK6 in Cdk6−/− mature or precursor cells, or ablation of RUNX1 in K43M mature or precursor cells, reverses these phenotypes. Furthermore, RUNX1 positively regulates the expression of Ucp-1 and Pgc1α by binding to proximal promoter regions. Our findings indicate that CDK6 kinase activity negatively regulates the conversion of fat-storing cells into fat-burning cells by suppressing RUNX1, and suggest that CDK6 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Beige adipocytes can arise from transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes. Here the authors identify CDK6 as a key molecule involved in the white-to-beige adipocyte transdifferentiation and, therefore, as a regulator of organismal energy homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Center for Analysis and Testing, 548 Bin-Wen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhao Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China
| | - Alexander J Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jamie K Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, MD program for Jamie K. Hu, MD-PhD Program for Stefano G. Daniele, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Stefano G Daniele
- Yale School of Medicine, MD program for Jamie K. Hu, MD-PhD Program for Stefano G. Daniele, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, 27 jiefang road, Linyi, Shandong Province, 276003, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Institute of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Center for Analysis and Testing, 548 Bin-Wen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, P. R. China
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Stephen R Farmer
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 72E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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70
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Malecic N, Young HS. Excessive angiogenesis associated with psoriasis as a cause for cardiovascular ischaemia. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:299-304. [PMID: 28156019 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis, a common disease affecting 2%-3% of the UK population, produces significant impairment of quality of life and is an immense burden on sufferers and their families. Psoriasis is associated with significant cardiovascular comorbidity and the metabolic syndrome. Angiogenesis, a relatively under-researched component of psoriasis, is a key factor in pathogenesis of psoriasis and also contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-established mediator of pathological angiogenesis which is upregulated in psoriasis. It is possible that, in patients with psoriasis, cutaneous angiogenesis may be both a marker for systemic vascular pathology and a novel therapeutic target. In this viewpoint study, the role of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis as a cause for cardiovascular events in patients with psoriasis is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Malecic
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Department of Dermatology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen S Young
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Department of Dermatology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease of large arteries and a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Chronic inflammation, aberrant immune response, and disturbances to key enzymes involved with lipid metabolism are characteristic features of atherosclerosis. Apart from targeting the derangements in lipid metabolism, therapeutic modulation to regulate chronic inflammation and the immune system response may prove to be very promising strategies in the management of atherosclerosis. In recent years, various targets have been studied for the treatment of atherosclerosis. PCSK9, a serine protease, actively targets the LDL-R and causes lysosomal degradation, which leads to excessive accumulation of LDL-C. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) affects the adaptive and innate immune response, respectively, and thus, therapeutic intervention of either of these targets would directly modulate disease progression. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions are characterized by an accumulation of apoptotic cells. Cluster of differentiation-47 (CD47), an anti-phagocytic known as the "don't eat me" signaling molecule, inhibits efferocytosis, which causes accumulation of cell debris in plaque. ADAMTS and Notch signaling potentially affect the formation of neointima by modulation of extracellular matrix components such as macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. This review provides insights on the molecular targets for therapeutic intervention of atherosclerosis, their effect at various stages of atherosclerosis development, and the therapies that have been designed and currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Solanki
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Pagie S, Gérard N, Charreau B. Notch signaling triggered via the ligand DLL4 impedes M2 macrophage differentiation and promotes their apoptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:4. [PMID: 29321062 PMCID: PMC5764024 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch signaling controls many cellular processes, including cell fate determination, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. In mammals, four Notch receptors (Notch 1-4) can interact with five distinct ligands [Jagged1, Jagged2, Delta-like 1 (DLL1), DLL3, and DLL4]. We previously reported that Notch activation is modulated in endothelial cells and monocytes during inflammation and showed that inflammation upregulates DLL4 on endothelial cells. DLL4 promotes differentiation of blood monocytes into proinflammatory M1 macrophages. Here, we further investigated the ability of DLL4 to interfere with the polarization of blood monocytes into immunosuppressive M2 macrophages. METHODS Human blood monocytes were differentiated in vitro into M0 macrophages and then polarized into M1 or M2 macrophages with LPS/IFNγ and IL-4, respectively. Polarization steps were performed in the presence of immobilized recombinant DLL4. Immune phenotype and apoptosis of macrophage subsets were analyzed and quantified by flow cytometry. Regulatory effects of DLL4 on gene expression, cell signaling and apoptotic pathways were investigated by QPCR and western blots. RESULTS The phenotype of M2 macrophages was subject to specific alterations in the presence of recombinant DLL4. DLL4 inhibits the upregulation of IL-4 induced M2 markers such as CD11b, CD206, and CD200R. Survival of macrophages upon M2 polarization was also strongly reduced in the presence of DLL4. DLL4 induces a caspase3/7-dependent apoptosis during M2 but not M1 macrophage polarization. The Notch ligand DLL1 has no apoptotic effect. Both DLL4 signaling via Notch1 as well as DLL4-mediated apoptosis are Notch-dependent. Fully differentiated M2 macrophages became resistant to DLL4 action. Mechanistically, DLL4 selectively upregulates gene expression in macrophages upon M2 polarization, thereby affecting the Notch pattern (Notch1, 3, Jag1), activity (HES1), and transcription (IRF5, STAT1). The pro-apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak and the BH3-only proteins Bid and Bim seem to convey DLL4 apoptotic signal. CONCLUSION Interplay between the DLL4/Notch and IL-4/IL-4R signaling pathways impairs M2 differentiation. Thus, DLL4 may drive a Notch-dependent selection process not only by promoting M1 macrophage differentiation but also by preventing M2 macrophage differentiation through inhibition of M2-specific gene expression and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pagie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 30 bd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Gérard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 30 bd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 30 bd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Billiard F, Karaliota S, Wang B, Stellas D, Serafimidis I, Manousopoulou A, Koutmani Y, Ninou E, Golubov J, DaNave A, Tsakanikas P, Xin Y, Zhang W, Sleeman M, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Garbis SD, Karalis K, Skokos D. Delta-like Ligand-4-Notch Signaling Inhibition Regulates Pancreatic Islet Function and Insulin Secretion. Cell Rep 2018; 22:895-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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74
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Emerging role of various signaling pathways in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvm.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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75
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Blood vessel control of macrophage maturation promotes arteriogenesis in ischemia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:952. [PMID: 29038527 PMCID: PMC5643305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia causes an inflammatory response that is intended to restore perfusion and homeostasis yet often aggravates damage. Here we show, using conditional genetic deletion strategies together with adoptive cell transfer experiments in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia, that blood vessels control macrophage differentiation and maturation from recruited monocytes via Notch signaling, which in turn promotes arteriogenesis and tissue repair. Macrophage maturation is controlled by Notch ligand Dll1 expressed in vascular endothelial cells of arteries and requires macrophage canonical Notch signaling via Rbpj, which simultaneously suppresses an inflammatory macrophage fate. Conversely, conditional mutant mice lacking Dll1 or Rbpj show proliferation and transient accumulation of inflammatory macrophages, which antagonizes arteriogenesis and tissue repair. Furthermore, the effects of Notch are sufficient to generate mature macrophages from monocytes ex vivo that display a stable anti-inflammatory phenotype when challenged with pro-inflammatory stimuli. Thus, angiocrine Notch signaling fosters macrophage maturation during ischemia.Molecular mechanisms of macrophage-mediated regulation of artery growth in response to ischemia are poorly understood. Here the authors show that vascular endothelium controls macrophage maturation and differentiation via Notch signaling, which in turn promotes arteriogenesis and ischemic tissue recovery.
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Fernández M, Monsalve EM, López-López S, Ruiz-García A, Mellado S, Caminos E, García-Ramírez JJ, Laborda J, Tranque P, Díaz-Guerra MJM. Absence of Notch1 in murine myeloid cells attenuates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting Th1 and Th17 priming. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:2090-2100. [PMID: 28762472 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Notch signalling in T cells attenuates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Growing evidence indicates that myeloid cells are also key players in autoimmune processes. Thus, the present study evaluates the role of the Notch1 receptor in myeloid cells on the progression of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 -induced EAE, using mice with a myeloid-specific deletion of the Notch1 gene (MyeNotch1KO). We found that EAE progression was less severe in the absence of Notch1 in myeloid cells. Thus, histopathological analysis revealed reduced pathology in the spinal cord of MyeNotch1KO mice, with decreased microglia/astrocyte activation, demyelination and infiltration of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, these mice showed lower Th1 and Th17 cell infiltration and expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 mRNA in the spinal cord. Accordingly, splenocytes from MyeNotch1KO mice reactivated in vitro presented reduced Th1 and Th17 activation, and lower expression of IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, IL-6, and CD86. Moreover, reactivated wild-type splenocytes showed increased Notch1 expression, arguing for a specific involvement of this receptor in autoimmune T cell activation in secondary lymphoid tissues. In summary, our results reveal a key role of the Notch1 receptor in myeloid cells for the initiation and progression of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fernández
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain
| | - Eva M Monsalve
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina (UCLM-CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Susana López-López
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina (UCLM-CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Almudena Ruiz-García
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina (UCLM-CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Susana Mellado
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain
| | - Elena Caminos
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain
| | - José Javier García-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina (UCLM-CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina (UCLM-CSIC), Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Tranque
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Albacete, Spain
| | - María José M Díaz-Guerra
- Facultad de Medicina (UCLM), Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina (UCLM-CSIC), Albacete, Spain
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77
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Stassen OMJA, Muylaert DEP, Bouten CVC, Hjortnaes J. Current Challenges in Translating Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2017; 19:71. [PMID: 28782083 PMCID: PMC5545463 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-017-0566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heart valve disease is a major health burden, treated by either valve repair or valve replacement, depending on the affected valve. Nearly 300,000 valve replacements are performed worldwide per year. Valve replacement is lifesaving, but not without complications. The in situ tissue-engineered heart valve is a promising alternative to current treatments, but the translation of this novel technology to the clinic still faces several challenges. These challenges originate from the variety encountered in the patient population, the conversion of an implant into a living tissue, the highly mechanical nature of the heart valve, the complex homeostatic tissue that has to be reached at the end stage of the regenerating heart valve, and all the biomaterial properties that can be controlled to obtain this tissue. Many of these challenges are multidimensional and multiscalar, and both the macroscopic properties of the complete heart valve and the microscopic properties of the patient’s cells interacting with the materials have to be optimal. Using newly developed in vitro models, or bioreactors, where variables of interest can be controlled tightly and complex mixtures of cell populations similar to those encountered in the regenerating valve can be cultured, it is likely that the challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M J A Stassen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - D E P Muylaert
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J Hjortnaes
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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78
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Marcondes RR, Maliqueo M, Fornes R, Benrick A, Hu M, Ivarsson N, Carlström M, Cushman SW, Stenkula KG, Maciel GAR, Stener-Victorin E. Exercise differentially affects metabolic functions and white adipose tissue in female letrozole- and dihydrotestosterone-induced mouse models of polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 448:66-76. [PMID: 28344042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we hypothesized that exercise in dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or letrozole (LET)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome mouse models improves impaired insulin and glucose metabolism, adipose tissue morphology, and expression of genes related to adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, Notch pathway and browning in inguinal and mesenteric fat. DHT-exposed mice had increased body weight, increased number of large mesenteric adipocytes. LET-exposed mice displayed increased body weight and fat mass, decreased insulin sensitivity, increased frequency of small adipocytes and increased expression of genes related to lipolysis in mesenteric fat. In both models, exercise decreased fat mass and inguinal and mesenteric adipose tissue expression of Notch pathway genes, and restored altered mesenteric adipocytes morphology. In conclusion, exercise restored mesenteric adipocytes morphology in DHT- and LET-exposed mice, and insulin sensitivity and mesenteric expression of lipolysis-related genes in LET-exposed mice. Benefits could be explained by downregulation of Notch, and modulation of browning and lipolysis pathways in the adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Marcondes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Disciplina de Ginecologia, Laboratório de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular (LIM 58), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Medicine, West Division, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Fornes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Benrick
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Ivarsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel W Cushman
- Experimental Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gustavo A R Maciel
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Laboratório de Ginecologia Estrutural e Molecular (LIM 58), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Aquila G, Fortini C, Pannuti A, Delbue S, Pannella M, Morelli MB, Caliceti C, Castriota F, de Mattei M, Ongaro A, Pellati A, Ferrante P, Miele L, Tavazzi L, Ferrari R, Rizzo P, Cremonesi A. Distinct gene expression profiles associated with Notch ligands Delta-like 4 and Jagged1 in plaque material from peripheral artery disease patients: a pilot study. J Transl Med 2017; 15:98. [PMID: 28472949 PMCID: PMC5418727 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of early diagnosis, progression markers and effective pharmacological treatment has dramatic unfavourable effects on clinical outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Addressing these issues will require dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease. We sought to characterize the Notch signaling and atherosclerosis relevant markers in lesions from femoral arteries of symptomatic PAD patients. Methods Plaque material from the common femoral, superficial femoral or popliteal arteries of 20 patients was removed by directional atherectomy. RNA was obtained from 9 out of 20 samples and analysed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results We detected expression of Notch ligands Delta-like 4 (Dll4) and Jagged1 (Jag1), of Notch target genes Hes1, Hey1, Hey2, HeyL and of markers of plaque inflammation and stability such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), smooth muscle 22 (SM22), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), Bcl2, CD68 and miRNAs 21-5p, 125a-5p, 126-5p,146-5p, 155-5p, 424-5p. We found an “inflamed plaque” gene expression profile characterized by high Dll4 associated to medium/high CD68, COX2, VCAM1, Hes1, miR126-5p, miR146a-5p, miR155-5p, miR424-5p and low Jag1, SM22, Bcl2, Hey2, HeyL, miR125a-5p (2/9 patients) and a “stable plaque” profile characterized by high Jag1 associated to medium/high Hey2, HeyL, SM22, Bcl2, miR125a and low Dll4, CD68, COX2, VCAM1, miR126-5p, miR146a-5p, miR155-5p, miR424-5p (3/9 patients). The remaining patients (4/9) showed a plaque profile with intermediate characteristics. Conclusions This study reveals the existence of a gene signature associated to Notch activation by specific ligands that could be predictive of PAD progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1199-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Pannuti
- Department of Genetics and Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Pannella
- GoldyneSavad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Castriota
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Monica de Mattei
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/B, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Ongaro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/B, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnese Pellati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/B, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Luigi Tavazzi
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/B, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alberto Cremonesi
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
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80
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Singla DK, Wang J, Singla R. Primary human monocytes differentiate into M2 macrophages and involve Notch-1 pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:288-294. [PMID: 28238274 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates whether inhibiting the Notch-1 signaling pathway in primary human monocytes enhances M2 macrophage differentiation. We generated a primary human monocyte cell culture model to understand the effect of the Notch-1 signaling pathway. Monocytes were treated with Notch-1 inhibitors DAPT or siRNA. Our data show that there was a significant increase in the M1 macrophage population demonstrated by iNOS marker in the primary human monocytes treated with apoptotic-conditioned medium (ACM). Next, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1, as well as TNF-α, increased in ACM media (p < 0.05). Furthermore, M1 macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced following DAPT or siRNA treatment. Comparatively, there was a significant increase in M2 macrophages, as demonstrated by an increase in CD206 and arginase-1 positive cells treated with DAPT or siRNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant increase in the associated anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA was also observed with respect to control groups (p < 0.05). We conclude that blocking the Notch-1 pathway with DAPT or siRNA attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhances M2 macrophage differentiation, and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines in primary human monocytes. As a result, Notch-1 pathway inhibition has potential therapeutic applications of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.,Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.,Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Reetu Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.,Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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81
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Hjelmgren O, Gellerman K, Kjelldahl J, Lindahl P, Bergström GML. Increased Vascularization in the Vulnerable Upstream Regions of Both Early and Advanced Human Carotid Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166918. [PMID: 27973542 PMCID: PMC5156420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascularization of atherosclerotic plaques has been linked to plaque vulnerability. The aim of this study was to test if the vascularization was increased in upstream regions of early atherosclerotic carotid plaques and also to test if the same pattern of vascularization was seen in complicated, symptomatic plaques. METHODS We enrolled 45 subjects with early atherosclerotic lesions for contrast enhanced ultrasound and evaluated the percentage of plaque area in a longitudinal ultrasound section which contained contrast agent. Contrast-agent uptake was evaluated in both the upstream and downstream regions of the plaque. We also collected carotid endarterectomy specimens from 56 subjects and upstream and downstream regions were localized using magnetic resonance angiography and analyzed using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Vascularization was increased in the upstream regions of early carotid plaques compared with downstream regions (30% vs. 23%, p = 0.033). Vascularization was also increased in the upstream regions of advanced atherosclerotic lesions compared with downstream regions (4.6 vs. 1.4 vessels/mm2, p = 0.001) and was associated with intra-plaque hemorrhage and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Vascularization is increased in the upstream regions of both early and advanced plaques and is in advanced lesions mainly driven by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Hjelmgren
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Karl Gellerman
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Kjelldahl
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Lindahl
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran M. L. Bergström
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fazio C, Ricciardiello L. Inflammation and Notch signaling: a crosstalk with opposite effects on tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2515. [PMID: 27929540 PMCID: PMC5260996 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Notch cascade is a fundamental and highly conserved pathway able to control cell-fate. The Notch pathway arises from the interaction of one of the Notch receptors (Notch1–4) with different types of ligands; in particular, the Notch pathway can be activated canonically (through the ligands Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, DLL3 or DLL4) or non-canonically (through various molecules shared by other pathways). In the context of tumor biology, the deregulation of Notch signaling is found to be crucial, but it is still not clear if the activation of this pathway exerts a tumor-promoting or a tumor suppressing function in different cancer settings. Untill now, it is well known that the inflammatory compartment is critically involved in tumor progression; however, inflammation, which occurs as a physiological response to damage, can also drive protective processes toward carcinogenesis. Therefore, the role of inflammation in cancer is still controversial and needs to be further clarified. Interestingly, recent literature reports that some of the signaling molecules modulated by the cells of the immune system also belong to or interact with the canonical and non-canonical Notch pathways, delineating a possible link between Notch activation and inflammatory environment. In this review we analyze the hypothesis that specific inflammatory conditions can control the activation of the Notch pathway in terms of biological effect, partially explaining the dichotomy of both phenomena. For this purpose, we detail the molecular links reported in the literature connecting inflammation and Notch signaling in different types of tumor, with a particular focus on colorectal carcinogenesis, which represents a perfect example of context-dependent interaction between malignant transformation and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fazio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jeurissen MLJ, Walenbergh SMA, Houben T, Hendrikx T, Li J, Oligschlaeger Y, van Gorp PJ, Gijbels MJJ, Bitorina A, Nessel I, Radtke F, Vooijs M, Theys J, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Myeloid DLL4 Does Not Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/- Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167199. [PMID: 27898698 PMCID: PMC5127569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by liver steatosis and inflammation. Currently, the underlying mechanisms leading to hepatic inflammation are not fully understood and consequently, therapeutic options are poor. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis share the same etiology whereby macrophages play a key role in disease progression. Macrophage function can be modulated via activation of receptor-ligand binding of Notch signaling. Relevantly, global inhibition of Notch ligand Delta-Like Ligand-4 (DLL4) attenuates atherosclerosis by altering the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response. However, the specific contribution of macrophage DLL4 to hepatic inflammation is currently unknown. We hypothesized that myeloid DLL4 deficiency in low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (Ldlr-/-) mice reduces hepatic inflammation. Irradiated Ldlr-/- mice were transplanted (tp) with bone marrow from wild type (Wt) or DLL4f/fLysMCre+/0 (DLL4del) mice and fed either chow or high fat, high cholesterol (HFC) diet for 11 weeks. Additionally, gene expression was assessed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) of DLL4f/fLysMCreWT and DLL4f/fLysMCre+/0 mice. In contrast to our hypothesis, inflammation was not decreased in HFC-fed DLL4del-transplanted mice. In line, in vitro, there was no difference in the expression of inflammatory genes between DLL4-deficient and wildtype bone marrow-derived macrophages. These results suggest that myeloid DLL4 deficiency does not contribute to hepatic inflammation in vivo. Since, macrophage-DLL4 expression in our model was not completely suppressed, it can’t be totally excluded that complete DLL4 deletion in macrophages might lead to different results. Nevertheless, the contribution of non-myeloid Kupffer cells to notch signaling with regard to the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis is unknown and as such it is possible that, DLL4 on Kupffer cells promote the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike L. J. Jeurissen
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie M. A. Walenbergh
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jieyi Li
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. van Gorp
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bitorina
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabell Nessel
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Experimental Cancer Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Radiotherapy, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM) and MAASTRO/School for Developmental Biology & Oncology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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84
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Liu X, Xu Z. Osteogenesis in calcified aortic valve disease: From histopathological observation towards molecular understanding. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:156-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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85
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Iwata H, Goettsch C, Sharma A, Ricchiuto P, Goh WWB, Halu A, Yamada I, Yoshida H, Hara T, Wei M, Inoue N, Fukuda D, Mojcher A, Mattson PC, Barabási AL, Boothby M, Aikawa E, Singh SA, Aikawa M. PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation via STAT1 ADP-ribosylation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12849. [PMID: 27796300 PMCID: PMC5095532 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global impact of macrophage activation in vascular disease, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we show, with global proteomic analysis of macrophage cell lines treated with either IFNγ or IL-4, that PARP9 and PARP14 regulate macrophage activation. In primary macrophages, PARP9 and PARP14 have opposing roles in macrophage activation. PARP14 silencing induces pro-inflammatory genes and STAT1 phosphorylation in M(IFNγ) cells, whereas it suppresses anti-inflammatory gene expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in M(IL-4) cells. PARP9 silencing suppresses pro-inflammatory genes and STAT1 phosphorylation in M(IFNγ) cells. PARP14 induces ADP-ribosylation of STAT1, which is suppressed by PARP9. Mutations at these ADP-ribosylation sites lead to increased phosphorylation. Network analysis links PARP9-PARP14 with human coronary artery disease. PARP14 deficiency in haematopoietic cells accelerates the development and inflammatory burden of acute and chronic arterial lesions in mice. These findings suggest that PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, Center for Complex Network Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Piero Ricchiuto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Arda Halu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Iwao Yamada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Takuya Hara
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Noriyuki Inoue
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Mojcher
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter C Mattson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, Center for Complex Network Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mark Boothby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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86
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An TH, He QW, Xia YP, Chen SC, Baral S, Mao L, Jin HJ, Li YN, Wang MD, Chen JG, Zhu LQ, Hu B. MiR-181b Antagonizes Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability Through Modulating Macrophage Polarization by Directly Targeting Notch1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6329-6341. [PMID: 27722924 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability is the major cause for acute stroke and could be regulated by macrophage polarization. MicroRNA-181b (miR-181b) was involved in macrophage differential. Here, we explore whether miR-181b could regulate atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by modulating macrophage polarization and the underline mechanisms. In acute stroke patients with atherosclerotic plaque, we found that the serum level of miR-181b was decreased. Eight-week apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were randomly divided into three groups (N = 10): mice fed with normal saline (Ctrl), mice fed with high-fat diet, and tail vein injection with miRNA agomir negative control (AG-NC)/miR-181b agomir (181b-AG, a synthetic miR-181b agonist). We found that the serum level of miR-181b in AG-NC group was lower than that in Ctrl group. Moreover, 181b-AG could upregulate miR-181b expression, reduce artery burden and attenuate atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by modulating macrophage polarization. In RAW264.7 cells treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), we found miR-181b could reverse the function of ox-LDL on M1/M2 markers at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, by employing luciferase reporter assay, we found that Notch1 was a direct target of miR-181b and could be regulated by miR-181b in vivo and in vitro. Finally, inhibition of Notch1 could abolish the function of downregulating miR-181b on increasing M2 phenotype macrophages. Our study demonstrates that administration of miR-181b could reduce atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability partially through modulating macrophage phenotype by directly targeting Notch1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hui An
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Suraj Baral
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meng-Die Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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87
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Nakano T, Fukuda D, Koga JI, Aikawa M. Delta-Like Ligand 4-Notch Signaling in Macrophage Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2038-47. [PMID: 27562914 PMCID: PMC5033717 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates the development of various cell types and organs, and also contributes to disease mechanisms in adults. Accumulating evidence suggests its role in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Notch signaling components also control the phenotype of immune cells. Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) of the Notch pathway promotes proinflammatory activation of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Dll4 blockade attenuates chronic atherosclerosis, vein graft disease, vascular calcification, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in mice. The Dll4-Notch axis may, thus, participate in the shared mechanisms for cardiometabolic disorders, serving as a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating these global health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- From The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), The Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.), Cardiovascular Division (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- From The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), The Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.), Cardiovascular Division (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jun-Ichiro Koga
- From The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), The Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.), Cardiovascular Division (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- From The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), The Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (M.A.), Cardiovascular Division (T.N., D.F., J.K., M.A.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (M.A.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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88
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Notch signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway critical for cardiovascular development and angiogenesis. More recently, the contribution of Notch signaling to the homeostasis of the adult vasculature has emerged as an important novel paradigm, but much remains to be understood. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings shed light on the impact of Notch in vascular and immune responses to microenvironmental signals as well as on the onset of atherosclerosis. In the past year, studies in human and mice explored the role of Notch in the maintenance of a nonactivated endothelium. Novel pieces of evidence suggest that this pathway is sensitive to environmental factors, including inflammatory mediators and diet-derived by-products. SUMMARY An emerging theme is the ability of Notch to respond to changes in the microenvironment, including glucose and lipid metabolites. In turn, alterations in Notch enable an important link between metabolism and transcriptional changes, thus this receptor appears to function as a metabolic sensor with direct implications to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Briot
- I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Team 1, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Team 1, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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89
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Liu L, Liu Y, Liu C, Zhang Z, Du Y, Zhao H. Analysis of gene expression profile identifies potential biomarkers for atherosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3052-8. [PMID: 27573188 PMCID: PMC5042771 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for atherosclerosis via analysis of gene expression profiles. The microarray dataset no. GSE20129 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 118 samples from the peripheral blood of female patients was used, including 47 atherosclerotic and 71 non‑atherosclerotic patients. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the atherosclerosis samples were identified using the Limma package. Gene ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses for DEGs were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery tool. The recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm was applied for feature selection via iterative classification, and support vector machine classifier was used for the validation of prediction accuracy. A total of 430 DEGs in the atherosclerosis samples were identified, including 149 up‑ and 281 downregulated genes. Subsequently, the RFE algorithm was used to identify 11 biomarkers, whose receiver operating characteristic curves had an area under curve of 0.92, indicating that the identified 11 biomarkers were representative. The present study indicated that APH1B, JAM3, FBLN2, CSAD and PSTPIP2 may have important roles in the progression of atherosclerosis in females and may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis as well as treatment targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luran Liu
- Department of Neurology and
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology and
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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90
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Ruiz-García A, López-López S, García-Ramírez JJ, Baladrón V, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, López-Sanz L, Ballesteros Á, Laborda J, Monsalve EM, Díaz-Guerra MJM. The Tetraspanin TSPAN33 Controls TLR-Triggered Macrophage Activation through Modulation of NOTCH Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3371-3381. [PMID: 27574297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of NOTCH signaling in macrophage activation by Toll receptors has been clearly established, but the factors and pathways controlling NOTCH signaling during this process have not been completely delineated yet. We have characterized the role of TSPAN33, a tetraspanin implicated in a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 maturation, during macrophage proinflammatory activation. Tspan33 expression increases in response to TLR signaling, including responses triggered by TLR4, TLR3, and TLR2 activation, and it is enhanced by IFN-γ. In this study, we report that induction of Tspan33 expression by TLR and IFN-γ is largely dependent on NOTCH signaling, as its expression is clearly diminished in macrophages lacking Notch1 and Notch2 expression, but it is enhanced after overexpression of a constitutively active intracellular domain of NOTCH1. TSPAN33 is the member of the TspanC8 tetraspanin subgroup more intensely induced during macrophage activation, and its overexpression increases ADAM10, but not ADAM17, maturation. TSPAN33 favors NOTCH processing at the membrane by modulating ADAM10 and/or Presenilin1 activity, thus increasing NOTCH signaling in activated macrophages. Moreover, TSPAN33 modulates TLR-induced proinflammatory gene expression, at least in part, by increasing NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. Our results suggest that TSPAN33 represents a new control element in the development of inflammation by macrophages that could constitute a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Ruiz-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Susana López-López
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Javier García-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Victoriano Baladrón
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Laura López-Sanz
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángela Ballesteros
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Eva María Monsalve
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - María José M Díaz-Guerra
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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91
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Cai Z, Zhao B, Deng Y, Shangguan S, Zhou F, Zhou W, Li X, Li Y, Chen G. Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2883-98. [PMID: 27574001 PMCID: PMC5042775 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of numerous fundamental cellular processes. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch signaling is involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, and thus in the progress of cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases is associated with apoptosis, angiogenesis and the function of blood-brain barrier. Despite the contradictory results obtained to date as to whether Notch signaling is harmful or beneficial, the regulation of Notch signaling may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Shouqin Shangguan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Faming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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92
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Nus M, Martínez-Poveda B, MacGrogan D, Chevre R, D'Amato G, Sbroggio M, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J, Andrés V, Hidalgo A, de la Pompa JL. Endothelial Jag1-RBPJ signalling promotes inflammatory leucocyte recruitment and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112:568-580. [PMID: 27496872 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine the role of NOTCH during the arterial injury response and the subsequent chronic arterial-wall inflammation underlying atherosclerosis. Methods and results We have generated a mouse model of endothelial-specific (Cdh5-driven) depletion of the Notch effector recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) [(ApoE-/-); homozygous RBPJk conditional mice (RBPJflox/flox); Cadherin 5-CreERT, tamoxifen inducible driver mice (Cdh5-CreERT)]. Endothelial-specific deletion of RBPJ or systemic deletion of Notch1 in athero-susceptible ApoE-/- mice fed a high-cholesterol diet for 6 weeks resulted in reduced atherosclerosis in the aortic arch and sinus. Intravital microscopy revealed decreased leucocyte rolling on the endothelium of ApoE-/-; RBPJflox/flox; Cdh5-CreERT mice, correlating with a lowered content of leucocytes and macrophages in the vascular wall. Transcriptome analysis revealed down-regulation of proinflammatory and endothelial activation pathways in atherosclerotic tissue of RBPJ-mutant mice. During normal Notch activation, Jagged1 signalling up-regulation in endothelial cells promotes nuclear translocation of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) and its physical interaction with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). This N1ICD-NF-κB interaction is required for reciprocal transactivation of target genes, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Conclusions Notch signalling pathway inactivation decreases leucocyte rolling, thereby preventing endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Attenuation of Notch signalling might provide a treatment strategy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Nus
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Poveda
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Donal MacGrogan
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Chevre
- Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Sbroggio
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Imaging Cardiovascular Inflammation and the Immune Response Laboratory, CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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93
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Balistreri CR, Madonna R, Melino G, Caruso C. The emerging role of Notch pathway in ageing: Focus on the related mechanisms in age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:50-65. [PMID: 27328278 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, which is fundamental for the development of all tissues, organs and systems of human body. Recently, a considerable and still growing number of studies have highlighted the contribution of Notch signaling in various pathological processes of the adult life, such as age-related diseases. In particular, the Notch pathway has emerged as major player in the maintenance of tissue specific homeostasis, through the control of proliferation, migration, phenotypes and functions of tissue cells, as well as in the cross-talk between inflammatory cells and the innate immune system, and in onset of inflammatory age-related diseases. However, until now there is a confounding evidence about the related mechanisms. Here, we discuss mechanisms through which Notch signaling acts in a very complex network of pathways, where it seems to have the crucial role of hub. Thus, we stress the possibility to use Notch pathway, the related molecules and pathways constituting this network, both as innovative (predictive, diagnostic and prognostic) biomarkers and targets for personalised treatments for age-related diseases.
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Wu JR, Yeh JL, Liou SF, Dai ZK, Wu BN, Hsu JH. Gamma-secretase Inhibitor Prevents Proliferation and Migration of Ductus Arteriosus Smooth Muscle Cells through the Notch3-HES1/2/5 Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1063-73. [PMID: 27570480 PMCID: PMC4997050 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can cause morbidity and mortality in neonates. Vascular remodeling, characterized by proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), is an essential process for postnatal DA closure. Notch signaling is an important mediator of vascular remodelling but its role in DA is unkonwn. We investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, a Notch signaling inhibitor on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced proliferation and migration of DASMCs. Proliferation and migration of DASMCs cultured from neonatal Wistar rats were induced by Ang II, with or without DAPT pre-treatment. In addition, potential underlying mechanisms including cell cycle progression, Ca(2+) influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, signal transduction of MAPK and Akt, and Notch receptor with its target gene pathway were examined. We found that DAPT inhibited Ang II-induced DASMCs proliferation and migration dose dependently. DAPT also arrested the cell cycle progression in the G0/G1-phase, and attenuated calcium overload and ROS production caused by Ang II. Moreover, DAPT inhibited nuclear translocation of Notch3 receptor intracellular domain, with decreased expression of its down-stream genes including HES1, HES2 and HES5. Finally, Ang II-activated ERK1/2, JNK and Akt were also counteracted by DAPT. In conclusion, DAPT inhibits Ang II-induced DASMCs proliferation and migration. These effects are potentially mediated by decreased calcium influx, reduced ROS production, and down-regulation of ERK1/2, JNK and Akt, through the Notch3-HES1/2/5 pathway. Therefore, Notch signaling has a role in DA remodeling and may provide a target pathway for therapeutic intervention of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Ren Wu
- 1. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 2. Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 3. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- 1. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 4. Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Liou
- 5. Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zen-Kong Dai
- 1. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 2. Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 3. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- 4. Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- 1. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 2. Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 3. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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95
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Delta-Like Ligand 4 Modulates Liver Damage by Down-Regulating Chemokine Expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1874-1889. [PMID: 27171900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disrupting Notch signaling ameliorates experimental liver fibrosis. However, the role of individual Notch ligands in liver damage is unknown. We investigated the effects of Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) in liver disease. DLL4 expression was measured in 31 human liver tissues by immunohistochemistry. Dll4 function was examined in carbon tetrachloride- and bile duct ligation-challenged mouse models in vivo and evaluated in hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells in vitro. DLL4 was expressed in patients' Kupffer and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Recombinant Dll4 protein (rDll4) ameliorated hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice after carbon tetrachloride challenge. In vitro, rDll4 significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide-dependent chemokine expression in both Kupffer and hepatic stellate cells. In bile duct ligation mice, rDll4 induced massive hepatic necrosis, resulting in the death of all animals within 1 week. Inflammatory cell infiltration and chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) expression were significantly reduced in rDll4-receiving bile duct ligation mice. Recombinant Ccl2 rescued bile duct ligation mice from rDll4-mediated death. In patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, DLL4 expression was inversely associated with CCL2 abundance. Mechanistically, Dll4 regulated Ccl2 expression via NF-κB. Taken together, Dll4 modulates liver inflammatory response by down-regulating chemokine expression. rDll4 application results in opposing outcomes in two models of liver damage. Loss of DLL4 may be associated with CCL2-mediated cytokine storm in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure.
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96
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Decano JL, Mattson PC, Aikawa M. Macrophages in Vascular Inflammation: Origins and Functions. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2016; 18:34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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97
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Nishimoto S, Fukuda D, Higashikuni Y, Tanaka K, Hirata Y, Murata C, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Sato F, Bando M, Yagi S, Soeki T, Hayashi T, Imoto I, Sakaue H, Shimabukuro M, Sata M. Obesity-induced DNA released from adipocytes stimulates chronic adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501332. [PMID: 27051864 PMCID: PMC4820373 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity stimulates chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, which is associated with insulin resistance, although the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we showed that obesity-related adipocyte degeneration causes release of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which promotes macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), originally known as a sensor of exogenous DNA fragments. Fat-fed obese wild-type mice showed increased release of cfDNA, as determined by the concentrations of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in plasma. cfDNA released from degenerated adipocytes promoted monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in wild-type macrophages, but not in TLR9-deficient (Tlr9 (-/-) ) macrophages. Fat-fed Tlr9 (-/-) mice demonstrated reduced macrophage accumulation and inflammation in adipose tissue and better insulin sensitivity compared with wild-type mice, whereas bone marrow reconstitution with wild-type bone marrow restored the attenuation of insulin resistance observed in fat-fed Tlr9 (-/-) mice. Administration of a TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotide to fat-fed wild-type mice reduced the accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue and improved insulin resistance. Furthermore, in humans, plasma ssDNA level was significantly higher in patients with computed tomography-determined visceral obesity and was associated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), which is the index of insulin resistance. Our study may provide a novel mechanism for the development of sterile inflammation in adipose tissue and a potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Nishimoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (D.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Yasutomi Higashikuni
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kimie Tanaka
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Chie Murata
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Joo-ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Fukiko Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masahiro Bando
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Michio Shimabukuro
- Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Diabetes and Lifestyle-Related Disease Center, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa 901-0243, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (D.F.); (M.S.)
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98
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Pabois A, Pagie S, Gérard N, Laboisse C, Pattier S, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Toquet C, Charreau B. Notch signaling mediates crosstalk between endothelial cells and macrophages via Dll4 and IL6 in cardiac microvascular inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:95-107. [PMID: 26826491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although short-term outcomes have improved with modern era immunosuppression, little progress has been made in long-term graft survival in cardiac transplantation. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is one of the leading causes of graft failure and contributes significantly to poor long-term outcomes. Endothelial cell (EC) injury, intravascular macrophage infiltrate and microvascular inflammation are the histological features of AMR. Nevertheless, mechanisms of AMR remain unclear and treatment is still limited. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying vascular and inflammatory cell network involved in AMR at endothelial and macrophage levels, using endomyocardial transplant biopsies and EC/monocyte cocultures. First, we found that AMR associates with changes in Notch signaling at endothelium/monocyte interface including loss of endothelial Notch4 and the acquisition of the Notch ligand Dll4 in both cell types. We showed that endothelial Dll4 induces macrophage polarization into a pro-inflammatory fate (CD40(high)CD64(high)CD200R(low) HLA-DR(low)CD11b(low)) eliciting the production of IL-6. Dll4 and IL-6 are both Notch-dependent and are required for macrophage polarization through selective down and upregulation of M2- and M1-type markers, respectively. Overall, these findings highlight the impact of the graft's endothelium on macrophage recruitment and differentiation upon AMR via Notch signaling. We identified Dll4 and IL-6 as coregulators of vascular inflammation in cardiac transplantation and as potential targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Pabois
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Sylvain Pagie
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Nathalie Gérard
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France
| | | | - Sabine Pattier
- Service de transplantation cardiaque, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France; Plateforme MicroPICell SFR Santé - IRT, Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France; Plateforme MicroPICell SFR Santé - IRT, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Toquet
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx IGO and LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France.
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99
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Murata A, Hayashi SI. Notch-Mediated Cell Adhesion. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010005. [PMID: 26784245 PMCID: PMC4810162 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch family members are generally recognized as signaling molecules that control various cellular responses in metazoan organisms. Early fly studies and our mammalian studies demonstrated that Notch family members are also cell adhesion molecules; however, information on the physiological roles of this function and its origin is limited. In this review, we discuss the potential present and ancestral roles of Notch-mediated cell adhesion in order to explore its origin and the initial roles of Notch family members dating back to metazoan evolution. We hypothesize that Notch family members may have initially emerged as cell adhesion molecules in order to mediate multicellularity in the last common ancestor of metazoan organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Murata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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100
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Sparling DP, Yu J, Kim K, Zhu C, Brachs S, Birkenfeld AL, Pajvani UB. Adipocyte-specific blockade of gamma-secretase, but not inhibition of Notch activity, reduces adipose insulin sensitivity. Mol Metab 2015; 5:113-121. [PMID: 26909319 PMCID: PMC4735659 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As the obesity pandemic continues to expand, novel molecular targets to reduce obesity-related insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) continue to be needed. We have recently shown that obesity is associated with reactivated liver Notch signaling, which, in turn, increases hepatic insulin resistance, opening up therapeutic avenues for Notch inhibitors to be repurposed for T2D. Herein, we tested the systemic effects of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), which prevent endogenous Notch activation, and confirmed these effects through creation and characterization of two different adipocyte-specific Notch loss-of-function mouse models through genetic ablation of the Notch transcriptional effector Rbp-Jk (A-Rbpj) and the obligate γ-secretase component Nicastrin (A-Nicastrin). Methods Glucose homeostasis and both local adipose and systemic insulin sensitivity were examined in GSI-treated, A-Rbpj and A-Nicastrin mice, as well as vehicle-treated or control littermates, with complementary in vitro studies in primary hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Results GSI-treatment increases hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese mice but leads to reciprocal lowering of adipose glucose disposal. While A-Rbpj mice show normal body weight, adipose development and mass and unchanged adipose insulin sensitivity as control littermates, A-Nicastrin mice are relatively insulin-resistant, mirroring the GSI effect on adipose insulin action. Conclusions Notch signaling is dispensable for normal adipocyte function, but adipocyte-specific γ-secretase blockade reduces adipose insulin sensitivity, suggesting that specific Notch inhibitors would be preferable to GSIs for application in T2D. γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are non-specific inhibitors of Notch signaling. GSI-treatment of obese mice increases hepatic, but lowers adipose insulin sensitivity. Adipocyte-specific Notch inhibition does not affect adipose mass or glucose homeostasis. Adipocyte-specific γ-secretase blockade reduces adipose insulin sensitivity. Specific Notch inhibitors may be preferable to GSIs for treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Sparling
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Junjie Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Changyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), a member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, Denmark Hill Campus, King's College London, UK
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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