51
|
Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Varenganayil MM, Decho AW, Waltimo T, Braissant O. Exopolysaccharides regulate calcium flow in cariogenic biofilms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186256. [PMID: 29023506 PMCID: PMC5638444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries-associated biofilms induce loss of calcium from tooth surfaces in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) provide a matrix scaffold and an abundance of primary binding sites within biofilms. The role of EPS in binding calcium in cariogenic biofilms is only partially understood. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the calcium dissolution rates and calcium tolerance of caries-associated bacteria and yeast as well as to examine the properties of EPS to quantify its binding affinity for dissolved calcium. Calcium dissolution was measured by dissolution zones on Pikovskaya's agar. Calcium tolerance was assessed by isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) by adding CaCl2 to the bacterial cultures. Acid-base titration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to identify possible functional groups responsible for calcium binding, which was assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Lactobacillus spp. and mutans streptococci demonstrated calcium dissolution in the presence of different carbohydrates. All strains that demonstrated high dissolution rates also revealed higher rates of calcium tolerance by IMC. In addition, acidic functional groups were predominantly identified as possible binding sites for calcium ions by acid-base titration and FTIR. Finally, ITC revealed EPS to have a higher binding affinity for calcium compared, for example, to lactic acid. In conclusion, this study illustrates the role of EPS in terms of the calcium tolerance of cariogenic microbiota by determining the ability of EPS to control free calcium concentrations within the biofilms as a self-regulating mode of action in the pathogenesis of dental caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Muth M. Varenganayil
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan W. Decho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Tuomas Waltimo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Center of Biomechanics & Biocalorimetry, c/o Department Biomedical Engineering (DBE), University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lindström JB, Pierce NT, Latz MI. Role of TRP Channels in Dinoflagellate Mechanotransduction. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:151-167. [PMID: 29373067 DOI: 10.1086/695421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are common components of mechanosensing pathways, mainly described in mammals and other multicellular organisms. To gain insight into the evolutionary origins of eukaryotic mechanosensory proteins, we investigated the involvement of TRP channels in mechanosensing in a unicellular eukaryotic protist, the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra. BLASTP analysis of the protein sequences predicted from the L. polyedra transcriptome revealed six sequences with high similarity to human TRPM2, TRPM8, TRPML2, TRPP1, and TRPP2; and characteristic TRP domains were identified in all sequences. In a phylogenetic tree including all mammalian TRP subfamilies and TRP channel sequences from unicellular and multicellular organisms, the L. polyedra sequences grouped with the TRPM, TPPML, and TRPP clades. In pharmacological experiments, we used the intrinsic bioluminescence of L. polyedra as a reporter of mechanoresponsivity. Capsaicin and RN1734, agonists of mammalian TRPV, and arachidonic acid, an agonist of mammalian TRPV, TRPA, TRPM, and Drosophila TRP, all stimulated bioluminescence in L. polyedra. Mechanical stimulation of bioluminescence, but not capsaicin-stimulated bioluminescence, was inhibited by gadolinium (Gd3+), a general inhibitor of mechanosensitive ion channels, and the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122. These pharmacological results are consistent with the involvement of TRP-like channels in mechanosensing by L. polyedra. The TRP channels do not appear to be mechanoreceptors but rather are components of the mechanotransduction signaling pathway and may be activated via a PLC-dependent mechanism. The presence and function of TRP channels in a dinoflagellate emphasize the evolutionary conservation of both the channel structures and their functions.
Collapse
Key Words
- AA, amino acids
- AMTB hydrochloride, N-(3-Aminopropyl)-2-[(3-methylphenyl)methoxy]-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide hydrochloride
- Ce, Caenorhabditis elegans
- Cr, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Dm, Drosophila melanogaster
- Dr, Danio rerio
- FSW, filtered seawater
- Gd3+, gadolinium
- GsMTx4, Grammostola spatulata mechanotoxin 4
- HC067047, 2-Methyl-1-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-5-phenyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide
- HMM, Hidden Markov Model
- Hs, Homo sapiens
- Lp, Lingulodinium polyedra
- ML204, 4-Methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)-quinoline
- Mb, Monosiga brevicollis
- ORF, open reading frame
- PIP2, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- PLC, phospholipase C
- Pt, Paramecium tetraurelia
- RHC80267, O,O′-[1,6-Hexanediylbis(iminocarbonyl)]dioxime cyclohexanone
- RN1734, 2,4-Dichloro-N-isopropyl-N-(2-isopropylaminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide
- RN1747, 1-(4-Chloro-2-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl-4-benzylpiperazine
- TMHMM, transmembrane helix prediction
- TRP, transient receptor potential channel
- U73122, 1-[6-[((17β)-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione
Collapse
|
53
|
Ruta LL, Popa CV, Nicolau I, Farcasanu IC. Calcium signaling and copper toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24514-24526. [PMID: 27094270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To respond to metal surpluses, cells have developed intricate ways of defense against the excessive metallic ions. To understand the ways in which cells sense the presence of toxic concentration in the environment, the role of Ca2+ in mediating the cell response to high Cu2+ was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. It was found that the cell exposure to high Cu2+ was accompanied by elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ with patterns that were influenced not only by Cu2+ concentration but also by the oxidative state of the cell. When Ca2+ channel deletion mutants were used, it was revealed that the main contributor to the cytosolic Ca2+ pool under Cu2+ stress was the vacuolar Ca2+ channel, Yvc1, also activated by the Cch1-mediated Ca2+ influx. Using yeast mutants defective in the Cu2+ transport across the plasma membrane, it was found that the Cu2+-dependent Ca2+ elevation could correlate not only with the accumulated metal, but also with the overall oxidative status. Moreover, it was revealed that Cu2+ and H2O2 acted in synergy to induce Ca2+-mediated responses to external stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia L Ruta
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia V Popa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana C Farcasanu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Chandel A, Das KK, Bachhawat AK. Glutathione depletion activates the yeast vacuolar transient receptor potential channel, Yvc1p, by reversible glutathionylation of specific cysteines. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3913-3925. [PMID: 27708136 PMCID: PMC5170613 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione depletion leads to calcium influx in yeast cells via plasma membrane Cch1p and the vacuolar Yvc1p channels. Yvc1p, a yeast vacuolar transient receptor potential channel, is activated by glutathionylation carried out by the glutathione S-transferase Gtt1p, and this mechanism is reversible with deglutathionylation being mediated by the thioredoxin Trx2p. Glutathione depletion and calcium influx into the cytoplasm are two hallmarks of apoptosis. We have been investigating how glutathione depletion leads to apoptosis in yeast. We show here that glutathione depletion in yeast leads to the activation of two cytoplasmically inward-facing channels: the plasma membrane, Cch1p, and the vacuolar calcium channel, Yvc1p. Deletion of these channels partially rescues cells from glutathione depletion–induced cell death. Subsequent investigations on the Yvc1p channel, a homologue of the mammalian TRP channels, revealed that the channel is activated by glutathionylation. Yvc1p has nine cysteine residues, of which eight are located in the cytoplasmic regions and one on the transmembrane domain. We show that three of these cysteines, Cys-17, Cys-79, and Cys-191, are specifically glutathionylated. Mutation of these cysteines to alanine leads to a loss in glutathionylation and a concomitant loss in calcium channel activity. We further investigated the mechanism of glutathionylation and demonstrate a role for the yeast glutathione S-transferase Gtt1p in glutathionylation. Yvc1p is also deglutathionylated, and this was found to be mediated by the yeast thioredoxin, Trx2p. A model for redox activation and deactivation of the yeast Yvc1p channel is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chandel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Krishna K Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Anand K Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Lange M, Weihmann F, Schliebner I, Horbach R, Deising HB, Wirsel SGR, Peiter E. The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channel Family in Colletotrichum graminicola: A Molecular and Physiological Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158561. [PMID: 27359114 PMCID: PMC4928787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger in all higher organisms and centrally involved in the launch of responses to environmental stimuli. Ca2+ signals in the cytosol are initiated by the activation of Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane and/or in endomembranes. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains a Ca2+-permeable channel of the TRP family, TRPY1, which is localized in the vacuolar membrane and contributes to cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) elevations, for example in response to osmotic upshock. A TRPY1 homologue in the rice blast fungus is known to be important for growth and pathogenicity. To determine the role of the TRP channel family in the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, proteins homologous to TRPY1 were searched. This identified not one, but four genes in the C. graminicola genome, which had putative orthologs in other fungi, and which we named CgTRPF1 through 4. The topology of the CgTRPF proteins resembled that of TRPY1, albeit with a variable number of transmembrane (TM) domains additional to the six-TM-domain core and a diverse arrangement of putatively Ca2+-binding acidic motifs. All CgTRPF genes were expressed in axenic culture and throughout the infection of maize. Like TRPY1, all TRPF proteins of C. graminicola were localized intracellularly, albeit three of them were found not in large vacuoles, but co-localized in vesicular structures. Deletion strains for the CgTRPF genes were not altered in processes thought to involve Ca2+ release from internal stores, i.e. spore germination, the utilization of complex carbon sources, and the generation of tip-focussed [Ca2+]cyt spikes. Heterologous expression of CgTRPF1 through 4 in a tryp1Δ yeast mutant revealed that none of the channels mediated the release of Ca2+ in response to osmotic upshock. Accordingly, aequorin-based [Ca2+]cyt measurements of C. graminicola showed that in this fungus, osmotic upshock-triggered [Ca2+]cyt elevations were generated entirely by influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. Cgtrpf mutants did not show pathogenicity defects in leaf infection assays. In summary, our study reveals major differences between different fungi in the contribution of TRP channels to Ca2+-mediated signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lange
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Weihmann
- Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ivo Schliebner
- Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralf Horbach
- Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger B. Deising
- Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan G. R. Wirsel
- Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences (IAEW), Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Calcineurin and Calcium Channel CchA Coordinate the Salt Stress Response by Regulating Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Homeostasis in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3420-3430. [PMID: 27037124 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00330-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is crucial for the environmental adaption of fungi. However, the mechanism of coordinate regulation of the response to salt stress by calcineurin and the high-affinity calcium channel CchA in fungi is not well understood. Here we show that the deletion of cchA suppresses the hyphal growth defects caused by the loss of calcineurin under salt stress in Aspergillus nidulans Additionally, the hypersensitivity of the ΔcnaA strain to extracellular calcium and cell-wall-damaging agents can be suppressed by cchA deletion. Using the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin to monitor the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]c) in living cells, we found that calcineurin negatively regulates CchA on calcium uptake in response to external calcium in normally cultured cells. However, in salt-stress-pretreated cells, loss of either cnaA or cchA significantly decreased the [Ca(2+)]c, but a deficiency in both cnaA and cchA switches the [Ca(2+)]c to the reference strain level, indicating that calcineurin and CchA synergistically coordinate calcium influx under salt stress. Moreover, real-time PCR results showed that the dysfunction of cchA in the ΔcnaA strain dramatically restored the expression of enaA (a major determinant for sodium detoxification), which was abolished in the ΔcnaA strain under salt stress. These results suggest that double deficiencies of cnaA and cchA could bypass the requirement of calcineurin to induce enaA expression under salt stress. Finally, YvcA, a member of the transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) protein family of vacuolar Ca(2+) channels, was proven to compensate for calcineurin-CchA in fungal salt stress adaption.IMPORTANCE The feedback inhibition relationship between calcineurin and the calcium channel Cch1/Mid1 has been well recognized from yeast. Interestingly, our previous study (S. Wang et al., PLoS One 7:e46564, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046564) showed that the deletion of cchA could suppress the hyphal growth defects caused by the loss of calcineurin under salt stress in Aspergillus nidulans In this study, our findings suggest that fungi are able to develop a unique mechanism for adapting to environmental salt stress. Compared to cells cultured normally, the NaCl-pretreated cells had a remarkable increase in transient [Ca(2+)]c Furthermore, we show that calcineurin and CchA are required to modulate cellular calcium levels and synergistically coordinate calcium influx under salt stress. Finally, YvcA, a member of of the TRPC family of vacuolar Ca(2+) channels, was proven to compensate for calcineurin-CchA in fungal salt stress adaption. The findings in this study provide insights into the complex regulatory links between calcineurin and CchA to maintain cytoplasmic Ca(2+) homeostasis in response to different environments.
Collapse
|
57
|
Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
Calcium is an essential cation for a cell. This cation participates in the regulation of numerous processes in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes, from bacteria to humans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model organism to understand calcium homeostasis and calcium-dependent signaling in fungi. In this chapter it will be reviewed known and predicted transport mechanisms that mediate calcium homeostasis in the yeast. How and when calcium enters the cell, how and where it is stored, when is reutilized, and finally secreted to the environment to close the cycle. As a second messenger, maintenance of a controlled free intracellular calcium concentration is important for mediating transcriptional regulation. Many environmental stimuli modify the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium generating the "calcium signal". This is sensed and transduced through the calmodulin/calcineurin pathway to a transcription factor, named calcineurin-responsive zinc finger, CRZ, also known as "crazy", to mediate transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes of diverse pathways including a negative feedback regulation of the calcium homeostasis system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kim HS, Kim JE, Frailey D, Nohe A, Duncan R, Czymmek KJ, Kang S. Roles of three Fusarium oxysporum calcium ion (Ca2+) channels in generating Ca2+ signatures and controlling growth. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:145-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
60
|
Interaction between lanthanide ions and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:1097-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
61
|
D'hooge P, Coun C, Van Eyck V, Faes L, Ghillebert R, Mariën L, Winderickx J, Callewaert G. Ca(2+) homeostasis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Impact of ER/Golgi Ca(2+) storage. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:226-35. [PMID: 26055636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Yeast has proven to be a powerful tool to elucidate the molecular aspects of several biological processes in higher eukaryotes. As in mammalian cells, yeast intracellular Ca(2+) signalling is crucial for a myriad of biological processes. Yeast cells also bear homologs of the major components of the Ca(2+) signalling toolkit in mammalian cells, including channels, co-transporters and pumps. Using yeast single- and multiple-gene deletion strains of various plasma membrane and organellar Ca(2+) transporters, combined with manipulations to estimate intracellular Ca(2+) storage, we evaluated the contribution of individual transport systems to intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Yeast strains lacking Pmr1 and/or Cod1, two ion pumps implicated in ER/Golgi Ca(2+) homeostasis, displayed a fragmented vacuolar phenotype and showed increased vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane. In the pmr1Δ strain, these effects were insensitive to calcineurin activity, independent of Cch1/Mid1 Ca(2+) channels and Pmc1 but required Vcx1. By contrast, in the cod1Δ strain increased vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake was not affected by Vcx1 deletion but was largely dependent on Pmc1 activity. Our analysis further corroborates the distinct roles of Vcx1 and Pmc1 in vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake and point to the existence of not-yet identified Ca(2+) influx pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra D'hooge
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Catherina Coun
- Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vincent Van Eyck
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Faes
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ruben Ghillebert
- Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lore Mariën
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Geert Callewaert
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Koselski M, Dziubinska H, Seta-Koselska A, Trebacz K. A nitrate-permeable ion channel in the tonoplast of the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2015; 241:1207-19. [PMID: 25638644 PMCID: PMC4412613 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, for the first time the activity of nitrate-permeable channels in the tonoplast of the moss Physcomitrella patens was recorded. The channels allowed nitrate flow in one direction-from the cytoplasm to the vacuole. Selectivity of nitrate over chloride of the channels was proved. The activity of the channels was dependent on cytoplasmic calcium, magnesium, and pH. A patch-clamp study carried out on the vacuolar membrane of the moss Physcomitrella patens has revealed that inhibition of cation-selective channels leads to disclosure of channels permeable to NO3 (-). These channels were inwardly rectifying and allowed anions to flow from the cytoplasm to the vacuole. After a decrease in the cytoplasmic NO3 (-) concentration, the current density recorded in the whole-vacuole configuration and amplitude of the currents flowing through single channels were reduced. Application of the NO3 (-) gradient caused a shift in the reversal potential (Erev) towards ENO3-, indicating NO3 (-) permeability. Research of the selectivity of the channels to Cl(-) and NO3 (-) was also done; it indicated that Cl(-) is less permeable than NO3 (-) (PNO3/PCl = 3.08). Measurements with different concentrations of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) revealed that the channel was activated by different concentrations of these ions-100 µM Ca(2+) and 10 mM Mg(2+). Calcium dependence of the channels was also modulated by a redox agent-DTT (dithiothreitol), which added on the cytoplasmic side, caused a reduction in the threshold of channel activation with cytoplasmic Ca(2+). The NO3 (-) permeable channel was also pH dependent. A decrease in the cytoplasmic pH reduced the open probability of the channel; in turn, an increase in the vacuolar pH did not decrease ion channel activity but lowered its conductance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Koselski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Evolutionary dynamics of metazoan TRP channels. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2043-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
64
|
Xu H, Martinoia E, Szabo I. Organellar channels and transporters. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:1-10. [PMID: 25795199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decades of intensive research have led to the discovery of most plasma membrane ion channels and transporters and the characterization of their physiological functions. In contrast, although over 80% of transport processes occur inside the cells, the ion flux mechanisms across intracellular membranes (the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles) are difficult to investigate and remain poorly understood. Recent technical advances in super-resolution microscopy, organellar electrophysiology, organelle-targeted fluorescence imaging, and organelle proteomics have pushed a large step forward in the research of intracellular ion transport. Many new organellar channels are molecularly identified and electrophysiologically characterized. Additionally, molecular identification of many of these ion channels/transporters has made it possible to study their physiological functions by genetic and pharmacological means. For example, organellar channels have been shown to regulate important cellular processes such as programmed cell death and photosynthesis, and are involved in many different pathologies. This special issue (SI) on organellar channels and transporters aims to provide a forum to discuss the recent advances and to define the standard and open questions in this exciting and rapidly developing field. Along this line, a new Gordon Research Conference dedicated to the multidisciplinary study of intracellular membrane transport proteins will be launched this coming summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3089 Natural Science Building (Kraus), 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Evolution of acidic Ca2+ stores and their resident Ca2+-permeable channels. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
66
|
Components of the calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway in fungal cells and their potential as antifungal targets. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:324-34. [PMID: 25636321 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00271-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of fungal resistance has become frequent, partly due to the widespread clinical use of fluconazole, which is minimally toxic and effective in the prevention and treatment of Candida albicans infections. The limited selection of antifungal drugs for clinical fungal infection therapy has prompted us to search for new antifungal drug targets. Calcium, which acts as the second messenger in both mammals and fungi, plays a direct role in controlling the expression patterns of its signaling systems and has important roles in cell survival. In addition, calcium and some of the components, mainly calcineurin, in the fungal calcium signaling pathway mediate fungal resistance to antifungal drugs. Therefore, an overview of the components of the fungal calcium-calcineurin signaling network and their potential roles as antifungal targets is urgently needed. The calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway consists of various channels, transporters, pumps, and other proteins or enzymes. Many transcriptional profiles have indicated that mutant strains that lack some of these components are sensitized to fluconazole or other antifungal drugs. In addition, many researchers have identified efficient compounds that exhibit antifungal activity by themselves or in combination with antifungal drugs by targeting some of the components in the fungal calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway. This targeting disrupts Ca(2+) homeostasis, which suggests that this pathway contains potential targets for the development of new antifungal drugs.
Collapse
|
67
|
Popa CV, Lungu L, Cristache LF, Ciuculescu C, Danet AF, Farcasanu IC. Heat shock, visible light or high calcium augment the cytotoxic effects ofAilanthus altissima(Swingle) leaf extracts againstSaccharomyces cerevisiaecells. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1744-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.998215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
68
|
Volkov V. Quantitative description of ion transport via plasma membrane of yeast and small cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:425. [PMID: 26113853 PMCID: PMC4462678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of ion transport via plasma membrane needs identification and quantitative understanding of the involved processes. Brief characterization of main ion transport systems of a yeast cell (Pma1, Ena1, TOK1, Nha1, Trk1, Trk2, non-selective cation conductance) and determining the exact number of molecules of each transporter per a typical cell allow us to predict the corresponding ion flows. In this review a comparison of ion transport in small yeast cell and several animal cell types is provided. The importance of cell volume to surface ratio is emphasized. The role of cell wall and lipid rafts is discussed in respect to required increase in spatial and temporary resolution of measurements. Conclusions are formulated to describe specific features of ion transport in a yeast cell. Potential directions of future research are outlined based on the assumptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Volkov
- *Correspondence: Vadim Volkov, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ariño J, Aydar E, Drulhe S, Ganser D, Jorrín J, Kahm M, Krause F, Petrezsélyová S, Yenush L, Zimmermannová O, van Heusden GPH, Kschischo M, Ludwig J, Palmer C, Ramos J, Sychrová H. Systems biology of monovalent cation homeostasis in yeast: the translucent contribution. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 64:1-63. [PMID: 24797924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800143-1.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of monovalent cation homeostasis (mainly K(+) and Na(+)) is vital for cell survival, and cation toxicity is at the basis of a myriad of relevant phenomena, such as salt stress in crops and diverse human diseases. Full understanding of the importance of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell can only be achieved from a systemic perspective. Translucent is a multinational project developed within the context of the SysMO (System Biology of Microorganisms) initiative and focussed in the study of cation homeostasis using the well-known yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. The present review summarize how the combination of biochemical, genetic, genomic and computational approaches has boosted our knowledge in this field, providing the basis for a more comprehensive and coherent vision of the role of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ebru Aydar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jesús Jorrín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Matthias Kahm
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Silvia Petrezsélyová
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Zimmermannová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Maik Kschischo
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Chris Palmer
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Yu Q, Zhang B, Yang B, Chen J, Wang H, Jia C, Ding X, Xu N, Dong Y, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. Interaction among the vacuole, the mitochondria, and the oxidative stress response is governed by the transient receptor potential channel in Candida albicans. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:152-67. [PMID: 25308698 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens, causing both mucosal candidiasis and life-threatening systemic infections. To survive in the host immune defense system, this pathogen uses an elaborate signaling network to recognize and respond to oxidative stress, which is essential for its pathogenicity. However, the exact mechanisms that this fungus employs to integrate the oxidative stress response (OSR) with functions of various organelles remain uncharacterized. Our previous work implicated a connection between the calcium signaling system and the OSR. In this study, we find that the vacuolar transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Yvc1, one of the calcium signaling members, plays a critical role in cell tolerance to oxidative stress. We further provide evidence that this channel is required not only for activation of Cap1-related transcription of OSR genes but also for maintaining the stability of both the mitochondria and the vacuole in a potassium- and calcium-dependent manner. Element assays reveal that this TRP channel affects calcium influx and potassium transport from the vacuole to the mitochondria. Therefore, the TRP channel governs the novel interaction among the OSR, the vacuole, and the mitochondria by mediating ion transport in this pathogen under oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Baopeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Laijun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
de Castro PA, Chiaratto J, Winkelströter LK, Bom VLP, Ramalho LNZ, Goldman MHS, Brown NA, Goldman GH. The involvement of the Mid1/Cch1/Yvc1 calcium channels in Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103957. [PMID: 25083783 PMCID: PMC4118995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a major opportunistic pathogen and allergen of mammals. Calcium homeostasis and signaling is essential for numerous biological processes and also influences A. fumigatus pathogenicity. The presented study characterized the function of the A. fumigatus homologues of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae calcium channels, voltage-gated Cch1, stretch-activated Mid1 and vacuolar Yvc1. The A. fumigatus calcium channels cchA, midA and yvcA were regulated at transcriptional level by increased calcium levels. The YvcA::GFP fusion protein localized to the vacuoles. Both ΔcchA and ΔmidA mutant strains showed reduced radial growth rate in nutrient-poor minimal media. Interestingly, this growth defect in the ΔcchA strain was rescued by the exogenous addition of CaCl2. The ΔcchA, ΔmidA, and ΔcchA ΔmidA strains were also sensitive to the oxidative stress inducer, paraquat. Restriction of external Ca2+ through the addition of the Ca2+-chelator EGTA impacted upon the growth of the ΔcchA and ΔmidA strains. All the A. fumigatus ΔcchA, ΔmidA, and ΔyvcA strains demonstrated attenuated virulence in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infection with the parental strain resulted in a 100% mortality rate at 15 days post-infection, while the mortality rate of the ΔcchA, ΔmidA, and ΔyvcA strains after 15 days post-infection was only 25%. Collectively, this investigation strongly indicates that CchA, MidA, and YvcA play a role in A. fumigatus calcium homeostasis and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Chiaratto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lizziane K. Winkelströter
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Leite Pedro Bom
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Helena S. Goldman
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Neil Andrew Brown
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Laboratory of Science and Technology of Bioethanol (CTBE), Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Gonçalves AP, Cordeiro JM, Monteiro J, Muñoz A, Correia-de-Sá P, Read ND, Videira A. Activation of a TRP-like channel and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics during phospholipase-C-mediated cell death. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3817-29. [PMID: 25037570 PMCID: PMC4150065 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The model organism Neurospora crassa undergoes programmed cell death when exposed to staurosporine. Here, we show that staurosporine causes defined changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) dynamics and a distinct Ca2+ signature that involves Ca2+ influx from the external medium and internal Ca2+ stores. We investigated the molecular basis of this Ca2+ response by using [Ca2+]c measurements combined with pharmacological and genetic approaches. Phospholipase C was identified as a pivotal player during cell death, because modulation of the phospholipase C signaling pathway and deletion of PLC-2, which we show to be involved in hyphal development, results in an inability to trigger the characteristic staurosporine-induced Ca2+ signature. Using Δcch-1, Δfig-1 and Δyvc-1 mutants and a range of inhibitors, we show that extracellular Ca2+ entry does not occur through the hitherto described high- and low-affinity Ca2+ uptake systems, but through the opening of plasma membrane channels with properties resembling the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. Partial blockage of the response to staurosporine after inhibition of a putative inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor suggests that Ca2+ release from internal stores following IP3 formation combines with the extracellular Ca2+ influx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Miguel Cordeiro
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Monteiro
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, CTF Building, Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nick D Read
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, CTF Building, Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ruta LL, Popa VC, Nicolau I, Danet AF, Iordache V, Neagoe AD, Farcasanu IC. Calcium signaling mediates the response to cadmium toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3202-12. [PMID: 25017440 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of Ca(2+) in the response to high Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), and Hg(2+) was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast cells responded through a sharp increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) when exposed to Cd(2+), and to a lesser extent to Cu(2+), but not to Mn(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), or Hg(2+). The response to high Cd(2+) depended mainly on external Ca(2+) (transported through the Cch1p/Mid1p channel) but also on vacuolar Ca(2+) (released into the cytosol through the Yvc1p channel). The adaptation to high Cd(2+) was influenced by perturbations in Ca(2+) homeostasis. Thus, the tolerance to Cd(2+) often correlated with sharp Cd(2+)-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) pulses, while the Cd(2+) sensitivity was accompanied by the incapacity to rapidly restore the low cytosolic Ca(2+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia L Ruta
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Sos. Panduri 90-92, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina C Popa
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Sos. Panduri 90-92, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Nicolau
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Sos. Panduri 90-92, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei F Danet
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Sos. Panduri 90-92, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgil Iordache
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Spl. Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora D Neagoe
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Spl. Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana C Farcasanu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Sos. Panduri 90-92, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Peng G, Shi X, Kadowaki T. Evolution of TRP channels inferred by their classification in diverse animal species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 84:145-57. [PMID: 24981559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functions of TRP channels have primarily been characterized in model organisms within a limited evolutionary context. We thus characterize the TRP channels in choanoflagellate, sponge, Cnidaria, Lophotrochozoa, and arthropods to understand how they emerged during early evolution of animals and have changed during diversification of various species. As previously reported, five metazoan TRP subfamily members (TRPA, TRPC, TRPM, TRPML, and TRPV) were identified in choanoflagellates, demonstrating that they evolved before the emergence of multicellular animals. TRPN was identified in Hydra magnipapillata, and therefore emerged in the last common ancestor of Cnidaria-Bilateria. A novel subfamily member (TRPVL) was identified in Cnidaria and Capitella teleta, indicating that it was present in the last common ancestor of Cnidaria-Bilateria but has since been lost in most bilaterians. The characterization of arthropod TRP channels revealed that Daphnia pulex and insects have specifically expanded the TRPA subfamily, which diverged from the ancient TRPA1 channel gene. The diversity of TRPA channels except TRPA1 was detectable even within a single insect family, namely the ant lineage. The present study demonstrates the evolutionary history of TRP channel genes, which may have diverged in conjunction with the specific habitats and life histories of individual species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Tatsuhiko Kadowaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ihara M, Takano Y, Yamashita A. General flexible nature of the cytosolic regions of fungal transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, revealed by expression screening using GFP-fusion techniques. Protein Sci 2014; 23:923-31. [PMID: 24723374 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are members of the voltage gated ion channel superfamily and display the unique characteristic of activation by diverse stimuli. We performed an expression analysis of fungal TRP channels, which possess relatively simple structures yet share the common functional characteristics with the other members, using a green fluorescent protein-based screening methodology. The analysis revealed that all the tested fungal TRP channels were severely digested in their cytosolic regions during expression, implying the common flexibility of this region, as observed in the recent structural analyses of the fungal member, TRPGz. These characteristics are likely to be important for their diverse functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ihara
- Molecular Signaling Research Team, Structural Physiology Research Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan; Division of Social and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Gu Y, Gu C. Physiological and pathological functions of mechanosensitive ion channels. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:339-47. [PMID: 24532247 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid sensation of mechanical stimuli is often mediated by mechanosensitve ion channels. Their opening results from conformational changes induced by mechanical forces. It leads to membrane permeation of selected ions and thereby to electrical signaling. Newly identified mechanosensitive ion channels are emerging at an astonishing rate, including some that are traditionally assigned for completely different functions. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of ion channels that are known to play a role in mechanosensation. Next, we focus on three representative ones, including the transient receptor potential channel V4 (TRPV4), Kv1.1 voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and Piezo channels. Their structures, biophysical properties, expression and targeting patterns, and physiological functions are highlighted. The potential role of their mechanosensation in related diseases is further discussed. In sum, mechanosensation appears to be achieved in a variety of ways by different proteins and plays a fundamental role in the function of various organs under normal and abnormal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Gu
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 182 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Cardiovascular Physiology. Exp Clin Cardiol 2014; 20:6550-6560. [PMID: 26778915 PMCID: PMC4713040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EC coupling is subjected to a mechanical feedback, which originates from physical force-sensing ion channels in the pericardium and elsewhere. Reviewed here are the most recent developments that greatly advanced our understanding of these mechanosensitive (MS) channels, including TRPs and K2p's. Patch clamp has continued to demonstrate the direct channel activation by membrane stretch. Crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have revealed the structures of several MS channels at atomic resolution. Some have been purified to homogeneity, reconstituted into lipid bilayer, and still retain their ability to respond to stretch force. A force-from-lipid (FFL) theory has been advanced that emphasizes the strong binding between channel proteins and lipids. Through these bonds, the sharp lateral tension (akin to surface tension) of the bilayer can transmit added force to the channel protein. Like temperature sensitivity, sensitivity to mechanical force is far more pervasive than we previously realize, and is especially important to the beating heart.
Collapse
|
78
|
Calcium signalling and calcium channels: evolution and general principles. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 739:1-3. [PMID: 24291103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium as a divalent cation was selected early in evolution as a signaling molecule to be used by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its low cytosolic concentration likely reflects the initial concentration of this ion in the primordial soup/ocean as unicellular organisms were formed. As the concentration of calcium in the ocean subsequently increased, so did the diversity of homeostatic molecules handling calcium. This includes the plasma membrane channels that allowed the calcium entry, as well as extrusion mechanisms, i.e., exchangers and pumps. Further diversification occurred with the evolution of intracellular organelles, in particular the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which also contain channels, exchanger(s) and pumps to handle the homeostasis of calcium ions. Calcium signalling system, based around coordinated interactions of the above molecular entities, can be activated by the opening of voltage-gated channels, neurotransmitters, second messengers and/or mechanical stimulation, and as such is all-pervading pathway in physiology and pathophysiology of organisms.
Collapse
|
79
|
Schönknecht G. Calcium Signals from the Vacuole. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:589-614. [PMID: 27137394 PMCID: PMC4844392 DOI: 10.3390/plants2040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The vacuole is by far the largest intracellular Ca(2+) store in most plant cells. Here, the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of vacuolar Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) uptake is summarized, and how different vacuolar Ca(2+) channels and Ca(2+) pumps may contribute to Ca(2+) signaling in plant cells is discussed. To provide a phylogenetic perspective, the distribution of potential vacuolar Ca(2+) transporters is compared for different clades of photosynthetic eukaryotes. There are several candidates for vacuolar Ca(2+) channels that could elicit cytosolic [Ca(2+)] transients. Typical second messengers, such as InsP₃ and cADPR, seem to trigger vacuolar Ca(2+) release, but the molecular mechanism of this Ca(2+) release still awaits elucidation. Some vacuolar Ca(2+) channels have been identified on a molecular level, the voltage-dependent SV/TPC1 channel, and recently two cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation channels. However, their function in Ca(2+) signaling still has to be demonstrated. Ca(2+) pumps in addition to establishing long-term Ca(2+) homeostasis can shape cytosolic [Ca(2+)] transients by limiting their amplitude and duration, and may thus affect Ca(2+) signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Schönknecht
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
All living organisms require nutrient minerals for growth and have developed mechanisms to acquire, utilize, and store nutrient minerals effectively. In the aqueous cellular environment, these elements exist as charged ions that, together with protons and hydroxide ions, facilitate biochemical reactions and establish the electrochemical gradients across membranes that drive cellular processes such as transport and ATP synthesis. Metal ions serve as essential enzyme cofactors and perform both structural and signaling roles within cells. However, because these ions can also be toxic, cells have developed sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms to regulate their levels and avoid toxicity. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have characterized many of the gene products and processes responsible for acquiring, utilizing, storing, and regulating levels of these ions. Findings in this model organism have often allowed the corresponding machinery in humans to be identified and have provided insights into diseases that result from defects in ion homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how cation balance is achieved and modulated in baker's yeast. Control of intracellular pH is discussed, as well as uptake, storage, and efflux mechanisms for the alkali metal cations, Na(+) and K(+), the divalent cations, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), and the trace metal ions, Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Mn(2+). Signal transduction pathways that are regulated by pH and Ca(2+) are reviewed, as well as the mechanisms that allow cells to maintain appropriate intracellular cation concentrations when challenged by extreme conditions, i.e., either limited availability or toxic levels in the environment.
Collapse
|
81
|
Prole DL, Taylor CW. Identification and analysis of putative homologues of mechanosensitive channels in pathogenic protozoa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66068. [PMID: 23785469 PMCID: PMC3681921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive channels play important roles in the physiology of many organisms, and their dysfunction can affect cell survival. This suggests that they might be therapeutic targets in pathogenic organisms. Pathogenic protozoa lead to diseases such as malaria, dysentery, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis that are responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. We analyzed the genomes of pathogenic protozoa and show the existence within them of genes encoding putative homologues of mechanosensitive channels. Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis have genes encoding homologues of Piezo channels, while most pathogenic protozoa have genes encoding homologues of mechanosensitive small-conductance (MscS) and K+-dependent (MscK) channels. In contrast, all parasites examined lack genes encoding mechanosensitive large-conductance (MscL), mini-conductance (MscM) and degenerin/epithelial Na+ (DEG/ENaC) channels. Multiple sequence alignments of evolutionarily distant protozoan, amoeban, plant, insect and vertebrate Piezo channel subunits define an absolutely conserved motif that may be involved in channel conductance or gating. MscS channels are not present in humans, and the sequences of protozoan and human homologues of Piezo channels differ substantially. This suggests the possibility for specific targeting of mechanosensitive channels of pathogens by therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Prole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Ding X, Yu Q, Xu N, Wang Y, Cheng X, Qian K, Zhao Q, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. Ecm7, a regulator of HACS, functions in calcium homeostasis maintenance, oxidative stress response and hyphal development in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 57:23-32. [PMID: 23769872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal messenger that translates diverse environmental stresses and developmental cues into specific cellular and developmental responses. In yeast, Cch1 and Mid1 function as part of a high affinity Ca²⁺ influx system (HACS) that becomes activated rapidly in response to sudden stimuli. Here, we report that Ecm7, a regulator of HACS, plays important roles in calcium homeostasis maintenance, oxidative stress response and hyphal development in Candida albicans. Disruption of ECM7 led to increased sensitivity to calcium-depleted conditions. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that Ecm7 mediated Ca²⁺ influx under high pH shock. Cycloheximide chase experiments further showed that MID1 deletion significantly decreased the stability of Ecm7. We also provided evidences that ecm7Δ/Δ cells were hypersensitive to oxidative stress. ECM7 deletion induced the degradation of Cap1 when exposed to H₂O₂ treatment. Besides, the ecm7Δ/Δ mutant showed a defect in hyphal development, which was accompanied with the decreased expression of hyphal related gene HWP1. Though subsequent experiments revealed that the ecm7Δ/Δ mutant showed similar virulence to the wild-type strain, the ability of invasion and diffusion of the mutant in mouse kidneys decreased. Taken together, Ecm7 plays important roles in the adaptation and pathogenicity of C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Ihara M, Hamamoto S, Miyanoiri Y, Takeda M, Kainosho M, Yabe I, Uozumi N, Yamashita A. Molecular bases of multimodal regulation of a fungal transient receptor potential (TRP) channel. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15303-17. [PMID: 23553631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal activation by various stimuli is a fundamental characteristic of TRP channels. We identified a fungal TRP channel, TRPGz, exhibiting activation by hyperosmolarity, temperature increase, cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, membrane potential, and H2O2 application, and thus it is expected to represent a prototypic multimodal TRP channel. TRPGz possesses a cytosolic C-terminal domain (CTD), primarily composed of intrinsically disordered regions with some regulatory modules, a putative coiled-coil region and a basic residue cluster. The CTD oligomerization mediated by the coiled-coil region is required for the hyperosmotic and temperature increase activations but not for the tetrameric channel formation or other activation modalities. In contrast, the basic cluster is responsible for general channel inhibition, by binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphates. The crystal structure of the presumed coiled-coil region revealed a tetrameric assembly in an offset spiral rather than a canonical coiled-coil. This structure underlies the observed moderate oligomerization affinity enabling the dynamic assembly and disassembly of the CTD during channel functions, which are compatible with the multimodal regulation mediated by each functional module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ihara
- Molecular Signaling Research Team, Structural Physiology Research Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Roberts SK, McAinsh M, Widdicks L. Cch1p mediates Ca2+ influx to protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae against eugenol toxicity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43989. [PMID: 23028482 PMCID: PMC3441571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol has antifungal activity and is recognised as having therapeutic potential. However, little is known of the cellular basis of its antifungal activity and a better understanding of eugenol tolerance should lead to better exploitation of eugenol in antifungal therapies. The model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing apoaequorin was used to show that eugenol induces cytosolic Ca2+ elevations. We investigated the eugenol Ca2+ signature in further detail and show that exponentially growing cells exhibit Ca2+ elevation resulting exclusively from the influx of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane whereas in stationary growth phase cells Ca2+ influx from intracellular and extracellular sources contribute to the eugenol-induced Ca2+ elevation. Ca2+ channel deletion yeast mutants were used to identify the pathways mediating Ca2+ influx; intracellular Ca2+ release was mediated by the vacuolar Ca2+ channel, Yvc1p, whereas the Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane could be resolved into Cch1p-dependent and Cch1p-independent pathways. We show that the growth of yeast devoid the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, Cch1p, was hypersensitive to eugenol and that this correlated with reduced Ca2+ elevations. Taken together, these results indicate that a cch1p-mediated Ca2+ influx is part of an intracellular signal which protects against eugenol toxicity. This study provides fresh insight into the mechanisms employed by fungi to tolerate eugenol toxicity which should lead to better exploitation of eugenol in antifungal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Roberts
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Friedrich O, Wagner S, Battle AR, Schürmann S, Martinac B. Mechano-regulation of the beating heart at the cellular level--mechanosensitive channels in normal and diseased heart. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 110:226-38. [PMID: 22959495 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The heart as a contractile hollow organ finely tunes mechanical parameters such as stroke volume, stroke pressure and cardiac output according to filling volumes, filling pressures via intrinsic and neuronal routes. At the cellular level, cardiomyocytes in beating hearts are exposed to large mechanical stress during successive heart beats. Although the mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling are well established in mammalian heart cells, the putative contribution of mechanosensitive channels to Ca²⁺ homeostasis, Ca²⁺ signaling and force generation has been primarily investigated in relation to heart disease states. For instance, transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) are up-regulated in animal models of congestive heart failure or hypertension models and seem to play a vital role in pathological Ca²⁺ overload to cardiomyocytes, thus aggravating the pathology of disease at the cellular level. Apart from that, the contribution of mechanosensitive channels (MsC) in the normal beating heart to the downstream force activation cascade has not been addressed. We present an overview of the current literature and concepts of mechanosensitive channel involvement in failing hearts and cardiomyopathies and novel data showing a likely contribution of Ca²⁺ influx via mechanosensitive channels in beating normal cardiomyocytes during systolic shortening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Prole DL, Taylor CW. Identification and analysis of cation channel homologues in human pathogenic fungi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42404. [PMID: 22876320 PMCID: PMC3410928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are major causes of human, animal and plant disease. Human fungal infections can be fatal, but there are limited options for therapy, and resistance to commonly used anti-fungal drugs is widespread. The genomes of many fungi have recently been sequenced, allowing identification of proteins that may become targets for novel therapies. We examined the genomes of human fungal pathogens for genes encoding homologues of cation channels, which are prominent drug targets. Many of the fungal genomes examined contain genes encoding homologues of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and transient receptor potential (Trp) channels, but not sodium (Na+) channels or ligand-gated channels. Some fungal genomes contain multiple genes encoding homologues of K+ and Trp channel subunits, and genes encoding novel homologues of voltage-gated Kv channel subunits are found in Cryptococcus spp. Only a single gene encoding a homologue of a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel was identified in the genome of each pathogenic fungus examined. These homologues are similar to the Cch1 Ca2+ channel of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genomes of Aspergillus spp. and Cryptococcus spp., but not those of S. cerevisiae or the other pathogenic fungi examined, also encode homologues of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). In contrast to humans, which express many K+, Ca2+ and Trp channels, the genomes of pathogenic fungi encode only very small numbers of K+, Ca2+ and Trp channel homologues. Furthermore, the sequences of fungal K+, Ca2+, Trp and MCU channels differ from those of human channels in regions that suggest differences in regulation and susceptibility to drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Prole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ferreira RT, Silva ARC, Pimentel C, Batista-Nascimento L, Rodrigues-Pousada C, Menezes RA. Arsenic stress elicits cytosolic Ca(2+) bursts and Crz1 activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2293-2302. [PMID: 22745270 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.059170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although arsenic is notoriously poisonous to life, its utilization in therapeutics brings many benefits to human health, so it is therefore essential to discover the molecular mechanisms underlying arsenic stress responses in eukaryotic cells. Aiming to determine the contribution of Ca(2+) signalling pathways to arsenic stress responses, we took advantage of the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. Here we show that Ca(2+) enhances the tolerance of the wild-type and arsenic-sensitive yap1 strains to arsenic stress in a Crz1-dependent manner, thus providing the first evidence that Ca(2+) signalling cascades are involved in arsenic stress responses. Moreover, our results indicate that arsenic shock elicits a cytosolic Ca(2+) burst in these strains, without the addition of exogenous Ca(2+) sources, strongly supporting the notion that Ca(2+) homeostasis is disrupted by arsenic stress. In response to an arsenite-induced increase of Ca(2+) in the cytosol, Crz1 is dephosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus, and stimulates CDRE-driven expression of the lacZ reporter gene in a Cnb1-dependent manner. The activation of Crz1 by arsenite culminates in the induction of the endogenous genes PMR1, PMC1 and GSC2. Taken together, these data establish that activation of Ca(2+) signalling pathways and the downstream activation of the Crz1 transcription factor contribute to arsenic tolerance in the eukaryotic model organism S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita T Ferreira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana R Courelas Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Regina A Menezes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Su Z, Anishkin A, Kung C, Saimi Y. The core domain as the force sensor of the yeast mechanosensitive TRP channel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 138:627-40. [PMID: 22124118 PMCID: PMC3226973 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stretch-activated conductances are commonly encountered in careful electric recordings. Those of known proteins (TRP, MscL, MscS, K2p, Kv, etc.) all share a core, which houses the ion pathway and the gate, but no recognizable force-sensing domain. Like animal TRPs, the yeast TRPY1 is polymodal, activated by stretch force, Ca2+, etc. To test whether its S5–S6 core senses the stretch force, we tried to uncouple it from the peripheral domains by strategic peptide insertions to block the covalent core–periphery interactions. Insertion of long unstructured peptides should distort, if not disrupt, protein structures that transmit force. Such insertions between S6 and the C-terminal tail largely removed Ca2+ activation, showing their effectiveness. However, such insertions as well as those between S5 and the N-terminal region, which includes S1–S4, did not significantly alter mechanosensitivity. Even insertions at both locations flanking the S5–S6 core did not much alter mechanosensitivity. Tryptophan scanning mutations in S5 were also constructed to perturb possible noncovalent core–periphery contacts. The testable tryptophan mutations also have little or no effects on mechanosensitivity. Boltzmann fits of the wild-type force–response curves agree with a structural homology model for a stretch-induced core expansion of ∼2 nm2 upon opening. We hypothesize that membrane tension pulls on S5–S6, expanding the core and opening the TRPY1 gate. The core being the major force sensor offers the simplest, though not the only, explanation of why so many channels of disparate designs are mechanically sensitive. Compared with the bacterial MscL, TRPY1 is much less sensitive to force, befitting a polymodal channel that relies on multiple stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Endothelium-dependent cerebral artery dilation mediated by transient receptor potential and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 57:148-53. [PMID: 20729757 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181f580d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) plays a dual role in the regulation of vascular tone. Smooth muscle cell Ca(2+) influx causes vasoconstriction, whereas transient localized Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores in either endothelial or vascular smooth muscle cells can elicit membrane hyperpolarization and vasodilation by stimulating Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (K(Ca)) channels. Recent evidence suggests that Ca(2+) influx via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels can cause arterial dilation by activating K(Ca) channels. Current findings in this area are summarized. Key features of the main KCa channels present in the vascular wall (K(Ca)1.1, K(Ca)2.3, and K(Ca)3.1) and TRP channels are briefly reviewed. Arterial dilation mediated by endothelial TRP channels sensitive to dietary molecules are reviewed. Recent reports demonstrate that 2 chemosensitive TRP channels, TRPA1 and TRPV3, are present in native cerebral artery endothelial cells. These channels are activated by substances found in foods such as garlic, mustard oil, and oregano and mediate K(Ca)-dependent endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The role of TRPV4 channels in mediating vasodilation in response to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) is also reviewed. Stimulation of TRPV4 channels with 11,12-EET in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells causes membrane hyperpolarization and vasodilation by increasing the frequency of Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, which in turn increases K(Ca)1.1 channel activity. Evidence that K(Ca)2.3 and K(Ca)3.1 channels in endothelial cells and K(Ca)1.1 channels in smooth muscle are involved in TRPV4-dependent 11,12-EET–induced dilation of mesenteric arteries is discussed. These examples show that Ca(2+) influx through TRP channels in endothelial or smooth muscle cells influences vascular tone by increasing K(Ca) channel activity.
Collapse
|
90
|
Mechanosensitive channels: what can they do and how do they do it? Structure 2012; 19:1356-69. [PMID: 22000509 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While mechanobiological processes employ diverse mechanisms, at their heart are force-induced perturbations in the structure and dynamics of molecules capable of triggering subsequent events. Among the best characterized force-sensing systems are bacterial mechanosensitive channels. These channels reflect an intimate coupling of protein conformation with the mechanics of the surrounding membrane; the membrane serves as an adaptable sensor that responds to an input of applied force and converts it into an output signal, interpreted for the cell by mechanosensitive channels. The cell can exploit this information in a number of ways: ensuring cellular viability in the presence of osmotic stress and perhaps also serving as a signal transducer for membrane tension or other functions. This review focuses on the bacterial mechanosensitive channels of large (MscL) and small (MscS) conductance and their eukaryotic homologs, with an emphasis on the outstanding issues surrounding the function and mechanism of this fascinating class of molecules.
Collapse
|
91
|
Mayinger P. Phosphoinositides and vesicular membrane traffic. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1104-13. [PMID: 22281700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide lipids were initially discovered as precursors for specific second messengers involved in signal transduction, but have now taken the center stage in controlling many essential processes at virtually every cellular membrane. In particular, phosphoinositides play a critical role in regulating membrane dynamics and vesicular transport. The unique distribution of certain phosphoinositides at specific intracellular membranes makes these molecules uniquely suited to direct organelle-specific trafficking reactions. In this regulatory role, phosphoinositides cooperate specifically with small GTPases from the Arf and Rab families. This review will summarize recent progress in the study of phosphoinositides in membrane trafficking and organellar organization and highlight the particular relevance of these signaling pathways in disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipids and Vesicular Transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mayinger
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Bouillet L, Cardoso A, Perovano E, Pereira R, Ribeiro E, Trópia M, Fietto L, Tisi R, Martegani E, Castro I, Brandão R. The involvement of calcium carriers and of the vacuole in the glucose-induced calcium signaling and activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
93
|
Prole DL, Taylor CW. Identification of intracellular and plasma membrane calcium channel homologues in pathogenic parasites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26218. [PMID: 22022573 PMCID: PMC3194816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ channels regulate many crucial processes within cells and their abnormal activity can be damaging to cell survival, suggesting that they might represent attractive therapeutic targets in pathogenic organisms. Parasitic diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis are responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. The genomes of many pathogenic parasites have recently been sequenced, opening the way for rational design of targeted therapies. We analyzed genomes of pathogenic protozoan parasites as well as the genome of Schistosoma mansoni, and show the existence within them of genes encoding homologues of mammalian intracellular Ca2+ release channels: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), ryanodine receptors (RyRs), two-pore Ca2+ channels (TPCs) and intracellular transient receptor potential (Trp) channels. The genomes of Trypanosoma, Leishmania and S. mansoni parasites encode IP3R/RyR and Trp channel homologues, and that of S. mansoni additionally encodes a TPC homologue. In contrast, apicomplexan parasites lack genes encoding IP3R/RyR homologues and possess only genes encoding TPC and Trp channel homologues (Toxoplasma gondii) or Trp channel homologues alone. The genomes of parasites also encode homologues of mammalian Ca2+influx channels, including voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and plasma membrane Trp channels. The genome of S. mansoni also encodes Orai Ca2+ channel and STIM Ca2+ sensor homologues, suggesting that store-operated Ca2+ entry may occur in this parasite. Many anti-parasitic agents alter parasite Ca2+ homeostasis and some are known modulators of mammalian Ca2+ channels, suggesting that parasite Ca2+ channel homologues might be the targets of some current anti-parasitic drugs. Differences between human and parasite Ca2+ channels suggest that pathogen-specific targeting of these channels may be an attractive therapeutic prospect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Prole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Abstract
Eukaryotic organelles can interact with each other through stable junctions where the two membranes are kept in close apposition. The junction that connects the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane (ER-PM junction) is unique in providing a direct communication link between the ER and the PM. In a recently discovered signaling process, STIM (stromal-interacting molecule) proteins sense a drop in ER Ca(2+) levels and directly activate Orai PM Ca(2+) channels across the junction space. In an inverse process, a voltage-gated PM Ca(2+) channel can directly open ER ryanodine-receptor Ca(2+) channels in striated-muscle cells. Although ER-PM junctions were first described 50 years ago, their broad importance in Ca(2+) signaling, as well as in the regulation of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol lipid transfer, has only recently been realized. Here, we discuss research from different fields to provide a broad perspective on the structures and unique roles of ER-PM junctions in controlling signaling and metabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carrasco
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Ma Y, Sugiura R, Koike A, Ebina H, Sio SO, Kuno T. Transient receptor potential (TRP) and Cch1-Yam8 channels play key roles in the regulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in fission yeast. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22421. [PMID: 21811607 PMCID: PMC3139647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ is crucial for various cellular processes. Here, we examined the cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in living fission yeast cells by a highly sensitive bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assay using GFP-aequorin fusion protein linked by 19 amino acid. We monitored the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level and its change caused by extracellular stimulants such as CaCl2 or NaCl plus FK506 (calcineurin inhibitor). We found that the extracellularly added Ca2+ caused a dose-dependent increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level and resulted in a burst-like peak. The overexpression of two transient receptor potential (TRP) channel homologues, Trp1322 or Pkd2, markedly enhanced this response. Interestingly, the burst-like peak upon TRP overexpression was completely abolished by gene deletion of calcineurin and was dramatically decreased by gene deletion of Prz1, a downstream transcription factor activated by calcineurin. Furthermore, 1 hour treatment with FK506 failed to suppress the burst-like peak. These results suggest that the burst-like Ca2+ peak is dependent on the transcriptional activity of Prz1, but not on the direct TRP dephosphorylation. We also found that extracellularly added NaCl plus FK506 caused a synergistic cytosolic Ca2+ increase that is dependent on the inhibition of calcineurin activity, but not on the inhibition of Prz1. The synergistic Ca2+ increase is abolished by the addition of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA into the media, and is also abolished by deletion of the gene encoding a subunit of the Cch1-Yam8 Ca2+ channel complex, indicating that the synergistic increase is caused by the Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium via the Cch1-Yam8 complex. Furthermore, deletion of Pmk1 MAPK abolished the Ca2+ influx, and overexpression of the constitutively active Pek1 MAPKK enhanced the influx. These results suggest that Pmk1 MAPK and calcineurin positively and negatively regulate the Cch1-Yam8 complex, respectively, via modulating the balance between phosphorylation and dyphosphorylation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Abe K, Puertollano R. Role of TRP channels in the regulation of the endosomal pathway. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:14-22. [PMID: 21357899 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00048.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily have proved to be essential in maintaining adequate ion homeostasis, signaling, and membrane trafficking in the endosomal pathway. The unique properties of the TRP channels confer cells the ability to integrate cytosolic and intraluminal stimuli and allow maintained and regulated release of Ca(2+) from endosomes and lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Abe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Cai X, Clapham DE. Ancestral Ca2+ signaling machinery in early animal and fungal evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:91-100. [PMID: 21680871 PMCID: PMC4037924 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals and fungi diverged from a common unicellular ancestor of Opisthokonta, yet they exhibit significant differences in their components of Ca2+ signaling pathways. Many Ca2+ signaling molecules appear to be either animal-specific or fungal-specific, which is generally believed to result from lineage-specific adaptations to distinct physiological requirements. Here, by analyzing the genomic data from several close relatives of animals and fungi, we demonstrate that many components of animal and fungal Ca2+ signaling machineries are present in the apusozoan protist Thecamonas trahens, which belongs to the putative unicellular sister group to Opisthokonta. We also identify the conserved portion of Ca2+ signaling molecules in early evolution of animals and fungi following their divergence. Furthermore, our results reveal the lineage-specific expansion of Ca2+ channels and transporters in the unicellular ancestors of animals and in basal fungi. These findings provide novel insights into the evolution and regulation of Ca2+ signaling critical for animal and fungal biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Wang H, Liang Y, Zhang B, Zheng W, Xing L, Li M. Alkaline stress triggers an immediate calcium fluctuation in Candida albicans mediated by Rim101p and Crz1p transcription factors. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 11:430-9. [PMID: 21457451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, environmental pH has profound effects on morphogenesis and response to extracellular pH is clearly relevant to the pathogenicity of this fungus. Yeast cells have evolved a complex network of mechanisms in response to the environmental pH and they often require the integration of the Rim101 and calcineurin/Crz1 signaling pathways. Ca(2+) burst is a common cellular response when cells are exposed to environmental stresses; therefore, in this study, we asked whether it follows the same case under alkaline stress and whether this calcium change is regulated by Rim101p and Crz1p. We confirmed the calcium influx was activated by KOH stimuli using a flow cytometry-based method, but it was obviously abolished in cells lacking MID1 or CCH1. We also found that alkaline pH-induced activation of the PHO89 promoter was blocked without the same gene; moreover, the response was Crz1p- and Rim101p-dependent. Finally, we investigated the regulation role of Rim101p and Crz1p in calcium influx through MID1, CCH1 and YVC1 genes, which were all downregulated in rim101Δ/Δ and crz1Δ/Δ mutants. The important role of calcium influx in the alkaline stress response and its regulation suggested a potential integration effect of Rim101 and Crz1 signaling pathways in C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) multigene superfamily encodes integral membrane proteins that function as ion channels. Members of this family are conserved in yeast, invertebrates and vertebrates. The TRP family is subdivided into seven subfamilies: TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPA (ankyrin) and TRPN (NOMPC-like); the latter is found only in invertebrates and fish. TRP ion channels are widely expressed in many different tissues and cell types, where they are involved in diverse physiological processes, such as sensation of different stimuli or ion homeostasis. Most TRPs are non-selective cation channels, only few are highly Ca2+ selective, some are even permeable for highly hydrated Mg2+ ions. This channel family shows a variety of gating mechanisms, with modes of activation ranging from ligand binding, voltage and changes in temperature to covalent modifications of nucleophilic residues. Activated TRP channels cause depolarization of the cellular membrane, which in turn activates voltage-dependent ion channels, resulting in a change of intracellular Ca2+ concentration; they serve as gatekeeper for transcellular transport of several cations (such as Ca2+ and Mg2+), and are required for the function of intracellular organelles (such as endosomes and lysosomes). Because of their function as intracellular Ca2+ release channels, they have an important regulatory role in cellular organelles. Mutations in several TRP genes have been implicated in diverse pathological states, including neurodegenerative disorders, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disorders and pain, and ongoing research may help find new therapies for treatments of related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nilius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Martorell P, Forment JV, de Llanos R, Montón F, Llopis S, González N, Genovés S, Cienfuegos E, Monzó H, Ramón D. Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans as model organisms to study the effect of cocoa polyphenols in the resistance to oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2077-85. [PMID: 21288028 DOI: 10.1021/jf104217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing functional foods to improve the quality of life for elderly people has great economic and social impact. Searching for and validating ingredients with in vivo antioxidant effects is one of the key steps in developing this kind of food. Here we describe the combined use of simple biological models and transcriptomics to define the functional intracellular molecular targets of a polyphenol-enriched cocoa powder. Cocoa powder supplemented culture medium led to increased resistance to oxidative stress, in both the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and, in the latter, lifespan was also increased. These effects are fully dependent on the polyphenols present in the cocoa powder and on the sirtuins Hst3 (yeast) and SIR-2.1 (worm). The transcription factor DAF-16 also plays an important role in the case of the nematode, indicating that the insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor) signaling pathway is related with the antioxidative effect of cocoa polyphenols. All in all, these results confirm that this polyphenol-enriched cocoa powder, with antioxidant activity, has great potential use as a functional food ingredient for elderly people. Furthermore, this work reveals the value of using simple biological models to screen for compounds that are of interest for the food and pharmacological industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martorell
- Biópolis SL, Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, edificio 2, 46980-Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|