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Cytosolic Recognition of Microbes and Pathogens: Inflammasomes in Action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/4/e00015-18. [PMID: 30209070 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a dynamic biological process underpinned by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host. Microbes from all domains of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan parasites, have the capacity to cause infection. Infection is sensed by the host, which often leads to activation of the inflammasome, a cytosolic macromolecular signaling platform that mediates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cleavage of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, leading to pyroptosis. Host-mediated sensing of the infection occurs when pathogens inject or carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the cytoplasm or induce damage that causes cytosolic liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the host cell. Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, AIM2, and Pyrin, initiates a cascade of events that culminate in inflammation and cell death. However, pathogens can deploy virulence factors capable of minimizing or evading host detection. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of microbe-induced activation of the inflammasome and the functional consequences of inflammasome activation in infectious diseases. We also explore the microbial strategies used in the evasion of inflammasome sensing at the host-microbe interaction interface.
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52
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Feng Y, Chen CS, Ho J, Pearce D, Hu S, Wang B, Desai P, Kim KS, Zhu H. High-Throughput Chip Assay for Investigating Escherichia coli Interaction with the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Microbial and Human Proteome Microarrays (Dual-Microarray Technology). Anal Chem 2018; 90:10958-10966. [PMID: 30106562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis in neonates and infants is an acute lethal disease and occurs in response to microbial exploitation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in the intracranial inflammation. Several pathogens, such as Escherichia coli ( E. coli), can cause this devastating disease; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which these pathogens exploit the BBB remain incompletely understood. To identify important players on both the pathogen and host sides that govern the E. coli-BBB cell interactions, we took advantage of the E. coli and human proteome microarrays (i.e., HuProt) as an unbiased, proteome-wide tool for identification of important players on both sides. Using the E. coli proteome microarrays, we developed a unique high throughput chip-based cell probing assay to probe with fluorescent live human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC, which constitute the BBB). We identified several transmembrane proteins, which effectively bound to live HBMEC. We focused on YojI protein for further study. By probing the HuProt arrays with YojI, interferon-alpha receptor (IFNAR2) was identified as one of its binding proteins. The importance of YojI and IFNAR2 involved in E. coli-HBMEC interactions was characterized using the YojI knockout bacteria and IFNAR2-knock down HBMEC and further confirmed by E. coli binding assay in HBMEC. This study represents a new paradigm (dual-microarray technology) that enables rapid, unbiased discovery of both pathogen and host players that are involved in pathogen-host interactions for human infectious diseases in a high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-theological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030 , PR China.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management , Tainan City 701 , Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering , National Central University , Taoyuan City 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Jessica Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Donna Pearce
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| | - Shaohui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-theological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030 , PR China
| | - Prashant Desai
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21231 , United States
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
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53
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Lee BL, Stowe IB, Gupta A, Kornfeld OS, Roose-Girma M, Anderson K, Warming S, Zhang J, Lee WP, Kayagaki N. Caspase-11 auto-proteolysis is crucial for noncanonical inflammasome activation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2279-2288. [PMID: 30135078 PMCID: PMC6122968 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lee et al. generate knock-in mice with critical residues mutated in caspase-11 and GSDMD. This is the first compelling genetic evidence to demonstrate the critical roles of caspase-11 catalytic and auto-proteolytic activities, as well as GSDMD cleavage in a physiological response to LPS. Intracellular LPS sensing by caspase-4/5/11 triggers proteolytic activation of pore-forming gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to pyroptotic cell death in Gram-negative bacteria-infected cells. Involvement of caspase-4/5/11 and GSDMD in inflammatory responses, such as lethal sepsis, makes them highly desirable drug targets. Using knock-in (KI) mouse strains, we herein provide genetic evidence to show that caspase-11 auto-cleavage at the inter-subunit linker is essential for optimal catalytic activity and subsequent proteolytic cleavage of GSDMD. Macrophages from caspase-11–processing dead KI mice (Casp11Prc D285A/D285A) exhibit defective caspase-11 auto-processing and phenocopy Casp11−/− and caspase-11 enzymatically dead KI (Casp11Enz C254A/C254A) macrophages in attenuating responses to cytoplasmic LPS or Gram-negative bacteria infection. GsdmdD276A/D276A KI macrophages also fail to cleave GSDMD and are hypo-responsive to inflammasome stimuli, confirming that the GSDMD Asp276 residue is a nonredundant and indispensable site for proteolytic activation of GSDMD. Our data highlight the role of caspase-11 self-cleavage as a critical regulatory step for GSDMD processing and response against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina L Lee
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Irma B Stowe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Aaron Gupta
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Opher S Kornfeld
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Keith Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Søren Warming
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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54
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Wu Q, Zhu YH, Xu J, Liu X, Duan C, Wang MJ, Wang JF. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Ameliorates Escherichia coli-Induced Activation of NLRP3 and NLRC4 Inflammasomes With Differential Requirement for ASC. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1661. [PMID: 30087667 PMCID: PMC6066506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. The adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) synergizes with caspase-1 to regulate inflammasome activation during pathogen infection. Here, the ASC gene was knocked out in bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells using clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas)-9 technology. MAC-T cells were pre-incubated with and without Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and then exposed to E. coli. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased expression of NLRP3 and NLRC4 following E. coli infection, but this increase was attenuated by pre-incubation with L. rhamnosus GR-1, regardless of ASC knockout. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that pre-incubation with L. rhamnosus GR-1 decreased E. coli-induced caspase-1 activation at 6 h after E. coli infection, as also observed in ASC-knockout MAC-T cells. The E. coli-induced increase in caspase-4 mRNA expression was inhibited by pre-incubation with L. rhamnosus GR-1. ASC knockout diminished, but did not completely prevent, increased production of IL-1β and IL-18 and cell pyroptosis associated with E. coli infection, whereas pre-incubation with L. rhamnosus GR-1 inhibited this increase. Our data indicate that L. rhamnosus GR-1 suppresses activation of ASC-dependent NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes and production of downstream IL-lβ and IL-18 during E. coli infection. L. rhamnosus GR-1 also inhibited E. coli-induced cell pyroptosis, in part through attenuation of NLRC4 and non-canonical caspase-4 activation independently of ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Duan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Jun Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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55
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Van Opdenbosch N, Van Gorp H, Verdonckt M, Saavedra PHV, de Vasconcelos NM, Gonçalves A, Vande Walle L, Demon D, Matusiak M, Van Hauwermeiren F, D'Hont J, Hochepied T, Krautwald S, Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M. Caspase-1 Engagement and TLR-Induced c-FLIP Expression Suppress ASC/Caspase-8-Dependent Apoptosis by Inflammasome Sensors NLRP1b and NLRC4. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3427-3444. [PMID: 29262324 PMCID: PMC5746600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD)-based inflammasome sensors NLRP1b and NLRC4 induce caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis independent of the inflammasome adaptor ASC. Here, we show that NLRP1b and NLRC4 trigger caspase-8-mediated apoptosis as an alternative cell death program in caspase-1-/- macrophages and intestinal epithelial organoids (IECs). The caspase-8 adaptor FADD was recruited to ASC specks, which served as cytosolic platforms for caspase-8 activation and NLRP1b/NLRC4-induced apoptosis. We further found that caspase-1 protease activity dominated over scaffolding functions in suppressing caspase-8 activation and induction of apoptosis of macrophages and IECs. Moreover, TLR-induced c-FLIP expression inhibited caspase-8-mediated apoptosis downstream of ASC speck assembly, but did not affect pyroptosis induction by NLRP1b and NLRC4. Moreover, unlike during pyroptosis, NLRP1b- and NLRC4-elicited apoptosis retained alarmins and the inflammasome-matured cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 intracellularly. This work identifies critical mechanisms regulating apoptosis induction by the inflammasome sensors NLRP1b and NLRC4 and suggests converting pyroptosis into apoptosis as a paradigm for suppressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Van Opdenbosch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Van Gorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Verdonckt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro H V Saavedra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalia M de Vasconcelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bioimaging Core, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Vande Walle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Demon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Matusiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Hauwermeiren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinke D'Hont
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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56
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Johnson DC, Taabazuing CY, Okondo MC, Chui AJ, Rao SD, Brown FC, Reed C, Peguero E, de Stanchina E, Kentsis A, Bachovchin DA. DPP8/DPP9 inhibitor-induced pyroptosis for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Med 2018; 24:1151-1156. [PMID: 29967349 PMCID: PMC6082709 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of the serine dipeptidases DPP8 and DPP9 (DPP8/9) induce a lytic form of cell death called pyroptosis in mouse and human monocytes and macrophages1,2. In mouse myeloid cells, Dpp8/9 inhibition activates the inflammasome sensor Nlrp1b, which in turn activates pro-caspase-1 to mediate cell death3, but the mechanism of DPP8/9 inhibitor-induced pyroptosis in human myeloid cells is not yet known. Here we show that the CARD-containing protein CARD8 mediates DPP8/9 inhibitor-induced pro-caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in human myeloid cells. We further show that DPP8/9 inhibitors induce pyroptosis in the majority of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML samples, but not in cells from many other lineages, and that these inhibitors inhibit human AML progression in mouse models. Overall, this work identifies an activator of CARD8 in human cells and indicates that its activation by small-molecule DPP8/9 inhibitors represents a new potential therapeutic strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Johnson
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marian C Okondo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley J Chui
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sahana D Rao
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fiona C Brown
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Casie Reed
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Peguero
- Antitumor Assessment Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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57
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AIM2 Engages Active but Unprocessed Caspase-1 to Induce Noncanonical Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Cell Rep 2018; 20:794-805. [PMID: 28746866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that initiate inflammatory cascades. Their activation is a hallmark of many infectious or inflammatory diseases. Their composition and activity are specified by proinflammatory stimuli. For example, the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to cell damage and K+ efflux, whereas the AIM2 inflammasome is activated in response to cytosolic DNA. We used Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen that activates multiple inflammasomes, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating inflammasome activation during infection. Upon infection, the AIM2 inflammasome engaged caspase-1 to induce pore formation in the cell membrane, which then caused K+-efflux-mediated activation of NLRP3. Thus, the AIM2 inflammasome amplifies signals of infection, triggering noncanonical activation of NLRP3. During infection, AIM2 and caspase-11 induced membrane damage, which was sufficient and essential for activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Our data reveal that different inflammasomes regulate one another's activity to ensure an effective immune response to infection.
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58
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Ma T, Liu X, Cen Z, Xin C, Guo M, Zou C, Song W, Xie R, Wang K, Zhou H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Bian C, Cui K, Li J, Wei YQ, Li J, Zhou X. MicroRNA-302b negatively regulates IL-1β production in response to MSU crystals by targeting IRAK4 and EphA2. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:34. [PMID: 29482609 PMCID: PMC5828083 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pivotal proinflammatory cytokine that is strongly associated with the inflammation of gout. However, the underlying mechanism through which the production of IL-1β is regulated has not been fully elucidated. Our previous work identified that miR-302b had an important immune regulatory role in bacterial lung infections. This study was conducted to evaluate the function of miR-302b on monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation and its mechanism. Methods The expression pattern and the immune-regulatory role of miR-302b were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The functional targets of miR-302b were predicted by bioinformatics, and then validated by genetic approaches. In addition, the clinical feature of miR-302b was analyzed using serum samples of patients with gouty arthritis. Results The extremely high expression of miR-302b was observed in both macrophages and mouse air membranes treated with MSU. Intriguingly, overexpression of miR-302b regulated NF-κB and caspase-1 signaling, leading to significantly attenuate MSU-induced IL-1β. By genetic analysis, miR-302b exhibited inhibitory function on IRAK4 and EphA2 by binding to their 3′-UTR regions. Corporately silencing IRAK4 and EphA2 largely impaired MSU-induced IL-1β protein production. Moreover, it was also found that miR-302b and EphA2 suppressed the migration of macrophages. Finally, it was observed that high expression of miR-302b was a general feature in patients with gouty arthritis. Conclusions These results suggest that miR-302b can regulate IL-1β production in MSU-induced inflammation by targeting NF-κB and caspase-1 signaling, and may be a potential therapeutic target for gouty arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1528-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhifu Cen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingfeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chaoyu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rou Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kailun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ce Bian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaijun Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xikun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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59
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Songane M, Khair M, Saleh M. An updated view on the functions of caspases in inflammation and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 82:137-149. [PMID: 29366812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The binary classification of mammalian caspases as either apoptotic or inflammatory is now obsolete. Emerging data indicate that all mammalian caspases are intricately involved in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. They participate in embryonic and adult tissue homeostasis, control leukocyte differentiation, activation and effector functions, and mediate innate and adaptive immunity signaling. Caspases also promote host resistance by regulating anti-oxidant defense and pathogen clearance through regulation of phagosomal maturation, actin dynamics and phagosome-lysosome fusion. Beyond apoptosis, they regulate inflammatory cell death, eliciting rapid pyroptosis of infected cells, while inhibiting necroptosis-mediated tissue destruction and chronic inflammation. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying non-apoptotic functions of caspases in inflammation and immunity and provide an updated view of their functions as central regulators of tissue homeostasis and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Songane
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Mostafa Khair
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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60
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Place DE, Kanneganti TD. Recent advances in inflammasome biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 50:32-38. [PMID: 29128729 PMCID: PMC5857399 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome is a complex of proteins that through the activity of caspase-1 and the downstream substrates gasdermin D, IL-1β, and IL-18 execute an inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis. Activation of this complex often involves the adaptor protein ASC and upstream sensors including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and pyrin, which are activated by different stimuli including infectious agents and changes in cell homeostasis. Here we discuss new regulatory mechanisms that have been identified for the canonical inflammasomes, the most recently identified NLRP9b inflammasome, and the new gasdermin family of proteins that mediate pyroptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Okondo MC, Rao SD, Taabazuing CY, Chui AJ, Poplawski SE, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA. Inhibition of Dpp8/9 Activates the Nlrp1b Inflammasome. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:262-267.e5. [PMID: 29396289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Val-boroPro (PT-100, Talabostat) induces powerful anti-tumor immune responses in syngeneic cancer models, but its mechanism of action has not yet been established. Val-boroPro is a non-selective inhibitor of post-proline-cleaving serine proteases, and the inhibition of the highly related cytosolic serine proteases Dpp8 and Dpp9 (Dpp8/9) by Val-boroPro was recently demonstrated to trigger an immunostimulatory form of programmed cell death known as pyroptosis selectively in monocytes and macrophages. Here we show that Dpp8/9 inhibition activates the inflammasome sensor protein Nlrp1b, which in turn activates pro-caspase-1 to mediate pyroptosis. This work reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism for activating an innate immune pattern recognition receptor and suggests that Dpp8/9 serve as an intracellular checkpoint to restrain Nlrp1b and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian C Okondo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sahana D Rao
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cornelius Y Taabazuing
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashley J Chui
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, & Molecular Biology, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Clerc P, Jeanjean P, Hallali N, Gougeon M, Pipy B, Carrey J, Fourmy D, Gigoux V. Targeted Magnetic Intra-Lysosomal Hyperthermia produces lysosomal reactive oxygen species and causes Caspase-1 dependent cell death. J Control Release 2018; 270:120-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammasome signalling is an emerging pillar of innate immunity and has a central role in the regulation of gastrointestinal health and disease. Activation of the inflammasome complex mediates both the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and the execution of a form of inflammatory cell death known as pyroptosis. In most cases, these mediators of inflammation provide protection against bacterial, viral and protozoal infections. However, unchecked inflammasome activities perpetuate chronic inflammation, which underpins the molecular and pathophysiological basis of gastritis, IBD, upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. Studies have also highlighted an inflammasome signature in the maintenance of gut microbiota and gut-brain homeostasis. Harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of the inflammasome could transform clinical practice in the treatment of acute and chronic gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal diseases. This Review presents an overview of inflammasome biology in gastrointestinal health and disease and describes the value of experimental and pharmacological intervention in the treatment of inflammasome-associated clinical manifestations.
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Abstract
The caspase-1 enzymatic activity plays a major role in the innate immune response as it regulates the maturation of two major proinflammatory cytokines, the interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. In this chapter, we describe the technique of Western blot to assess caspase-1 activation. This method provides multiple information within one experiment. It allows the detection of both unprocessed and processed caspase-1 and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Guey
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Petrilli
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 28 rue Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France.
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that typically comprise a sensor, an adaptor and the zymogen procaspase-1. An inflammasome assembles in response to a diverse range of pathogen-associated or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs). The inflammasome platform leads to activation of caspase-1 through proximity-induced self-cleavage, which further induces maturation of interleukins 1β and 18 (IL-1β and IL-18) through proteolytic cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. Activated caspase-1 also cleaves gasdermin D, which leads to a particular form of cell death called pyroptosis. Mutations in genes that encode inflammasome components are associated with many inflammatory disorders, and studies in the past decade have highlighted the importance of appropriate activation of the inflammasome in homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Therefore, much attention is being paid to uncover the modulators and regulators of inflammasome assembly and pyroptosis. This Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster outlines the concepts in the activation of inflammasome sensors and assembly of the inflammasome platform. We also discuss recent insights into the mechanisms of regulation of inflammasome activity and the induction of cell death by pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Malik
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Wei Y, Huang H, Qiu Z, Li H, Tan J, Ren G, Wang X. NLRP1 Overexpression Is Correlated with the Tumorigenesis and Proliferation of Human Breast Tumor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4938473. [PMID: 29214170 PMCID: PMC5682047 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4938473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein 1 (NLRP1) is a pivotal factor in the inflammatory process. However, the role of NLRP1 in breast cancer pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the expression and function of NLRP1 in breast cancer. We found that NLRP1 was widely expressed in 83% (60/72) of primary breast cancer tissue. NLRP1 expression level was higher in primary breast cancer tissue than in adjacent noncancerous tissue (p < 0.001) and NLRP1 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.003), TNM stage (p = 0.003), and Ki-67 levels (p < 0.001). Overexpression of NLRP1 in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Restoration of NLRP1 expression resulted in the EMT occurrence that downregulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin and upregulation mesenchymal marker vimentin, C-myc, MMP-9, and snail. In summary, NLRP1 promotes cell line MCF-7 the proliferation, migration, and invasion through inducing EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Wei
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhu Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinxiang Tan
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Luo M, Hu L, Li D, Wang Y, He Y, Zhu L, Ren W. MD-2 regulates LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion by a MyD88/NF-κB-dependent pathway in alveolar macrophages cell line. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hamilton RF, Tsuruoka S, Wu N, Wolfarth M, Porter DW, Bunderson-Schelvan M, Holian A. Length, but Not Reactive Edges, of Cup-stack MWCNT Is Responsible for Toxicity and Acute Lung Inflammation. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 46:62-74. [PMID: 28946794 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317732303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) toxicity after inhalation has been associated with size, aspect ratio, rigidity, surface modification, and reactive oxygen species production. In this study, we investigated a series of cup-stacked MWCNT prepared as variants of the Creos 24PS. Mechanical chopping produced a short version (AR10) and graphitization to remove active reaction sites by extreme heat (2,800°C; Creos 24HT) to test the contribution of length and alteration of potential reaction sites to toxicity. The 3 MWCNT variants were tested in vitro in a human macrophage-like cell model and with C57BL/6 alveolar macrophages for dose-dependent toxicity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The 24PS and 24HT variants showed significant dose-dependent toxicity and inflammasome activation. In contrast, the AR10 variant showed no toxicity or bioactivity at any concentration tested. The in vivo results reflected those observed in vitro, with the 24PS and 24HT variants resulting in acute inflammation, including elevated polymorphonuclear counts, Interleukin (IL)-18, cathepsin B, and lactate dehydrogenase in isolated lung lavage fluid from mice exposed to 40 µg MWCNT. Taken together, these data indicate that length, but not the absence of proposed reaction sites, on the MWCNT influences particle bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Hamilton
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Shuji Tsuruoka
- 2 Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Wolfarth
- 4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- 4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melisa Bunderson-Schelvan
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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69
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Yi YS. Caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome: a critical sensor of intracellular lipopolysaccharide in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Immunology 2017; 152:207-217. [PMID: 28695629 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages are part of the innate immune system, whose role is to protect against invading pathogens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria stimulates an inflammatory response by macrophages. During the inflammatory response, extracellular LPS is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4, one of the pattern recognition receptors that activates inflammatory signalling pathways and leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. The innate immune response is also triggered by intracellular inflammasomes, and inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 by macrophages. Cysteine-aspartic protease (caspase)-11 and the human orthologues caspase-4/caspase-5 were recently identified as components of the 'non-canonical inflammasome' that senses intracellular LPS derived from Gram-negative bacteria during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Direct recognition of intracellular LPS facilitates the rapid oligomerization of caspase-11/4/5, which results in pyroptosis and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. LPS is released into the cytoplasm from Gram-negative bacterium-containing vacuoles by small interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins encoded on chromosome 3 (GBPchr3 )-mediated lysis of the vacuoles. In vivo studies have clearly shown that caspase-11-/- mice are more resistant to endotoxic septic shock by excessive LPS challenge. Given the evidence, activation of caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasomes by intracellular LPS is distinct from canonical inflammasome activation and provides a new paradigm in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammasomes are major actors of the innate immune system, through their regulation of inflammatory caspases and maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. These multiprotein complexes have been shown to play major roles in inflammatory and metabolic diseases and have more recently been implicated in tumor development and dissemination. In this review, we address these recent findings, focusing particularly on colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and tumor dissemination. RECENT FINDINGS Based mostly on loss-of-function experiments in mouse models, paradoxical results were obtained as both protumoral and antitumoral activities were reported. Moreover, several studies report major inflammasome-independent functions for some of these innate receptor proteins such as absent in melanoma 2, nod-like receptor family pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) or nod-like receptor family CARD containing 4 (NLRC4), functions exerted in epithelial cells as well as in immune cells. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent findings on the implication of inflammasomes and of absent in melanoma 2, NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasome-independent functions in cancer development and dissemination. Although contradictory in certain aspects, these studies highlight a lack of understanding of their mechanistic functions and regulations in cancer and the need for further investigations.
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71
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Yu CH, Moecking J, Geyer M, Masters SL. Mechanisms of NLRP1-Mediated Autoinflammatory Disease in Humans and Mice. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:142-152. [PMID: 28733143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NLRP1 was the first NOD-like receptor described to form an inflammasome, recruiting ASC to activate caspase-1, which processes interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 to their active form. A wealth of new genetic information has now redefined our understanding of this innate immune sensor. Specifically, rare loss-of-function variants in the N-terminal pyrin domain indicate that this part of NLRP1 is autoinhibitory and normally acts to prevent a familial autoinflammatory skin disease associated with cancer. In the absence of a ligand to trigger human NLRP1, these mutations have now confirmed the requirement of NLRP1 autolytic cleavage within the FIIND domain, which had previously been implicated in NLRP1 activation. Autolytic cleavage generates a C-terminal fragment of NLRP1 containing the CARD domain which then forms an ASC-dependent inflammasome. The CARD domain as an inflammasome linker is consistent with the observation that under some conditions, particularly for mouse NLRP1, caspase-1 can be engaged directly, and although it is no longer processed, it is still capable of producing mature IL-1β. Additional rare variants in a linker region between the LRR and FIIND domains of NLRP1 also cause autoinflammatory disease in both humans and mice. This new genetic information is likely to provide for more mechanistic insight in the years to come, contributing to our understanding of how NLRP1 functions as an innate immune sensor of infection and predisposes to autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiung Yu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jonas Moecking
- Department of Structural Immunology, Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Department of Structural Immunology, Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Baker PJ, De Nardo D, Moghaddas F, Tran LS, Bachem A, Nguyen T, Hayman T, Tye H, Vince JE, Bedoui S, Ferrero RL, Masters SL. Posttranslational Modification as a Critical Determinant of Cytoplasmic Innate Immune Recognition. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1165-1209. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface innate immune receptors can directly detect a variety of extracellular pathogens to which cytoplasmic innate immune sensors are rarely exposed. Instead, within the cytoplasm, the environment is rife with cellular machinery and signaling pathways that are indirectly perturbed by pathogenic microbes to activate intracellular sensors, such as pyrin, NLRP1, NLRP3, or NLRC4. Therefore, subtle changes in key intracellular processes such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other pathways leading to posttranslational protein modification are key determinants of innate immune recognition in the cytoplasm. This concept is critical to establish the “guard hypothesis” whereby otherwise homeostatic pathways that keep innate immune sensors at bay are released in response to alterations in their posttranslational modification status. Originally identified in plants, evidence that a similar guardlike mechanism exists in humans has recently been identified, whereby a mutation that prevents phosphorylation of the innate immune sensor pyrin triggers a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease. It is also noteworthy that even when a cytoplasmic innate immune sensor has a direct ligand, such as bacterial peptidoglycan (NOD1 or NOD2), RNA (RIG-I or MDA5), or DNA (cGAS or IFI16), it can still be influenced by posttranslational modification to dramatically alter its response. Therefore, due to their existence in the cytoplasmic milieu, posttranslational modification is a key determinant of intracellular innate immune receptor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Le Son Tran
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tan Nguyen
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Hayman
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hazel Tye
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James E. Vince
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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73
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Meunier E, Broz P. Evolutionary Convergence and Divergence in NLR Function and Structure. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:744-757. [PMID: 28579324 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of cellular damage caused by either pathogens or abiotic stress is essential for host defense in all forms of life in the plant and animal kingdoms. The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) represent a large family of multidomain proteins that were initially discovered for their role in host defense in plants and vertebrates. Over recent years the wide distribution of NLRs among metazoans has become apparent and their origins have begun to emerge. Moreover, intense study of NLR function has shown that they play essential roles beyond pathogen recognition - in the regulation of antigen presentation, cell death, inflammation, and even in embryonic development. We summarize here the latest insights into NLR biology and discuss examples of converging and diverging evolution of NLR function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Meunier
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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74
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Taabazuing CY, Okondo MC, Bachovchin DA. Pyroptosis and Apoptosis Pathways Engage in Bidirectional Crosstalk in Monocytes and Macrophages. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:507-514.e4. [PMID: 28392147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a lytic form of programmed cell death mediated by the inflammatory caspase-1, -4, and -5. We recently discovered that small-molecule inhibitors of the serine peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 (DPP8/9) induce pro-caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in monocytes and macrophages. Notably, DPP8/9 inhibitors, unlike microbial agents, absolutely require caspase-1 to induce cell death. Therefore, DPP8/9 inhibitors are useful probes to study caspase-1 in cells. Here, we show that, in the absence of the pyroptosis-mediating substrate gasdermin D (GSDMD), caspase-1 activates caspase-3 and -7 and induces apoptosis, demonstrating that GSDMD is the only caspase-1 substrate that induces pyroptosis. Conversely, we found that, during apoptosis, caspase-3/-7 specifically block pyroptosis by cleaving GSDMD at a distinct site from the inflammatory caspases that inactivates the protein. Overall, this work reveals bidirectional crosstalk between apoptosis and pyroptosis in monocytes and macrophages, further illuminating the complex interplay between cell death pathways in the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Y Taabazuing
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marian C Okondo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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75
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Harvesting pre-polarized macrophages using thermo-responsive substrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42495. [PMID: 28195152 PMCID: PMC5307341 DOI: 10.1038/srep42495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cell culture environment macrophages are highly adherent cells. Currently used methods to harvest macrophages have the disadvantage of reducing cell viability and their ability to re-attach after seeding. Although thermo-responsive surfaces have been employed to harvest cell sheets no reports are available to use these to harvest (pre-polarized) macrophages. We show that this method significantly improves the yield of living macrophages and percentage of subsequent cell reattachment, whilst having a minimal effect on the cell phenotype.
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76
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Affiliation(s)
- Judie A. Howrylak
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17003
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065;
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Plazyo O, Romero R, Unkel R, Balancio A, Mial TN, Xu Y, Dong Z, Hassan SS, Gomez-Lopez N. HMGB1 Induces an Inflammatory Response in the Chorioamniotic Membranes That Is Partially Mediated by the Inflammasome. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:130. [PMID: 27806943 PMCID: PMC5315428 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.144139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous preterm labor occurs in two subsets of patients with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, a process induced by alarmins such as high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). Inflammasomes are implicated in the process of spontaneous preterm labor. Therefore, we investigated whether HMGB1 initiates an inflammasome-associated inflammatory response in the chorioamniotic membranes. Incubation of the chorioamniotic membranes with HMGB1 1) induced the release of mature IL-1beta and IL-6; 2) upregulated the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators NFKB1, IL6, TNF, IL1A, IFNG, and HMGB1 receptors RAGE and TLR2; 3) upregulated the mRNA expression of the inflammasome components NLRP3 and AIM2 as well as NOD proteins (NOD1 and NOD2); 4) increased the protein concentrations of NLRP3 and NOD2; 5) increased the concentration of caspase-1 and the quantity of its active form (p20); and 6) upregulated the mRNA expression and active form of MMP-9. In addition, HMGB1 concentrations in chorioamniotic membrane extracts from women who underwent spontaneous preterm labor were greater than in those from women who had undergone spontaneous labor at term. Collectively, these results show that HMGB1 can induce an inflammatory response in the chorioamniotic membranes, which is partially mediated by the inflammasome. These results provide insight into the mechanisms whereby HMGB1 induces preterm labor and birth in mice and explain why the concentration of this alarmin is increased in women who undergo spontaneous preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Plazyo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ronald Unkel
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amapola Balancio
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tara N Mial
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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78
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Cytokine signatures in hereditary fever syndromes (HFS). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:19-34. [PMID: 27916611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary fever syndromes (HFS) include a group of disorders characterized by recurrent self-limited episodes of fever accompanied by inflammatory manifestations occurring in the absence of infection or autoimmune reaction. Advances in the genetics of HFS have led to the identification of new gene families and pathways involved in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity. The key role of several cytokine networks in the pathogenesis of HFS has been underlined by several groups, and supported by the rapid response of patients to targeted cytokine blocking therapies. This can be due to the direct effect of cytokine overproduction or to an absence of receptor antagonist resulting in dysbalance of downstream pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine networks. The aim of this study was to present an overview and to discuss the major concepts regarding the cellular and molecular immunology of HFS, with a particular focus on their specific cytokine signatures and physiopathological implications. Based on their molecular and cellular mechanisms, HFS have been classified into intrinsic and extrinsic IL-1β activation disorders or inflammasomopathies, and protein misfolding disorders. This review integrates all recent data in an updated classification of HFS.
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79
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Okondo MC, Johnson DC, Sridharan R, Go EB, Chui AJ, Wang MS, Poplawski SE, Wu W, Liu Y, Lai JH, Sanford DG, Arciprete MO, Golub TR, Bachovchin WW, Bachovchin DA. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition induces pro-caspase-1-dependent monocyte and macrophage pyroptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:46-53. [PMID: 27820798 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Val-boroPro (Talabostat, PT-100), a nonselective inhibitor of post-proline cleaving serine proteases, stimulates mammalian immune systems through an unknown mechanism of action. Despite this lack of mechanistic understanding, Val-boroPro has attracted substantial interest as a potential anticancer agent, reaching phase 3 trials in humans. Here we show that Val-boroPro stimulates the immune system by triggering a proinflammatory form of cell death in monocytes and macrophages known as pyroptosis. We demonstrate that the inhibition of two serine proteases, DPP8 and DPP9, activates the pro-protein form of caspase-1 independent of the inflammasome adaptor ASC. Activated pro-caspase-1 does not efficiently process itself or IL-1β but does cleave and activate gasdermin D to induce pyroptosis. Mice lacking caspase-1 do not show immune stimulation after treatment with Val-boroPro. Our data identify what is to our knowledge the first small molecule that induces pyroptosis and reveals a new checkpoint that controls the activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian C Okondo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramya Sridharan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eun Bin Go
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley J Chui
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wang
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack H Lai
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G Sanford
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael O Arciprete
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Arisaph Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
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80
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Conos SA, Lawlor KE, Vaux DL, Vince JE, Lindqvist LM. Cell death is not essential for caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1β activation and secretion. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1827-1838. [PMID: 27419363 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 cleaves and activates the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), yet the mechanism of IL-1β release and its dependence on cell death remains controversial. To address this issue, we generated a novel inflammasome independent system in which we directly activate caspase-1 by dimerization. In this system, caspase-1 dimerization induced the cleavage and secretion of IL-1β, which did not require processing of caspase-1 into its p20 and p10 subunits. Moreover, direct caspase-1 dimerization allowed caspase-1 activation of IL-1β to be separated from cell death. Specifically, we demonstrate at the single cell level that IL-1β can be released from live, metabolically active, cells following caspase-1 activation. In addition, we show that dimerized or endogenous caspase-8 can also directly cleave IL-1β into its biologically active form, in the absence of canonical inflammasome components. Therefore, cell death is not obligatory for the robust secretion of bioactive IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Conos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - K E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - D L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - J E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - L M Lindqvist
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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81
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ASC filament formation serves as a signal amplification mechanism for inflammasomes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11929. [PMID: 27329339 PMCID: PMC4917984 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of inflammasome activation is the ASC speck, a micrometre-sized structure formed by the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), which consists of a pyrin domain (PYD) and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD). Here we show that assembly of the ASC speck involves oligomerization of ASCPYD into filaments and cross-linking of these filaments by ASCCARD. ASC mutants with a non-functional CARD only assemble filaments but not specks, and moreover disrupt endogenous specks in primary macrophages. Systematic site-directed mutagenesis of ASCPYD is used to identify oligomerization-deficient ASC mutants and demonstrate that ASC speck formation is required for efficient processing of IL-1β, but dispensable for gasdermin-D cleavage and pyroptosis induction. Our results suggest that the oligomerization of ASC creates a multitude of potential caspase-1 activation sites, thus serving as a signal amplification mechanism for inflammasome-mediated cytokine production. Inflammasomes regulate IL-1β family maturation and pyroptosis. Here the authors show that ASC oligomerization and the formation of ASC specks are needed for IL-1β processing, but are not required for pyroptosis, indicating distinct inflammasome regulatory pathways.
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82
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Sharma D, Kanneganti TD. The cell biology of inflammasomes: Mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:617-29. [PMID: 27325789 PMCID: PMC4915194 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, numerous advances have been made in the role and regulation of inflammasomes during pathogenic and sterile insults. An inflammasome complex comprises a sensor, an adaptor, and a zymogen procaspase-1. The functional output of inflammasome activation includes secretion of cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and induction of an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Recent studies have highlighted the intersection of this inflammatory response with fundamental cellular processes. Novel modulators and functions of inflammasome activation conventionally associated with the maintenance of homeostatic biological functions have been uncovered. In this review, we discuss the biological processes involved in the activation and regulation of the inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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83
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein signalling platforms that control the inflammatory response and coordinate antimicrobial host defences. They are assembled by pattern-recognition receptors following the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and danger signals in the cytosol of host cells, and they activate inflammatory caspases to produce cytokines and to induce pyroptotic cell death. The clinical importance of inflammasomes reaches beyond infectious disease, as dysregulated inflammasome activity is associated with numerous hereditary and acquired inflammatory disorders. In this Review, we discuss the recent developments in inflammasome research with a focus on the molecular mechanisms that govern inflammasome assembly, signalling and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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84
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de Vasconcelos NM, Van Opdenbosch N, Lamkanfi M. Inflammasomes as polyvalent cell death platforms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2335-47. [PMID: 27048821 PMCID: PMC11108487 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein platforms that are organized in the cytosol to cope with pathogens and cellular stress. The pattern recognition receptors NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 and Pyrin all assemble canonical platforms for caspase-1 activation, while caspase-11-dependent inflammasomes respond to intracellular Gram-negative pathogens. Inflammasomes are chiefly known for their roles in maturation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-(IL)1β and IL18, but they can also induce regulated cell death. Activation of caspases 1 and 11 in myeloid cells can trigger pyroptosis, a lytic and inflammatory cell death mode. Pyroptosis has been implicated in secretion of IL1β, IL18 and intracellular alarmins. Akin to these factors, it may have beneficial roles in controlling pathogen replication, but become detrimental in the context of chronic autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are increasingly implicated in induction of additional regulated cell death modes such as pyronecrosis and apoptosis. In this review, we overview recent advances in inflammasome-associated cell death research, illustrating the polyvalent roles of these macromolecular platforms in regulated cell death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M de Vasconcelos
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina Van Opdenbosch
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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85
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Stewart MK, Cookson BT. Evasion and interference: intracellular pathogens modulate caspase-dependent inflammatory responses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:346-59. [PMID: 27174147 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved to complete the virulence cycle of colonization, replication and dissemination in intimate association with a complex network of extracellular and intracellular surveillance systems that guard tissue spaces. In this Review, we discuss the strategies used by bacteria and viruses to evade or inhibit intracellular detection that is coupled to pro-inflammatory caspase-dependent protective responses. Such strategies include alterations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures, the regulated expression of components of type III secretion systems, and the utilization of proteins that inhibit inflammasome formation, the enzymatic activity of caspases and cytokine signalling. Inflammation is crucial in response to exposure to pathogens, but is potentially damaging and thus tightly regulated. The threshold for the activation of pro-inflammatory caspases is determined by the immediate stimulus in the context of previous signals. Pathogen, genetic and situational factors modulate this threshold, which determines the ability of the host to resist infection while minimizing harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Stewart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Brad T Cookson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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86
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Luksch H, Winkler S, Heymann MC, Schulze F, Hofmann SR, Roesler J, Rösen-Wolff A. Current knowledge on procaspase-1 variants with reduced or abrogated enzymatic activity in autoinflammatory disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 17:45. [PMID: 26003867 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-015-0520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a proinflammatory enzyme that is essential in many inflammatory conditions including infectious, autoimmune, and autoinflammatory disorders. The inflammation is mainly mediated by the generation of inflammasomes that activate caspase-1 and subsequently interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. In addition, homotypic CARD/CARD interaction of procaspase-1 with RIP2 and thereby activation of the NF-κB pathways may play some role in the inflammation. However, normally, this pathway seems to become downregulated rapidly by the cleavage and excretion of RIP2 by active (pro-)caspase-1. In patients with unexplained recurrent systemic inflammation, CASP1 variants were detected, which often destabilized the caspase-1 dimer interface. Obviously, the resulting decreased or abrogated enzymatic activity and IL-1β production did not prevent the febrile episodes. As an unexpected finding, the inactive procaspase-1 variants significantly enhanced proinflammatory signaling by increasing RIP2 mediated NF-κB activation in an in vitro cell transfection model. A likely reason is the failure of inactive procaspase-1 to cleave bound RIP2 and also to mediate its excretion out of the intracelluar space thereby keeping the RIP2-NF-κB pathway upregulated. Hence, proinflammatory effects of enzymatically inactive procaspase-1 variants may partially explain the inflammatory episodes of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Luksch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 03107, Dresden, Germany,
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87
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Abstract
Inflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto-inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of an inflammasome complex requires cytosolic sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns by a nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALR). NLRs and ALRs engage caspase-1, in most cases requiring the adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), to catalyze proteolytic cleavage of pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 and drive pyroptosis. Recent studies indicate that caspase-8, caspase-11, IL-1R-associated kinases (IRAK), and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases contribute to inflammasome functions. In addition, post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, deubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation control almost every aspect of inflammasome activities. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 are linked with the development of auto-inflammatory diseases, enterocolitis, and cancer. Overall, these findings transform our understanding of the basic biology and clinical relevance of inflammasomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest development of inflammasome research and discuss how inflammasome activities govern health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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88
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Jorgensen I, Miao EA. Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:130-42. [PMID: 25879289 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases play a central role in innate immunity by responding to cytosolic signals and initiating a twofold response. First, caspase-1 induces the activation and secretion of the two prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Second, either caspase-1 or caspase-11 can trigger a form of lytic, programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Pyroptosis operates to remove the replication niche of intracellular pathogens, making them susceptible to phagocytosis and killing by a secondary phagocyte. However, aberrant, systemic activation of pyroptosis in vivo may contribute to sepsis. Emphasizing the efficiency of inflammasome detection of microbial infections, many pathogens have evolved to avoid or subvert pyroptosis. This review focuses on molecular and morphological characteristics of pyroptosis and the individual inflammasomes and their contribution to defense against infection in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Jorgensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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89
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Abstract
The complementary actions of the innate and adaptive immune systems often provide effective host defense against microbial pathogens and harmful environmental agents. Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) endow the innate immune system with the ability to detect and mount a rapid response against a given threat. Members of several intracellular PRR families, including the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs), the AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), and the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein Pyrin/TRIM20, nucleate the formation of inflammasomes. These cytosolic scaffolds serve to recruit and oligomerize the cysteine protease caspase-1 in filaments that promote its proximity-induced autoactivation. This oligomerization occurs either directly or indirectly through intervention of the bipartite adaptor protein ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), which is needed for the domain interaction. Caspase-1 cleaves the precursors of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and triggers their release into the extracellular space, where they act on effector cells to promote both local and systemic immune responses. Additionally, inflammasome activation gives rise to a lytic mode of cell death, named pyroptosis, which is thought to contribute to initial host defense against infection by eliminating replication niches of intracellular pathogens and exposing them to the immune system. Inflammasome-induced host defense responses are the subject of intense investigation, and understanding their physiological roles during infection and the regulatory circuits that are involved is becoming increasingly detailed. Here, we discuss current understanding of the activation mechanisms and biological outcomes of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Dubois
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Wullaert
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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90
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Approaching a Unified Theory for Particle-Induced Inflammation. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55732-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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91
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Greaney AJ, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. Bacterial Exotoxins and the Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2015; 6:570. [PMID: 26617605 PMCID: PMC4639612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that play an important role in innate immune sensing. Activation of inflammasomes leads to activation of caspase-1 and maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. In certain myeloid cells, this activation can also lead to an inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). Inflammasome sensor proteins have evolved to detect a range of microbial ligands and bacterial exotoxins either through direct interaction or by detection of host cell changes elicited by these effectors. Bacterial exotoxins activate the inflammasomes through diverse processes, including direct sensor cleavage, modulation of ion fluxes through plasma membrane pore formation, and perturbation of various host cell functions. In this review, we summarize the findings on some of the bacterial exotoxins that activate the inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Greaney
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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92
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Greaney AJ, Maier NK, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. Sulforaphane inhibits multiple inflammasomes through an Nrf2-independent mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:189-99. [PMID: 26269198 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0415-155rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasomes are intracellular complexes that have an important role in cytosolic innate immune sensing and pathogen defense. Inflammasome sensors detect a diversity of intracellular microbial ligands and endogenous danger signals and activate caspase-1, thus initiating maturation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. These events, although crucial to the innate immune response, have also been linked to the pathology of several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The natural isothiocyanate sulforaphane, present in broccoli sprouts and available as a dietary supplement, has gained attention for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties. We discovered that sulforaphane inhibits caspase-1 autoproteolytic activation and interleukin-1β maturation and secretion downstream of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor leucine-rich repeat proteins NLRP1 and NLRP3, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein 5/NLR family caspase-1 recruitment domain-containing protein 4 (NAIP5/NLRC4), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome receptors. Sulforaphane does not inhibit the inflammasome by direct modification of active caspase-1 and its mechanism is not dependent on protein degradation by the proteasome or de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, sulforaphane-mediated inhibition of the inflammasomes is independent of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2) and the antioxidant response-element pathway, to which many of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of sulforaphane have been attributed. Sulforaphane was also found to inhibit cell recruitment to the peritoneum and interleukin-1β secretion in an in vivo peritonitis model of acute gout and to reverse NLRP1-mediated murine resistance to Bacillus anthracis spore infection. These findings demonstrate that sulforaphane inhibits the inflammasomes through a novel mechanism and contributes to our understanding of the beneficial effects of sulforaphane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Greaney
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nolan K Maier
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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93
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D’Osualdo A, Anania VG, Yu K, Lill JR, Kaufman RJ, Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. Transcription Factor ATF4 Induces NLRP1 Inflammasome Expression during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130635. [PMID: 26086088 PMCID: PMC4472728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis triggers the ER stress response (also known as Unfolded Protein Response), a hallmark of many pathological disorders. However the connection between ER stress and inflammation remains largely unexplored. Recent data suggest that ER stress controls the activity of inflammasomes, key signaling platforms that mediate innate immune responses. Here we report that expression of NLRP1, a core inflammasome component, is specifically up-regulated during severe ER stress conditions in human cell lines. Both IRE1α and PERK, but not the ATF6 pathway, modulate NLRP1 gene expression. Furthermore, using mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing technology, we demonstrate that ATF4 transcription factor directly binds to NLRP1 promoter during ER stress. Although involved in different types of inflammatory responses, XBP-1 splicing was not required for NLRP1 induction. This study provides further evidence that links ER stress with innate
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D’Osualdo
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Veronica G. Anania
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kebing Yu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennie R. Lill
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shu-ichi Matsuzawa
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCR); (SM)
| | - John C. Reed
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JCR); (SM)
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94
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Caspase-1: an integral regulator of innate immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:419-27. [PMID: 26059719 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a unique cysteine protease playing central roles in innate immunity. Pathogens, stress, and damage signals induce activation of caspase-1, typically mediated by proximity-induced autoproteolysis in multimeric protein complexes called the inflammasome. Active caspase-1 induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediates pyroptosis, a programmed pro-inflammatory cell death, thereby initiating an immune response finally leading to pathogen clearance. Excessive activation of caspase-1 is the underlying cause for rare diseases such as periodic fever syndromes, and more common disorders, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and gout. Beside these well-known pro-inflammatory functions, active caspase-1 also has anti-inflammatory and protective functions contributing to cell survival, reduced inflammatory cytokine signaling, and improved outcomes in mouse models of burn injury or trauma and shock. Furthermore, naturally occurring procaspase-1 variants with reduced or abrogated enzymatic activity mediate enhanced inflammatory signaling and have been associated to autoinflammatory symptoms. Here, we review functions of caspase-1 focusing on anti-inflammatory signaling pathways and discuss the role of enzymatically inactive caspase-1 as disease-promoting factors in autoinflammatory diseases. Moreover, we illustrate differential requirements for autoproteolysis and enzymatic activity in caspase-1 functions.
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95
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Shin S, Brodsky IE. The inflammasome: Learning from bacterial evasion strategies. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:102-10. [PMID: 25914126 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in defense against microbial infection and employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors to detect broadly conserved microbial structures or activities. Pattern recognition receptors of the nucleotide binding domain/leucine rich repeat (NLR) family respond to particular microbial products or disruption of cellular physiology, and mediate the activation of an arm of the innate immune response termed the inflammasome. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that are inducibly assembled in response to the contamination of the host cell cytosol by microbial products. Individual NLRs sense the presence of their cognate stimuli, and initiate assembly of inflammasomes via the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and the effector pro-enzyme caspase-1. Inflammasome activation leads to rapid release of pro-inflammatory mediators of the IL-1 family as well as the release of intracellular alarmins due to a lytic form of programmed cell death termed pyroptosis. Over the past 15 years, a great deal has been learned about the mechanisms that drive inflammasome activation in response to infection by diverse pathogens. However, pathogens have also evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress host defenses, and the mechanisms by which pathogens evade inflammasome activation are not well-understood. Here, we will discuss emerging evidence on how diverse pathogens evade inflammasome activation, and what these studies have revealed about inflammasome biology. Deeper understanding of pathogen evasion of inflammasome activation has the potential to lead to development of novel classes of immunomodulatory factors that could be used in the context of human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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96
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Saavedra PHV, Demon D, Van Gorp H, Lamkanfi M. Protective and detrimental roles of inflammasomes in disease. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:313-22. [PMID: 25895577 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, inflammasomes have emerged as key regulators of immune and inflammatory responses. They induce programmed cell death and direct the release of danger signals and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The concerted actions of inflammasomes are of utmost importance for responding adequately to harmful environmental agents and infections. However, deregulated inflammasome signaling is increasingly linked to a diversity of human pathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rare, hereditary periodic fever syndromes. In this review, we discuss recent insight in the protective and detrimental roles of inflammasomes in selected infectious, autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and cover clinically approved therapies that interfere with inflammasome signaling. These findings highlight the importance of fine-balancing the Ying and Yang activities of inflammasomes for sustained homeostasis and suggest that further understanding of inflammasome mechanisms may offer new cures for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H V Saavedra
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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