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Choi JH, Burke JM, Szymanik KH, Nepal U, Battenhouse A, Lau JT, Stark A, Lam V, Sullivan CS. DUSP11-mediated control of 5'-triphosphate RNA regulates RIG-I sensitivity. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1697-1712. [PMID: 33184222 PMCID: PMC7706711 DOI: 10.1101/gad.340604.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Choi et al. set out to elucidate the physiological role of RNA triphosphatase dual-specificity phosphatase 11 (DUSP11) in the innate immune response. Using in vivo and in vitro experiments, the authors describe the importance of controlling 5′-triphosphate RNA levels to prevent aberrant RIG-I signaling and demonstrate DUSP11 as a key effector of this mechanism. Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of pathogen recognition receptors is imperative to understanding infection and inflammation. Here we demonstrate that the RNA triphosphatase dual-specificity phosphatase 11 (DUSP11) acts on both host and virus-derived 5′-triphosphate RNAs rendering them less active in inducing a RIG-I-mediated immune response. Reducing DUSP11 levels alters host triphosphate RNA packaged in extracellular vesicles and induces enhanced RIG-I activation in cells exposed to extracellular vesicles. Virus infection of cells lacking DUSP11 results in a higher proportion of triphosphorylated viral transcripts and attenuated virus replication, which is rescued by reducing RIG-I expression. Consistent with the activity of DUSP11 in the cellular RIG-I response, mice lacking DUSP11 display lower viral loads, greater sensitivity to triphosphorylated RNA, and a signature of enhanced interferon activity in select tissues. Our results reveal the importance of controlling 5′-triphosphate RNA levels to prevent aberrant RIG-I signaling and demonstrate DUSP11 as a key effector of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon H Choi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - James M Burke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kayla H Szymanik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Upasana Nepal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Anna Battenhouse
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Justin T Lau
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Aaron Stark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Victor Lam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
| | - Christopher S Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
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52
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Xi Y, Upham JW. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma: a review of current knowledge. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1095-1106. [PMID: 32726181 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1803741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While medications are available to treat asthma symptoms and control inflammation, no treatments can cure asthma, and efforts to develop primary prevention strategies or improved exacerbation management are limited by incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for asthma development and progression. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are involved in anti-viral host defense and immune regulation, and increasing evidence suggests a role for pDC in asthma pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED We undertook a literature search using PubMed for articles including the phrase 'plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma' published from 2015 to 2020. We reviewed the remarkable progress made over the past 5 years in understanding the role of pDC in asthma pathogenesis and how pDC regulate anti-viral immune function. This review highlights key recent findings in asthma pathogenesis and virus-triggered asthma exacerbations; pDC biology and functionality; how pDC regulate the immune response; and pDC function in asthma. EXPERT OPTION A deeper understanding of pDC function provides an important foundation for future pDC-targeted therapies that might prevent and treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- The Lung and Allergy Research Centre, the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- The Lung and Allergy Research Centre, the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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McNamara RP, Dittmer DP. Modern Techniques for the Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020. [PMID: 31512168 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-%20019-09874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signaling is pivotal to maintain organismal homeostasis. A quickly emerging field of interest within extracellular signaling is the study of extracellular vesicles (EV), which act as messaging vehicles for nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids, etc. from donor cells to recipient cells. This transfer of biologically active material within a vesicular body is similar to the infection of a cell through a virus particle, which transfers genetic material from one cell to another to preserve an infection state, and viruses are known to modulate EV. Although considerable heterogeneity exists within EV and viruses, this review focuses on those that are small (< 200 nm in diameter) and of relatively low density (< 1.3 g/mL). A multitude of isolation methods for EV and virus particles exist. In this review, we present an update on methods for their isolation, purification, and phenotypic characterization. We hope that the information we provide will be of use to basic science and clinical investigators, as well as biotechnologists in this emerging field. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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54
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Fuentes P, Sesé M, Guijarro PJ, Emperador M, Sánchez-Redondo S, Peinado H, Hümmer S, Ramón Y Cajal S. ITGB3-mediated uptake of small extracellular vesicles facilitates intercellular communication in breast cancer cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4261. [PMID: 32848136 PMCID: PMC7450082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, the spread of malignant cells from a primary tumour to distant sites, causes 90% of cancer-related deaths. The integrin ITGB3 has been previously described to play an essential role in breast cancer metastasis, but the precise mechanisms remain undefined. We have now uncovered essential and thus far unknown roles of ITGB3 in vesicle uptake. The functional requirement for ITGB3 derives from its interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the process of integrin endocytosis, allowing the capture of extracellular vesicles and their endocytosis-mediated internalization. Key for the function of ITGB3 is the interaction and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is required for endocytosis of these vesicles. Thus, ITGB3 has a central role in intracellular communication via extracellular vesicles, proposed to be critical for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fuentes
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sesé
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Guijarro
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Emperador
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Tumor Biomarkers Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Hümmer
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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55
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Mitsis T, Pierouli K, Diakou KL, Papakonstantinou E, Bacopoulou F, Chrousos GP, Vlachakis D. Exosomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26. [PMID: 32832420 PMCID: PMC7440046 DOI: 10.14806/ej.26.0.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have been the focus of a large number of studies in the past five years. Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, are of particularly high interest because they partake in a wide number of biological pathways. Produced by a variety of cells, exosomes have an important role in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosome cargo heavily defines the vesicles’ unique characteristics, and the cargo with the most intriguing prospects in its’ biomedical applications is the non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs, and specifically microRNAs are implicated in the regulation of many biological processes and have been associated with numerous diseases. Exosomes containing such important cargo can be used as biomarkers, therapeutic biomaterials, or even drug carriers. The potential media use of exosomes seems promising. However, some obstacles should be overcome before their clinical application. Synthetic exosome-like biomolecules may be a solution, but their production is still in their beginning stages. This review provides concise information regarding the current trends in exosome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasis Mitsis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Lo Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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56
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Xiao Y, Driedonks T, Witwer KW, Wang Q, Yin H. How does an RNA selfie work? EV-associated RNA in innate immunity as self or danger. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1793515. [PMID: 32944182 PMCID: PMC7480420 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1793515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is a first line of defence against danger. Exogenous pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) trigger innate immune responses through well-understood cellular pathways. In contrast, endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) convey “danger signals” via their (mis)localization or modification. Both MAMPs and DAMPs are often communicated on or within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite growing evidence for the importance of EVs and their cargo in modulating innate immune responses, in some cases, it is unclear how EV-transported molecules are sensed as abnormal. In particular, EVs constitutively carry RNA, which is also abundant in the cytoplasm. How, then, would RNA convey a danger signal as a cargo of EVs? In this Perspective, we offer some thoughts on how EV-associated RNAs might raise the alarm for innate immune responses – or silence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Zhujiang Hospital, Laboratory of Medicine Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tom Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Laboratory of Medicine Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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57
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Tagawa T, Serquiña A, Kook I, Ziegelbauer J. Viral non-coding RNAs: Stealth strategies in the tug-of-war between humans and herpesviruses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:135-147. [PMID: 32631785 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic DNA viruses establish lifelong infections in humans, and they cause cancers, often in immunocompromised patients, despite anti-viral immune surveillance targeted against viral antigens. High-throughput sequencing techniques allowed the field to identify novel viral non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are ideal factors for DNA viruses to exploit; they are non-immunogenic to T cells, thus viral ncRNAs can manipulate host cells without evoking adaptive immune responses. Viral ncRNAs may still trigger the host innate immune response, but many viruses encode decoys/inhibitors to counter-act and evade recognition. In addition, ncRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular space and influence adjacent cells to create a pro-viral microenvironment. In this review, we present recent progress in understanding interactions between oncoviruses and ncRNAs including small and long ncRNAs, microRNAs, and recently identified viral circular RNAs. In addition, potential clinical applications for ncRNA will be discussed. Extracellular ncRNAs are suggested to be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and, with the realization of the importance of viral ncRNAs in tumorigenesis, approaches to target critical viral ncRNAs are emerging. Further understanding of viral utilization of ncRNAs will advance anti-viral therapeutics beyond conventional medication and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Anna Serquiña
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Insun Kook
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joseph Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
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Abstract
Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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59
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections of the Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070700. [PMID: 32605316 PMCID: PMC7411781 DOI: 10.3390/v12070700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs such as exosomes and microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 1000 nm in diameter. Under normal conditions, EVs mediate cell to cell as well as inter-organ communication via the shuttling of their cargoes which include RNA, DNA and proteins. Under pathological conditions, however, the number, size and content of EVs are found to be altered and have been shown to play crucial roles in disease progression. Emerging studies have demonstrated that EVs are involved in many aspects of viral infection-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we will describe the interactions between EV biogenesis and the release of virus particles while also reviewing the role of EVs in various viral infections, such as HIV-1, HTLV, Zika, CMV, EBV, Hepatitis B and C, JCV, and HSV-1. We will also discuss the potential uses of EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles for viral infections.
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60
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Nkosi D, Sun L, Duke LC, Patel N, Surapaneni SK, Singh M, Meckes DG. Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Promotes Syntenin-1- and Hrs-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Formation for Its Own Secretion To Increase Cell Proliferation and Migration. mBio 2020; 11:e00589-20. [PMID: 32546618 PMCID: PMC7298708 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00589-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication that are involved in both normal processes and pathological conditions. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a major viral oncogene that is expressed in most Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancers and secreted in EVs. LMP1-modified EVs have the ability to influence recipient cell growth, migration, and differentiation and regulate immune cell function. Despite the significance of LMP1-modified EVs in EBV malignancies, very little is understood about how this protein hijacks the host EV pathway for secretion. Using the biotin identification (BioID) method, we identified LMP1-proximal interacting proteins that are known to play roles in EV formation and protein trafficking. Analysis of the identified LMP1-interacting proteins revealed an enrichment in the ESCRT pathway and associated proteins, including CD63, Syntenin-1, Alix, TSG101, Hrs, and charged multivesicular body proteins (CHMPs). LMP1 transcriptionally upregulated and increased the protein expression of EV biogenesis and secretion genes. Nanoparticle tracking and immunoblot analysis revealed reduced levels of LMP1 EV packaging and of vesicle production following the knockdown of Syntenin-1, Alix, Hrs, and TSG101, with altered endolysosomal trafficking observed when Syntenin-1 and Hrs expression was reduced. Knockdown of specific ESCRT-III subunits (CHMP4B, -5, and -6) impaired LMP1 packaging and secretion into EVs. Finally, we demonstrate that the efficient secretion of LMP1-modified EVs promotes cell attachment, proliferation, and migration and tumor growth. Together, these results begin to shed light on how LMP1 exploits host ESCRT machinery to direct the incorporation of the viral oncoprotein into the EV pathway for secretion to alter the tumor microenvironment.IMPORTANCE LMP1 is a notable viral protein that contributes to the modification of EV content and tumor microenvironment remodeling. LMP1-modified EVs enhance tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion potential and promote radioresistance. Currently, the mechanisms surrounding LMP1 incorporation into the host EV pathways are not well understood. This study revealed that LMP1 utilizes Hrs, Syntenin-1, and specific components of the ESCRT-III complex for release from the cell, enhancement of EV production, and metastatic properties of cancer cells. These findings begin to unravel the mechanism of LMP1 EV trafficking and may provide new targets to control EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingani Nkosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Leanne C Duke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Nilkumar Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Sunil K Surapaneni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Exosome mimicry by a HAVCR1-NPC1 pathway of endosomal fusion mediates hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1096-1106. [PMID: 32541946 PMCID: PMC7483988 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication by exosomes controls normal and pathogenic processes1,2. Viruses can spread in exosomes and thereby avoid immune recognition3. While biogenesis, binding and uptake of exosomes are well characterized4,5, delivery of exosome cargo into the cytoplasm is poorly understood3. We report that the phosphatidylserine receptor HAVCR1 (refs. 6,7) and the cholesterol transporter NPC1 (ref. 8) participate in cargo delivery from exosomes of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected cells (exo-HAV) by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout technology, we show that these two lipid receptors, which interact in the late endosome9, are necessary for the membrane fusion and delivery of RNA from exo-HAV into the cytoplasm. The HAVCR1-NPC1 pathway, which Ebola virus exploits to infect cells9, mediates HAV infection by exo-HAV, which indicates that viral infection via this exosome mimicry mechanism does not require an envelope glycoprotein. The capsid-free viral RNA in the exosome lumen, but not the endosomal uncoating of HAV particles contained in the exosomes, is mainly responsible for exo-HAV infectivity as assessed by methylene blue inactivation of non-encapsidated RNA. In contrast to exo-HAV, infectivity of HAV particles is pH-independent and requires HAVCR1 or another as yet unidentified receptor(s) but not NPC1. Our findings show that envelope-glycoprotein-independent fusion mechanisms are shared by exosomes and viruses, and call for a reassessment of the role of envelope glycoproteins in infection.
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RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:585-606. [PMID: 32457507 PMCID: PMC7249041 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 927] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term 'extracellular vesicles' refers to a heterogeneous population of vesicular bodies of cellular origin that derive either from the endosomal compartment (exosomes) or as a result of shedding from the plasma membrane (microvesicles, oncosomes and apoptotic bodies). Extracellular vesicles carry a variety of cargo, including RNAs, proteins, lipids and DNA, which can be taken up by other cells, both in the direct vicinity of the source cell and at distant sites in the body via biofluids, and elicit a variety of phenotypic responses. Owing to their unique biology and roles in cell-cell communication, extracellular vesicles have attracted strong interest, which is further enhanced by their potential clinical utility. Because extracellular vesicles derive their cargo from the contents of the cells that produce them, they are attractive sources of biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Furthermore, studies demonstrating phenotypic effects of specific extracellular vesicle-associated cargo on target cells have stoked interest in extracellular vesicles as therapeutic vehicles. There is particularly strong evidence that the RNA cargo of extracellular vesicles can alter recipient cell gene expression and function. During the past decade, extracellular vesicles and their RNA cargo have become better defined, but many aspects of extracellular vesicle biology remain to be elucidated. These include selective cargo loading resulting in substantial differences between the composition of extracellular vesicles and source cells; heterogeneity in extracellular vesicle size and composition; and undefined mechanisms for the uptake of extracellular vesicles into recipient cells and the fates of their cargo. Further progress in unravelling the basic mechanisms of extracellular vesicle biogenesis, transport, and cargo delivery and function is needed for successful clinical implementation. This Review focuses on the current state of knowledge pertaining to packaging, transport and function of RNAs in extracellular vesicles and outlines the progress made thus far towards their clinical applications.
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63
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The Messenger Apps of the cell: Extracellular Vesicles as Regulatory Messengers of Microglial Function in the CNS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:473-486. [PMID: 32337651 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intense effort of investigators, in particular during the past decade, has highlighted the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity in the course of a variety of infections, with clear implications for development of novel vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Current and future efforts now need to focus strongly on teasing apart the intricate and complex molecular mechanisms that operate during EV regulation of immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances that bear on our current understanding of how EVs, including exosomes, can contribute to the innate immune functions of microglia within the central nervous system (CNS), and we also highlight future important mechanistic questions that need to be addressed. In particular, recent findings that highlight the crosstalk between autophagy and exosome pathways and their implications for innate immune functions of microglia will be presented. Microglial activation has been shown to play a key role in neuroAIDS, a neuro-infectious disease for which the importance of exosome functions, including exosome-autophagy interplay, has been reported. The importance of exosomes and exosome-autophagy crosstalk involving microglia has also been shown for the Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that is thought to be linked with immune dysfunction and involve infectious agents as trigger. Considering the accumulation of recent findings and the vibrancy of the EV field, we anticipate that future studies will continue to have a deep impact on our understanding of the CNS pathologies that are influenced by the functions of microglia and of the infectious disease mechanisms in general. Graphical Abstract.
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van Eijndhoven MAJ, Baglio SR, Pegtel DM. Packaging RNA drugs into extracellular vesicles. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:6-8. [PMID: 31937943 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique A J van Eijndhoven
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Rubina Baglio
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dekel E, Abou Karam P, Ohana-Daniel Y, Biton M, Regev-Rudzki N, Porat Z. Antibody-Free Labeling of Malaria-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E98. [PMID: 32349226 PMCID: PMC7277110 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound structures that are believed to play a major role in intercellular communication by allowing cells to exchange proteins and genetic cargo between them. In particular, pathogens, such as the malaria parasite Plasmodium (P.) falciparum, utilize EVs to promote their growth and to alter their host's response. Thus, better characterization of these secreted organelles will enhance our understanding of the cellular processes that govern EVs' biology and pathological functions. Here we present a method that utilizes a high-end flow cytometer system to characterize small EVs, i.e., with a diameter less than 200 nm. Using this method, we could evaluate different parasite-derived EV populations according to their distinct cargo by using antibody-free labeling. It further allows to closely monitor a sub-population of vesicles carrying parasitic DNA cargo. This ability paves the way to conducting a more 'educated' analysis of the various EV cargo components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elya Dekel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.D.); (P.A.K.); (Y.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.D.); (P.A.K.); (Y.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Yael Ohana-Daniel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.D.); (P.A.K.); (Y.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Mirit Biton
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.D.); (P.A.K.); (Y.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.D.); (P.A.K.); (Y.O.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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66
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The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:323-334. [PMID: 32203193 PMCID: PMC7109106 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and microbial infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be released by almost all cell types. Owing to their capacity to shield the payload from degradation and to evade recognition and subsequent removal by the immune system, exosomes efficiently transport functional components to recipient cells. Accumulating evidence has recently shown that exosomes derived from tumor cells, host cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication between the invader and innate immune cells and thus play an irreplaceable function in the dissemination of pathogens and donor cell-derived molecules, modulating the innate immune responses of the host. In this review, we describe the current understanding of EVs (mainly focusing on exosomes) and summarize and discuss their crucial roles in determining innate immune responses. Additionally, we discuss the potential of using exosomes as biomarkers and cancer vaccines in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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67
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Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are encoded by many vertebrate species and exhibit antiviral activities against a wide range of viruses. IFITM3, when present in virus-producing cells, reduces the fusion potential of HIV-1 virions, but the mechanism is poorly understood. To define the breadth and mechanistic basis for the antiviral activity of IFITM3, we took advantage of a murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based pseudotyping system. By carefully controlling amounts of IFITM3 and envelope protein (Env) in virus-producing cells, we found that IFITM3 potently inhibits MLV infectivity when Env levels are limiting. Loss of infectivity was associated with defective proteolytic processing of Env and lysosomal degradation of the Env precursor. Ecotropic and xenotropic variants of MLV Env, as well as HIV-1 Env and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), are sensitive to IFITM3, whereas Ebola glycoprotein is resistant, suggesting that IFITM3 selectively inactivates certain viral glycoproteins. Furthermore, endogenous IFITM3 in human and murine cells negatively regulates MLV Env abundance. However, we found that the negative impact of IFITM3 on virion infectivity is greater than its impact on decreasing Env incorporation, suggesting that IFITM3 may impair Env function, as well as reduce the amount of Env in virions. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of virion infectivity mediated by IFITM3 is reversed by the expression of glycoGag, a murine retrovirus accessory protein previously shown to antagonize the antiviral activity of SERINC proteins. Overall, we show that IFITM3 impairs virion infectivity by regulating Env quantity and function but that enhanced Env expression and glycoGag confer viral resistance to IFITM3.IMPORTANCE The viral envelope glycoprotein, known as "Env" in Retroviridae, is found on the virion surface and facilitates virus entry into cells by mediating cell attachment and fusion. Env is a major structural component of retroviruses and is targeted by all arms of the immune response, including adaptive and innate immunity. Less is known about how cell-intrinsic immunity prevents retrovirus replication at the level of individual cells. Here, we show that cellular IFITM3 and IFITM2 inhibit the fusion potential of retroviral virions by inhibiting Env protein via a two-pronged mechanism. IFITM proteins inhibit Env abundance in cells and also impair its function when levels are low. The posttranslational block of retroviral Env function by IFITM proteins is likely to impede both exogenous and endogenous retrovirus replication. In support of a relevant role for IFITM3 in retrovirus control, the retroviral accessory protein glycoGag counteracts IFITM3 function to promote virus infectivity.
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68
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Zhao Y, Karijolich J. Know Thyself: RIG-I-Like Receptor Sensing of DNA Virus Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:e01085-19. [PMID: 31511389 PMCID: PMC6854496 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that play a role in initiating and modulating cell intrinsic immunity through the recognition of RNA features typically absent from the host transcriptome. While they are initially characterized in the context of RNA virus infection, evidence has now accumulated establishing the role of RLRs in DNA virus infection. Here, we review recent advances in the RLR-mediated restriction of DNA virus infection with an emphasis on the RLR ligands sensed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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69
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Pérez PS, Romaniuk MA, Duette GA, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Martin-Jaular L, Witwer KW, Théry C, Ostrowski M. Extracellular vesicles and chronic inflammation during HIV infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1687275. [PMID: 31998449 PMCID: PMC6963413 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1687275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection. Among the multiple stimuli that can induce inflammation in untreated infection, ongoing viral replication is a primary driver. After initiation of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV replication is drastically reduced or halted. However, even virologically controlled patients may continue to have abnormal levels of inflammation. A number of factors have been proposed to cause inflammation in HIV infection: among others, residual (low-level) HIV replication, production of HIV protein or RNA in the absence of replication, microbial translocation from the gut to the circulation, co-infections, and loss of immunoregulatory responses. Importantly, chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals increases the risk for a number of non-infectious co-morbidities, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HIV-associated inflammation in the presence of cART is of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as novel actors in intercellular communication, involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, with particular emphasis on their role as inducers of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soledad Pérez
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel A. Duette
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorena Martin-Jaular
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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70
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Magalhaes I, Yogev O, Mattsson J, Schurich A. The Metabolic Profile of Tumor and Virally Infected Cells Shapes Their Microenvironment Counteracting T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2309. [PMID: 31636636 PMCID: PMC6788393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation naïve T cells undergo metabolic changes to support the differentiation into subsets of effector or regulatory cells, and enable subsequent metabolic adaptations to form memory. Interfering with these metabolic alterations leads to abrogation or reprogramming of T cell differentiation, demonstrating the importance of these pathways in T cell development. It has long been appreciated that the conversion of a healthy cell to a cancerous cell is accompanied by metabolic changes, which support uncontrolled proliferation. Especially in solid tumors these metabolic changes significantly influence the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affect tumor infiltrating immune cells. The TME is often hypoxic and nutrient depleted, additionally tumor cells produce co-inhibitory signals, together suppressing the immune response. Interestingly, viruses can stimulate a metabolism akin to that seen in tumor cells in their host cells and even in neighboring cells (e.g., via transfer of virally modified extracellular vesicles). Thus, viruses create their own niche which favors viral persistence and propagation, while again keeping the immune response at bay. In this review we will focus on the mechanisms employed by tumor cells and viruses influencing T cell metabolic regulation and the impact they have on shaping T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ohad Yogev
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Gloria and Seymour Epstein Chair in Cell Therapy and Transplantation, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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71
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McNamara RP, Dittmer DP. Modern Techniques for the Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:459-472. [PMID: 31512168 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signaling is pivotal to maintain organismal homeostasis. A quickly emerging field of interest within extracellular signaling is the study of extracellular vesicles (EV), which act as messaging vehicles for nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids, etc. from donor cells to recipient cells. This transfer of biologically active material within a vesicular body is similar to the infection of a cell through a virus particle, which transfers genetic material from one cell to another to preserve an infection state, and viruses are known to modulate EV. Although considerable heterogeneity exists within EV and viruses, this review focuses on those that are small (< 200 nm in diameter) and of relatively low density (< 1.3 g/mL). A multitude of isolation methods for EV and virus particles exist. In this review, we present an update on methods for their isolation, purification, and phenotypic characterization. We hope that the information we provide will be of use to basic science and clinical investigators, as well as biotechnologists in this emerging field. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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72
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Epstein–Barr virus ncRNA from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma induces an inflammatory response that promotes virus production. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2475-2486. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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73
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Niehl A, Heinlein M. Perception of double-stranded RNA in plant antiviral immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1203-1210. [PMID: 30942534 PMCID: PMC6715784 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing and antiviral pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) both rely on recognition of double-stranded (ds)RNAs as defence-inducing signals. While dsRNA recognition by dicer-like proteins during antiviral RNA silencing is thoroughly investigated, the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA perception leading to antiviral PTI are just about to be untangled. Parallels to antimicrobial PTI thereby only partially facilitate our view on antiviral PTI. PTI against microbial pathogens involves plasma membrane bound receptors; however, dsRNAs produced during virus infection occur intracellularly. Hence, how dsRNA may be perceived during this immune response is still an open question. In this short review, we describe recent discoveries in PTI signalling upon sensing of microbial patterns and endogenous 'danger' molecules with emphasis on immune signalling-associated subcellular trafficking processes in plants. Based on these studies, we develop different scenarios how dsRNAs could be sensed during antiviral PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen DiagnosticsMesseweg 11‐12D‐38104BraunschweigGermany
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR235712 rue du Général ZimmerF‐67000StrasbourgFrance
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74
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Temoche-Diaz MM, Shurtleff MJ, Nottingham RM, Yao J, Fadadu RP, Lambowitz AM, Schekman R. Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes. eLife 2019; 8:e47544. [PMID: 31436530 PMCID: PMC6728143 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a variety of vesicles secreted into the extracellular space. EVs have been implicated in promoting tumor metastasis, but the molecular composition of tumor-derived EV sub-types and the mechanisms by which molecules are sorted into EVs remain mostly unknown. We report the separation of two small EV sub-populations from a metastatic breast cancer cell line, with biochemical features consistent with different sub-cellular origins. These EV sub-types use different mechanisms of miRNA sorting (selective and non-selective), suggesting that sorting occurs via fundamentally distinct processes, possibly dependent on EV origin. Using biochemical and genetic tools, we identified the Lupus La protein as mediating sorting of selectively packaged miRNAs. We found that two motifs embedded in miR-122 are responsible for high-affinity binding to Lupus La and sorting into vesicles formed in a cell-free reaction. Thus, tumor cells can simultaneously deploy multiple EV species using distinct sorting mechanisms that may enable diverse functions in normal and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morayma M Temoche-Diaz
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Matthew J Shurtleff
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ryan M Nottingham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Raj P Fadadu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Alan M Lambowitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Randy Schekman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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75
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Dusoswa SA, Horrevorts SK, Ambrosini M, Kalay H, Paauw NJ, Nieuwland R, Pegtel MD, Würdinger T, Van Kooyk Y, Garcia-Vallejo JJ. Glycan modification of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles enhances receptor-mediated targeting of dendritic cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1648995. [PMID: 31489145 PMCID: PMC6713149 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1648995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumour for which total tumour lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination is currently under clinical evaluation. Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent an enriched cell-free source of tumour-associated (neo-) antigens to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) for the initiation of an anti-tumour immune response. Capture and uptake of EVs by DCs could occur in a receptor-mediated and presumably glycan-dependent way, yet the glycan composition of glioblastoma EVs is unknown. Here, we set out to characterize the glycocalyx composition of glioblastoma EVs by lectin-binding ELISA and comprehensive immunogold transmission electron microscopy (immuno-TEM). The surface glycan profile of human glioblastoma cell line-derived EVs (50-200 nm) was dominated by α-2,3- and α-2,6 linked sialic acid-capped complex N-glycans and bi-antennary N-glycans. Since sialic acids can trigger immune inhibitory sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) receptors, we screened for Siglec ligands on the EVs. Glioblastoma EVs showed significant binding to Siglec-9, which is highly expressed on DCs. Surprisingly, however, glioblastoma EVs lack glycans that could bind Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), a receptor that mediates uptake and induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation. Therefore, we explored whether modification of the EV glycan surface could reduce immune inhibitory Siglec binding, while enhancing EV internalization by DCs in a DC-SIGN dependent manner. Desialylation with a pan-sialic acid hydrolase led to reduction of sialic acid expression on EVs. Moreover, insertion of a high-affinity ligand (LewisY) for DC-SIGN resulted in a four-fold increase of uptake by monocyte-derived DCs. In conclusion, we show that the glycocalyx composition of EVs is a key factor of efficient DC targeting and that modification of the EV glycocalyx potentiates EVs as anti-cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Dusoswa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie K. Horrevorts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne J. Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel D. Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Würdinger
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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76
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Ressel S, Rosca A, Gordon K, Buck AH. Extracellular RNA in viral-host interactions: Thinking outside the cell. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2019; 10:e1535. [PMID: 30963709 PMCID: PMC6617787 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small RNAs and their associated RNA interference (RNAi) pathways underpin diverse mechanisms of gene regulation and genome defense across all three kingdoms of life and are integral to virus-host interactions. In plants, fungi and many animals, an ancestral RNAi pathway exists as a host defense mechanism whereby viral double-stranded RNA is processed to small RNAs that enable recognition and degradation of the virus. While this antiviral RNAi pathway is not generally thought to be present in mammals, other RNAi mechanisms can influence infection through both viral- and host-derived small RNAs. Furthermore, a burgeoning body of data suggests that small RNAs in mammals can function in a non-cell autonomous manner to play various roles in cell-to-cell communication and disease through their transport in extracellular vesicles. While vesicular small RNAs have not been proposed as an antiviral defense pathway per se, there is increasing evidence that the export of host- or viral-derived RNAs from infected cells can influence various aspects of the infection process. This review discusses the current knowledge of extracellular RNA functions in viral infection and the technical challenges surrounding this field of research. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ressel
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Adelina Rosca
- Department of VirologyCarol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharestRomania
| | - Katrina Gordon
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Amy H. Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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77
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Epstein-Barr Virus and Innate Immunity: Friends or Foes? Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060183. [PMID: 31238570 PMCID: PMC6617214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) successfully persists in the vast majority of adults but causes lymphoid and epithelial malignancies in a small fraction of latently infected individuals. Innate immunity is the first-line antiviral defense, which EBV has to evade in favor of its own replication and infection. EBV uses multiple strategies to perturb innate immune signaling pathways activated by Toll-like, RIG-I-like, NOD-like, and AIM2-like receptors as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. EBV also counteracts interferon production and signaling, including TBK1-IRF3 and JAK-STAT pathways. However, activation of innate immunity also triggers pro-inflammatory response and proteolytic cleavage of caspases, both of which exhibit proviral activity under some circumstances. Pathogenic inflammation also contributes to EBV oncogenesis. EBV activates NFκB signaling and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Through differential modulation of the proviral and antiviral roles of caspases and other host factors at different stages of infection, EBV usurps cellular programs for death and inflammation to its own benefits. The outcome of EBV infection is governed by a delicate interplay between innate immunity and EBV. A better understanding of this interplay will instruct prevention and intervention of EBV-associated cancers.
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78
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Demarta‐Gatsi C, Rivkin A, Di Bartolo V, Peronet R, Ding S, Commere P, Guillonneau F, Bellalou J, Brûlé S, Abou Karam P, Cohen SR, Lagache T, Janse CJ, Regev‐Rudzki N, Mécheri S. Histamine releasing factor and elongation factor 1 alpha secreted via malaria parasites extracellular vesicles promote immune evasion by inhibiting specific T cell responses. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13021. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta‐Gatsi
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
| | - Anna Rivkin
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of ImmunologyINSERM U1221 Paris France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
| | - Shuai Ding
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
| | | | - François Guillonneau
- 3P5 proteomics Facility of the Université Paris DescartesInstitut Cochin Paris France
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Platform of Recombinant ProteinsC2RT—Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Platform of Molecular BiophysicsInstitut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Thibault Lagache
- Department of Biological SciencesColumbia University New York New York
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, ParasitologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Neta Regev‐Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Institut PasteurUnité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurCNRS ERL9195 Paris France
- Department of Parasites and Insect vectors, Institut PasteurINSERM U1201 Paris France
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79
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Li I, Nabet BY. Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment as mediators of cancer therapy resistance. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:32. [PMID: 30823926 PMCID: PMC6397467 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that contain genetic material, proteins, and lipids. They function as potent signaling molecules between cancer cells and the surrounding cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomes derived from both tumor and stromal cells have been implicated in all stages of cancer progression and play an important role in therapy resistance. Moreover, due to their nature as mediators of cell-cell communication, they are integral to TME-dependent therapy resistance. In this review, we discuss current exosome isolation and profiling techniques and their role in TME interactions and therapy resistance. We also explore emerging clinical applications of both exosomes as biomarkers, direct therapeutic targets, and engineered nanocarriers. In order to fully understand the TME, careful interrogation of exosomes and their cargo is critical. This understanding is a promising avenue for the development of effective clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Li
- Stanford Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Barzin Y. Nabet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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80
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Assil S, Futsch N, Décembre E, Alais S, Gessain A, Cosset FL, Mahieux R, Dreux M, Dutartre H. Sensing of cell-associated HTLV by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is regulated by dense β-galactoside glycosylation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007589. [PMID: 30818370 PMCID: PMC6413949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T Lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection can persist in individuals resulting, at least in part, from viral escape of the innate immunity, including inhibition of type I interferon response in infected T-cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are known to bypass viral escape by their robust type I interferon production. Here, we demonstrated that pDCs produce type I interferons upon physical cell contact with HTLV-infected cells, yet pDC activation inversely correlates with the ability of the HTLV-producing cells to transmit infection. We show that pDCs sense surface associated-HTLV present with glycan-rich structure referred to as biofilm-like structure, which thus represents a newly described viral structure triggering the antiviral response by pDCs. Consistently, heparan sulfate proteoglycans and especially the cell surface pattern of terminal β-galactoside glycosylation, modulate the transmission of the immunostimulatory RNA to pDCs. Altogether, our results uncover a function of virus-containing cell surface-associated glycosylated structures in the activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Assil
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Futsch
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Décembre
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (MD); (HD)
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (MD); (HD)
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81
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Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of Gene Expression: Physiology and Disease. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:ncrna5010017. [PMID: 30781588 PMCID: PMC6468922 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of RNAs that are not translated into proteins was an important breakthrough, defining the diversity of molecules involved in eukaryotic regulation of gene expression. These non-coding RNAs can be divided into two main classes according to their length: short non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The lncRNAs in association with other molecules can coordinate several physiological processes and their dysfunction may impact in several pathologies, including cancer and infectious diseases. They can control the flux of genetic information, such as chromosome structure modulation, transcription, splicing, messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, mRNA availability, and post-translational modifications. Long non-coding RNAs present interaction domains for DNA, mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, depending on both sequence and secondary structure. The advent of new generation sequencing has provided evidences of putative lncRNAs existence; however, the analysis of transcriptomes for their functional characterization remains a challenge. Here, we review some important aspects of lncRNA biology, focusing on their role as regulatory elements in gene expression modulation during physiological and disease processes, with implications in host and pathogens physiology, and their role in immune response modulation.
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82
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Exosomes Released from Rabies Virus-Infected Cells May be Involved in the Infection Process. Virol Sin 2019; 34:59-65. [PMID: 30725320 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are secreted by many eukaryotic cells. It has recently attracted attention as vehicles of intercellular communication. Virus-infected cells release exosomes, which contain viral proteins, RNA, and pathogenic molecules. However, the role of exosomes in virus infection process remains unclear and needs to be further investigated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of exosomes on rabies virus infection. OptiPrep™ density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate exosomes from rabies virus-infected cell culture supernatants. A rabies virus G protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and acetylcholinesterase activity assays were performed to verify the centrifugation fractions. Exosomes were then characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting. Our results showed that rabies virus infection increased the release of exosomes. Treatment with GW4869 and si-Rab27a, two exosomal secretion inhibitors, inhibited exosome release. Furthermore, the inhibitors reduced the levels of extracellular and intracellular viral RNA. These data indicated that exosomes may participate in the viral infection process. Moreover, our results establish a basis for future research into the roles of exosomes in rabies virus infection and as potential targets for developing new antiviral strategies.
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83
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McNamara RP, Chugh PE, Bailey A, Costantini LM, Ma Z, Bigi R, Cheves A, Eason AB, Landis JT, Host KM, Xiong J, Griffith JD, Damania B, Dittmer DP. Extracellular vesicles from Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lymphoma induce long-term endothelial cell reprogramming. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007536. [PMID: 30716130 PMCID: PMC6361468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signaling is a mechanism that higher eukaryotes have evolved to facilitate organismal homeostasis. Recent years have seen an emerging interest in the role of secreted microvesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EV) or exosomes in this signaling network. EV contents can be modified by the cell in response to stimuli, allowing them to relay information to neighboring cells, influencing their physiology. Here we show that the tumor virus Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijacks this signaling pathway to induce cell proliferation, migration, and transcriptome reprogramming in cells not infected with the virus. KSHV-EV activates the canonical MEK/ERK pathway, while not alerting innate immune regulators, allowing the virus to exert these changes without cellular pathogen recognition. Collectively, we propose that KSHV establishes a niche favorable for viral spread and cell transformation through cell-derived vesicles, all while avoiding detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pauline E Chugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Q2 Solutions-EA Genomics, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Aubrey Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lindsey M Costantini
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Avery Cheves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin T Landis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kurtis M Host
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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84
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Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) contributes to about 1.5% of all cases of human cancer worldwide, and viral genes are expressed in the malignant cells. EBV also very efficiently causes the proliferation of infected human B lymphocytes. The functions of the viral proteins and small RNAs that may contribute to EBV-associated cancers are becoming increasingly clear, and a broader understanding of the sequence variation of the virus genome has helped to interpret their roles. The improved understanding of the mechanisms of these cancers means that there are great opportunities for the early diagnosis of treatable stages of EBV-associated cancers and the use of immunotherapy to target EBV-infected cells or overcome immune evasion. There is also scope for preventing disease by immunization and for developing therapeutic agents that target the EBV gene products expressed in the cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Farrell
- Section of Virology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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85
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Reizis B. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Development, Regulation, and Function. Immunity 2019; 50:37-50. [PMID: 30650380 PMCID: PMC6342491 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique sentinel cell type that can detect pathogen-derived nucleic acids and respond with rapid and massive production of type I interferon. This review summarizes our current understanding of pDC biology, including transcriptional regulation, heterogeneity, role in antiviral immune responses, and involvement in immune pathology, particularly in autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and cancer. We also highlight the remaining gaps in our knowledge and important questions for the field, such as the molecular basis of unique interferon-producing capacity of pDCs. A better understanding of cell type-specific positive and negative control of pDC function should pave the way for translational applications focused on this immune cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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86
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van Balkom BWM, Gremmels H, Giebel B, Lim SK. Proteomic Signature of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800163. [PMID: 30467989 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50-200 nm vesicles secreted by most cells. They are considered as mediators of intercellular communication, and EVs from specific cell types, in particular mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), offer powerful therapeutic potential, and can provide a novel therapeutic strategy. They appear promising and safe (as EVs are non-self-replicating), and eventually MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) may be developed to standardized, off-the-shelf allogeneic regenerative and immunomodulatory therapeutics. Promising pre-clinical data have been achieved using MSCs from different sources as EV-producing cells. Similarly, a variety EV isolation and characterization methods have been applied. Interestingly, MSC-EVs obtained from different sources and prepared with different methods show in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects, indicating that isolated EVs share a common potential. Here, well-characterized and controlled, publicly available proteome profiles of MSC-EVs are compared to identify a common MSC-EV protein signature that might be coupled to the MSC-EVs' common therapeutic potential. This protein signature may be helpful in developing MSC-EV quality control platforms required to confirm the identity and test for the purity of potential therapeutic MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
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87
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Ramayanti O, Verkuijlen SAWM, Novianti P, Scheepbouwer C, Misovic B, Koppers-Lalic D, van Weering J, Beckers L, Adham M, Martorelli D, Middeldorp JM, Pegtel DM. Vesicle-bound EBV-BART13-3p miRNA in circulation distinguishes nasopharyngeal from other head and neck cancer and asymptomatic EBV-infections. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2555-2566. [PMID: 30411781 PMCID: PMC6587801 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell‐free microRNA (miRNA) in biofluids released by tumors in either protein or vesicle‐bound form, represent promising minimally‐invasive cancer biomarkers. However, a highly abundant non‐tumor background in human plasma and serum complicates the discovery and detection of tumor‐selective circulating miRNAs. We performed small RNA sequencing on serum and plasma RNA from Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) patients. Collectively, Epstein Barr virus‐encoded miRNAs, more so than endogenous miRNAs, signify presence of NPC. However, RNAseq‐based EBV miRNA profiles differ between NPC patients, suggesting inter‐tumor heterogeneity or divergent secretory characteristics. We determined with sensitive qRT‐PCR assays that EBV miRNAs BART7‐3p, BART9‐3p and BART13‐3p are actively secreted by C666.1 NPC cells bound to extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble ribonucleoprotein complexes. Importantly, these miRNAs are expressed in all primary NPC tumor biopsies and readily detected in nasopharyngeal brushings from both early and late‐stage NPC patients. Increased levels of BART7‐3p, BART9‐3p and particularly BART13‐3p, distinguish NPC patient sera from healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using sera from endemic NPC patients, other head and neck cancers and individuals with asymptomatic EBV‐infections reveals a superior diagnostic performance of EBV miRNAs over anti‐EBNA1 IgA serology and EBV‐DNA load (AUC 0.87–0.96 vs 0.86 and 0.66 respectively). The high specificity of circulating EBV‐BART13‐3p (97%) for NPC detection is in agreement with active secretion from NPC tumor cells. We conclude EV‐bound BART13‐3p in circulation is a promising, NPC‐selective, biomarker that should be considered as part of a screening strategy to identify NPC in endemic regions. What's new? Analysis of DNA from human tumor viruses in patient blood is a non‐invasive screening method for individuals at risk for developing cancer. A drawback is over‐diagnosis as these sensitive methods also detect non‐cancer‐related infections. Here the authors show by RNA sequencing and PCR amplification that a microRNA (BART13‐3p) encoded by the Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with circulating vesicles in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, thus distinguishing between cancer and non‐cancer‐related EBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia Ramayanti
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra A W M Verkuijlen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Putri Novianti
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Scheepbouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurosurgery, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Branislav Misovic
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurosurgery, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danijela Koppers-Lalic
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurosurgery, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Weering
- Amsterdam UMC, Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlinda Adham
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Debora Martorelli
- National Cancer Institute, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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88
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Gonda A, Kabagwira J, Senthil GN, Wall NR. Internalization of Exosomes through Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:337-347. [PMID: 30487244 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is replete with factors secreted and internalized by surrounding cells. Exosomes are nano-sized, protein-embedded, membrane-bound vesicles that are released in greater quantities from cancer than normal cells and taken up by a variety of cell types. These vesicles contain proteins and genetic material from the cell of origin and in the case of tumor-derived exosomes, oncoproteins and oncogenes. With increasing understanding of the role exosomes play in basic biology, a more clear view of the potential exosomes are seen to have in cancer therapeutics emerges. However, certain essential aspects of exosome function, such as the uptake mechanisms, are still unknown. Various methods of cell-exosome interaction have been proposed, but this review focuses on the protein-protein interactions that facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis, a broadly used mechanism by a variety of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Gonda
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Girish N Senthil
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Nathan R Wall
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California. .,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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89
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Zhao Y, Ye X, Dunker W, Song Y, Karijolich J. RIG-I like receptor sensing of host RNAs facilitates the cell-intrinsic immune response to KSHV infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4841. [PMID: 30451863 PMCID: PMC6242832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 are cytosolic RNA helicases best characterized as restriction factors for RNA viruses. However, evidence suggests RLRs participate in innate immune recognition of other pathogens, including DNA viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we demonstrate that RLRs restrict KSHV lytic reactivation and we demonstrate that restriction is facilitated by the recognition of host-derived RNAs. Misprocessed noncoding RNAs represent an abundant class of RIG-I substrates, and biochemical characterizations reveal that an infection-dependent reduction in the cellular triphosphatase DUSP11 results in an accumulation of select triphosphorylated noncoding RNAs, enabling their recognition by RIG-I. These findings reveal an intricate relationship between RNA processing and innate immunity, and demonstrate that an antiviral innate immune response can be elicited by the sensing of misprocessed cellular RNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DEAD Box Protein 58/antagonists & inhibitors
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/genetics
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phosphorylation
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - William Dunker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453000, China
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
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90
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Chen L, Feng Z, Yue H, Bazdar D, Mbonye U, Zender C, Harding CV, Bruggeman L, Karn J, Sieg SF, Wang B, Jin G. Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells promote growth and progression of cancer via HIV TAR RNA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4585. [PMID: 30389917 PMCID: PMC6214989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy have increased risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs). However, the underlying mechanism for development and progression of certain NADCs remains obscure. Here we show that exosomes released from HIV-infected T cells and those purified from blood of HIV-positive patients stimulate proliferation, migration and invasion of oral/oropharyngeal and lung cancer cells. The HIV transactivation response (TAR) element RNA in HIV-infected T-cell exosomes is responsible for promoting cancer cell proliferation and inducing expression of proto-oncogenes and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-inducible genes. These effects depend on the loop/bulge region of the molecule. HIV-infected T-cell exosomes rapidly enter recipient cells through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation via the EGFR/TLR3 axis. Thus, our findings indicate that TAR RNA-containing exosomes from HIV-infected T cells promote growth and progression of particular NADCs through activation of the ERK cascade in an EGFR/TLR3-dependent manner. HIV patients have an increased risk of developing non-AIDS-defining cancers but the molecular mechanisms underlying this predisposition are unclear. Here the authors show that exosomes secreted by HIV-infected T cells or isolated from the blood of HIV-positive patients, stimulate oncogenic properties of cancer cells through the activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechuang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Douglas Bazdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chad Zender
- Department of Otolaryngology/ENT Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Leslie Bruggeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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91
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Dai YD, Dias P. Exosomes or Microvesicles, a Secreted Subcellular Organelle Contributing to Inflammation and Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:2154-2156. [PMID: 30348822 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang D Dai
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, San Diego, CA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter Dias
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, San Diego, CA
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92
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Ahmed W, Tariq S, Khan G. Tracking EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) from the nucleus to the excreted exosomes of B-lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15438. [PMID: 30337610 PMCID: PMC6193935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBER1 and EBER2) are two highly abundant, non-protein coding RNAs consistently expressed in all EBV infected cells, but their function remains poorly understood. Conventional in situ hybridization studies have indicated that these RNAs are present exclusively in the nucleus. We have recently demonstrated that EBERs can be excreted from infected cells via exosomes. However, the details of the steps involved in their excretion remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to directly track the journey of EBERs from the nucleus to the excretory exosomes of EBV immortalized B-lymphocytes. Using a combination of molecular and novel immuno-gold labelled electron microscopy (EM) based techniques, we demonstrate the presence of EBERs, not only in the nucleus, but also in the cytoplasm of EBV infected B cell lines. EBERs were also seen in exosomes shed from infected cells along with the EBER binding protein La. Our results show, for the first time, that at least a proportion of EBERs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they appear to be loaded into multi-vesicular bodies for eventual excretion via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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93
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Chavez-Calvillo G, Martin S, Hamm C, Sztuba-Solinska J. The Structure-To-Function Relationships of Gammaherpesvirus-Encoded Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Contributions to Viral Pathogenesis. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4040024. [PMID: 30261651 PMCID: PMC6315926 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have facilitated the discovery of a multitude of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with pleiotropic functions in cellular processes, disease, and viral pathogenesis. It came as no surprise when viruses were also revealed to transcribe their own lncRNAs. Among them, gammaherpesviruses, one of the three subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, code their largest number. These structurally and functionally intricate non-coding (nc) transcripts modulate cellular and viral gene expression to maintain viral latency or prompt lytic reactivation. These lncRNAs allow for the virus to escape cytosolic surveillance, sequester, and re-localize essential cellular factors and modulate the cell cycle and proliferation. Some viral lncRNAs act as “messenger molecules”, transferring information about viral infection to neighboring cells. This broad range of lncRNA functions is achieved through lncRNA structure-mediated interactions with effector molecules of viral and host origin, including other RNAs, proteins and DNAs. In this review, we discuss examples of gammaherpesvirus-encoded lncRNAs, emphasize their unique structural attributes, and link them to viral life cycle, pathogenesis, and disease progression. We will address their potential as novel targets for drug discovery and propose future directions to explore lncRNA structure and function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chavez-Calvillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Chad Hamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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94
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Sun L, Meckes DG. Methodological Approaches to Study Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs in Epstein⁻Barr Virus-Associated Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092810. [PMID: 30231493 PMCID: PMC6164614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr-virus (EBV) was the first virus identified to be associated with human cancer in 1964 and is found ubiquitously throughout the world's population. It is now established that EBV contributes to the development and progression of multiple human cancers of both lymphoid and epithelial cell origins. EBV encoded miRNAs play an important role in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, immune escape, tissue invasion, and metastasis. Recently, EBV miRNAs have been found to be released from infected cancer cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and regulate gene expression in neighboring uninfected cells present in the tumor microenvironment and possibly at distal sites. As EVs are abundant in many biological fluids, the viral and cellular miRNAs present within EBV-modified EVs may serve as noninvasion markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in EV isolation and miRNA detection, and provide a complete workflow for EV purification from plasma and deep-sequencing for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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95
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Romero-Masters JC, Ohashi M, Djavadian R, Eichelberg MR, Hayes M, Bristol JA, Ma S, Ranheim EA, Gumperz J, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. An EBNA3C-deleted Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mutant causes B-cell lymphomas with delayed onset in a cord blood-humanized mouse model. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007221. [PMID: 30125329 PMCID: PMC6117096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV causes human B-cell lymphomas and transforms B cells in vitro. EBNA3C, an EBV protein expressed in latently-infected cells, is required for EBV transformation of B cells in vitro. While EBNA3C undoubtedly plays a key role in allowing EBV to successfully infect B cells, many EBV+ lymphomas do not express this protein, suggesting that cellular mutations and/or signaling pathways may obviate the need for EBNA3C in vivo under certain conditions. EBNA3C collaborates with EBNA3A to repress expression of the CDKN2A-encoded tumor suppressors, p16 and p14, and EBNA3C-deleted EBV transforms B cells containing a p16 germline mutation in vitro. Here we have examined the phenotype of an EBNAC-deleted virus (Δ3C EBV) in a cord blood-humanized mouse model (CBH). We found that the Δ3C virus induced fewer lymphomas (occurring with a delayed onset) in comparison to the wild-type (WT) control virus, although a subset (10/26) of Δ3C-infected CBH mice eventually developed invasive diffuse large B cell lymphomas with type III latency. Both WT and Δ3C viruses induced B-cell lymphomas with restricted B-cell populations and heterogeneous T-cell infiltration. In comparison to WT-infected tumors, Δ3C-infected tumors had greatly increased p16 levels, and RNA-seq analysis revealed a decrease in E2F target gene expression. However, we found that Δ3C-infected tumors expressed c-Myc and cyclin E at similar levels compared to WT-infected tumors, allowing cells to at least partially bypass p16-mediated cell cycle inhibition. The anti-apoptotic proteins, BCL2 and IRF4, were expressed in Δ3C-infected tumors, likely helping cells avoid c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, Δ3C-infected tumors had increased T-cell infiltration, increased expression of T-cell chemokines (CCL5, CCL20 and CCL22) and enhanced type I interferon response in comparison to WT tumors. Together, these results reveal that EBNA3C contributes to, but is not essential for, EBV-induced lymphomagenesis in CBH mice, and suggest potentially important immunologic roles of EBNA3C in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Virus Latency/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Romero-Masters
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Reza Djavadian
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Eichelberg
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitch Hayes
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shidong Ma
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jenny Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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96
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Liao TL, Hsieh SL, Chen YM, Chen HH, Liu HJ, Lee HC, Chen DY. Rituximab May Cause Increased Hepatitis C Virus Viremia in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Through Declining Exosomal MicroRNA-155. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1209-1219. [PMID: 29575671 DOI: 10.1002/art.40495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown that rituximab may enhance hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in modulating the host immune response in HCV infection; miRNAs can be packaged into the exosomes and then shuttled by the exosomes to aid biologic functions. However, the role of exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRNAs) in rituximab-related HCV activity enhancement remains unclear. METHODS The association between rituximab and increased HCV activity was examined using an in vitro cell-based assay. Purified exosomes were confirmed using immunoblotting and flow cytometry and quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exosomal miRNA-155 (exo-miR-155) levels were measured using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In vitro data showed that B cell-derived miR-155 could inhibit HCV replication in hepatocytes through exosome transmission. Rituximab could both induce B cell depletion and affect intracellular miR-155 production as well as exo-miR-155 transmission and then enhance HCV activity in hepatocytes (P < 0.005). Serum exosome levels were increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with HCV infection compared with the levels in RA patients without HCV infection (P < 0.01). The exo-miR-155 levels were significantly increased in RA patients with HCV infection compared with those without infection (P < 0.01). A significantly greater decrement of exo-miR-155 expression was observed after rituximab therapy compared with those observed before therapy (P < 0.01), and hepatitis C viral loads increased simultaneously (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Circulating exo-miR-155 levels were negatively correlated with hepatitis C viral loads and subsequently associated with rituximab-related HCV activity enhancement in RA patients. Exo-miR-155 may become a potential diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ling Liao
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital and National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital and National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital and National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chin Lee
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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97
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Ofir-Birin Y, Abou Karam P, Rudik A, Giladi T, Porat Z, Regev-Rudzki N. Monitoring Extracellular Vesicle Cargo Active Uptake by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1011. [PMID: 29881375 PMCID: PMC5976745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are essential for long distance cell–cell communication. They function as carriers of different compounds, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Pathogens, like malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Pf), excel in employing vesicle release to mediate cell communication in diverse processes, particularly in manipulating the host response. Establishing research tools to study the interface between pathogen-derived vesicles and their host recipient cells will greatly benefit the scientific community. Here, we present an imaging flow cytometry (IFC) method for monitoring the uptake of malaria-derived vesicles by host immune cells. By staining different cargo components, we were able to directly track the cargo’s internalization over time and measure the kinetics of its delivery. Impressively, we demonstrate that this method can be used to specifically monitor the translocation of a specific protein within the cellular milieu upon internalization of parasitic cargo; namely, we were able to visually observe how uptaken parasitic Pf-DNA cargo leads to translocation of transcription factor IRF3 from the cytosol to the nucleus within the recipient immune cell. Our findings demonstrate that our method can be used to study cellular dynamics upon vesicle uptake in different host–pathogen and pathogen–pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Rudik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Giladi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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98
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Role of exosomes as a proinflammatory mediator in the development of EBV-associated lymphoma. Blood 2018; 131:2552-2567. [PMID: 29685921 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-794529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes various diseases in the elderly, including B-cell lymphoma such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Here, we show that EBV acts in trans on noninfected macrophages in the tumor through exosome secretion and augments the development of lymphomas. In a humanized mouse model, the different formation of lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) between 2 EBV strains (Akata and B95-8) was evident. Furthermore, injection of Akata-derived exosomes affected LPD severity, possibly through the regulation of macrophage phenotype in vivo. Exosomes collected from Akata-lymphoblastoid cell lines reportedly contain EBV-derived noncoding RNAs such as BamHI fragment A rightward transcript (BART) micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and EBV-encoded RNA. We focused on the exosome-mediated delivery of BART miRNAs. In vitro, BART miRNAs could induce the immune regulatory phenotype in macrophages characterized by the gene expressions of interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and arginase 1, suggesting the immune regulatory role of BART miRNAs. The expression level of an EBV-encoded miRNA was strongly linked to the clinical outcomes in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These results implicate BART miRNAs as 1 of the factors regulating the severity of lymphoproliferative disease and as a diagnostic marker for EBV+ B-cell lymphoma.
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99
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Li K, Rodosthenous RS, Kashanchi F, Gingeras T, Gould SJ, Kuo LS, Kurre P, Lee H, Leonard JN, Liu H, Lombo TB, Momma S, Nolan JP, Ochocinska MJ, Pegtel DM, Sadovsky Y, Sánchez-Madrid F, Valdes KM, Vickers KC, Weaver AM, Witwer KW, Zeng Y, Das S, Raffai RL, Howcroft TK. Advances, challenges, and opportunities in extracellular RNA biology: insights from the NIH exRNA Strategic Workshop. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98942. [PMID: 29618663 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) has emerged as an important transducer of intercellular communication. Advancing exRNA research promises to revolutionize biology and transform clinical practice. Recent efforts have led to cutting-edge research and expanded knowledge of this new paradigm in cell-to-cell crosstalk; however, gaps in our understanding of EV heterogeneity and exRNA diversity pose significant challenges for continued development of exRNA diagnostics and therapeutics. To unravel this complexity, the NIH convened expert teams to discuss the current state of the science, define the significant bottlenecks, and brainstorm potential solutions across the entire exRNA research field. The NIH Strategic Workshop on Extracellular RNA Transport helped identify mechanistic and clinical research opportunities for exRNA biology and provided recommendations on high priority areas of research that will advance the exRNA field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Gingeras
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lillian S Kuo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Kurre
- Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (Hematology and Oncology), Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tania B Lombo
- NIH, Office of the Director, Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan Momma
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kayla M Valdes
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - T Kevin Howcroft
- Cancer Immunology, Hematology, and Etiology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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100
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Bebelman MP, Smit MJ, Pegtel DM, Baglio SR. Biogenesis and function of extracellular vesicles in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:1-11. [PMID: 29476772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous multi-signal messengers that support cancer growth and dissemination by mediating the tumor-stroma crosstalk. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs that originate from the limiting membrane of late endosomes, and as such contain information linked to both the intrinsic cell "state" and the extracellular signals cells received from their environment. Resolving the signals affecting exosome biogenesis, cargo sorting and release will increase our understanding of tumorigenesis. In this review we highlight key cell biological processes that couple exosome biogenesis to cargo sorting in cancer cells. Moreover, we discuss how the bidirectional communication between tumor and non-malignant cells affect cancer growth and metastatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P Bebelman
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Rubina Baglio
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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