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Li Q, Lei F, Tang Y, Pan JSC, Tong Q, Sun Y, Sheikh-Hamad D. Megalin mediates plasma membrane to mitochondria cross-talk and regulates mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4021-4040. [PMID: 29916093 PMCID: PMC11105752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial intracrines are extracellular signaling proteins, targeted to the mitochondria. The pathway for mitochondrial targeting of mitochondrial intracrines and actions in the mitochondria remains unknown. Megalin/LRP2 mediates the uptake of vitamins and proteins, and is critical for clearance of amyloid-β protein from the brain. Megalin mutations underlie the pathogenesis of Donnai-Barrow and Lowe syndromes, characterized by brain defects and kidney dysfunction; megalin was not previously known to reside in the mitochondria. Here, we show megalin is present in the mitochondria and associates with mitochondrial anti-oxidant proteins SIRT3 and stanniocalcin-1 (STC1). Megalin shuttles extracellularly-applied STC1, angiotensin II and TGF-β to the mitochondria through the retrograde early endosome-to-Golgi transport pathway and Rab32. Megalin knockout in cultured cells impairs glycolytic and respiratory capacities. Thus, megalin is critical for mitochondrial biology; mitochondrial intracrine signaling is a continuum of the retrograde early endosome-to-Golgi-Rab32 pathway and defects in this pathway may underlie disease processes in many systems.
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MESH Headings
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/genetics
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/metabolism
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/genetics
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/pathology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/genetics
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/metabolism
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/genetics
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Myopia/genetics
- Myopia/metabolism
- Myopia/pathology
- Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome/genetics
- Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome/metabolism
- Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome/pathology
- Proteinuria/genetics
- Proteinuria/metabolism
- Proteinuria/pathology
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 3/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- rab GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rab GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
| | - Fan Lei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
- West China Medical Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jenny Szu-Chin Pan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA
| | - Qiang Tong
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science (NFSC), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David Sheikh-Hamad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R706, M/S BCM395, Houston, TX, 77030-3498, USA.
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Bernard DJ, Pangilinan FJ, Cheng J, Molloy AM, Brody LC. Mice lacking the transcobalamin-vitamin B12 receptor, CD320, suffer from anemia and reproductive deficits when fed vitamin B12-deficient diet. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:3627-3640. [PMID: 30124850 PMCID: PMC6168973 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, poor nutrition, malabsorption and variation in cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolic genes are associated with hematological, neurological and developmental pathologies. Cobalamin is transported from blood into tissues via the transcobalamin (TC) receptor encoded by the CD320 gene. We created mice carrying a targeted deletion of the mouse ortholog, Cd320. Knockout (KO) mice lacking this TC receptor have elevated levels of plasma methylmalonic acid and homocysteine but are otherwise healthy, viable, fertile and not anemic. To challenge the Cd320 KO mice we maintained them on a vitamin B12-deficient diet. After 5 weeks on this diet, reproductive failure develops in Cd320 KO females but not males. In vitro, homozygous Cd320 KO embryos from cobalamin-deficient Cd320 KO dams develop normally to embryonic day (E) 3.5, while in vivo, few uterine decidual implantation sites are observed at E7.5, suggesting that embryos perish around the time of implantation. Dietary restriction of vitamin B12 induces a severe macrocytic anemia in Cd320 KO mice after 10-12 months while control mice on this diet are anemia-free up to 2 years. Despite the severe anemia, cobalamin-deficient KO mice do not exhibit obvious neurological symptoms. Our results with Cd320 KO mice suggest that an alternative mechanism exists for mice to transport cobalamin independent of the Cd320 encoded receptor. Our findings with deficient diet are consistent with historical and epidemiological data suggesting that low vitamin B12 levels in humans are associated with infertility and developmental abnormalities. Our Cd320 KO mouse model is an ideal model system for studying vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bernard
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Faith J Pangilinan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lawrence C Brody
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Santander N, Lizama C, Murgas L, Contreras S, Martin AJM, Molina P, Quiroz A, Rivera K, Salas-Pérez F, Godoy A, Rigotti A, Busso D. Transcriptional profiling of embryos lacking the lipoprotein receptor SR-B1 reveals a regulatory circuit governing a neurodevelopmental or metabolic decision during neural tube closure. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:731. [PMID: 30290792 PMCID: PMC6173885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-B1 mediates cellular uptake of several lipid species, including cholesterol and vitamin E. During early mouse development, SR-B1 is located in the maternal-fetal interface, where it facilitates vitamin E transport towards the embryo. Consequently, mouse embryos lacking SR-B1 are vitamin E-deficient, and around half of them fail to close the neural tube and show cephalic neural tube defects (NTD). Here, we used transcriptomic profiling to identify the molecular determinants of this phenotypic difference between SR-B1 deficient embryos with normal morphology or with NTD. Results We used RNA-Seq to compare the transcriptomic profile of three groups of embryos retrieved from SR-B1 heterozygous intercrosses: wild-type E9.5 embryos (WT), embryos lacking SR-B1 that are morphologically normal, without NTD (KO-N) and SR-B1 deficient embryos with this defect (KO-NTD). We identified over 1000 differentially expressed genes: down-regulated genes in KO-NTD embryos were enriched for functions associated to neural development, while up-regulated genes in KO-NTD embryos were enriched for functions related to lipid metabolism. Feeding pregnant dams a vitamin E-enriched diet, which prevents NTD in SR-B1 KO embryos, resulted in mRNA levels for those differentially expressed genes that were more similar to KO-N than to KO-NTD embryos. We used gene regulatory network analysis to identify putative transcriptional regulators driving the different embryonic expression profiles, and identified a regulatory circuit controlled by the androgen receptor that may contribute to this dichotomous expression profile in SR-B1 embryos. Supporting this possibility, the expression level of the androgen receptor correlated strongly with the expression of several genes involved in neural development and lipid metabolism. Conclusions Our analysis shows that normal and defective embryos lacking SR-B1 have divergent expression profiles, explained by a defined set of transcription factors that may explain their divergent phenotype. We propose that distinct expression profiles may be relevant during early development to support embryonic nutrition and neural tube closure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5110-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Santander
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - Carlos Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leandro Murgas
- Network Biology Laboratory, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Contreras
- Network Biology Laboratory, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto J M Martin
- Network Biology Laboratory, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paz Molina
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - Alonso Quiroz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - Katherine Rivera
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - Francisca Salas-Pérez
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - Alejandro Godoy
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile.,Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dolores Busso
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, 83300024, Santiago, CP, Chile.
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54
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Hirano M. An Endocytic Receptor, Megalin-Ligand Interactions: Effects of Glycosylation. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1752.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hirano M. An Endocytic Receptor, Megalin-Ligand Interactions: Effects of Glycosylation. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1752.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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56
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K RP, T S, B S, T MK, A J. LRP2 gene variants and their haplotypes strongly influence the risk of developing neural tube defects in the fetus: a family-triad study from South India. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1343-1352. [PMID: 29728895 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the leading cause of infant deaths worldwide. Lipoprotein related receptor 2 (LRP2) has been shown to play a crucial role in neural tube development in mouse models. However, the role of LRP2 gene in the development of human NTDs is not yet known. In view of this, family-based triad approach has been followed considering 924 subjects comprising 124 NTD case-parent trios and 184 control-parent trios diagnosed at Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Hyderabad. Blood and tissue samples were genotyped for rs3755166 (-G759A) and rs2544390 (C835T) variants of LRP2 gene for their association with NTDs. Assessment of maternal-paternal genotype incompatibility risk for NTD revealed 3.77-folds risk with a combination of maternal GA and paternal GG genotypes (GAxGG = GA,p < 0.001), while CT genotypes of both the parents showed 4.19-folds risk for NTDs (CTxCT = CT,p = 0.009). Haplotype analysis revealed significant risk of maternal A-T (OR = 4.48,p < 0.001) and paternal G-T haplotypes (OR = 5.22,p < 0.001) for NTD development. Further, linkage analysis for parent-of-origin effects (POE) also revealed significant transmission of maternal 'A' allele (OR = 2.33,p = 0.028) and paternal 'T' allele (OR = 6.00,p = 0.016) to NTDs. Analysis of serum folate and active-B12 levels revealed significant association with LRP2 gene variants in the causation of NTDs. In conclusion, the present family-based triad study provides the first report on association of LRP2 gene variants with human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Prasoona K
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500016, India
| | - Sunitha T
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500016, India
| | - Srinadh B
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500016, India
| | - Muni Kumari T
- Modern Government Maternity Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500012, India
| | - Jyothy A
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500016, India.
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57
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Woods SM, Mountjoy E, Muir D, Ross SE, Atan D. A comparative analysis of rod bipolar cell transcriptomes identifies novel genes implicated in night vision. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5506. [PMID: 29615777 PMCID: PMC5883057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian retina, rods and a specialised rod-driven signalling pathway mediate visual responses under scotopic (dim light) conditions. As rods primarily signal to rod bipolar cells (RBCs) under scoptic conditions, disorders that affect rod or RBC function are often associated with impaired night vision. To identify novel genes expressed by RBCs and, therefore, likely to be involved in night vision, we took advantage of the adult Bhlhe23−/− mouse retina (that lacks RBCs) to derive the RBC transcriptome. We found that genes expressed by adult RBCs are mainly involved in synaptic structure and signalling, whereas genes that influence RBC development are also involved in the cell cycle and transcription/translation. By comparing our data with other published retinal and bipolar cell transcriptomes (where we identify RBCs by the presence of Prkca and/or Pcp2 transcripts), we have derived a consensus for the adult RBC transcriptome. These findings ought to facilitate further research into physiological mechanisms underlying mammalian night vision as well as proposing candidate genes for patients with inherited causes of night blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha M Woods
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Edward Mountjoy
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Duncan Muir
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sarah E Ross
- Departments of Neurobiology and Anesthesiology and the Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213-2536, USA
| | - Denize Atan
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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58
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Sabatino JA, Stokes BA, Zohn IE. Prevention of neural tube defects in Lrp2 mutant mouse embryos by folic acid supplementation. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:16-26. [PMID: 27883261 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common structural birth defects in humans and are caused by the complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Periconceptional supplementation with folic acid can prevent NTDs in both mouse models and human populations. A better understanding of how genes and environmental factors interact is critical toward development of rational strategies to prevent NTDs. Low density lipoprotein-related protein 2 (Lrp2) is involved in endocytosis of the folic acid receptor among numerous other nutrients and ligands. METHODS We determined the effect of iron and/or folic acid supplementation on the penetrance of NTDs in the Lrp2null mouse model. The effects of supplementation on folate and iron status were measured in embryos and dams. RESULTS Periconceptional dietary supplementation with folic acid did not prevent NTDs in Lrp2 mutant embryos, whereas high levels of folic acid supplementation by intraperitoneal injection reduced incidence of NTDs. Importantly, Lrp2null/+ dams had reduced blood folate levels that improved with daily intraperitoneal injections of folate but not dietary supplementation. On the contrary, iron supplementation had no effect on the penetrance of NTDs in Lrp2 mutant embryos and negated the preventative effect of folic acid supplementation in Lrp2null/null mutants. CONCLUSION Lrp2 is required for folate homeostasis in heterozygous dams and high levels of supplementation prevents NTDs. Furthermore, high levels of dietary iron supplementation interfered with folic acid supplementation negating the positive effects of supplementation in this model. Birth Defects Research 109:16-26, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Sabatino
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Bethany A Stokes
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Irene E Zohn
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Cuffe JSM, Briffa JF, Rosser S, Siebel AL, Romano T, Hryciw DH, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM. Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats induces renal apoptosis and delays nephrogenesis completion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29047216 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats reduces nephron endowment, leptin concentrations and programmes cardiorenal disease in offspring. Cross-fostering growth-restricted (Restricted) offspring onto a mother with normal lactation restores leptin concentrations and nephron endowment. This study aimed to determine whether the reduced nephron endowment in Restricted offspring is due to delayed glomerular formation and dysregulation of renal genes regulating branching morphogenesis, apoptosis or leptin signalling. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether cross-fostering Restricted offspring onto Control mothers could improve glomerular maturation and restore renal gene abundance. METHODS Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery on gestation day 18 (E18). Kidneys were collected at E20, postnatal day 1 (PN1) and PN7. An additional cohort was cross-fostered onto separate mothers at birth and kidneys collected at PN7. RESULTS Kidneys were lighter in the Restricted group, but weight was restored with cross-fostering. At E20, abundance of Bax, Flt1 and Vegfa was increased in Restricted offspring, while Ret and Bcl2 transcripts were increased only in Restricted females. At PN7, abundance of Gdnf and Ret was higher in Restricted offspring, as was Casp3. Restricted offspring had a wider nephrogenic zone with more immature glomeruli suggesting a delayed or extended nephrogenic period. Cross-fostering had subtle effects on gene abundance and glomerular maturity. CONCLUSION Uteroplacental insufficiency induced apoptosis in the developing kidney and delayed and extended nephrogenesis. Cross-fostering Restricted offspring onto Control mothers had beneficial effects on kidney growth and renal maturity, which may contribute to the restoration of nephron endowment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld Australia
- School of Medical Science; Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Southport Qld Australia
| | - J. F. Briffa
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - S. Rosser
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - A. L. Siebel
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - T. Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology; La Trobe University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - D. H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - M. E. Wlodek
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - K. M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld Australia
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60
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Vohwinkel CU, Buchäckert Y, Al-Tamari HM, Mazzocchi LC, Eltzschig HK, Mayer K, Morty RE, Herold S, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS, Vadász I. Restoration of Megalin-Mediated Clearance of Alveolar Protein as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:589-602. [PMID: 28678521 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0358oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome constitutes a significant disease burden with regard to both morbidity and mortality. Current therapies are mostly supportive and do not address the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Removal of protein-rich alveolar edema-a clinical hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome-is critical for survival. Here, we describe a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-triggered mechanism, in which megalin, the primary mediator of alveolar protein transport, is negatively regulated by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β, with protein phosphatase 1 and nuclear inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 being involved in the signaling cascade. Inhibition of GSK3β rescued transepithelial protein clearance in primary alveolar epithelial cells after TGF-β treatment. Moreover, in a bleomycin-based model of acute lung injury, megalin+/- animals (the megalin-/- variant is lethal due to postnatal respiratory failure) showed a marked increase in intra-alveolar protein and more severe lung injury compared with wild-type littermates. In contrast, wild-type mice treated with the clinically relevant GSK3β inhibitors, tideglusib and valproate, exhibited significantly decreased alveolar protein concentrations, which was associated with improved lung function and histopathology. Together, we discovered that the TGF-β-GSK3β-megalin axis is centrally involved in disturbances of alveolar protein clearance in acute lung injury and provide preclinical evidence for therapeutic efficacy of GSK3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine U Vohwinkel
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yasmin Buchäckert
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hamza M Al-Tamari
- 3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Luciana C Mazzocchi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- 4 Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Susanne Herold
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Soni S Pullamsetti
- 3 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - István Vadász
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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Park HJ, Bailey LB, Shade DC, Hausman DB, Hohos NM, Meagher RB, Kauwell GPA, Lewis RD, Smith AK. Distinctions in gene-specific changes in DNA methylation in response to folic acid supplementation between women with normal weight and obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 11:665-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhou Y, Graves JS, Simpson S, Charlesworth JC, Mei IVD, Waubant E, Barcellos LF, Belman A, Krupp L, Lucas R, Ponsonby AL, Taylor BV. Genetic variation in the gene LRP2 increases relapse risk in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:864-868. [PMID: 28739605 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of prospective studies with longitudinal data on relapse, past genetic studies have not attempted to identify genetic factors that predict relapse risk (the primary endpoint of many pivotal clinical trials testing the efficacy of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying drugs) at a genome-wide scale. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) to identify genetic variants that predict MS relapse risk, using a three-stage approach. First, GWAS was conducted using the southern Tasmania MS Longitudinal Study with 141 cases followed prospectively for a mean of 2.3 years. Second, GWAS was conducted using the Ausimmune Longitudinal Study with 127 cases having a classic first demyelinating event followed for 5 years from onset. Third, the top hits with p<5.0×10-6 from the first two stages were combined with a longitudinal US paediatric MS cohort with 181 cases followed for 5 years after onset. Predictors of time to relapse were evaluated by a mixed effects Cox model. An inverse variance fixed effects model was then used to undertake a meta-analysis. RESULTS In the pooled results, using these three unique longitudinal MS cohorts, we discovered one novel locus (LRP2; most significant single nucleotide polymorphism rs12988804) that reached genome-wide significance in predicting relapse risk (HR=2.18, p=3.30×10-8). LRP2 is expressed on the surface of many central nervous system cells including neurons and oligodendrocytes and is a critical receptor in axonal guidance. CONCLUSIONS The finding of a genetic locus that has extensive effects on neuronal development and repair is of interest as a potential modulator of MS disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steve Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jac C Charlesworth
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | - Lisa F Barcellos
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Anita Belman
- Stonybrook University, Stonybrook, New York, USA
| | | | - Robyn Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Yang T, Williams BO. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1211-1228. [PMID: 28615463 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Zwier MV, Baardman ME, van Dijk TH, Jurdzinski A, Wisse LJ, Bloks VW, Berger RMF, DeRuiter MC, Groen AK, Plösch T. Maternal-fetal cholesterol transport in the second half of mouse pregnancy does not involve LDL receptor-related protein 2. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:471-485. [PMID: 28024118 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM LDL receptor-related protein type 2 (LRP2) is highly expressed on both yolk sac and placenta. Mutations in the corresponding gene are associated with severe birth defects in humans, known as Donnai-Barrow syndrome. We here characterized the contribution of LRP2 and maternal plasma cholesterol availability to maternal-fetal cholesterol transport and fetal cholesterol levels in utero in mice. METHODS Lrp2+/- mice were mated heterozygously to yield fetuses of all three genotypes. Half of the dams received a 0.5% probucol-enriched diet during gestation to decrease maternal HDL cholesterol. At E13.5, the dams received an injection of D7-labelled cholesterol and were provided with 1-13 C acetate-supplemented drinking water. At E16.5, fetal tissues were collected and maternal cholesterol transport and fetal synthesis quantified by isotope enrichments in fetal tissues by GC-MS. RESULTS The Lrp2 genotype did not influence maternal-fetal cholesterol transport and fetal cholesterol. However, lowering of maternal plasma cholesterol levels by probucol significantly reduced maternal-fetal cholesterol transport. In the fetal liver, this was associated with increased cholesterol synthesis rates. No indications were found for an interaction between the Lrp2 genotype and maternal probucol treatment. CONCLUSION Maternal-fetal cholesterol transport and endogenous fetal cholesterol synthesis depend on maternal cholesterol concentrations but do not involve LRP2 in the second half of murine pregnancy. Our results suggest that the mouse fetus can compensate for decreased maternal cholesterol levels. It remains a relevant question how the delicate system of cholesterol transport and synthesis is regulated in the human fetus and placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Zwier
- Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - M. E. Baardman
- Department of Genetics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - T. H. van Dijk
- Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - A. Jurdzinski
- Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - L. J. Wisse
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - V. W. Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - R. M. F. Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - M. C. DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - A. K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - T. Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
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Arora K, Sequeira JM, Hernández AI, Alarcon JM, Quadros EV. Behavioral alterations are associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in the transcobalamin receptor/CD320 KO mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177156. [PMID: 28545069 PMCID: PMC5436650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is prevalent worldwide and causes megaloblastic anemia and neurologic deficits. While the anemia can be treated, the neurologic deficits can become refractive to treatment as the disease progresses. Therefore, timely intervention is critical for a favorable outcome. Moreover, the metabolic basis for the neuro-pathologic changes and the role of cobalamin deficiency in the pathology still remains unexplained. Using a transcobalamin receptor / CD320 knockout mouse that lacks the receptor for cellular uptake of transcobalamin bound cobalamin, we aimed to determine whether cobalamin deficiency in the central nervous system produced functional neurologic deficits in the mouse that would parallel those observed in humans. Our behavioral analyses indicate elevated anxiety and deficits in learning, memory and set-shifting of a spatial memory task in the KO mouse. Consistent with the behavioral deficits, the knockout mouse shows impaired expression of the early phase of hippocampal long-term potentiation along with reduced expression of GluR1, decreased brain mass and a significant reduction in the size of nuclei of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Our study suggests that the CD320 knockout mouse develops behavioral deficits associated with cobalamin deficiency and therefore could provide a model to understand the metabolic and genetic basis of neuro-pathologic changes due to cobalamin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveri Arora
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Sequeira
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Alejandro I. Hernández
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Alarcon
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward V. Quadros
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
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Endocytic receptor LRP2/megalin—of holoprosencephaly and renal Fanconi syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:907-916. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kamper M, Mittermayer F, Cabuk R, Gelles K, Ellinger I, Hermann M. Estrogen-enhanced apical and basolateral secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 by polarized trophoblast-derived BeWo cells. Biochimie 2017; 138:116-123. [PMID: 28487135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important nutrient for fetal development and transplacental transport occurs at all stages of human pregnancy. Furthermore, cholesterol is required for membrane building as well as steroid hormone synthesis. Therefore, all placental cell types require cholesterol for proper function. In human term placenta, the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) faces the maternal circulation. Uptake of maternal-derived cholesterol at the apical membrane of the STB is well understood, but the route by which cholesterol exits at the basal side for subsequent transfer across the fetal endothelial cells (FEC) or to other placental cell types remains not well characterized. Our aim was to provide evidence for basal secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) containing lipoproteins. Furthermore, we investigated the placental localization of apolipoprotein receptors (LRP2, LDLR and LRP1) to identify cell targets of lipoprotein particles secreted in a polarized fashion by the STB. In trophoblast-derived BeWo cells grown on permeable filter supports, we demonstrate by immunoprecipitation apical as well as basolateral apoB secretion, which was significantly upregulated by estrogen-treatment for 24 or 48 h. Furthermore, we showed by immunofluorescence microscopy apoB and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein subunits localization in the STB and placental stromal cells in situ. All investigated receptors were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot in BeWo cells, but only expression of LRP2 was estrogen-inducible. In situ, the multi-ligand receptor LRP2 was expressed exclusively in the cytotrophoblast (CTB), the STB precursor cell type. LDLR and LRP1 localized to trophoblasts as well as stromal cells in situ. In summary, basal apoB secretion by BeWo cells supports the concept of basal lipoprotein particle secretion by placental STB. These lipoprotein particles may serve as cholesterol source for STB precursor cells, the CTBs, as well as all stromal cells of the chorionic villi including FECs, which were herein demonstrated to express apoB receptors, LRP2 and LDLR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kamper
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Mittermayer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosalinda Cabuk
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcela Hermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Arora K, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. Maternofetal transport of vitamin B 12: role of TCblR/ CD320 and megalin. FASEB J 2017; 31:3098-3106. [PMID: 28351841 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700025r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neurologic disorder in humans. Gene defects of transcobalamin (TC) and the transcobalamin receptor (TCblR), needed for cellular uptake of the TC-bound B12, do not confer embryonic lethality. TC deficiency can produce the hematologic and neurologic complications after birth, whereas TCblR/CD320 gene defects appear to produce mild metabolic changes. Alternate maternofetal transport mechanisms appear to provide adequate B12 to the fetus. To understand this mechanism, we evaluated the role of TC, TCblR/CD320, and megalin in maternofetal transport of B12 in a TCblR/CD320-knockout (KO) mouse. Our results showed high expression of TCblR/CD320 in the labyrinth of the placenta, embryonic brain, and spinal column in wild-type (WT) mice. Megalin expression was about the same in both WT and KO mouse visceral yolk sac, brain, and spinal column. Megalin mRNA was down-regulated in the KO embryonic spinal cord (SC) and kidneys. Megalin expression remained unaltered in adult WT and KO mouse brain, SC, and kidneys. Injected dsRed-TC-B12 and TC-57CoB12 accumulated in the visceral yolk sac of KO mice where megalin is expressed and provides an alternate mechanism for the maternofetal transport of Cbl during fetal development.-Arora, K., Sequeira, J. M., Quadros, E. V. Maternofetal transport of vitamin B12: role of TCblR/CD320 and megalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveri Arora
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sequeira
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Edward V Quadros
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Pohlkamp T, Wasser CR, Herz J. Functional Roles of the Interaction of APP and Lipoprotein Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:54. [PMID: 28298885 PMCID: PMC5331069 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fates of the key initiator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and a family of lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and their molecular roles in the neurodegenerative disease process are inseparably interwoven. Not only does APP bind tightly to the extracellular domains (ECDs) of several members of the LRP group, their intracellular portions are also connected through scaffolds like the one established by FE65 proteins and through interactions with adaptor proteins such as X11/Mint and Dab1. Moreover, the ECDs of APP and LRPs share common ligands, most notably Reelin, a regulator of neuronal migration during embryonic development and modulator of synaptic transmission in the adult brain, and Agrin, another signaling protein which is essential for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and which likely also has critical, though at this time less well defined, roles for the regulation of central synapses. Furthermore, the major independent risk factors for AD, Apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoJ/Clusterin, are lipoprotein ligands for LRPs. Receptors and ligands mutually influence their intracellular trafficking and thereby the functions and abilities of neurons and the blood-brain-barrier to turn over and remove the pathological product of APP, the amyloid-β peptide. This article will review and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are shared by APP and LRPs and discuss their relative contributions to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
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Nielsen R, Christensen EI, Birn H. Megalin and cubilin in proximal tubule protein reabsorption: from experimental models to human disease. Kidney Int 2017; 89:58-67. [PMID: 26759048 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proximal tubule protein uptake is mediated by 2 receptors, megalin and cubilin. These receptors rescue a variety of filtered ligands, including biomarkers, essential vitamins, and hormones. Receptor gene knockout animal models have identified important functions of the receptors and have established their essential role in modulating urinary protein excretion. Rare genetic syndromes associated with dysfunction of these receptors have been identified and characterized, providing additional information on the importance of these receptors in humans. Using various disease models in combination with receptor gene knockout, the implications of receptor dysfunction in acute and chronic kidney injury have been explored and have pointed to potential new roles of these receptors. Based on data from animal models, this paper will review current knowledge on proximal tubule endocytic receptor function and regulation, and their role in renal development, protein reabsorption, albumin uptake, and normal renal physiology. These findings have implications for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of proteinuric renal diseases. We will examine the limitations of the different models and compare the findings to phenotypic observations in inherited human disorders associated with receptor dysfunction. Furthermore, evidence from receptor knockout mouse models as well as human observations suggesting a role of protein receptors for renal disease will be discussed in light of conditions such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Lisi S, Botta R, Rotondo Dottore G, Leo M, Latrofa F, Vitti P, Marinò M. Intracellular retention of thyroglobulin in the absence of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein (RAP) is likely due to premature binding to megalin in the biosynthetic pathway. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:1039-44. [PMID: 27094046 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The low-density lipoprotein receptor associated protein (RAP) is expressed by thyroid epithelial cells (TEC) in a TSH-dependent manner. In the thyroid RAP functions as a molecular chaperone for the thyroglobulin (Tg) endocytic receptor megalin/LRP2, which is retained intracellularly in RAP KO mice rather than being expressed on the apical membrane of TEC, its usual location. RAP binds also to Tg, which is also retained intracellularly in RAP KO mice, thereby suggesting a role of RAP in Tg secretion. Here we investigated whether Tg intracellular retention in the absence of RAP is due to premature Tg-megalin interactions during the biosynthetic pathway or to a direct action of RAP on Tg secretion. METHODS We performed immunoprecipitation experiments in thyroid extracts from RAP KO and WT mice. In addition, we investigated Tg secretion in COS-7 cells co-transfected with human RAP (hRAP) and mouse Tg (mTg). RESULTS An anti-megalin megalin precipitated greater amounts of Tg in thyroid extracts from RAP KO than from WT mice, suggesting increased intracellular interactions between megalin and Tg in the absence of RAP. COS-7 cells transiently transfected with hRAP, mTg or both, expressed the two proteins accordingly. RAP was found almost exclusively in cell extracts, whereas Tg was found both in extracts and media, as expected from the knowledge that RAP is ER-resident and that Tg is secreted. Regardless of whether cells were transfected with mTg alone or were co-transfected with hRAP, similar proportions of the total Tg synthesized were detected in cell extracts and media. CONCLUSIONS The intracellular retention of Tg in the absence of RAP is likely due to its premature interaction with megalin, whereas RAP does not seem to affect Tg secretion directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Neurobiology Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Dei Cavalieri 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Botta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy
| | - G Rotondo Dottore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Leo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Latrofa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Vitti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Marinò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Transthyretin provides trophic support via megalin by promoting neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1749-1764. [PMID: 27518433 PMCID: PMC5071567 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein whose function has been associated to binding and distribution of thyroid hormones in the body and brain. However, little is known regarding the downstream signaling pathways triggered by wild-type TTR in the CNS either in neuroprotection of cerebral ischemia or in physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated how TTR affects hippocampal neurons in physiologic/pathologic conditions. Recombinant TTR significantly boosted neurite outgrowth in mice hippocampal neurons, both in number and length, independently of its ligands. This TTR neuritogenic activity is mediated by the megalin receptor and is lost in megalin-deficient neurons. We also found that TTR activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (ERK1/2) and Akt through Src, leading to the phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB. In addition, TTR promoted a transient rise in intracellular calcium through NMDA receptors, in a Src/megalin-dependent manner. Moreover, under excitotoxic conditions, TTR stimulation rescued cell death and neurite loss in TTR KO hippocampal neurons, which are more sensitive to excitotoxic degeneration than WT neurons, in a megalin-dependent manner. CREB was also activated by TTR under excitotoxic conditions, contributing to changes in the balance between Bcl2 protein family members, toward anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl2/BclXL versus Bax). Finally, we clarify that TTR KO mice subjected to pMCAO have larger infarcts than WT mice, because of TTR and megalin neuronal downregulation. Our results indicate that TTR might be regarded as a neurotrophic factor, because it stimulates neurite outgrowth under physiological conditions, and promotes neuroprotection in ischemic conditions.
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Arruda-Junior DF, Martins FL, Dariolli R, Jensen L, Antonio EL, Dos Santos L, Tucci PJF, Girardi ACC. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibition Exerts Renoprotective Effects in Rats with Established Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2016; 7:293. [PMID: 27462276 PMCID: PMC4941796 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes in humans and experimental heart failure (HF) models, suggesting that DPPIV may play a role in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Renal dysfunction is one of the key features of HF, but it remains to be determined whether DPPIV inhibitors are capable of improving cardiorenal function after the onset of HF. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that DPPIV inhibition by vildagliptin improves renal water and salt handling and exerts anti-proteinuric effects in rats with established HF. To this end, male Wistar rats were subjected to left ventricle (LV) radiofrequency ablation or sham operation. Six weeks after surgery, radiofrequency-ablated rats who developed HF were randomly divided into two groups and treated for 4 weeks with vildagliptin (120 mg/kg/day) or vehicle by oral gavage. Echocardiography was performed before (pretreatment) and at the end of treatment (post-treatment) to evaluate cardiac function. The fractional area change (FAC) increased (34 ± 5 vs. 45 ± 3%, p < 0.05), and the isovolumic relaxation time decreased (33 ± 2 vs. 27 ± 1 ms; p < 0.05) in HF rats treated with vildagliptin (post-treatment vs. pretreatment). On the other hand, cardiac dysfunction deteriorated further in vehicle-treated HF rats. Renal function was impaired in vehicle-treated HF rats as evidenced by fluid retention, low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and high levels of urinary protein excretion. Vildagliptin treatment restored urinary flow, GFR, urinary sodium and urinary protein excretion to sham levels. Restoration of renal function in HF rats by DPPIV inhibition was associated with increased active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) serum concentration, reduced DPPIV activity and increased activity of protein kinase A in the renal cortex. Furthermore, the anti-proteinuric effect of vildagliptin treatment in rats with established HF was associated with upregulation of the apical proximal tubule endocytic receptor megalin and of the podocyte main slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and podocin. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DPPIV inhibition exerts renoprotective effects and ameliorates cardiorenal function in rats with established HF. Long-term studies with DPPIV inhibitors are needed to ascertain whether these effects ultimately translate into improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia L Martins
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dariolli
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Jensen
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ednei L Antonio
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo Vitória, Brazil
| | - Paulo J F Tucci
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C C Girardi
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo, Brazil
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74
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Mori KP, Yokoi H, Kasahara M, Imamaki H, Ishii A, Kuwabara T, Koga K, Kato Y, Toda N, Ohno S, Kuwahara K, Endo T, Nakao K, Yanagita M, Mukoyama M, Mori K. Increase of Total Nephron Albumin Filtration and Reabsorption in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:278-289. [PMID: 27382987 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of albumin filtered through the glomeruli and reabsorbed at the proximal tubules in normal and in diabetic kidneys is debated. The megalin/cubilin complex mediates protein reabsorption, but genetic knockout of megalin is perinatally lethal. To overcome current technical problems, we generated a drug-inducible megalin-knockout mouse line, megalin(lox/lox);Ndrg1-CreERT2 (iMegKO), in which megalin expression can be shut off at any time by administration of tamoxifen (Tam). Tam administration in adult iMegKO mice decreased the expression of renal megalin protein by 92% compared with that in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and almost completely abrogated renal reabsorption of intravenously injected retinol-binding protein. Furthermore, urinary albumin excretion increased to 175 μg/d (0.46 mg albumin/mg creatinine) in Tam-treated iMegKO mice, suggesting that this was the amount of total nephron albumin filtration. By comparing Tam-treated, streptozotocin-induced diabetic iMegKO mice with Tam-treated nondiabetic iMegKO mice, we estimated that the development of diabetes led to a 1.9-fold increase in total nephron albumin filtration, a 1.8-fold increase in reabsorption, and a significant reduction in reabsorption efficiency (86% efficiency versus 96% efficiency in nondiabetic mice). Insulin treatment normalized these abnormalities. Akita;iMegKO mice, another model of type 1 diabetes, showed equivalent results. Finally, nondiabetic iMegKO mice had a glomerular sieving coefficient of albumin of 1.7×10-5, which approximately doubled in diabetic iMegKO mice. This study reveals actual values and changes of albumin filtration and reabsorption in early diabetic nephropathy in mice, bringing new insights to our understanding of renal albumin dynamics associated with the hyperfiltration status of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masato Kasahara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology and.,TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan; and.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Research, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
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75
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Peng L, Dreumont N, Coelho D, Guéant JL, Arnold C. Genetic animal models to decipher the pathogenic effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Biochimie 2016; 126:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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76
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The fast-recycling receptor Megalin defines the apical recycling pathway of epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11550. [PMID: 27180806 PMCID: PMC4873671 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The basolateral recycling and transcytotic pathways of epithelial cells were previously defined using markers such as transferrin (TfR) and polymeric IgA (pIgR) receptors. In contrast, our knowledge of the apical recycling pathway remains fragmentary. Here we utilize quantitative live-imaging and mathematical modelling to outline the recycling pathway of Megalin (LRP-2), an apical receptor with key developmental and renal functions, in MDCK cells. We show that, like TfR, Megalin is a long-lived and fast-recycling receptor. Megalin enters polarized MDCK cells through segregated apical sorting endosomes and subsequently intersects the TfR and pIgR pathways at a perinuclear Rab11-negative compartment termed common recycling endosomes (CRE). Whereas TfR recycles to the basolateral membrane from CRE, Megalin, like pIgR, traffics to subapical Rab11-positive apical recycling endosomes (ARE) and reaches the apical membrane in a microtubule- and Rab11-dependent manner. Hence, Megalin defines the apical recycling pathway of epithelia, with CRE as its apical sorting station.
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77
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Lybbert J, Gullingsrud J, Chesnokov O, Turyakira E, Dhorda M, Guerin PJ, Piola P, Muehlenbachs A, Oleinikov AV. Abundance of megalin and Dab2 is reduced in syncytiotrophoblast during placental malaria, which may contribute to low birth weight. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24508. [PMID: 27072056 PMCID: PMC4829923 DOI: 10.1038/srep24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum contributes to ~200,000 child deaths annually, mainly due to low birth weight (LBW). Parasitized erythrocyte sequestration and consequent inflammation in the placenta are common attributes of placental malaria. The precise molecular details of placental changes leading to LBW are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that placental malaria may disturb maternofetal exchange of vitamins, lipids, and hormones mediated by the multi-ligand (n ~ 50) scavenging/signaling receptor megalin, which is abundantly expressed in placenta but was not previously analyzed in pregnancy outcomes. We studied abundance of megalin and its intracellular adaptor protein Dab2 by immunofluorescence microscopy in placental biopsies from Ugandan women with (n = 8) and without (n = 20) active placental malaria. We found that: (a) abundances of both megalin (p = 0.01) and Dab2 (p = 0.006) were significantly reduced in brush border of syncytiotrophoblast of infected placentas; (b) amounts of megalin and Dab2 were strongly correlated (Spearman's r = 0.53, p = 0.003); (c) abundances of megalin and Dab2 (p = 0.046) were reduced in infected placentas from women with LBW deliveries. This study provides first evidence that placental malaria infection is associated with reduced abundance of megalin transport/signaling system and indicate that these changes may contribute to the pathology of LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Lybbert
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Olga Chesnokov
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Mehul Dhorda
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Philippe J Guerin
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | - Andrew V Oleinikov
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.,Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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78
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Dermal adipocytes and hair cycling: is spatial heterogeneity a characteristic feature of the dermal adipose tissue depot? Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:258-62. [PMID: 26781768 PMCID: PMC4805479 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are widely distributed in the dermis, in a unique fat depot referred to as dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT). In rodents, dWAT is present as widespread thin layers, whereas in pigs and humans, it is present in clusters referred to as 'dermal cones' around the pilosebaceous units. This distinct layer of fat cells located above the subcutaneous white adipose tissue is important for proper hair follicle (HF) cycling in rodents. Murine HFs produce spatially restricted synchronous patches after their second postnatal cycle which correlates with the spatial heterogeneity of murine dWAT. Similarly, the cycling of HFs in humans may also be related to the spatial distribution of dWAT, making the difference between murine and human HF cycling of more quantitative than of qualitative nature. This should allow the production of small spatially correlated HF patches in human skin, and we propose that this process can be regulated by paracrine signalling involving a number of signalling modules, including the hedgehog pathway. This pathway is an established player in HF cycling, but is also involved in the regulation of adipogenesis and may therefore be a key regulator of the process across species. We also suggest that the spatial heterogeneity of dWAT is connected not only to HF cycling, but may also be related to other physiological and pathological processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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79
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Christ A, Herzog K, Willnow TE. LRP2, an auxiliary receptor that controls sonic hedgehog signaling in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:569-79. [PMID: 26872844 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To fulfill their multiple roles in organ development and adult tissue homeostasis, hedgehog (HH) morphogens act through their receptor Patched (PTCH) on target cells. However, HH actions also require HH binding proteins, auxiliary cell surface receptors that agonize or antagonize morphogen signaling in a context-dependent manner. Here, we discuss recent findings on the LDL receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), an exemplary HH binding protein that modulates sonic hedgehog activities in stem and progenitor cell niches in embryonic and adult tissues. LRP2 functions are crucial for developmental processes in a number of tissues, including the brain, the eye, and the heart, and defects in this receptor pathway are the cause of devastating congenital diseases in humans. Developmental Dynamics 245:569-579, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Herzog
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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80
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Barrell W, Birjandi AA, Geoghegan F, Cobourne MT. Hedgehog receptor function during craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2016; 415:198-215. [PMID: 26875496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in orchestrating normal craniofacial development in vertebrates. In particular, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced in three key domains during the early formation of the head; neuroectoderm of the ventral forebrain, facial ectoderm and the pharyngeal endoderm; with signal transduction evident in both ectodermal and mesenchymal tissue compartments. Shh signalling from the prechordal plate and ventral midline of the diencephalon is required for appropriate division of the eyefield and forebrain, with mutation in a number of pathway components associated with Holoprosencephaly, a clinically heterogeneous developmental defect characterized by a failure of the early forebrain vesicle to divide into distinct halves. In addition, signalling from the pharyngeal endoderm and facial ectoderm plays an essential role during development of the face, influencing cranial neural crest cells that migrate into the early facial processes. In recent years, the complexity of Shh signalling has been highlighted by the identification of multiple novel proteins that are involved in regulating both the release and reception of this protein. Here, we review the contributions of Shh signalling during early craniofacial development, focusing on Hedgehog receptor function and describing the consequences of disruption for inherited anomalies of this region in both mouse models and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - William Barrell
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anahid A Birjandi
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Finn Geoghegan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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81
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Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Related Proteins as Regulators of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2108495. [PMID: 26949399 PMCID: PMC4754494 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly organised structure. Many signalling systems work in concert to ensure that neural stem cells are appropriately directed to generate progenitor cells, which in turn mature into functional cell types including projection neurons, interneurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Herein we explore the role of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, in particular family members LRP1 and LRP2, in regulating the behaviour of neural stem and progenitor cells during development and adulthood. The ability of LRP1 and LRP2 to bind a diverse and extensive range of ligands, regulate ligand endocytosis, recruit nonreceptor tyrosine kinases for direct signal transduction and signal in conjunction with other receptors, enables them to modulate many crucial neural cell functions.
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82
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Wu C, Sudheendran N, Singh M, Larina IV, Dickinson ME, Larin KV. Rotational imaging optical coherence tomography for full-body mouse embryonic imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:26002. [PMID: 26848543 PMCID: PMC4748608 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been widely used to study mammalian embryonic development with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolutions and without the need for any contrast enhancement probes. However, the limited imaging depth of traditional OCT might prohibit visualization of the full embryonic body. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a new methodology to enhance the imaging range of OCT in embryonic day (E) 9.5 and 10.5 mouse embryos using rotational imaging. Rotational imaging OCT (RI-OCT) enables full-body imaging of mouse embryos by performing multiangle imaging. A series of postprocessing procedures was performed on each cross-section image, resulting in the final composited image. The results demonstrate that RI-OCT is able to improve the visualization of internal mouse embryo structures as compared to conventional OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Narendran Sudheendran
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Manmohan Singh
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77584, United States
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77584, United States
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Texas 77204, United States
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77584, United States
- Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Address all correspondence to: Kirill V. Larin, E-mail:
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83
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Baardman ME, Zwier MV, Wisse LJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Hofstra RMW, Jurdzinski A, Hierck BP, Jongbloed MRM, Berger RMF, Plösch T, DeRuiter MC. Common arterial trunk and ventricular non-compaction in Lrp2 knockout mice indicate a crucial role of LRP2 in cardiac development. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:413-25. [PMID: 26822476 PMCID: PMC4852499 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-related receptor protein 2 (LRP2) is important for development of the embryonic neural crest and brain in both mice and humans. Although a role in cardiovascular development can be expected, the hearts of Lrp2 knockout (KO) mice have not yet been investigated. We studied the cardiovascular development of Lrp2 KO mice between embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) and E15.5, applying morphometry and immunohistochemistry, using antibodies against Tfap2α (neural crest cells), Nkx2.5 (second heart field), WT1 (epicardium derived cells), tropomyosin (myocardium) and LRP2. The Lrp2 KO mice display a range of severe cardiovascular abnormalities, including aortic arch anomalies, common arterial trunk (persistent truncus arteriosus) with coronary artery anomalies, ventricular septal defects, overriding of the tricuspid valve and marked thinning of the ventricular myocardium. Both the neural crest cells and second heart field, which are essential for the lengthening and growth of the right ventricular outflow tract, are abnormally positioned in the Lrp2 KO. This explains the absence of the aorto-pulmonary septum, which leads to common arterial trunk and ventricular septal defects. Severe blebbing of the epicardial cells covering the ventricles is seen. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition does occur; however, there are fewer WT1-positive epicardium-derived cells in the ventricular wall as compared to normal, coinciding with the myocardial thinning and deep intertrabecular spaces. LRP2 plays a crucial role in cardiovascular development in mice. This corroborates findings of cardiac anomalies in humans with LRP2 mutations. Future studies should reveal the underlying signaling mechanisms in which LRP2 is involved during cardiogenesis. Summary: This paper sheds a new light on the role of the second heart field and neural crest cells in outflow tract formation in the mouse embryo. Depletion of the LPR2 results in a disturbed contribution pattern and subsequent common arterial trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Baardman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs V Zwier
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO-Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wilhelmina S Kerstjens-Frederikse
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, PO-Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands Neural Development and Gastroenterology Units, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1 NEH, UK
| | - Angelika Jurdzinski
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Beerend P Hierck
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO-Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO-Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO-Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
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84
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Gui Y, Duan Z, Qiu X, Tang W, Gober HJ, Li D, Wang L. Multifarious effects of 17-β-estradiol on apolipoprotein E receptors gene expression during osteoblast differentiation in vitro . Biosci Trends 2016; 10:54-66. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Gui
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Zhongliang Duan
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Xuemin Qiu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Wei Tang
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gober
- Department of Pharmacy, Wagner Jauregg Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Dajin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
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85
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Sant KE, Dolinoy DC, Jilek JL, Shay BJ, Harris C. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) alters histiotrophic nutrition pathways and epigenetic processes in the developing conceptus. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 27:211-8. [PMID: 26507544 PMCID: PMC4750404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Histiotrophic nutrition pathways (HNPs) are processes by which the organogenesis-stage conceptus obtains nutrients, amino acids, vitamins and cofactors required for protein biosynthesis and metabolic activities. Nutrients are captured from the maternal milieu as whole proteins and cargoes via receptor-mediated endocytosis in the visceral yolk sac (VYS), degraded by lysosomal proteolysis and delivered to the developing embryo (EMB). Several nutrients obtained by HNPs are required substrates for one-carbon (C1) metabolism and supply methyl groups required for epigenetic processes, including DNA and histone methylation. Increased availability of methyl donors has been associated with reduced risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). Here, we show that mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) treatment (100 or 250μM) alters HNPs, C1 metabolism and epigenetic programming in the organogenesis-stage conceptus. Specifically, 3-h MEHP treatment of mouse EMBs in whole culture resulted in dose-dependent reduction of HNP activity in the conceptus. To observe nutrient consequences of decreased HNP function, C1 components and substrates and epigenetic outcomes were quantified at 24h. Treatment with 100-μM MEHP resulted in decreased dietary methyl donor concentrations, while treatment with 100- or 250-μM MEHP resulted in dose-dependent elevated C1 products and substrates. In MEHP-treated EMBs with NTDs, H3K4 methylation was significantly increased, while no effects were seen in treated VYS. DNA methylation was reduced in MEHP-treated EMB with and without NTDs. This research suggests that environmental toxicants such as MEHP decrease embryonic nutrition in a time-dependent manner and that epigenetic consequences of HNP disruption may be exacerbated in EMB with NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karilyn E Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2029
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2029
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2029
| | - Brian J Shay
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5632
| | - Craig Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2029.
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86
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Protein Network Interacting with BK Channels. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 128:127-61. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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87
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Neuregulin 1 Promotes Glutathione-Dependent Neuronal Cobalamin Metabolism by Stimulating Cysteine Uptake. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3849087. [PMID: 27057274 PMCID: PMC4709767 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3849087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG-1) is a key neurotrophic factor involved in energy homeostasis and CNS development, and impaired NRG-1 signaling is associated with neurological disorders. Cobalamin (Cbl), also known as vitamin B12, is an essential micronutrient which mammals must acquire through diet, and neurologic dysfunction is a primary clinical manifestation of Cbl deficiency. Here we show that NRG-1 stimulates synthesis of the two bioactive Cbl species adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl) in human neuroblastoma cells by both promoting conversion of inactive to active Cbl species and increasing neuronal Cbl uptake. Formation of active Cbls is glutathione- (GSH-) dependent and the NRG-1-initiated increase is dependent upon its stimulation of cysteine uptake by excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), leading to increased GSH. The stimulatory effect of NRG-1 on cellular Cbl uptake is associated with increased expression of megalin, which is known to facilitate Cbl transport in ileum and kidney. MeCbl is a required cofactor for methionine synthase (MS) and we demonstrate the ability of NRG-1 to increase MS activity, and affect levels of methionine methylation cycle metabolites. Our results identify novel neuroprotective roles of NRG-1 including stimulating antioxidant synthesis and promoting active Cbl formation.
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88
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Landowski LM, Pavez M, Brown LS, Gasperini R, Taylor BV, West AK, Foa L. Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Proteins in a Novel Mechanism of Axon Guidance and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1092-102. [PMID: 26598525 PMCID: PMC4714193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptors 1 and 2 (LRP1 and LRP2) are emerging as important cell signaling mediators in modulating neuronal growth and repair. We examined whether LRP1 and LRP2 are able to mediate a specific aspect of neuronal growth: axon guidance. We sought to identify LRP1 and LRP2 ligands that could induce axonal chemoattraction, which might have therapeutic potential. Using embryonic sensory neurons (rat dorsal root ganglia) in a growth cone turning assay, we tested a range of LRP1 and LRP2 ligands for the ability to guide growth cone navigation. Three ligands were chemorepulsive: α-2-macroglobulin, tissue plasminogen activator, and metallothionein III. Conversely, only one LRP ligand, metallothionein II, was found to be chemoattractive. Chemoattraction toward a gradient of metallothionein II was calcium-dependent, required the expression of both LRP1 and LRP2, and likely involves further co-receptors such as the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) receptor. The potential for LRP-mediated chemoattraction to mediate axonal regeneration was examined in vivo in a model of chemical denervation in adult rats. In these in vivo studies, metallothionein II was shown to enhance epidermal nerve fiber regeneration so that it was complete within 7 days compared with 14 days in saline-treated animals. Our data demonstrate that both LRP1 and LRP2 are necessary for metallothionein II-mediated chemotactic signal transduction and that they may form part of a signaling complex. Furthermore, the data suggest that LRP-mediated chemoattraction represents a novel, non-classical signaling system that has therapeutic potential as a disease-modifying agent for the injured peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila M Landowski
- From the School of Medicine and Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert Gasperini
- From the School of Medicine and Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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89
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Coffey S, Costacou T, Orchard T, Erkan E. Akt Links Insulin Signaling to Albumin Endocytosis in Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140417. [PMID: 26465605 PMCID: PMC4605734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an epidemic, causing a significant decline in quality of life of individuals due to its multisystem involvement. Kidney is an important target organ in DM accounting for the majority of patients requiring renal replacement therapy at dialysis units. Microalbuminuria (MA) has been a valuable tool to predict end-organ damage in DM but its low sensitivity has driven research efforts to seek other alternatives. Albumin is taken up by albumin receptors, megalin and cubilin in the proximal tubule epithelial cells. We demonstrated that insulin at physiological concentrations induce albumin endocytosis through activation of protein kinase B (Akt) in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Inhibition of Akt by a phosphorylation deficient construct abrogated insulin induced albumin endocytosis suggesting a role for Akt in insulin-induced albumin endocytosis. Furthermore we demonstrated a novel interaction between Akt substrate 160kDa (AS160) and cytoplasmic tail of megalin. Mice with type 1 DM (T1D) displayed decreased Akt, megalin, cubilin and AS160 expression in their kidneys in association with urinary cubilin shedding preceding significant MA. Patients with T1D who have developed MA in the EDC (The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications) study demonstrated urinary cubilin shedding prior to development of MA. We hypothesize that perturbed insulin-Akt cascade in DM leads to alterations in trafficking of megalin and cubilin, which results in urinary cubilin shedding as a prelude to MA in early diabetic nephropathy. We propose that utilization of urinary cubilin shedding, as a urinary biomarker, will allow us to detect and intervene in diabetic nephropathy (DN) at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Coffey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Tina Costacou
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Trevor Orchard
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Elif Erkan
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Schneider WJ. Lipid transport to avian oocytes and to the developing embryo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:174-80. [PMID: 26585559 PMCID: PMC4885163 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of receptor-mediated lipoprotein metabolic pathways in avian species have revealed that physiological intricacies of specific cell types are highly analogous to those in mammals. A prime example for the power of comparative studies across different animal kingdoms, elucidated in the chicken, is that the expression of different lipoprotein receptors in somatic cells and oocytes are the key to oocyte growth. In avian species, yolk precursor transport from the hen's liver to rapidly growing oocytes and the subsequent transfer of yolk nutrients via the yolk sac to the developing embryo are highly efficient processes. Oocytes grow from a diameter of 5 mm to 2.5-3 cm in only 7 days, and the yolk sac transfers nutrients from the yolk stored in the mature oocyte to the embryo within just 2 weeks. The underlying key transport mechanism is receptor-mediated endocytosis of macromolecules, i.e., of hepatically synthesized yolk precursors for oocyte growth, and of mature yolk components for embryo nutrition, respectively. Recently, the receptors involved, as well as the role of lipoprotein synthesis in the yolk sac have been identified. As outlined here, lipoprotein degradation/resynthesis cycles and the expression of lipoprotein receptors are not only coordinated with the establishment of the follicular architecture embedding the oocyte, but also with the generation of the yolk sac vasculature essential for nutrient transfer to the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University and Biocenter Vienna, Austria.
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91
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Andersen RK, Hammer K, Hager H, Christensen JN, Ludvigsen M, Honoré B, Thomsen MBH, Madsen M. Melanoma tumors frequently acquire LRP2/megalin expression, which modulates melanoma cell proliferation and survival rates. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:267-80. [PMID: 25585665 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We show that the multiligand receptor megalin, known to mediate uptake and trafficking of nutrients and signaling molecules, is frequently expressed in malignant melanoma samples. Expression of megalin-encoding mRNA was investigated in 65 samples of nevi, melanomas, and melanoma metastases and was observed in more than 60% of the malignant samples, while only in 20% of the benign counterparts. Megalin expression in nevus and melanoma samples was additionally investigated by immunohistochemistry, which confirmed our mRNA-based observations. We furthermore show that a panel of tumor-derived melanoma cell lines express LRP2/megalin endogenously. In these cells, megalin is internalized from the cell surface and localizes extensively to intracellular vesicles, confirming receptor activity and pointing toward association with the endocytic apparatus. Groundbreaking, our results indicate that sustained megalin expression in melanoma cells is crucial for cell maintenance, as siRNA-mediated reduction in melanoma cell expression of LRP2/megalin significantly decreases melanoma cell proliferation and survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke K Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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92
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Lee A, Slattery C, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Hryciw DH, Wilk S, Wilk E, Zhang Y, Valova VA, Robinson PJ, Kelly DJ, Poronnik P. Chloride channel ClC-5 binds to aspartyl aminopeptidase to regulate renal albumin endocytosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F784-92. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00322.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ClC-5 is a chloride/proton exchanger that plays an obligate role in albumin uptake by the renal proximal tubule. ClC-5 forms an endocytic complex with the albumin receptor megalin/cubilin. We have identified a novel ClC-5 binding partner, cytosolic aspartyl aminopeptidase (DNPEP; EC 3.4.11.21), that catalyzes the release of N-terminal aspartate/glutamate residues. The physiological role of DNPEP remains largely unresolved. Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins binding to the glutathione- S-transferase (GST)-ClC-5 C terminus identified DNPEP as an interacting partner. Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed that DNPEP and ClC-5 also associated in cells. Further experiments using purified GST-ClC-5 and His-DNPEP proteins demonstrated that the two proteins bound directly to each other. In opossum kidney (OK) cells, confocal immunofluorescence studies revealed that DNPEP colocalized with albumin-containing endocytic vesicles. Overexpression of wild-type DNPEP increased cell-surface levels of ClC-5 and albumin uptake. Analysis of DNPEP-immunoprecipitated products from rat kidney lysate identified β-actin and tubulin, suggesting a role for DNPEP in cytoskeletal maintenance. A DNase I inhibition assay showed a significant decrease in the amount of G actin when DNPEP was overexpressed in OK cells, suggesting a role for DNPEP in stabilizing the cytoskeleton. DNPEP was not present in the urine of healthy rats; however, it was readily detected in the urine in rat models of mild and heavy proteinuria (diabetic nephropathy and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, respectively). Urinary levels of DNPEP were found to correlate with the severity of proteinuria. Therefore, we have identified another key molecular component of the albumin endocytic machinery in the renal proximal tubule and describe a new role for DNPEP in stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aven Lee
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig Slattery
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic. of Ireland
| | - David J. Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherwin Wilk
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Wilk
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina A. Valova
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Darren J. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Poronnik
- School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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93
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Pohlkamp T, Durakoglugil M, Lane-Donovan C, Xian X, Johnson EB, Hammer RE, Herz J. Lrp4 domains differentially regulate limb/brain development and synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116701. [PMID: 25688974 PMCID: PMC4331535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the strongest predictor of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) risk. ApoE is a cholesterol transport protein that binds to members of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor family, which includes LDL Receptor Related Protein 4 (Lrp4). Lrp4, together with one of its ligands Agrin and its co-receptors Muscle Specific Kinase (MuSK) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), regulates neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. All four proteins are also expressed in the adult brain, and APP, MuSK, and Agrin are required for normal synapse function in the CNS. Here, we show that Lrp4 is also required for normal hippocampal plasticity. In contrast to the closely related Lrp8/Apoer2, the intracellular domain of Lrp4 does not appear to be necessary for normal expression and maintenance of long-term potentiation at central synapses or for the formation and maintenance of peripheral NMJs. However, it does play a role in limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH)
| | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Eric B. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH)
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94
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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95
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Rackham OJL, Shihab HA, Johnson MR, Petretto E. EvoTol: a protein-sequence based evolutionary intolerance framework for disease-gene prioritization. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:e33. [PMID: 25550428 PMCID: PMC4357693 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods to interpret personal genome sequences are increasingly required. Here, we report a novel framework (EvoTol) to identify disease-causing genes using patient sequence data from within protein coding-regions. EvoTol quantifies a gene's intolerance to mutation using evolutionary conservation of protein sequences and can incorporate tissue-specific gene expression data. We apply this framework to the analysis of whole-exome sequence data in epilepsy and congenital heart disease, and demonstrate EvoTol's ability to identify known disease-causing genes is unmatched by competing methods. Application of EvoTol to the human interactome revealed networks enriched for genes intolerant to protein sequence variation, informing novel polygenic contributions to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J L Rackham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- The Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Michael R Johnson
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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96
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Abstract
Members of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family have a diverse set of biological functions that transcend lipid metabolism. Lipoprotein receptors have broad effects in both the developing and adult brain and participate in synapse development, cargo trafficking, and signal transduction. In addition, several family members play key roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and neurodegeneration. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the role lipoprotein receptors play in CNS function and AD pathology, with a special emphasis on amyloid-independent roles in endocytosis and synaptic dysfunction.
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97
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Pitts MW, Byrns CN, Ogawa-Wong AN, Kremer P, Berry MJ. Selenoproteins in nervous system development and function. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161:231-45. [PMID: 24974905 PMCID: PMC4222985 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenoproteins are a distinct class of proteins that are characterized by the co-translational incorporation of selenium (Se) in the form of the 21st amino acid selenocysteine. Selenoproteins provide a key defense against oxidative stress, as many of these proteins participate in oxidation-reduction reactions neutralizing reactive oxygen species, where selenocysteine residues act as catalytic sites. Many selenoproteins are highly expressed in the brain, and mouse knockout studies have determined that several are required for normal brain development. In parallel with these laboratory studies, recent reports of rare human cases with mutations in genes involved in selenoprotein biosynthesis have described individuals with an assortment of neurological problems that mirror those detailed in knockout mice. These deficits include impairments in cognition and motor function, seizures, hearing loss, and altered thyroid metabolism. Additionally, due to the fact that oxidative stress is a key feature of neurodegenerative disease, there is considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of selenium supplementation for human neurological disorders. Studies performed in cell culture and rodent models have demonstrated that selenium administration attenuates oxidative stress, prevents neurodegeneration, and counters cell signaling mechanisms known to be dysregulated in certain disease states. However, there is currently no definitive evidence in support of selenium supplementation to prevent and/or treat common neurological conditions in the general population. It appears likely that, in humans, supplementation with selenium may only benefit certain subpopulations, such as those that are either selenium-deficient or possess genetic variants that affect selenium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Pitts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,
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98
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Aoto K, Trainor PA. Co-ordinated brain and craniofacial development depend upon Patched1/XIAP regulation of cell survival. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:698-713. [PMID: 25292199 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital brain and craniofacial defects often occur together as a consequence of their developmental dependency on common progenitor tissue interactions and signaling pathways during embryogenesis. A classic example of this is perturbation of midline embryo development, and disruption of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the pathogenesis of holoprosencephaly. However, our understanding of how Hh signaling governs cell and tissue survival remains incomplete. Patched1 (Ptch1) is a well-known receptor for Hh ligands and Ptch1 overexpression is associated with cell and tissue-specific apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that the X-linked inhibitory apoptosis protein (XIAP) associates with the C terminus of Ptch1 (Ptch1-C) in primary cilia to inhibit Ptch1-mediated cell death. Consistent with this observation, inhibition of XIAP suppresses cell proliferation, resulting in cell death and pathogenesis of an Hh loss-of-function phenotype. Thus, co-ordinated development of the brain and face is dependent in part upon XIAP mediation of Hh/Ptch1-regulated cell survival and apoptosis during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Aoto
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66202, USA
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99
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Alexander AG, Marfil V, Li C. Use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Front Genet 2014; 5:279. [PMID: 25250042 PMCID: PMC4155875 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in research and technology has increased our quality of life, allowed us to combat diseases, and achieve increased longevity. Unfortunately, increased longevity is accompanied by a rise in the incidences of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is the sixth leading cause of death, and one of the leading causes of dementia amongst the aged population in the USA. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the prevalence of extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, derived from the proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau, respectively. Despite years of extensive research, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathology of AD remain unclear. Model organisms, such as the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, present a complementary approach to addressing these questions. C. elegans has many advantages as a model system to study AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Like their mammalian counterparts, they have complex biochemical pathways, most of which are conserved. Genes in which mutations are correlated with AD have counterparts in C. elegans, including an APP-related gene, apl-1, a tau homolog, ptl-1, and presenilin homologs, such as sel-12 and hop-1. Since the neuronal connectivity in C. elegans has already been established, C. elegans is also advantageous in modeling learning and memory impairments seen during AD. This article addresses the insights C. elegans provide in studying AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we explore the advantages and drawbacks associated with using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adanna G Alexander
- Department of Biology, City College of New York New York, NY, USA ; Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Marfil
- Department of Biology, City College of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Li
- Department of Biology, City College of New York New York, NY, USA ; Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
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100
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Paz-Filho G, Boguszewski MCS, Mastronardi CA, Patel HR, Johar AS, Chuah A, Huttley GA, Boguszewski CL, Wong ML, Arcos-Burgos M, Licinio J. Whole exome sequencing of extreme morbid obesity patients: translational implications for obesity and related disorders. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:709-25. [PMID: 25158045 PMCID: PMC4198926 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is a new tool that allows the rapid, inexpensive and accurate exploration of Mendelian and complex diseases, such as obesity. To identify sequence variants associated with obesity, we performed WES of family trios of one male teenager and one female child with severe early-onset obesity. Additionally, the teenager patient had hypopituitarism and hyperprolactinaemia. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis found de novo and compound heterozygote sequence variants with a damaging effect on genes previously associated with obesity in mice (LRP2) and humans (UCP2), among other intriguing mutations affecting ciliary function (DNAAF1). A gene ontology and pathway analysis of genes harbouring mutations resulted in the significant identification of overrepresented pathways related to ATP/ITP (adenosine/inosine triphosphate) metabolism and, in general, to the regulation of lipid metabolism. We discuss the clinical and physiological consequences of these mutations and the importance of these findings for either the clinical assessment or eventual treatment of morbid obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Paz-Filho
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Margaret C S Boguszewski
- Endocrine Division (SEMPR), Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Avenida Agostinho Leão Junior, 285-Alto da Glória. CEP 80030-110, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Claudio A Mastronardi
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Angad S Johar
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Gavin A Huttley
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Cesar L Boguszewski
- Endocrine Division (SEMPR), Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Avenida Agostinho Leão Junior, 285-Alto da Glória. CEP 80030-110, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, PO Box 11060 Adelaide SA 5001, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Julio Licinio
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, PO Box 11060 Adelaide SA 5001, Adelaide, Australia.
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