51
|
Yang A, Chen F, He C, Zhou J, Lu Y, Dai J, Birge RB, Wu Y. The Procoagulant Activity of Apoptotic Cells Is Mediated by Interaction with Factor XII. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1188. [PMID: 28993777 PMCID: PMC5622377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells, by externalizing phosphatidylserine (PS) as a hallmark feature, are procoagulant. However, the mechanism by which apoptotic cells activate coagulation system remains unknown. Intrinsic coagulation pathway is initiated by coagulation factor XII (FXII) of contact activation system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether FXII is involved in procoagulant activity of apoptotic cells. Using western blotting and chromogenic substrate assay, we found that incubation with apoptotic cells, but not with viable cells, resulted in rapid cleavage and activation of FXII in the presence of prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen (HK), other two components of contact activation system. As detected by flow cytometry, FXII bound to apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which was inhibited by annexin V and PS liposome. Direct association of FXII with PS was confirmed in a surface plasmon resonance assay. Clotting time of FXII-deficient plasma induced by apoptotic cells was significantly prolonged, which was fully reversed by replenishment with FXII. Corn trypsin inhibitor, a FXII inhibitor, completely prevented apoptotic cells-induced intrinsic tenase complex formation. Consistently, apoptotic cells significantly increased thrombin production in normal plasma, which was not affected by an inhibitory anti-tissue factor antibody. However, blocking of PS by annexin V, inhibition of FXII, or the deficiency of FXII suppressed apoptotic cells-induced thrombin generation. Addition of purified FXII to FXII-deficient plasma recovered thrombin generation to the normal plasma level. In conclusion, FXII binds to apoptotic cells via PS and becomes activated, thereby constituting a novel mechanism mediating the procoagulant activity of apoptotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengwu Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junsong Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Wuhan Thalys Medical Technology Inc., Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hsieh MJ, Chien SY, Lin JT, Yang SF, Chen MK. Polyphyllin G induces apoptosis and autophagy cell death in human oral cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1545-1554. [PMID: 27823618 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphyllin G (also called polyphyllin VII), extract from rhizomes of Paris yunnanensis Franch, has been shown to have strong anticancer activities in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines. However, the underlying influences of autophagy in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. METHODS In this study, the roles of apoptosis and autophagy in polyphyllin G-induced death in human oral cancer cells were investigated. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of the anticancer effects of polyphyllin G in human oral cancer cells was investigated. RESULTS The results revealed that polyphyllin G significantly inhibited cell proliferation in human oral cancer cells; it dose-dependently induced apoptosis in SAS and OECM-1 cells through caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In addition, changes were observed in Bcl-2 and proapoptosis-related protein expression in different human oral cancer cell lines. The expression of both LC3-II and beclin-1 was markedly increased, suggesting the induction of autophagy in polyphyllin G-treated oral cells. To further clarify whether polyphyllin G-induced apoptosis and autophagy depended on Akt/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways, the cells were cotreated with inhibitors. The results demonstrated polyphyllin G-induced apoptosis in oral cells through the activation of ERK, Akt, p38 MAPK, and JNK, whereas ERK and JNK accounted for polyphyllin G-induced autophagy. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate apoptosis and autophagy during polyphyllin G-induced cell death in human oral cancer cell lines. These results suggest that polyphyllin G is a promising candidate for developing antitumor drugs targeting human oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 50006, Taiwan; School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Yu Chien
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan; College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Mingdao University, Changhua, 52345, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsun Lin
- Hematology & Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Mechanistic insight into the procoagulant activity of tumor-derived apoptotic vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:286-295. [PMID: 27864149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy induces the release of apoptotic vesicles (ApoV) from the tumor plasma membrane. Tumor ApoV may enhance the risk of thrombotic events in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, the relative contribution of ApoV to coagulation and the pathways involved remain poorly characterized. In addition, this study sets out to compare the procoagulant activity of chemotherapy-induced ApoV with their cell of origin and to determine the mechanisms of ApoV-induced coagulation. METHODS We utilized human and murine cancer cell lines and chemotherapeutic agents to determine the requirement for the coagulation factors (tissue factor; TF, FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX and phosphatidylserine) in the procoagulant activity of ApoV. The role of previously identified ApoV-associated FV was determined in a FV functional assay. RESULTS ApoV were significantly more procoagulant per microgram of protein compared to parental living or dying tumor cells. In the phase to peak fibrin generation, procoagulant activity was dependent on phosphatidylserine, TF expression, FVII and the prothrombinase complex. However, the intrinsic coagulation factors FIX and FVIII were dispensable. ApoV-associated FV could not support coagulation in the absence of supplied, exogenous FV. CONCLUSIONS ApoV are significantly more procoagulant than their parental tumor cells. ApoV require the extrinsic tenase and prothrombinase complex to activate the early phase of coagulation. Endogenous FV identified on tumor ApoV is serum-derived and functional, but is non-essential for ApoV-mediated fibrin generation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study clarifies the mechanisms of procoagulant activity of vesicles released from dying tumor cells.
Collapse
|
54
|
Jovanović KK, Tanić M, Ivanović I, Gligorijević N, Dojčinović BP, Radulović S. Cell cycle, apoptosis, cellular uptake and whole-transcriptome microarray gene expression analysis of HeLa cells treated with a ruthenium(II)-arene complex with an isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:362-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
55
|
Madureira AR, Nunes S, Campos DA, Fernandes JC, Marques C, Zuzarte M, Gullón B, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM, Calhau C, Sarmento B, Gomes AM, Pintado MM, Reis F. Safety profile of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with rosmarinic acid for oral use: in vitro and animal approaches. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3621-40. [PMID: 27536103 PMCID: PMC4977102 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) possesses several protective bioactivities that have attracted increasing interest by nutraceutical/pharmaceutical industries. Considering the reduced bioavailability after oral use, effective (and safe) delivery systems are crucial to protect RA from gastrointestinal degradation. This study aims to characterize the safety profile of solid lipid nanoparticles produced with Witepsol and Carnauba waxes and loaded with RA, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, focused on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays, redox status markers, hematological and biochemical profile, liver and kidney function, gut bacterial microbiota, and fecal fatty acids composition. Free RA and sage extract, empty nanoparticles, or nanoparticles loaded with RA or sage extract (0.15 and 1.5 mg/mL) were evaluated for cell (lymphocytes) viability, necrosis and apoptosis, and antioxidant/prooxidant effects upon DNA. Wistar rats were orally treated for 14 days with vehicle (control) and with Witepsol or Carnauba nanoparticles loaded with RA at 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight/d. Blood, urine, feces, and several tissues were collected for analysis. Free and loaded RA, at 0.15 mg/mL, presented a safe profile, while genotoxic potential was found for the higher dose (1.5 mg/mL), mainly by necrosis. Our data suggest that both types of nanoparticles are safe when loaded with moderate concentrations of RA, without in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and with an in vivo safety profile in rats orally treated, thus opening new avenues for use in nutraceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Madureira
- Catholic University of Portugal, CBQF – Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry – Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Nunes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, and CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Débora A Campos
- Catholic University of Portugal, CBQF – Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry – Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
| | - João C Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, and CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Marques
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Zuzarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, and CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Catholic University of Portugal, CBQF – Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry – Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Catholic University of Portugal, CBQF – Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry – Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- “I3S” Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Gomes
- Catholic University of Portugal, CBQF – Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry – Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- Catholic University of Portugal, CBQF – Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry – Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, and CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
During apoptosis or activation, cells can release a subcellular structure, called a membrane microvesicle (also known as microparticle) into the extracellular environment. Microvesicles bud-off as a portion of cell membrane with its associated proteins and lipids surrounding a cytosolic core that contains intracellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, siRNA, microRNA, lncRNA). Biologically active molecules on the microvesicle surface and encapsulated within can act on recipient cells as a novel mode of intercellular communication. Apoptosis has long been known to be involved in the development of diseases of autoimmunity. Abnormally persistent microvesicles, particularly apoptotic microvesicles, can accelerate autoimmune responses locally in specific organs and tissues as well as systemically. In this review, we focus on studies implicating microvesicles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and their complications.
Collapse
|
57
|
Tian J, Nickels J, Katsaras J, Cheng X. Behavior of Bilayer Leaflets in Asymmetric Model Membranes: Atomistic Simulation Studies. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8438-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Katsaras
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, 444 Greve Hall, 821 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-3394, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Hsieh MJ, Chen MK, Chen CJ, Hsieh MC, Lo YS, Chuang YC, Chiou HL, Yang SF. Glabridin induces apoptosis and autophagy through JNK1/2 pathway in human hepatoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:359-366. [PMID: 27002406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research results support the use of herbal medicine or natural food to augment therapy for various cancers. Studies have associated glabridin with numerous biological activities, such as regulating energy metabolism and estrogenic, neuroprotective, antiosteoporotic, and skin-whitening activities. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE However, how glabridin affects tumor cell autophagy has not been clearly determined. METHODS Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell survival and tissue homeostasis. In this study, the roles of autophagy and related signaling pathways during glabridin-induced autophagy in human liver cancer cells were investigated. Additionally, the molecular mechanism of the anticancer effects of glabridin in human hepatoma cells was investigated. RESULTS The results revealed that glabridin significantly inhibited cell proliferation in human hepatoma cells. Glabridin induced apoptosis dose-dependently in Huh7 cells through caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation and PARP cleavage. Furthermore, autophagy was detected as early as 12h after exposure to a low dose of glabridin, as indicated by the up-regulated expression of LC3-II and beclin-1 proteins. The inhibition of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK by specific inhibitors significantly reduced glabridin-induced activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9. Blocking autophagy sensitize the Huh7 cells to apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated for the first time that autophagy occurs earlier than apoptosis does during glabridin-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cell lines. Glabridin induces Huh7 cell death through apoptosis through the p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 pathways and is a potential chemopreventive agent against human hepatoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan; School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichuang 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chuang
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cell death, clearance and immunity in the skeletal muscle. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:927-37. [PMID: 26868912 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is an immunologically unique tissue. Leukocytes, virtually absent in physiological conditions, are quickly recruited into the tissue upon injury and persist during regeneration. Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy coexist in the injured/regenerating muscles, including those of patients with neuromuscular disorders, such as inflammatory myopathies, dystrophies, metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies and drug-induced myopathies. Macrophages are able to alter their function in response to microenvironment conditions and as a consequence coordinate changes within the tissue from the early injury throughout regeneration and eventual healing, and regulate the activation and the function of stem cells. Early after injury, classically activated macrophages ('M1') dominate the picture. Alternatively activated M2 macrophages predominate during resolution phases and regulate the termination of the inflammatory responses. The dynamic M1/M2 transition is increasingly felt to be the key to the homeostasis of the muscle. Recognition and clearance of debris originating from damaged myofibers and from dying stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells and leukocytes are fundamental actions of macrophages. Clearance of apoptotic cells and M1/M2 transition are causally connected and represent limiting steps for muscle healing. The accumulation of apoptotic cells, which reflects their defective clearance, has been demonstrated in various tissues to prompt autoimmunity against intracellular autoantigens. In the muscle, in the presence of type I interferon, apoptotic myoblasts indeed cause the production of autoantibodies, lymphocyte infiltration and continuous cycles of muscle injury and regeneration, mimicking human inflammatory myopathies. The clearance of apoptotic cells thus modulates the homeostatic response of the skeletal muscle to injury. Conversely, defects in the process may have deleterious local effects, guiding maladaptive tissue remodeling with collagen and fat accumulation and promoting autoimmunity itself. There is strong promise for novel treatments based on new knowledge of cell death, clearance and immunity in the muscle.
Collapse
|
60
|
Nickels JD, Smith JC, Cheng X. Lateral organization, bilayer asymmetry, and inter-leaflet coupling of biological membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 192:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
61
|
Altered Traffic of Cardiolipin during Apoptosis: Exposure on the Cell Surface as a Trigger for "Antiphospholipid Antibodies". J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:847985. [PMID: 26491702 PMCID: PMC4603604 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been reported to induce changes in the remodelling of membrane lipids; after death receptor engagement, specific changes of lipid composition occur not only at the plasma membrane, but also in intracellular membranes. This paper focuses on one important aspect of apoptotic changes in cellular lipids, namely, the redistribution of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). CL predominantly resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane, even if the rapid remodelling of its acyl chains and the subsequent degradation occur in other membrane organelles. After death receptor stimulation, CL appears to concentrate into mitochondrial “raft-like” microdomains at contact sites between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, leading to local oligomerization of proapoptotic proteins, including Bid. Clustering of Bid in CL-enriched contacts sites is interconnected with pathways of CL remodelling that intersect membrane traffic routes dependent upon actin. In addition, CL association with cytoskeleton protein vimentin was observed. Such novel association also indicated that CL molecules may be expressed at the cell surface following apoptotic stimuli. This observation adds a novel implication of biomedical relevance. The association of CL with vimentin at the cell surface may represent a “new” target antigen in the context of the apoptotic origin of anti-vimentin/CL autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
Collapse
|
62
|
Willis R, Gonzalez EB. Pathogenetic mechanisms of antiphospholipid antibody production in antiphospholipid syndrome. World J Rheumatol 2015; 5:59-68. [DOI: 10.5499/wjr.v5.i2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholiipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the pathological action of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), that leads to recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombosis. Despite limited evidence, it is clear that there are both inherited and acquired components of the ontogeny of these antibodies. Animal genetic studies and human familial and population studies highlight the influence of genetic factors in APS, particularly human leukocyte antigen associations. Similarly, both animal and human studies have reported the importance of acquired factors in APS development and infectious agents in particular have a great impact on aPL production. Bacterial and viral agents have been implicated in the induction of autoimmune responses by various mechanisms including molecular mimicry, cryptic autoantigens exposure and apoptosis. In this review we highlight the latest updates with regards to inherited and acquired factors leading to the manufacturing of pathogenic antibodies and APS.
Collapse
|
63
|
Sciorati C, Monno A, Ascherman DP, Seletti E, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P. Required role of apoptotic myogenic precursors and toll-like receptor stimulation for the establishment of autoimmune myositis in experimental murine models. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:809-22. [PMID: 25504878 DOI: 10.1002/art.38985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle regeneration is a hallmark of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), a group of autoimmune disorders that are characterized by leukocyte infiltration and dysfunction of the skeletal muscle. Despite detailed studies describing the clinical and histopathologic features of IIMs, the immunopathogenesis of these disorders remains undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathologic processes of autoimmune myositis in experimental murine models. METHODS Expression of the autoantigen histidyl-transfer RNA synthetase (HisRS) was analyzed in mice with acutely injured or dystrophic muscles, in inflammatory leukocytes, and in purified satellite cells. Anti-HisRS antibodies and myositis induction were assessed in mice after muscle injury and immunization with apoptotic satellite cells or C2C12 myoblasts, in the presence or absence of the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) agonist R848. RESULTS Muscle necrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and myofiber regeneration induced by toxic agents (cardiotoxin or glycerol) or promoted by genetic disruption of the α-sarcoglycan/dystrophin complex in mice were uniformly associated with up-regulated expression of HisRS. Although regenerating myofibers and purified satellite cells are known to show increased expression of HisRS in these settings, anti-HisRS antibodies were not detectable. However, intramuscular immunization with ultraviolet B-irradiated, HisRS-expressing apoptotic myoblasts in the presence of R848 triggered the production of anti-HisRS IgG antibodies as well as persistent lymphocyte infiltration and prolonged/delayed muscle regeneration. Conversely, intramuscular administration of R848 alone or in combination with living or postapoptotic/necrotic myoblasts failed to generate this myositis phenotype. CONCLUSION In the presence of TLR/adjuvant signals and underlying muscle injury, apoptotic myogenic precursors expressing high levels of autoantigen can provoke autoantibody formation and lymphocytic infiltration of muscle tissue, effectively replicating the features of IIM.
Collapse
|
64
|
|
65
|
Harvey KA, Xu Z, Pavlina TM, Zaloga GP, Siddiqui RA. Modulation of endothelial cell integrity and inflammatory activation by commercial lipid emulsions. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:9. [PMID: 25888960 PMCID: PMC4339234 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombosis and immune dysfunction are two important complications that result from the administration of parenteral nutrition. Endothelial cells within the vasculature are crucial components necessary for maintenance of normal coagulation and immune function. Methods We compared the effects of three commercial lipid emulsions (LEs; Intralipid®, ClinOleic® [or Clinolipid®], and Omegaven®) differing in the levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids upon endothelial cell fatty acid composition using Gas chromatography, endothelial cell integrity by assessing measurement of apoptosis and necrosis using flow cytometry, endothelial cell inflammatory activation by assessing the induction of ICAM-1 by lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), and transcription factor activation (phosphorylation of NF-κB) using western blot analysis. Results Gas chromatographic analysis confirmed cellular uptake of the fatty acids within the LEs; furthermore, these fatty acid changes reflected the composition of the oils and egg phosphatides used in the manufacturing of these emulsions. However, the kinetics of fatty acid uptake and processing differed between LEs. Fish oil LE negatively impacted cell viability by doubling the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cell populations quantified by flow cytometry using Annexin V/Fluorescein and propidium iodide. The soybean oil LE did not alter cell viability, while the olive oil-predominate emulsion improved cell viability. All LEs were capable of suppressing LPS-induced ICAM-1 expression; however, the fish oil LE was more potent than the other emulsions. Fish oil LE supplementation of cells also suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB, while the soybean oil and olive predominant LE had no effect upon NF-κB phosphorylation. Conclusions Lipid emulsions are readily incorporated and stored in the form of triacylglycerols. Soybean oil-based, olive oil-predominant and fish-oil based LEs differentially affected endothelial cell integrity. Importantly, these three LEs were capable of suppressing endothelial cell inflammatory response despite their fatty acid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Harvey
- Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, 1800 N. Capitol Ave, E504D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, 1800 N. Capitol Ave, E504D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | | | - Gary P Zaloga
- Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA.
| | - Rafat A Siddiqui
- Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, 1800 N. Capitol Ave, E504D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Yoshikawa M, Go S, Suzuki SI, Suzuki A, Katori Y, Morlet T, Gottlieb SM, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K, Strauss KA, Inokuchi JI. Ganglioside GM3 is essential for the structural integrity and function of cochlear hair cells. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2796-807. [PMID: 25652401 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GM3 synthase (ST3GAL5) is the first biosynthetic enzyme of a- and b-series gangliosides. Patients with GM3 synthase deficiency suffer severe neurological disability and deafness. Eight children (ages 4.1 ± 2.3 years) homozygous for ST3GAL5 c.694C>T had no detectable GM3 (a-series) or GD3 (b-series) in plasma. Their auditory function was characterized by the absence of middle ear muscle reflexes, distortion product otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonics, as well as abnormal auditory brainstem responses and cortical auditory-evoked potentials. In St3gal5(-/-) mice, stereocilia of outer hair cells showed signs of degeneration as early as postnatal Day 3 (P3); thereafter, blebs devoid of actin or tubulin appeared at the region of vestigial kinocilia, suggesting impaired vesicular trafficking. Stereocilia of St3gal5(-/-) inner hair cells were fused by P17, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor Q, normally linked to myosin VI at the tapered base of stereocilia, was maldistributed along the cell membrane. B4galnt1(-/-) (GM2 synthase-deficient) mice expressing only GM3 and GD3 gangliosides had normal auditory structure and function. Thus, GM3-dependent membrane microdomains might be essential for the proper organization and maintenance of stereocilia in auditory hair cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yoshikawa
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan, Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Suzuki
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, SendaiCity, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Thierry Morlet
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Steven M Gottlieb
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Nemours Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilimington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kevin A Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA, Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17602, USA and Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17602, USA
| | - Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembranes and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Prechl J, Czirják L. The endothelial deprotection hypothesis for lupus pathogenesis: the dual role of C1q as a mediator of clearance and regulator of endothelial permeability. F1000Res 2015; 4:24. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6075.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease affecting several organs. SLE can start relatively early in life and results in impaired quality of life and shortened life expectancy because of a gradual disease progression leading to cardiovascular, renal and neoplastic disease. The basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the disease still remain to be clarified. It is clear that complement proteins play a key and complex role in the development of SLE. Complement component C1q has been known to be a fundamental component of lupus development, but most explanations focus on its role in apoptotic debris removal. Importantly, C1q was recently found to play a key role in the maintenance of vascular endothelial integrity.We suggest that apoptotic products, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components, which display negatively charged moieties, compete for binding to molecules of the innate humoral immune response, like C1q. Genetic or acquired factors leading to an increased load of apoptotic cell debris and decrease or absence of C1q therefore interfere with the regulation of endothelial permeability and integrity. Furthermore, we suggest that lupus is the net result of an imbalance between the two functions of immune clearance and vascular endothelial integrity maintenance, an imbalance triggered and sustained by autoimmunity, which skews C1q consumption by IgG-mediated complement classical pathway activation on autoantigens. In this triangle of innate clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity, C1q plays a central role.Hence, we interpret the pathogenesis of lupus by identifying three key components, namely innate immune clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity and we establish a link between these components based on the protective role that innate clearance molecules play in endothelial renewal. By including the vasoprotective role of C1q in the interpretation of SLE development we attempt to provide novel explanations for the symptoms, organ damage, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of the disease.
Collapse
|
68
|
Prechl J, Czirják L. The endothelial deprotection hypothesis for lupus pathogenesis: the dual role of C1q as a mediator of clearance and regulator of endothelial permeability. F1000Res 2015; 4:24. [PMID: 25901277 PMCID: PMC4392829 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6075.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease affecting several organs. SLE can start relatively early in life and results in impaired quality of life and shortened life expectancy because of a gradual disease progression leading to cardiovascular, renal and neoplastic disease. The basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the disease still remain to be clarified. It is clear that complement proteins play a key and complex role in the development of SLE. Complement component C1q has been known to be a fundamental component of lupus development, but most explanations focus on its role in apoptotic debris removal. Importantly, C1q was recently found to play a key role in the maintenance of vascular endothelial integrity. We suggest that apoptotic products, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components, which display negatively charged moieties, compete for binding to molecules of the innate humoral immune response, like C1q. Genetic or acquired factors leading to an increased load of apoptotic cell debris and decrease or absence of C1q therefore interfere with the regulation of endothelial permeability and integrity. Furthermore, we suggest that lupus is the net result of an imbalance between the two functions of immune clearance and vascular endothelial integrity maintenance, an imbalance triggered and sustained by autoimmunity, which skews C1q consumption by IgG-mediated complement classical pathway activation on autoantigens. In this triangle of innate clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity, C1q plays a central role. Hence, we interpret the pathogenesis of lupus by identifying three key components, namely innate immune clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity and we establish a link between these components based on the protective role that innate clearance molecules play in endothelial renewal. By including the vasoprotective role of C1q in the interpretation of SLE development we attempt to provide novel explanations for the symptoms, organ damage, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- József Prechl
- Diagnosticum Zrt, Budapest, 1047, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - László Czirják
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Clinic Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7632, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Hsieh MJ, Chien SY, Chou YE, Chen CJ, Chen J, Chen MK. Hispolon from Phellinus linteus possesses mediate caspases activation and induces human nasopharyngeal carcinomas cells apoptosis through ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1746-1752. [PMID: 25442286 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hispolon, a phenol compound isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), possesses anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant effects. However, the effects of hispolon on human nasopharyngeal carcinomas have yet to be evaluated. Here, the molecular mechanism by which hispolon anticancer effects in human nasopharyngeal carcinomas cells was investigated. The results showed that hispolon significantly inhibited cell proliferation of HONE-1 and NP-039 cell lines. Furthermore, hispolon induced apoptosis through caspases-3, -8, and -9 activations and PARP cleavage in dose- and time-dependent manner in HONE-1 and NP-039 cells. Moreover, hispolon also showed that increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 in dose- and time-dependent manner by western blot analysis. However, hispolon-induced activation of the caspase-3, -8 and -9 significantly abolished by inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 specific inhibitors. In this study, we determine that the effects of hispolon on the apoptosis and related regulation mechanism in HONE-1 and NPC-039 cells takes place. Our findings revealed that hispolon may be a useful candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent for NPC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan; School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yu Chien
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Erh Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan; Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichuang 40201, Taiwan
| | - Judy Chen
- Class of 2016, Morrison Academy-Taichung Campus, 40679, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hesketh EE, Kluth DC, Hughes J. Apoptotic cell administration is detrimental in murine renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:31. [PMID: 25317079 PMCID: PMC4195900 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-014-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury induced by renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterised by renal failure, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), inflammation and microvascular congestion. The administration of apoptotic cells (ACs) has been shown to reduce inflammation in various organs including the liver and kidney. This study explored whether AC administration prior to the induction of renal IRI was protective. Findings Renal IRI was induced in Balb/c mice by clamping the renal blood vessels for either 20, 24 or 25 minutes to induce mild, moderate or severe kidney dysfunction respectively. Renal function and injury was determined 24 hours following IRI by measurement of plasma creatinine and ATN scoring respectively. ACs were generated from Balb/c thymocytes and classified as either predominantly early or late apoptotic by Annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. Early AC administration prior to severe IRI had no influence on plasma creatinine or ATN severity. In contrast, administration of early or late ACs significantly worsened renal function in mice with mild or moderate renal IRI, respectively, compared to PBS treated controls, though ATN scores were comparable. Despite ACs exerting pro-coagulant effects, the worsening of renal function was not secondary to increased microvascular congestion, inferred by fibrin and platelet (CD41) deposition, or inflammation, assessed by neutrophil infiltration. Conclusions Despite the AC-derived protection demonstrated in other organs, ACs do not protect mice from renal IRI. ACs may in fact further impair renal function depending on injury severity. These data suggest that AC-derived protection is not translationally relevant for patients with acute kidney injury induced by ischaemic injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12950-014-0031-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Hesketh
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - David C Kluth
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Tekade RK, Tekade M, Kumar M, Chauhan AS. Dendrimer-stabilized smart-nanoparticle (DSSN) platform for targeted delivery of hydrophobic antitumor therapeutics. Pharm Res 2014; 32:910-28. [PMID: 25205461 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To formulate dendrimer-stabilized smart-nanoparticle (DSSN; pD-ANP-f) for the targeted delivery of the highly hydrophobic anticancer drug, Paclitaxel (PTXL). METHOD The developed nanoformulations were evaluated for particle size, surface-charge, loading efficiency, particle density, in-vitro drug release, SEM/TEM, cytotoxicity assay, fluorescence uptake, HPLC quantitative cell uptake assay, flow cytometry, tubulin polymerization, and stability assessments. RESULTS The developed pD-ANP-f nanoformulation (135.17 ± 7.39 nm; -2.05 ± 0.37 mV and 80.11 ± 4.39% entrapment) exhibited a pH-dependent drug release; remained stable in physiological pH, while rapid releasing PTXL under tumorous environment (pH 5.5). The cytotoxicity assay performed in cervical, breast, blood, and liver cancer cell lines showed pD-ANP-f to be strongly suppressing the growth of cancer cells. We investigated the fluorescence based intracellular trafficking and HPLC based cellular uptake of nanoformulated drug and the result indicates higher cellular uptake of pD-ANP-f compared to other formulations. pD-ANP-f prominently induced apoptosis (73.11 ± 3.84%) and higher polymerization of tubulins (59.73 ± 6.22%). DSSN nanoformulation was found to be extremely biocompatible (<1% hemolytic) compared to naked PTXL (19.22 ± 1.01%) as well as PTXL-dendrimer nanocomplex (8.29 ± 0.71%). CONCLUSION DSSN strategy is a novel and promising platform for biomedical applications that can be effectively engaged for the delivery of drug/gene/siRNA targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Tekade
- Preclinical Nuclear Imaging Laboratory, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Fong FM, Sahemey MK, Hamedi G, Eyitayo R, Yates D, Kuan V, Thangaratinam S, Walton RT. Maternal genotype and severe preeclampsia: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:335-45. [PMID: 25028703 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe preeclampsia is a common cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide. The disease clusters in families; however, individual genetic studies have produced inconsistent results. We conducted a review to examine relationships between maternal genotype and severe preeclampsia. We searched the MEDLINE and Embase databases for prospective and retrospective cohort and case-control studies reporting associations between genes and severe preeclampsia. Four reviewers independently undertook study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. We performed random-effects meta-analyses by genotype and predefined functional gene group (thrombophilic, vasoactive, metabolic, immune, and cell signalling). Fifty-seven studies evaluated 50 genotypes in 5,049 cases and 16,989 controls. Meta-analysis showed a higher risk of severe preeclampsia with coagulation factor V gene (proaccelerin, labile factor) (F5) polymorphism rs6025 (odds ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.42, 2.54; 23 studies, I(2) = 29%), coagulation factor II (thrombin) gene (F2) mutation G20210A (rs1799963) (odds ratio = 2.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 3.55, 9 studies, I(2) = 0%), leptin receptor gene (LEPR) polymorphism rs1137100 (odds ratio = 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.15, 2.65; 2 studies, I(2) = 0%), and the thrombophilic gene group (odds ratio = 1.87, 95% confidence interval: 1.43, 2.45, I(2) = 27%). There were no associations with other gene groups. There was moderate heterogeneity between studies and potential for bias from poor-quality genotyping and inconsistent definition of phenotype. Further studies with robust methods should investigate genetic factors that might potentially be used to stratify pregnancies according to risk of complications.
Collapse
|
73
|
Liu WT, Chen C, Lu IC, Kuo SC, Lee KH, Chen TL, Song TS, Lu YL, Gean PW, Hour MJ. MJ-66 induces malignant glioma cells G2/M phase arrest and mitotic catastrophe through regulation of cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:219-27. [PMID: 25107587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are among the most devastating cancers as they are resistant to many kinds of treatment. Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of patients remains very poor and the development of new drug is urgently needed. Here, we report that a synthetic quinazolinone analog 2-(naphthalene-1-yl)-6-pyrrolidinyl-4-quinazolinone (MJ-66) induced glioma cell death. Immunofluorescence staining showed that MJ-66-induced cell death was associated with multinucleated phenotype and multipolar spindles that were typical characteristics of mitotic catastrophe. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that MJ-66 caused glioma cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and increased the proportion of polyploidy cells. Western blotting indicated that the expression of cyclin B1, Cdk1 pY15 and Cdk1 increased after treatment with MJ-66. MJ-66 effectively inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in the xenograft animal model of U87 human glioma cells. Together, these results suggest that MJ-66 inhibited malignant gliomas growth through inducing mitotic catastrophe by interference with G2/M cell cycle checkpoint which may open a new avenue for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Lin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Shu Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wu Gean
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Mann-Jen Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Lage SL, Longo C, Branco LM, da Costa TB, Buzzo CDL, Bortoluci KR. Emerging Concepts about NAIP/NLRC4 Inflammasomes. Front Immunol 2014; 5:309. [PMID: 25071770 PMCID: PMC4078251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP)/NOD-like receptor (NLR) containing a caspase activating and recruitment domain (CARD) 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome complexes are activated in response to proteins from virulent bacteria that reach the cell cytosol. Specific NAIP proteins bind to the agonists and then physically associate with NLRC4 to form an inflammasome complex able to recruit and activate pro-caspase-1. NAIP5 and NAIP6 sense flagellin, component of flagella from motile bacteria, whereas NAIP1 and NAIP2 detect needle and rod components from bacterial type III secretion systems, respectively. Active caspase-1 mediates the maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and is responsible for the induction of pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death. In addition to these well-known effector mechanisms, novel roles have been described for NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes, such as phagosomal maturation, activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, regulation of autophagy, secretion of inflammatory mediators, antibody production, activation of T cells, among others. These effector mechanisms mediated by NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes have been extensively studied in the context of resistance of infections and the potential of their agonists has been exploited in therapeutic strategies to non-infectious pathologies, such as tumor protection. Thus, this review will discuss current knowledge about the activation of NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes and their effector mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lucena Lage
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carla Longo
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil ; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Laura Migliari Branco
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Thaís Boccia da Costa
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carina de Lima Buzzo
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Karina Ramalho Bortoluci
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil ; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Huang HL, Hsieh MJ, Chien MH, Chen HY, Yang SF, Hsiao PC. Glabridin mediate caspases activation and induces apoptosis through JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathway in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98943. [PMID: 24901249 PMCID: PMC4047044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glabridin, a prenylated isoflavonoid of G. glabra L. roots, has been associated with a wide range of biological properties such as regulation of energy metabolism, estrogenic, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and skin-whitening in previous studies. However, the effect of glabridin on tumor cells metastasis has not been clearly clarified. Here, the molecular mechanism by which glabridin anticancer effects in human promyelocytic leukemia cells was investigated. Methodology and Principal Findings The results showed that glabridin significantly inhibited cell proliferation of four AML cell lines (HL-60, MV4-11, U937, and THP-1). Furthermore, glabridin induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells through caspases-3, -8, and -9 activations and PARP cleavage in dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, western blot analysis also showed that glabridin increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 in dose- and time-dependent manner. Inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 by specific inhibitors significantly abolished the glabridin-induced activation of the caspase-3, -8 and -9. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that glabridin induced HL-60 cell apoptosis through p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 pathways and could serve as a potential additional chemotherapeutic agent for treating AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Lien Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Hsiao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Genistein induces apoptosis and autophagy in human breast MCF-7 cells by modulating the expression of proapoptotic factors and oxidative stress enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 390:235-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
77
|
In vitro assessment of the anticancer activity of simvastatin-loaded microemulsion in liver and colon cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
78
|
Penjweini R, Loew HG, Breit P, Kratky KW. Optimizing the antitumor selectivity of PVP-Hypericin re A549 cancer cells and HLF normal cells through pulsed blue light. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:591-9. [PMID: 24284116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
79
|
Brown KL, Conboy JC. Lipid Flip-Flop in Binary Membranes Composed of Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylcholine. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15041-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409672q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - John C. Conboy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Kimbara N, Dohi N, Miyamoto M, Asai S, Okada H, Okada N. Diagnostic Surface Expression of SWAP-70 on HIV-1 Infected T Cells. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:235-42. [PMID: 16547421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following immunization with HIV-1 infected cells, a hybridoma cell line termed 9F11 was established from the P3U-1 myeloma line fused with lymphocytes from a trans-chromosome (TC) mouse, that harbors human chromosomes containing immunoglobulin genes. The 9F11 human IgM monoclonal antibody (9F11 Ab) reacts with HIV-1 infected MOLT4 cells but not with uninfected MOLT4 cells, and causes immune cytolysis with homologous human complement at a concentration as low as 0.4 microg/ml. This Ab was used to perform immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library derived from HIV-1 infected cells. All positive cDNA clones contained SWAP-70 cDNA. SWAP-70 RNA and protein expression are much stronger in HIV-1 infected cells. SWAP-70 was also detected on the surface of HIV-1 infected cells by flow cytometric analysis. The monocyte cell line U937 cells expresses SWAP-70 on its cell surface regardless of whether it was infected with HIV-1. Furthermore, among PBMCs surface expression of SWAP-70 was detected on CD21+, CD56+ and CD14+ cells. Although CD3+ cells scarcely express SWAP-70 on their surface, once activated, they become positive. SWAP-70 may therefore serve as a marker for T cell differentiation as well as for HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kimbara
- Department of Biodefense Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Pan Y, Shan W, Fang H, Guo M, Nie Z, Huang Y, Yao S. Annexin-V modified QCM sensor for the label-free and sensitive detection of early stage apoptosis. Analyst 2013; 138:6287-90. [PMID: 23986135 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01150j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An easily-made Annexin-V modified quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was constructed for the quantitative detection of early stage apoptosis for the first time, achieving the goals of specific capture and sensitive detection of target cells in one step without the need for cell labelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Pan Y, Shan W, Fang H, Guo M, Nie Z, Huang Y, Yao S. Sensitive and visible detection of apoptotic cells on Annexin-V modified substrate using aminophenylboronic acid modified gold nanoparticles (APBA-GNPs) labeling. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 52:62-8. [PMID: 24021657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for sensitive detection of early stage apoptosis was proposed based on silver-enhanced gold nanoparticle (GNP) label method. Annexin-V modified substrate was constructed via layer-by-layer (LBL) method for specific capture of early stage apoptotic Jurkat cells. A new kind of aminophenylboronic acid modified gold nanoparticle (APBA-GNP) was synthesized and utilized for labeling cells, followed by silver enhancement. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was applied to sensitive detection of Ag(+) dissolved from the deposited silver particles, which reflected the number of cells. A good linear range from 1 × 10(2) to 3.5 × 10(3) cells was achieved, with a detection limit of 38 apoptotic cells. Moreover, the gray color of silver enhancement could be observed by the naked eye, which could be used to tell apoptotic cells apart from normal cells. Therefore, using the silver-enhanced GNP label method, apoptotic cells could not only be sensitively detected via electrochemical technique, but also can be discriminated from normal cells by the naked eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Hsieh MJ, Tsai TL, Hsieh YS, Wang CJ, Chiou HL. Dioscin-induced autophagy mitigates cell apoptosis through modulation of PI3K/Akt and ERK and JNK signaling pathways in human lung cancer cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2013. [PMID: 23552851 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that dioscin, a compound with anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anticancer and hepatoprotective effects, may induce autophagy in hepatoma cells. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival and tissue homeostasis. In this study, the role of autophagy and related signaling pathways during dioscin-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells was investigated. Results from 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and annexin-V/PI double-staining assay showed that caspase-3- and caspase-8-dependent, and dose-dependent apoptoses were detected after a 24-h dioscin treatment. Meanwhile, autophagy was detected as early as 12 h after an exposure to low-dose dioscin, as indicated by an up-regulated expression of LC3-II and beclin-1 proteins. Blockade of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 or 3-methyladenine sensitized the A549 and H1299 cells to apoptosis. Treatment of A549 and H1299 cells with dioscin caused a dose-dependent increase in ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 activity, accompanied with a decreased PI3K expression and decreased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. Taken together, this study demonstrated for the first time that autophagy occurred earlier than apoptosis during dioscin-induced human lung cancer cell line apoptosis. Dioscin-induced autophagy via ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathways may provide a protective mechanism for cell survival against dioscin-induced apoptosis to act as a cytoprotective reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Te-Lung Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, 690, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Hsieh MJ, Tsai TL, Hsieh YS, Wang CJ, Chiou HL. Dioscin-induced autophagy mitigates cell apoptosis through modulation of PI3K/Akt and ERK and JNK signaling pathways in human lung cancer cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1927-1937. [PMID: 23552851 PMCID: PMC3824840 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that dioscin, a compound with anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anticancer and hepatoprotective effects, may induce autophagy in hepatoma cells. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival and tissue homeostasis. In this study, the role of autophagy and related signaling pathways during dioscin-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells was investigated. Results from 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and annexin-V/PI double-staining assay showed that caspase-3- and caspase-8-dependent, and dose-dependent apoptoses were detected after a 24-h dioscin treatment. Meanwhile, autophagy was detected as early as 12 h after an exposure to low-dose dioscin, as indicated by an up-regulated expression of LC3-II and beclin-1 proteins. Blockade of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 or 3-methyladenine sensitized the A549 and H1299 cells to apoptosis. Treatment of A549 and H1299 cells with dioscin caused a dose-dependent increase in ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 activity, accompanied with a decreased PI3K expression and decreased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. Taken together, this study demonstrated for the first time that autophagy occurred earlier than apoptosis during dioscin-induced human lung cancer cell line apoptosis. Dioscin-induced autophagy via ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathways may provide a protective mechanism for cell survival against dioscin-induced apoptosis to act as a cytoprotective reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Te-Lung Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, 690, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Penjweini R, Loew HG, Eisenbauer M, Kratky KW. Modifying excitation light dose of novel photosensitizer PVP-Hypericin for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 120:120-9. [PMID: 23375215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rozhin Penjweini
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Physics of Physiological Processes, Boltzmanng. 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Ornstein BW, Atkinson JP, Densen P. The complement system in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and complocentric membranoglomerulopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 24:522-9. [PMID: 22810363 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328356896b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent advances in complement biology and the evolving understanding of these contributions to the pathophysiology and treatment of predominantly pediatric disease syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS Identification of lupus patients with complete deficiencies of one of the plasma complement proteins enabled the field to move beyond the notion of complement as a laboratory curiosity. Clinical investigation of the manifestations observed in deficient patients has further defined the biology of the system in normal individuals. Definition of the assembly of the C3 convertases, particularly that of the alternative pathway and its regulation, has led to the appreciation that the complement system includes membrane inhibitors that are every bit as important as those in plasma. The exploration of disease states in which significant complement deposition occurs has moved the field away from consideration of this finding as a bystander effect. Dissection of these syndromes has led to the unanticipated finding of a central role for function-altering mutations in the complement proteins that form or regulate the alternative pathway C3 convertase and has opened the door to new therapeutic approaches. The disease states discussed in the review - pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and the complocentric membranoglomerulopathies - illustrate this evolutionary history of complement biology. SUMMARY This review emphasizes that both the lack of classical pathway complement activation and excessive activation of the alternative pathway contribute to distinct disease pathogenesis, and emphasizes the critical importance of homeostatic regulation, in both plasma and in tissues, of the system as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Ornstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Hsieh MJ, Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Chen TY, Chiou HL. Autophagy inhibition enhances apoptosis induced by dioscin in huh7 cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2012; 2012:134512. [PMID: 23193420 PMCID: PMC3501832 DOI: 10.1155/2012/134512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research results support the application of herbal medicine or natural food as an augment during therapy for various cancers. However, the effect of dioscin on tumor cells autophagy has not been clearly clarified. In this study, the unique effects of dioscin on autophagy of hepatoma cells were investigated. Results found that dioscin induced caspase-3- and -9-dependent cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation significantly abolished the dioscin-induced apoptosis. In addition, dioscin triggered cell autophagy in early stages. With autophagy inhibitors to hinder the autophagy process, dioscin-induced cell apoptosis was significantly enhanced. An inhibition of caspase activation did not affect the dioscin-induced LC3-II protein expression. Based on the results, we believed that while apoptosis was blocked, dioscin-induced autophagy process also diminished in Huh7 cells. In conclusion, this study indicates that dioscin causes autophagy in Huh7 cells and suggests that dioscin has a cytoprotective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tzy-Yen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Cell damage at the origin of antiphospholipid antibodies and their pathogenic potential in recurrent pregnancy loss. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 5:176-80. [PMID: 18476171 PMCID: PMC2364567 DOI: 10.1155/s1064744997000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1997] [Accepted: 10/21/1997] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) are associated with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and fetal loss but they occur in a variety of diseases. Despite many efforts, a correlation between the specificity of particular subgroups of APA and particular clinical situations remains to be established. The antigens at the origin of APA remain to be identified. We discuss here the possible links between cell apoptosis or necrosis, leading to plasma membrane alterations, and the occurrence of APA in response to sustained stimulation. The pathogenic potential of APA is also considered with respect to recurrent pregnancy loss.
Collapse
|
89
|
Yoshimoto R, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Iwamoto S, Takaya T, Sawamura T. The discovery of LOX-1, its ligands and clinical significance. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 25:379-91. [PMID: 21805404 PMCID: PMC3204104 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LOX-1 is an endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a key molecule in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.The basal expression of LOX-1 is low but highly induced under the influence of proinflammatory and prooxidative stimuli in vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets and cardiomyocytes. Multiple lines of in vitro and in vivo studies have provided compelling evidence that LOX-1 promotes endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis induced by oxLDL. The roles of LOX-1 in the development of atherosclerosis, however, are not simple as it had been considered. Evidence has been accumulating that LOX-1 recognizes not only oxLDL but other atherogenic lipoproteins, platelets, leukocytes and CRP. As results, LOX-1 not only mediates endothelial dysfunction but contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation, thrombogenesis, leukocyte infiltration and myocardial infarction, which determine mortality and morbidity from atherosclerosis. Moreover, our recent epidemiological study has highlighted the involvement of LOX-1 in human cardiovascular diseases. Further understandings of LOX-1 and its ligands as well as its versatile functions will direct us to ways to find novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshimoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Aringer M, Smolen JS. Therapeutic blockade of TNF in patients with SLE—Promising or crazy? Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:321-5. [PMID: 21619949 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
91
|
White PM, Stone JS, Groves AK, Segil N. EGFR signaling is required for regenerative proliferation in the cochlea: conservation in birds and mammals. Dev Biol 2012; 363:191-200. [PMID: 22230616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and transdifferentiaton of supporting cells in the damaged auditory organ of birds lead to robust regeneration of sensory hair cells. In contrast, regeneration of lost auditory hair cells does not occur in deafened mammals, resulting in permanent hearing loss. In spite of this failure of regeneration in mammals, we have previously shown that the perinatal mouse supporting cells harbor a latent potential for cell division. Here we show that in a subset of supporting cells marked by p75, EGFR signaling is required for proliferation, and this requirement is conserved between birds and mammals. Purified p75+ mouse supporting cells express receptors and ligands for the EGF signaling pathway, and their proliferation in culture can be blocked with the EGFR inhibitor AG1478. Similarly, in cultured chicken basilar papillae, supporting cell proliferation in response to hair cell ablation requires EGFR signaling. In addition, we show that EGFR signaling in p75+ mouse supporting cells is required for the down-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) (CDKN1b) to enable cell cycle re-entry. Taken together, our data suggest that a conserved mechanism involving EGFR signaling governs proliferation of auditory supporting cells in birds and mammals and may represent a target for future hair cell regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M White
- Division of Cell Biology and Genetics, House Research Institute, 2100 W 3rd St., Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Kang YH, Urban BC, Sim RB, Kishore U. Human complement Factor H modulates C1q-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Immunobiology 2011; 217:455-64. [PMID: 22088229 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement is implicated in the clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Deficiencies in early complement components, particularly C1q, are associated with an increased risk of the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. C1q is considered to be important in this process through interaction with apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In the present study, we confirm that apoptotic cells are recognized not only by C1q but also by the complement regulatory protein Factor H. Both C1q and Factor H bind to apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. We further examined the role of C1q and Factor H in the clearance of apoptotic cells by monocytes. C1q enhanced uptake/adhesion of apoptotic cells by monocytes whereas Factor H alone had no effect on this process. However, when both C1q and Factor H were present on the apoptotic cell surface, C1q-mediated enhancement of uptake/adhesion of the apoptotic cells by monocytes was reduced. This effect of Factor H also occurred if monocytes were pre-treated with Factor H, and then exposed to C1q-coated apoptotic cells. The results were consistent with Factor H interacting with monocytes through the integrin CD11b/CD18. We conclude that under physiological conditions, Factor H may be important in controlling the inflammation which might arise from C1q deposition on apoptotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hoi Kang
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chitooligosaccharides upon lymphocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:433-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
94
|
Yang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Li W, Yang B. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton jelly of the human umbilical cord ameliorate damage to human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1029-36. [PMID: 21802667 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wharton jelly of umbilical cord (WJ-MSCs) on ameliorating damaged human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University-affiliated hospital. PATIENT(S) Sixteen endometrial tissues were obtained from women undergoing hysterectomy. Eight umbilical cords were obtained from full-term deliveries. INTERVENTION(S) ESCs were cultured with mifepristone to get damaged ESCs, then damaged ESCs were co-cultured with WJ-MSCs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The proliferation of ESCs was investigated by Cell Counting Kit 8, and the percentage of apoptosis by annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate binding. The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspases 3, 8, and 9 were determined by one-step quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULT(S) After exposure to mifepristone, the proliferation of ESCs decreased and the apoptosis percentage increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At a certain dose and duration, this damage continued even after the withdrawal of mifepristone at 48 hours. When the damaged ESCs were cocultured with WJ-MSCs, the proliferation of these damaged cells was significantly increased and apoptosis percentage decreased. In addition, the level of VEGF mRNA and protein decreased and that of caspases 3, 8, and 9 increased. CONCLUSION(S) WJ-MSCs may serve as a promising treatment approach to ameliorate endometrial damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, JiangSu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Kishore U, Sim RB. Factor H as a regulator of the classical pathway activation. Immunobiology 2011; 217:162-8. [PMID: 21852018 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
C1q, the first subcomponent of the classical pathway, is a charge pattern recognition molecule that binds a diverse range of self, non-self and altered self ligands, leading to pro-inflammatory complement activation. Although complement is required for tissue homeostasis as well as defence against pathogens, exaggerated complement activation can be damaging to the tissue. Therefore, a fine balance between complement activation and inhibition is necessary. We have recently found that factor H, a polyanion recognition molecule and soluble regulator of alternative pathway activation in blood and on cell surfaces, can directly compete with C1q in binding to anionic phospholipids (cardiolipin), lipid A and Escherichia coli (three known activators of the classical pathway) and acts as a direct down regulator of the complement classical pathway. This ability of factor H to dampen classical pathway activation is distinct from its role as an alternative pathway down-regulator. Thus, by directly competing for specific C1q ligands (exogenous as well as endogenous), factor H is likely to be involved in fine-tuning and balancing the C1q-driven inflammatory processes in autoimmunity and infection. However, in the case of apoptotic cells, C1q-mediated enhancement of uptake/adhesion of the apoptotic cells by monocytes was reduced by factor H. Thus, factor H may be important in controlling the inflammation, which might arise from C1q deposition on apoptotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Devitt A, Marshall LJ. The innate immune system and the clearance of apoptotic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:447-57. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
97
|
Kaczmarek K, Studencka M, Meinhardt A, Wieczerzak K, Thoms S, Engel W, Grzmil P. Overexpression of peroxisomal testis-specific 1 protein induces germ cell apoptosis and leads to infertility in male mice. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1766-79. [PMID: 21460186 PMCID: PMC3093327 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-12-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal testis-specific 1 gene (Pxt1) is the only male germ cell-specific gene that encodes a peroxisomal protein known to date. To elucidate the role of Pxt1 in spermatogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing a c-MYC-PXT1 fusion protein under the control of the PGK2 promoter. Overexpression of Pxt1 resulted in induction of male germ cells' apoptosis mainly in primary spermatocytes, finally leading to male infertility. This prompted us to analyze the proapoptotic character of mouse PXT1, which harbors a BH3-like domain in the N-terminal part. In different cell lines, the overexpression of PXT1 also resulted in a dramatic increase of apoptosis, whereas the deletion of the BH3-like domain significantly reduced cell death events, thereby confirming that the domain is functional and essential for the proapoptotic activity of PXT1. Moreover, we demonstrated that PXT1 interacts with apoptosis regulator BAT3, which, if overexpressed, can protect cells from the PXT1-induced apoptosis. The PXT1-BAT3 association leads to PXT1 relocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In summary, we demonstrated that PXT1 induces apoptosis via the BH3-like domain and that this process is inhibited by BAT3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kaczmarek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Hu H, Kang J, Chen R, Mamuti W, Wu G, Yuan W. Drug-induced apoptosis of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:453-9. [PMID: 21365454 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infection by Echinococcus granulosus in humans induces hydatidosis (echinococcosis), which is a zoonotic disease that seriously endangers public health. This study was to determine the status of cell apoptosis in the protoscoleces of E. granulosus, which were isolated from hydatid cysts in livers or lungs of sheep. Those protoscoleces were incubated with drugs (at the concentration of 1 mmol L(-1) H(2)O(2) and 5 mmol L(-1)dexamethasone) for 8 h, the apoptosis were examined by transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL assay, the expression of caspase-1 and caspase-3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and caspase-3 activity was detected by colorimetric assay. Our results have clearly demonstrated the presence of cell apoptosis in protoscoleces in the absence or presence of drug (H(2)O(2), dexamethasone) treatment, but drug-induced apoptosis rate, caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression levels were higher than no-drug induce and caspase-3 activity were significantly increasing. We found H(2)O(2) and dexamethasone can induce the cell apoptosis of protoscoleces. Our results implied the existence of a CED-3 like apoptosis gene in protoscolces and provide a rationale for further exploring the induction of apoptosis as non-surgical treatment method in treating this parasitic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Hu
- The Department of Electron Microscopy, Basical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Ninkovic J, Pinto L, Petricca S, Lepier A, Sun J, Rieger MA, Schroeder T, Cvekl A, Favor J, Götz M. The transcription factor Pax6 regulates survival of dopaminergic olfactory bulb neurons via crystallin αA. Neuron 2011; 68:682-94. [PMID: 21092858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Most neurons in the adult mammalian brain survive for the entire life of an individual. However, it is not known which transcriptional pathways regulate this survival in a healthy brain. Here, we identify a pathway regulating neuronal survival in a highly subtype-specific manner. We show that the transcription factor Pax6 expressed in dopaminergic neurons of the olfactory bulb regulates the survival of these neurons by directly controlling the expression of crystallin αA (CryαA), which blocks apoptosis by inhibition of procaspase-3 activation. Re-expression of CryαA fully rescues survival of Pax6-deficient dopaminergic interneurons in vivo and knockdown of CryαA by shRNA in wild-type mice reduces the number of dopaminergic OB interneurons. Strikingly, Pax6 utilizes different DNA-binding domains for its well-known role in fate specification and this role of regulating the survival of specific neuronal subtypes in the mature, healthy brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovica Ninkovic
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
Cell death (in particular, apoptosis and necrosis) is accompanied by appearance of certain hallmarks that are manifested as specific alterations in cellular membranes, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. Some of those hallmarks are easily detectable in situ and, therefore, they can be applied for the assessment of dying or dead cells. In turn, there are also signs of viable cells that include a set of features, such as normal functioning of their membranes and organelles, ability to proliferate, etc. The present chapter provides descriptions of several convenient methods for quantitative determination of dead (apoptotic and necrotic) cells and also methods for determination of survived and viable cells. Here, we describe in details the methods of annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, TUNEL assay, Hoechst/PI staining, MTS tetrazolium assay, and colony formation assay, with the principles, advantages, and drawbacks of each technique.
Collapse
|