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Kundu P, Lee HU, Garcia-Perez I, Tay EXY, Kim H, Faylon LE, Martin KA, Purbojati R, Drautz-Moses DI, Ghosh S, Nicholson JK, Schuster S, Holmes E, Pettersson S. Neurogenesis and prolongevity signaling in young germ-free mice transplanted with the gut microbiota of old mice. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/518/eaau4760. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota evolves as the host ages, yet the effects of these microbial changes on host physiology and energy homeostasis are poorly understood. To investigate these potential effects, we transplanted the gut microbiota of old or young mice into young germ-free recipient mice. Both groups showed similar weight gain and skeletal muscle mass, but germ-free mice receiving a gut microbiota transplant from old donor mice unexpectedly showed increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the brain and increased intestinal growth. Metagenomic analysis revealed age-sensitive enrichment in butyrate-producing microbes in young germ-free mice transplanted with the gut microbiota of old donor mice. The higher concentration of gut microbiota–derived butyrate in these young transplanted mice was associated with an increase in the pleiotropic and prolongevity hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). An increase in FGF21 correlated with increased AMPK and SIRT-1 activation and reduced mTOR signaling. Young germ-free mice treated with exogenous sodium butyrate recapitulated the prolongevity phenotype observed in young germ-free mice receiving a gut microbiota transplant from old donor mice. These results suggest that gut microbiota transplants from aged hosts conferred beneficial effects in responsive young recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Kundu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory for Microbiota-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hae Ung Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW72AZ London, UK
| | - Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Llanto Elma Faylon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Katherine A. Martin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Rikky Purbojati
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Penningtion Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Center, Murdoch University Perth, Perth, Western Australia, WA6150 Australia
| | - Stephan Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW72AZ London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, SE 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aljohani A, Khan MI, Bonneville A, Guo C, Jeffery J, O'Neill L, Syed DN, Lewis SA, Burhans M, Mukhtar H, Ntambi JM. Hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 deficiency increases glucose uptake in adipose tissue partially through the PGC-1α-FGF21 axis in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19475-19485. [PMID: 31690632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased carbohydrate consumption increases hepatic de novo lipogenesis, which has been linked to the development of chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a critical lipogenic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of two monounsaturated fatty acids, oleate and palmitoleate, from the saturated fatty acids stearate and palmitate, respectively. SCD1-deficient mouse models are protected against diet-induced adiposity, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia. However, the mechanism of this protection by SCD1 deficiency is unclear. Using liver-specific SCD1 knockout (LKO) mice fed a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, we show that hepatic SCD1 deficiency increases systemic glucose uptake. Hepatic SCD1 deficiency enhanced glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) expression in the liver and also up-regulated GLUT4 and adiponectin expression in adipose tissue. The enhanced glucose uptake correlated with increased liver expression and elevated plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hepatokine known to increase systemic insulin sensitivity and regulate whole-body lipid metabolism. Feeding LKO mice a triolein-supplemented but not tristearin-supplemented high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet reduced FGF21 expression and plasma levels. Consistently, SCD1 inhibition in primary hepatocytes induced FGF21 expression, which was repressed by treatment with oleate but not palmitoleate. Moreover, deletion of the transcriptional coactivator PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) reduced hepatic and plasma FGF21 and white adipocyte tissue-specific GLUT4 expression and raised plasma glucose levels in LKO mice. These results suggest that hepatic oleate regulates glucose uptake in adipose tissue either directly or partially by modulating the hepatic PGC-1α-FGF21 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aljohani
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.,College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abram Bonneville
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Changan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Justin Jeffery
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lucas O'Neill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Deeba Nadeem Syed
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Sarah A Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Maggie Burhans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Song MJ, Malhi H. The unfolded protein response and hepatic lipid metabolism in non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107401. [PMID: 31419516 PMCID: PMC6848795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major public health burden. Although many features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis are known, the specific mechanisms and susceptibilities that determine an individual's risk of developing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus isolated steatosis are not well delineated. The predominant and defining histologic and imaging characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the accumulation of lipids. Dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes leads to transient generation or accumulation of toxic lipids that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with inflammation, hepatocellular damage, and apoptosis. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is classically viewed as an adaptive pathway to maintain protein folding homeostasis. Recent studies have uncovered the contribution of the UPR sensors in the regulation of hepatic steatosis and in the cellular response to lipotoxic stress. Interestingly, the UPR sensors can be directly activated by toxic lipids, independently of the accumulation of misfolded proteins, termed lipotoxic and proteotoxic stress, respectively. The dual function of the UPR sensors in protein and lipid homeostasis suggests that these two types of stress are interconnected likely due to the central role of the ER in protein folding and trafficking and lipid biosynthesis and trafficking, such that perturbations in either impact the function of the ER and activate the UPR sensors in an effort to restore homeostasis. The precise molecular similarities and differences between proteotoxic and lipotoxic ER stress are beginning to be understood. Herein, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the activation and cross-talk between the UPR sensors, hepatic lipid metabolism, and lipotoxic stress, and discuss the possible therapeutic potential of targeting the UPR in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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Huang S, Xing Y, Liu Y. Emerging roles for the ER stress sensor IRE1α in metabolic regulation and disease. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18726-18741. [PMID: 31666338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane protein that senses ER stress and is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. IRE1 possesses both Ser/Thr protein kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities within its cytoplasmic domain and is activated through autophosphorylation and dimerization/oligomerization. It mediates a critical arm of the unfolded protein response to manage ER stress provoked by lumenal overload of unfolded/misfolded proteins. Emerging lines of evidence have revealed that in mammals, IRE1α functions as a multifunctional signal transducer that responds to metabolic cues and nutrient stress conditions, exerting profound and broad effects on metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we cover recent advances in our understanding of how IRE1α integrates a variety of metabolic and stress signals and highlight its tissue-specific or context-dependent metabolic activities. We also discuss how dysregulation of this metabolic stress sensor during handling of excessive nutrients in cells contributes to the progression of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuying Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Qi J, Kim JW, Zhou Z, Lim CW, Kim B. Ferroptosis Affects the Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via the Modulation of Lipid Peroxidation-Mediated Cell Death in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:68-81. [PMID: 31610178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and its associated lipid peroxidation play a key role in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Ferroptosis is a recently recognized type of cell death characterized by an iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation-mediated nonapoptotic cell death. We demonstrate the impact of ferroptosis on the progression of NASH induced by methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD) feeding for 10 days. RSL-3 (a ferroptosis inducer) treatment showed decreased hepatic expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and conversely increased 12/15-lipoxygenase, and apoptosis-inducing factor, indicating that ferroptosis plays a key role in NASH-related lipid peroxidation and its associated cell death. Consistently, levels of serum biochemical, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in MCD-fed mice were exacerbated with RSL-3 treatment. However, MCD-fed mice treated with sodium selenite (a GPX4 activator) showed increase of hepatic GPX4, accompanied by reduced NASH severity. To chelate iron, deferoxamine mesylate salt was used. Administration of deferoxamine mesylate salt significantly reduced NASH severity and abolished the harmful effects of RSL-3 in MCD-fed mice. Finally, treatment with liproxstatin-1 (a ferroptosis inhibitor) repressed hepatic lipid peroxidation and its associated cell death, resulting in decreased NASH severity. Consistent with the in vivo findings, modulation of ferroptosis/GPX4 affected hepatocellular death in palmitic acid-induced in vitro NASH milieu. We conclude that GPX4 and its related ferroptosis might play a major role in the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Zixiong Zhou
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Chae-Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.
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Ma Y, Zhang M, Yu H, Lu J, Cheng KKY, Zhou J, Chen H, Jia W. Activation of G0/G1 switch gene 2 by endoplasmic reticulum stress enhances hepatic steatosis. Metabolism 2019; 99:32-44. [PMID: 31271806 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and increased levels of G0/G1 Switch Gene 2 (G0S2) have been documented in animal models with fatty liver disease. In this study, we investigated whether G0S2 is regulated by branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and contributes to ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis. METHODS We first analyzed G0S2 expression and the state of the three canonical UPR branches in several hepatic steatosis models, tunicamycin-treated C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 cells, where ER homeostasis was perturbed. We pretreated HepG2 cells with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) to validate whether G0S2 was the downstream target of ER stress. Loss or gain function analysis was conducted to identify which UPR branch specifically linked to G0S2 transcription. The transcription mechanism was estimated by luciferase reporter assay and ChIP assay. RESULTS Here we showed that the activation of ER stress was accompanied by elevation of G0S2 expression in the occurrence of fatty liver disease. Furthermore, G0S2 was found to be a novel target gene of activating transcription factor 4(ATF4). We also localized one conserved ATF4-binding sequence in the 5' regulatory region of G0S2, which was responsible for transcriptional activating G0S2 by ATF4. CONCLUSION G0S2 is regulated by the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 branch of the UPR and mediates ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Haoyong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Junxi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Haibing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194692. [PMID: 31546675 PMCID: PMC6801670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
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Mu K, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Zhao T, Li Q, Zhang M, Li H, Zhang R, Hu C, Wang C, Jia W. Hepatic nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein regulates glucose homeostasis and hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese mice depending on its PDZ binding domain. EBioMedicine 2019; 47:352-364. [PMID: 31473185 PMCID: PMC6796549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NOS1AP is an adaptor protein and its SNP rs12742393 was associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it remains uncertain whether NOS1AP plays a role in regulation of insulin sensitivity. Hepatic insulin resistance contributed to the development of T2D. Here, our investigation was focused on whether NOS1AP is involved in the regulation of hepatic insulin sensitivity and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Liver specific NOS1AP condition knockout (CKO) and NOS1AP overexpression mice were generated and given a high fat diet. SNPs of NOS1AP gene were genotyped in 86 human subjects. FINDINGS NOS1AP protein is expressed in human and mouse liver. CKO mice exhibited impaired pyruvate, glucose and insulin tolerance, and increased lipid deposits in the liver. Conversely, NOS1AP overexpression in livers of obese mice improved pyruvate and/or glucose, and insulin tolerance, and attenuated liver lipid accumulation. Moreover, hepatocytes from CKO mice exhibited an elevated glucose production and mRNA expressions of Pc and Pck1. Overexpression of NOS1AP potentiated insulin-stimulated activation of IR/Akt in livers from obese mice. The insulin sensitizing effect of NOS1AP could be mimicked by overexpression of C-terminal domain of NOS1AP in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, NOS1AP overexpression in liver significantly inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and maintained ER homeostasis through p-eIF2a-ATF4-CHOP pathway. Subjects with rsl2742393 of NOS1AP have higher risk to develop hepatic steatosis. INTERPRETATION Our data demonstrate a novel role of NOS1AP in regulating hepatic insulin sensitivity and p38 MAPK inactivation in obese mice, which makes NOS1AP a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of T2D. FUND: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670707, 31340072) (to C. Wang), and National Basic Research Program of China (Nation 973 Program) (2011CB504001) (to W. Jia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaida Mu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxue Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Huating Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, People's Republic of China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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Su X, Kong Y, Peng D. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:30-37. [PMID: 31419414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in several developed countries, ranging from simple non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Currently, NAFLD has been confirmed to be associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and pre-diabetes, which are always grouped together as metabolic syndrome. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays an important role in liver pathophysiology with multiple metabolic functions. Accumulating evidence has shown that FGF21 could directly modulate lipid metabolism and reduce lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through an insulin-independent pathway, thus suppressing the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, treatment with FGF21 could obviously reverse NAFLD and synergistically alleviate obesity and counteract insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of FGF21 and the evidence of FGF21 as an important regulator in hepatic lipid metabolism. The mechanisms by which FGF21 affects the pathogenesis of NAFLD would also be proposed for the further understanding of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Kong
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomes, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Abstract
Studies have linked obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dementia. Their relationship to the incidence and progression of these disease states suggests an interconnected pathogenesis involving chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic syndrome represents comorbidities of central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, atherosclerotic CVD and neurodegenerative disease. As the socioeconomic burden for these diseases has grown signficantly with an increasing elderly population, new and alternative pharmacologic solutions for these cardiometabolic diseases are required. Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver are central endocrine organs that regulate inflammation, energy and metabolic homeostasis, and the neuroendocrine axis through synthesis and secretion of adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines, respectively. These organokines affect each other and communicate through various endocrine, paracrine and autocrine pathways. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of organ crosstalk. This will include the roles of novel organokines in normal physiologic regulation and their pathophysiological effect in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, CVD, NAFLD and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Soo Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Barb D, Bril F, Kalavalapalli S, Cusi K. Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Associated With Severity of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3327-3336. [PMID: 30848827 PMCID: PMC7453039 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationship between plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis has not been systematically assessed. OBJECTIVE To determine if higher plasma FGF21 is associated with worse steatohepatitis on liver biopsy in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study in a university hospital. PATIENTS INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patients with a body mass index >25 (n = 187) underwent: (i) euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to assess tissue-specific insulin resistance (IR); (ii) liver magnetic resonance spectroscopy for intrahepatic triglyceride quantification, (iii) liver biopsy (if NAFLD present; n = 146); and (iv) fasting plasma FGF21 levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients were divided into three groups: (i) No NAFLD (n = 41); (ii) No nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (patients with isolated steatosis or borderline NASH; n = 52); and (iii) NASH (patients with definite NASH; n = 94). Groups were well-matched for age/sex, prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hemoglobin A1c. During euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp, insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue worsened from No NAFLD to NASH (both P < 0.001). Plasma FGF21 levels correlated inversely with insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue (r = -0.17, P = 0.006) and skeletal muscle (r = -0.23, P = 0.007), but not with liver insulin sensitivity. Plasma FGF21 was higher in patients with NASH (453 ± 262 pg/mL) when compared with the No NASH (341 ± 198 pg/mL, P = 0.03) or No NAFLD (325 ± 289 pg/mL, P = 0.02) groups. Plasma FGF21 increased with the severity of necroinflammation (P = 0.02), and most significantly with worse fibrosis (P < 0.001), but not with worsening steatosis (P = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS Plasma FGF21 correlates with severity of steatohepatitis, in particular of fibrosis, in patients with NASH. Measurement of FGF21 may help identify patients at the highest risk of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barb
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Srilaxmi Kalavalapalli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
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62
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Pham DD, Bruelle C, Thi Do H, Pajanoja C, Jin C, Srinivasan V, Olkkonen VM, Eriksson O, Jauhiainen M, Lalowski M, Lindholm D. Caspase-2 and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) are involved in the regulation of SREBP and lipid genes in hepatocyte cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:537. [PMID: 31296846 PMCID: PMC6624261 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-induced toxicity is part of several human diseases, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Fatty liver is characterized by the expression of different growth and tissue factors. The neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF) and its pro-form, pro-NGF, are present in fatty liver together with p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Stimulation of human Huh7 hepatocyte cells with NGF and pro-NGF induced Sterol-regulator-element-binding protein-2 (SREBP2) activation and increased Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) expression. We observed that phosphorylation of caspase-2 by p38 MAPK was essential for this regulation involving a caspase-3-mediated cleavage of SREBP2. RNA sequencing showed that several genes involved in lipid metabolism were altered in p75NTR-deficient mouse liver. The same lipogenic genes were downregulated in p75NTR gene-engineered human Huh7 cells and reciprocally upregulated by stimulation of p75NTRs. In the knock-out mice the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced, suggesting a physiological role of p75NTRs in whole-body lipid metabolism. Taken together, this study shows that p75NTR signaling influences a network of genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver and hepatocyte cells. Modulation of p75NTR signaling may be a target to consider in various metabolic disorders accompanied by increased lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Duc Pham
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Céline Bruelle
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hai Thi Do
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ceren Pajanoja
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Congyu Jin
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vignesh Srinivasan
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- HiLiFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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63
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Zheng Y, Qu H, Xiong X, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Liao X, Liao Q, Sun Z, Ouyang Q, Yang G, Zhu Z, Xu J, Zheng H. Deficiency of Mitochondrial Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Contributes to Hepatic Steatosis. Hepatology 2019; 70:84-97. [PMID: 30653687 PMCID: PMC6597300 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is an integral component of the respiratory chain, and recent studies have suggested that it plays an important role in hepatic glucose homeostasis. However, its function in hepatic lipid metabolism is unclear. Here, we identified a role for mGPDH in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Specifically, mGPDH expression and activity were lower in fatty livers from patients and mice with NAFLD (ob/ob, high-fat diet [HFD] and db/db). Liver-specific depletion of mGPDH in mice or mGPDH knockdown in cultured hepatocytes exacerbated diet-induced triglyceride accumulation and steatosis through enhanced lipogenesis. RNA-sequencing revealed that mGPDH regulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related proteins and processes. mGPDH deletion exacerbated tunicamycin (ER stress inducer)-induced hepatic steatosis, whereas tauroursodeoxycholic acid (ER stress inhibitor) rescued mGPDH depletion-induced steatosis on an HFD. Moreover, ER stress induced by mGPDH depletion could be abrogated by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane N,N,N´,N´-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) inhibitor cyclosporine A, or cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D) knockdown. mGPDH promoting Cyp-D ubiquitination was also observed. Finally, liver-specific mGPDH overexpression attenuated hepatic steatosis in ob/ob and HFD mice. Conclusion: mGPDH is a pivotal regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. Its deficiency induces ER stress by suppressing Cyp-D ubiquitination, a key regulator of the mitochondrial Ca2+ conductance channel mPTP, and results in hepatic steatosis. mGPDH may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuren Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiufei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Correspondence addressed to: Hongting Zheng, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China, , Phone: +8602368755709, Fax: +8602368755707
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64
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Hong T, Ge Z, Zhang B, Meng R, Zhu D, Bi Y. Erythropoietin suppresses hepatic steatosis and obesity by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and upregulating fibroblast growth factor 21. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:469-478. [PMID: 31173165 PMCID: PMC6605699 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), known primarily for its role in erythropoiesis, was recently reported to play a beneficial role in regulating lipid metabolism; however, the underlying mechanism through which EPO decreases hepatic lipid accumulation requires further investigation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may contribute to the progression of hepatic steatosis. The present study investigated the effects of EPO on regulating ER stress in fatty liver. It was demonstrated that EPO inhibited hepatic ER stress and steatosis in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, these beneficial effects were abrogated in liver-specific sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-knockout mice compared with wild-type littermates. In addition, in palmitate-treated hepatocytes, small interfering RNA-mediated SIRT1 silencing suppressed the effects of EPO on lipid-induced ER stress. Additionally, EPO stimulated hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression and secretion in a SIRT1-dependent manner in mice. Furthermore, the sensitivity of hepatocytes from obese mice to FGF21 was restored following treatment with EPO. Collectively, the results of the present study revealed a new mechanism underlying the regulation of hepatic ER stress and FGF21 expression induced by EPO; thus, EPO may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of fatty liver and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Ge
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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65
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Zarei M, Pujol E, Quesada-López T, Villarroya F, Barroso E, Vázquez S, Pizarro-Delgado J, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Oral administration of a new HRI activator as a new strategy to improve high-fat-diet-induced glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridaemia through FGF21. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2292-2305. [PMID: 30927369 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE FGF21 has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its antidiabetic effects, and this has led to the development of long-acting analogues of FGF21. However, these compounds have some limitations, including a need to be administered by s.c. injection and their prolonged pharmacodynamic effect compared with native FGF21, which might be responsible for their reported side effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have previously demonstrated that i.p. administration of haem-regulated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase (HRI) activators increases hepatic and circulating levels of FGF21. In this study, we examined the effects of p.o. administration of a new HRI activator, EPB-53, on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridaemia, and compared them with those of metformin. KEY RESULTS EPB-53 administration for the last 2 weeks, to mice fed a HFD for 10 weeks, reduced body weight gain, improved glucose intolerance, and prevented hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridaemia, whereas metformin only ameliorated glucose intolerance. Moreover, EPB-53, similar to the reported effects of FGF21, reduced lipogenesis in cultured human hepatocytes and in the liver of mice fed a HFD. Administration of EPB-53 to Fgf21-knockout mice had no effects, demonstrating that its efficacy is dependent on this hormone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that p.o. administration of HRI activators, by increasing FGF21, is a promising strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugènia Pujol
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Quesada-López
- Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pizarro-Delgado
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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66
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Naringenin ameliorates insulin resistance by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatitis C virus-infected liver. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108848. [PMID: 31039496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may lead to hepatic insulin resistance (IR), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been found to induce IR. In our previous study, naringenin (NGEN) had an insulin sensitization effect on the HCV core protein (HCVCP) infected mouse livers. In the present study, we examined the effects of NGEN on HCVCP infection-induced ER stress and investigated the insulin sensitization mechanism involved. We found that XBP1s was up-regulated in the livers of HCV-infected patients, in hepatocytes with HCV infection, and in HCVCP-infected mice. HCVCP induces ER stress in the mouse liver and hepatocytes by increasing XBP1s and downstream gene expression. Pre-treatment with NGEN inhibited the ER stress and downstream gene expression both in vivo and in vitro. Similar to the HCVCP infection results, NGEN also inhibited the ER stress in tunicamycin-treated Huh-7.5.1 cells. In addition, the role of IRE1α in HCVCP-induced IR was detected, and knockdown of IRE1α abolished HCVCP-stimulated IR. Overexpression induced IR but could be abolished by NGEN. NGEN also blocked the HCVCP-induced IRE1α expression levels that were up-regulated in vivo. Our data reveal that ER stress may be associated with HCV-induced IR, and NGEN treatment inhibited ER stress activity and increased insulin sensitivity by decreasing the expression of IRE1α.
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67
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Tabari FS, Karimian A, Parsian H, Rameshknia V, Mahmoodpour A, Majidinia M, Maniati M, Yousefi B. The roles of FGF21 in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:103-114. [PMID: 30879171 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FGF21 is a peptide hormone that regulates homeostasis of lipid and glucose as well as energy metabolism. It is mainly expressed and secreted in liver and adipose tissues, and it is expressed in lower amounts in the aorta. Recent clinical and preclinical studies indicate increased serum FGF21 levels in atherosclerosis patients. Also, FGF21 therapy has been reported to reduce the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in animal models and in vitro studies. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that administration of exogenous FGF21 induces anti-atherosclerotic effects, because of its ability to reduce lipid profile, alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, FGF21 can not only be considered as a biomarker for predicting atherosclerosis, but also induce protective effects against atherosclerosis. Besides, serum levels of FGF21 increase in various diseases including in diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, which may be related to initiating and exacerbating atherosclerosis. On the other hand, FGF21 therapy significantly improves lipid profiles, and reduces vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis related diseases. Therefore, further prospective studies are needed to clarify whether FGF21 can be used as a prognostic biomarker to identify individuals at future risk of atherosclerosis in these atherosclerosis-associated diseases. In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanism by which FGF21 protects against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Shanebandpour Tabari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vahid Rameshknia
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ata Mahmoodpour
- Anesthesiology Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- Faculty of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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68
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when ER homeostasis is perturbed with accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein or calcium depletion. The unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling pathways, is a protective cellular response activated by ER stress. However, UPR activation can also induce cell death upon persistent ER stress. The liver is susceptible to ER stress given its synthetic and other biological functions. Numerous studies from human liver samples and animal disease models have indicated a crucial role of ER stress and UPR signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, cholestatic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, ischemia/reperfusion injury, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Extensive investigations have demonstrated the potential underlying mechanisms of the induction of ER stress and the contribution of UPR pathways during the development of the diseases. Moreover ER stress and the UPR proteins and genes have become emerging therapeutic targets to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tarry Building 15-709, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, Corresponding author: Xiaoying-liu@northwestern
| | - Richard M. Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tarry Building 15-709, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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69
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Hirai T, Nomura K, Ikai R, Nakashima KI, Inoue M. Baicalein stimulates fibroblast growth factor 21 expression by up-regulating retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α in C2C12 myotubes. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:503-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Bhattacharya A, Sun S, Wang H, Liu M, Long Q, Yin L, Kersten S, Zhang K, Qi L. Hepatic Sel1L-Hrd1 ER-associated degradation (ERAD) manages FGF21 levels and systemic metabolism via CREBH. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899277. [PMID: 30389665 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) is a liver-derived, fasting-induced hormone with broad effects on growth, nutrient metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Here, we report the discovery of a novel mechanism regulating Fgf21 expression under growth and fasting-feeding. The Sel1L-Hrd1 complex is the most conserved branch of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery. Mice with liver-specific deletion of Sel1L exhibit growth retardation with markedly elevated circulating Fgf21, reaching levels close to those in Fgf21 transgenic mice or pharmacological models. Mechanistically, we show that the Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD complex controls Fgf21 transcription by regulating the ubiquitination and turnover (and thus nuclear abundance) of ER-resident transcription factor Crebh, while having no effect on the other well-known Fgf21 transcription factor Pparα. Our data reveal a physiologically regulated, inverse correlation between Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD and Crebh-Fgf21 levels under fasting-feeding and growth. This study not only establishes the importance of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD in the liver in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism, but also reveals a novel hepatic "ERAD-Crebh-Fgf21" axis directly linking ER protein turnover to gene transcription and systemic metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shengyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiaoming Long
- Cam-Su Mouse Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA .,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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71
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Vázquez P, Hernández-Sánchez C, Escalona-Garrido C, Pereira L, Contreras C, López M, Balsinde J, de Pablo F, Valverde ÁM. Increased FGF21 in brown adipose tissue of tyrosine hydroxylase heterozygous mice: implications for cold adaptation. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2308-2320. [PMID: 30352954 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the first step in catecholamines synthesis. We studied the impact of reduced TH in brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. In adult heterozygous (Th+/- ) mice, dopamine and noradrenaline (NA) content in BAT decreased after cold exposure. This reduced catecholaminergic response did not impair cold adaptation, because these mice induced uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and maintained BAT temperature to a similar extent than controls (Th+/+ ). Possible compensatory mechanisms implicated were studied. Prdm16 and Fgf21 expression, key genes in BAT activation, were elevated in Th+/- mice at thermoneutrality from day 18.5 of embryonic life. Likewise, plasma FGF21 and liver Fgf21 mRNA were increased. Analysis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a process that triggers elevations in FGF21, showed higher phospho-IRE1, phospho-JNK, and CHOP in BAT of Th+/- mice at thermoneutrality. Also, increased lipolysis in BAT of cold-exposure Th+/- mice was demonstrated by increased phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), as well as diacylglycerol (DAG) and FFA content. Overall, these results indicate that the mild effects of Th haploinsufficiency on BAT function are likely due to compensatory mechanisms involving elevations in Fgf21 and Prdm16 and through adaptive changes in the lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vázquez
- Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain .,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CSIC) Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Hernández-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CSIC) Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Escalona-Garrido
- Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pereira
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Physiology Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicine Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Flora de Pablo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CSIC) Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain .,Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBm), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
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72
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Hill CM, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Homeostatic sensing of dietary protein restriction: A case for FGF21. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 51:125-131. [PMID: 29890191 PMCID: PMC6175661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Restriction of dietary protein intake increases food intake and energy expenditure, reduces growth, and alters amino acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. While these responses suggest that animals 'sense' variations in amino acid consumption, the basic physiological mechanism mediating the adaptive response to protein restriction has been largely undescribed. In this review we make the case that the liver-derived metabolic hormone FGF21 is the key signal which communicates and coordinates the homeostatic response to dietary protein restriction. Support for this model centers on the evidence that FGF21 is induced by the restriction of dietary protein or amino acid intake and is required for adaptive changes in metabolism and behavior. FGF21 occupies a unique endocrine niche, being induced when energy intake is adequate but protein and carbohydrate are imbalanced. Collectively, the evidence thus suggests that FGF21 is the first known endocrine signal of dietary protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal M Hill
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
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73
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Parafati M, Kirby RJ, Khorasanizadeh S, Rastinejad F, Malany S. A nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, created by endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced steatosis. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm033530. [PMID: 30254132 PMCID: PMC6176998 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis, a reversible state of metabolic dysregulation, can promote the onset of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and its transition is thought to be critical in disease evolution. The association between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and hepatocyte metabolism disorders prompted us to characterize ER stress-induced hepatic metabolic dysfunction in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hiPSC-Hep), to explore regulatory pathways and validate a phenotypic in vitro model for progression of liver steatosis. We treated hiPSC-Hep with a ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the presence of an inducer of ER stress to synergistically promote triglyceride accumulation and dysregulate lipid metabolism. We monitored lipid accumulation by high-content imaging and measured gene regulation by RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR analyses. Our results show that ER stress potentiated intracellular lipid accumulation by 5-fold in hiPSC-Hep in the absence of apoptosis. Transcriptome pathway analysis identified ER stress pathways as the most significantly dysregulated of all pathways affected. Obeticholic acid dose dependently inhibited lipid accumulation and modulated gene expression downstream of the farnesoid X receptor. We were able to identify modulation of hepatic markers and gene pathways known to be involved in steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in support of a hiPSC-Hep disease model that is relevant to clinical data for human NASH. Our results show that the model can serve as a translational discovery platform for the understanding of molecular pathways involved in NAFLD, and can facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic molecules based on high-throughput screening strategies. Summary: Our study demonstrates expanded use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes for molecular studies and drug screening, to evaluate new therapeutics with an antisteatotic mechanism of action for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Parafati
- Translational Biology, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - R Jason Kirby
- Translational Biology, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Sepideh Khorasanizadeh
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Rd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Rd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Siobhan Malany
- Translational Biology, Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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74
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De Bandt JP, Jegatheesan P, Tennoune-El-Hafaia N. Muscle Loss in Chronic Liver Diseases: The Example of Nonalcoholic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1195. [PMID: 30200408 PMCID: PMC6165394 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent publications highlight a frequent loss of muscle mass in chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its association with a poorer prognosis. In NAFLD, given the role of muscle in energy metabolism, muscle loss promotes disease progression. However, liver damage may be directly responsible of this muscle loss. Indeed, muscle homeostasis depends on the balance between peripheral availability and action of anabolic effectors and catabolic signals. Moreover, insulin resistance of protein metabolism only partially explains muscle loss during NAFLD. Interestingly, some data indicate specific alterations in the liver⁻muscle axis, particularly in situations such as excess fructose/sucrose consumption, associated with increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this context, the liver will be responsible for a decrease in the peripheral availability of anabolic factors such as hormones and amino acids, and for the production of catabolic effectors such as various hepatokines, methylglyoxal, and uric acid. A better understanding of these liver⁻muscle interactions could open new therapeutic opportunities for the management of NAFLD patients.
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75
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Eriksson JW, Lundkvist P, Jansson PA, Johansson L, Kvarnström M, Moris L, Miliotis T, Forsberg GB, Risérus U, Lind L, Oscarsson J. Effects of dapagliflozin and n-3 carboxylic acids on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1923-1934. [PMID: 29971527 PMCID: PMC6096619 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The EFFECT-II study aimed to investigate the effects of dapagliflozin and omega-3 (n-3) carboxylic acids (OM-3CA), individually or combined, on liver fat content in individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS This randomised placebo-controlled double-blind parallel-group study was performed at five clinical research centres at university hospitals in Sweden. 84 participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 to four treatments by a centralised randomisation system, and all participants as well as investigators and staff involved in the study conduct and analyses were blinded to treatments. Each group received oral doses of one of the following: 10 mg dapagliflozin (n = 21), 4 g OM-3CA (n = 20), a combination of both (n = 22) or placebo (n = 21). The primary endpoint was liver fat content assessed by MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF]) and, in addition, total liver volume and markers of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as of hepatocyte injury and oxidative stress were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment (completion of the trial). RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 65.5 years (SD 5.9), BMI 31.2 kg/m2 (3.5) and liver PDFF 18% (9.3). All active treatments significantly reduced liver PDFF from baseline, relative changes: OM-3CA, -15%; dapagliflozin, -13%; OM-3CA + dapagliflozin, -21%. Only the combination treatment reduced liver PDFF (p = 0.046) and total liver fat volume (relative change, -24%, p = 0.037) in comparison with placebo. There was an interaction between the PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism and change in liver PDFF in the active treatment groups (p = 0.03). Dapagliflozin monotherapy, but not the combination with OM-3CA, reduced the levels of hepatocyte injury biomarkers, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), cytokeratin (CK) 18-M30 and CK 18-M65 and plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Changes in γ-GT correlated with changes in liver PDFF (ρ = 0.53, p = 0.02). Dapagliflozin alone and in combination with OM-3CA improved glucose control and reduced body weight and abdominal fat volumes. Fatty acid oxidative stress biomarkers were not affected by treatments. There were no new or unexpected adverse events compared with previous studies with these treatments. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Combined treatment with dapagliflozin and OM-3CA significantly reduced liver fat content. Dapagliflozin monotherapy reduced all measured hepatocyte injury biomarkers and FGF21, suggesting a disease-modifying effect in NAFLD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02279407 FUNDING: The study was funded by AstraZeneca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Per Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Linda Moris
- Karolinska Trial Alliance, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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76
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The IRE1α-XBP1s pathway promotes insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes by increasing PPARγ activity. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-15. [PMID: 30111834 PMCID: PMC6093883 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) improves whole-body insulin sensitivity by regulating the adipogenic and metabolic functions of mature adipocytes. We have previously demonstrated that an active splice variant of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) enhances PPARγ expression during adipogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of XBP1s, particularly with respect to PPARγ, in the mechanisms underlying insulin sensitivity in mature adipocytes. Insulin was able to stimulate XBP1s generation by activating inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) α and was also able to increase its transcriptional activity by inducing nuclear translocation. XBP1s also upregulated the levels of phosphorylated IRS1 and AKT, demonstrating a positive feedback regulatory mechanism linking insulin and XBP1s. XBP1s enhanced the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 and, in turn, increased PPARγ activity, translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface, and glucose uptake rate in adipocytes. In addition, XBP1s abolished palmitate-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes by increasing adiponectin secretion, repressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines such as leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and tumor necrosis factor α, and decreasing fatty acid release. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which XBP1s stimulate insulin sensitivity in adipocytes through fibroblast growth factor 21 induction and PPARγ activation.
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77
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Kristensen CM, Dethlefsen MM, Tøndering AS, Lassen SB, Meldgaard JN, Ringholm S, Pilegaard H. PGC-1α in hepatic UPR during high-fat high-fructose diet and exercise training in mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13819. [PMID: 30105901 PMCID: PMC6090221 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is associated with hepatic steatosis, which has been linked with activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator involved in exercise training-induced adaptations in muscle and liver. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that PGC-1α is required for exercise training-mediated prevention of diet-induced steatosis and UPR activation in liver. Male liver-specific PGC-1α knockout (LKO) and littermate floxed (lox/lox) mice were divided into two groups receiving either control diet (CON) or high-fat high-fructose diet (HFF). After 9 weeks, half of the HFF mice were treadmill exercise trained for 4 weeks (HFF+ExT), while the rest were kept sedentary. HFF resulted in increased body and liver weight, adiposity, hepatic steatosis and whole body glucose intolerance as well as decreased hepatic IRE1α phosphorylation. Exercise training prevented the HFF-induced weight gain and partially prevented increased liver weight, adiposity and glucose intolerance, but with no effect on liver triglycerides. In addition, BiP protein and CHOP mRNA content increased with exercise training compared with CON and HFF, respectively. Lack of PGC-1α in the liver only resulted in minor changes in the PERK pathway. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for dissociation between diet-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation and hepatic UPR activation. In addition, PGC-1α was not required for maintenance of basal UPR in the liver and due to only minor exercise training effects on UPR further studies are needed to conclude on the potential role of PGC-1α in exercise training-induced adaptations in hepatic UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Signe B. Lassen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Stine Ringholm
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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78
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Wu Y, Shan B, Dai J, Xia Z, Cai J, Chen T, Lv S, Feng Y, Zheng L, Wang Y, Liu J, Fang J, Xie D, Rui L, Liu J, Liu Y. Dual role for inositol-requiring enzyme 1α in promoting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma during diet-induced obesity in mice. Hepatology 2018; 68:533-546. [PMID: 29506314 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is associated with both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and chronic metabolic inflammation. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and has been implicated in a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is unclear whether individual UPR pathways are mechanistically linked to HCC development, however. Here we report a dual role for inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), the ER-localized UPR signal transducer, in obesity-promoted HCC development. We found that genetic ablation of IRE1α in hepatocytes not only markedly reduced the occurrence of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in liver-specific IRE1α knockout (LKO) mice when fed a normal chow (NC) diet, but also protected against the acceleration of HCC progression during high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Irrespective of their adiposity states, LKO mice showed decreased hepatocyte proliferation and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation, even in the face of increased hepatic apoptosis. Furthermore, IRE1α abrogation blunted obesity-associated activation of hepatic inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, leading to reduced production of the tumor-promoting inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Importantly, higher IRE1α expression along with elevated STAT3 phosphorylation was also observed in the tumor tissues from human HCC patients, correlating with their poorer survival rate. CONCLUSION IRE1α acts in a feed-forward loop during obesity-induced metabolic inflammation to promote HCC development through STAT3-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiong Xia
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Songya Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiong Feng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Gasparin FRS, Carreño FO, Mewes JM, Gilglioni EH, Pagadigorria CLS, Natali MRM, Utsunomiya KS, Constantin RP, Ouchida AT, Curti C, Gaemers IC, Elferink RPJO, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. Sex differences in the development of hepatic steatosis in cafeteria diet-induced obesity in young mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2495-2509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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80
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Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Crosstalk mechanisms in hepatoprotection: Thyroid hormone-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA-extra virgin olive oil combined protocols. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:168-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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81
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Chen A, Liu J, Zhu J, Wang X, Xu Z, Cui Z, Yao D, Huang Z, Xu M, Chen M, Wu P, Li M, Wang L, Huang X. FGF21 attenuates hypoxia‑induced dysfunction and apoptosis in HPAECs through alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1684-1694. [PMID: 29845288 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction have a crucial role in triggering pathological vascular remodeling of hypoxia‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21, an endocrine regulator, has recently been reported to protect cardiac endothelial cells from damage and suppress inflammatory responses. In addition, FGF21 is reported to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Previous studies have suggested that ERS participates in the development of PAH, and attenuation of ERS could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the protection of pulmonary arteries. However, whether FGF21 has a protective function via suppression of ERS in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in hypoxia remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore whether FGF21 could reduce the hypoxia‑induced apoptosis of human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) and prevent endothelial dysfunction via the inhibition of ERS. HPAECs were divided into six groups: Normoxia, hypoxia, hypoxia plus FGF21, hypoxia plus salubrinal (an ERS inhibitor), hypoxia plus tunicamycin (an ERS agonist), and hypoxia plus tunicamycin plus FGF21. The endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure in HPAECs was assessed by transmission electron microscopy, and proliferation and apoptosis were examined by cell counting kit‑8 and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labelling assays, respectively. The expression levels of ERS‑related proteins, including binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), protein kinase R‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phosphorylated (p‑) PERK, transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), B‑cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl‑2) and caspase‑4 were detected by western blotting. Transwell migration chamber assays were performed, and the concentration of nitric oxide (NO)/endothelin‑1 (ET‑1) in the culture medium was determined to examine endothelial function. The results revealed that hypoxia increased the % of apoptotic cells and diminished the viability of HPAECs, accompanied by an upregulation of ERS‑dependent apoptosis by increasing the expression of the proapoptotic caspase‑4 and decreasing the antiapoptotic Bcl‑2. Additionally, hypoxia upregulated the expression of representative proteins in the PERK branch of ERS, including BiP, p‑PERK and CHOP, while it downregulated the expression of PERK. Furthermore, the secretion of NO/ET‑1 and the migration rate of HPAECs were downregulated under conditions of hypoxia. FGF21 significantly attenuated the hypoxia‑induced apoptosis and dysfunction of HPAECs through alleviating the aforementioned changes in ERS‑dependent signaling pathways. In conclusion, ERS may be a crucial mechanism in the hypoxia‑induced apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction of HPAECs. FGF21 may attenuate the hypoxia‑induced apoptosis and dysfunction of HPAECs through alleviating ERS, via the PERK/CHOP signaling pathway and inhibition of caspase‑4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xuetao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaona Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yao
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Mayun Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Peiliang Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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82
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Henne WM, Reese ML, Goodman JM. The assembly of lipid droplets and their roles in challenged cells. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201898947. [PMID: 29789390 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201898947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets are important organelles in nearly every eukaryotic and some prokaryotic cells. Storing and providing energy is their main function, but they do not work in isolation. They respond to stimuli initiated either on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm as conditions change. Cellular stresses such as starvation and invasion are internal insults that evoke changes in droplet metabolism and dynamics. This review will first outline lipid droplet assembly and then discuss how droplets respond to stress and in particular nutrient starvation. Finally, the role of droplets in viral and microbial invasion will be presented, where an unresolved issue is whether changes in droplet abundance promote the invader, defend the host, to try to do both. The challenges of stress and infection are often accompanied by changes in physical contacts between droplets and other organelles. How these changes may result in improving cellular physiology, an ongoing focus in the field, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mike Henne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel M Goodman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
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83
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Wang JM, Qiu Y, Yang Z, Kim H, Qian Q, Sun Q, Zhang C, Yin L, Fang D, Back SH, Kaufman RJ, Yang L, Zhang K. IRE1α prevents hepatic steatosis by processing and promoting the degradation of select microRNAs. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/530/eaao4617. [PMID: 29764990 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity or a high-fat diet represses the endoribonuclease activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), a transducer of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. An impaired UPR is associated with hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is caused by lipid accumulation in the liver. We found that IRE1α was critical to maintaining lipid homeostasis in the liver by repressing the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate lipid mobilization. In mice fed normal chow, the endoribonuclease function of IRE1α processed a subset of precursor miRNAs in the liver, including those of the miR-200 and miR-34 families, such that IRE1α promoted their degradation through the process of regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD). A high-fat diet in mice or hepatic steatosis in patients was associated with the S-nitrosylation of IRE1α and inactivation of its endoribonuclease activity. This resulted in an increased abundance of these miRNA families in the liver and, consequently, a decreased abundance of their targets, which included peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and the deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), regulators of fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride lipolysis. IRE1α deficiency exacerbated hepatic steatosis in mice. The abundance of the miR-200 and miR-34 families was also increased in cultured, lipid-overloaded hepatocytes and in the livers of patients with hepatic steatosis. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which IRE1α maintains lipid homeostasis through its regulation of miRNAs, a regulatory pathway distinct from the canonical IRE1α-UPR pathway under acute ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Mei Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yining Qiu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhao Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunbin Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sung Hong Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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84
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CREBH Regulates Systemic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051396. [PMID: 29738435 PMCID: PMC5983805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH, encoded by CREB3L3) is a membrane-bound transcriptional factor that primarily localizes in the liver and small intestine. CREBH governs triglyceride metabolism in the liver, which mediates the changes in gene expression governing fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and apolipoproteins related to lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activation. CREBH in the small intestine reduces cholesterol transporter gene Npc1l1 and suppresses cholesterol absorption from diet. A deficiency of CREBH in mice leads to severe hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, and atherosclerosis. CREBH, in synergy with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), has a crucial role in upregulating Fgf21 expression, which is implicated in metabolic homeostasis including glucose and lipid metabolism. CREBH binds to and functions as a co-activator for both PPARα and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) in regulating gene expression of lipid metabolism. Therefore, CREBH has a crucial role in glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and small intestine.
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85
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Li D, Zhang H, Zhong Y. Hepatic GDF15 is regulated by CHOP of the unfolded protein response and alleviates NAFLD progression in obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:388-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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86
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Montgomery MK, Mokhtar R, Bayliss J, Parkington HC, Suturin VM, Bruce CR, Watt MJ. Perilipin 5 Deletion Unmasks an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Axis in Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes 2018; 67:594-606. [PMID: 29378767 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are critical for the regulation of lipid metabolism, and dysregulated lipid metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including type 2 diabetes. We generated mice with muscle-specific deletion of the LD-associated protein perilipin 5 (PLIN5, Plin5MKO ) and investigated PLIN5's role in regulating skeletal muscle lipid metabolism, intracellular signaling, and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. High-fat feeding induced changes in muscle lipid metabolism of Plin5MKO mice, which included increased fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress but, surprisingly, a reduction in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These muscle-specific effects were accompanied by whole-body glucose intolerance, adipose tissue insulin resistance, and reduced circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in Plin5MKO mice. This coincided with reduced secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) from skeletal muscle and liver, resulting in reduced circulating FGF21. Intriguingly, muscle-secreted factors from Plin5MKO , but not wild-type mice, reduced hepatocyte FGF21 secretion. Exogenous correction of FGF21 levels restored glycemic control and insulin secretion in Plin5MKO mice. These results show that changes in lipid metabolism resulting from PLIN5 deletion reduce ER stress in muscle, decrease FGF21 production by muscle and liver, and impair glycemic control. Further, these studies highlight the importance for muscle-liver cross talk in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene K Montgomery
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruzaidi Mokhtar
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jacqueline Bayliss
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena C Parkington
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor M Suturin
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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87
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Zhang M, Sun W, Qian J, Tang Y. Fasting exacerbates hepatic growth differentiation factor 15 to promote fatty acid β-oxidation and ketogenesis via activating XBP1 signaling in liver. Redox Biol 2018; 16:87-96. [PMID: 29482168 PMCID: PMC5952356 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver coordinates a series of metabolic adaptations to maintain systemic energy balance and provide adequate nutrients for critical organs, tissues and cells during starvation. However, the mediator(s) implicated in orchestrating these fasting-induced adaptive responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still obscure. Here we show that hepatic growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is regulated by IRE1α-XBP1s branch and promotes hepatic fatty acids β-oxidation and ketogenesis upon fasting. GDF15 expression was exacerbated in liver of mice subjected to long-term fasted or ketogenic diet feeding. Abrogation of hepatic Gdf15 dramatically attenuated hepatic β-oxidation and ketogenesis in fasted mice or mice with STZ-initiated type I diabetes. Further study revealed that XBP1s activated Gdf15 transcription via binding to its promoter. Elevated GDF15 in liver reduced lipid accumulation and impaired NALFD development in obese mice through enhancing fatty acids oxidation in liver. Therefore, our results demonstrate a novel and critical role of hepatic GDF15 activated by IRE1α-XBP1s branch in regulating adaptive responses of liver upon starvation stress. GDF15 is augmented in livers of mice subjected to fasting or ketogenic diet feeding. XBP1s activates the transcription of Gdf15 via binding to its promoter. Abrogation of hepatic Gdf15 impairs fatty acid β-oxidation and ketogenesis. Inhibition of hepatic Gdf15 attenuates ketoacidosis of diabetic mice. Ectopic expression of hepatic GDF15 alleviates obese-induced NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Zhang
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Weilan Sun
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China.
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88
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Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:64-73. [PMID: 29293089 DOI: 10.1172/jci93560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain an elegant protein quality control system that is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis; however, dysfunction of this system results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Severe or prolonged ER stress is associated with the development of degenerative and fibrotic disorders in multiple organs, as evidenced by the identification of disease-causing mutations in epithelial-restricted genes that lead to protein misfolding or mistrafficking in familial fibrotic diseases. Emerging evidence implicates ER stress and UPR signaling in a variety of profibrotic mechanisms in individual cell types. In epithelial cells, ER stress can induce apoptosis, inflammatory signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In other cell types, ER stress is linked to myofibroblast activation, macrophage polarization, and T cell differentiation. ER stress-targeted therapies have begun to emerge using approaches that range from global enhancement of chaperone function to selective targeting of activated ER stress sensors and other downstream mediators. As the complex regulatory mechanisms of this system are further clarified, there are opportunities to develop new disease-modifying therapeutic strategies in a wide range of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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89
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Joe Y, Kim S, Kim HJ, Park J, Chen Y, Park HJ, Jekal SJ, Ryter SW, Kim UH, Chung HT. FGF21 induced by carbon monoxide mediates metabolic homeostasis via the PERK/ATF4 pathway. FASEB J 2018; 32:2630-2643. [PMID: 29295856 PMCID: PMC5901375 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700709rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, has rapidly increased, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic syndrome, a primary risk factor, remain incompletely understood. The small, gaseous molecule carbon monoxide (CO) has well-known anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiapoptotic effects in a variety of cellular- and tissue-injury models, whereas its potential effects on the complex pathways of metabolic disease remain unknown. We demonstrate here that CO can alleviate metabolic dysfunction in vivo and in vitro. We show that CO increased the expression and section of the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in hepatocytes and liver. CO-stimulated PERK activation and enhanced the levels of FGF21 via the eIF2α–ATF4 signaling pathway. The induction of FGF21 by CO attenuated endoreticulum stress- or diet-induced, obesity-dependent hepatic steatosis. Moreover, CO inhalation lowered blood glucose levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and promoted energy expenditure by stimulating the emergence of beige adipose cells from white adipose cells. In conclusion, we suggest that CO acts as a potent inducer of FGF21 expression and that CO critically depends on FGF21 to regulate metabolic homeostasis.—Joe, Y., Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Park, J., Chen, Y., Park, H.-J., Jekal, S.-J., Ryter, S. W., Kim, U. H., Chung, H. T. FGF21 induced by carbon monoxide mediates metabolic homeostasis via the PERK/ATF4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsoo Joe
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Sena Kim
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Park
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Yingqing Chen
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jun Park
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Jekal
- Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Uh Hyun Kim
- National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Meta-Inflammation Research Institute of Basic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
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90
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MARUYAMA R, SHIMIZU M, HASHIDUME T, INOUE J, ITOH N, SATO R. FGF21 Alleviates Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress under Physiological Conditions. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:200-208. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto MARUYAMA
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Makoto SHIMIZU
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tsutomu HASHIDUME
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Jun INOUE
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Nobuyuki ITOH
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Ryuichiro SATO
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Nutri-Life Science, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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91
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Zarei M, Barroso E, Palomer X, Dai J, Rada P, Quesada-López T, Escolà-Gil JC, Cedó L, Zali MR, Molaei M, Dabiri R, Vázquez S, Pujol E, Valverde ÁM, Villarroya F, Liu Y, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. Hepatic regulation of VLDL receptor by PPARβ/δ and FGF21 modulates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2017; 8:117-131. [PMID: 29289645 PMCID: PMC5985050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) plays an important role in the development of hepatic steatosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β/δ and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in hepatic VLDLR regulation. Methods Studies were conducted in wild-type and Pparβ/δ-null mice, primary mouse hepatocytes, human Huh-7 hepatocytes, and liver biopsies from control subjects and patients with moderate and severe hepatic steatosis. Results Increased VLDLR levels were observed in liver of Pparβ/δ-null mice and in Pparβ/δ-knocked down mouse primary hepatocytes through mechanisms involving the heme-regulated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase (HRI), activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 and the oxidative stress-induced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathways. Moreover, by using a neutralizing antibody against FGF21, Fgf21-null mice and by treating mice with recombinant FGF21, we show that FGF21 may protect against hepatic steatosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced VLDLR upregulation. Finally, in liver biopsies from patients with moderate and severe hepatic steatosis, we observed an increase in VLDLR levels that was accompanied by a reduction in PPARβ/δ mRNA abundance and DNA-binding activity compared with control subjects. Conclusions Overall, these findings provide new mechanisms by which PPARβ/δ and FGF21 regulate VLDLR levels and influence hepatic steatosis development. PPARβ/δ deficiency leads to increased levels of hepatic VLDLR levels. FGF21 protects against hepatic steatosis by attenuating ER stress-induced VLDLR upregulation. Human hepatic steatosis is accompanied by increased levels of VLDLR and reduced expression of PPARβ/δ. PPARβ/δ and FGF21 may influence NAFLD development by regulating VLDLR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jianli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Quesada-López
- Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Cedó
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Molaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Dabiri
- lnternal Medicine Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugènia Pujol
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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92
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Integrated stress response stimulates FGF21 expression: Systemic enhancer of longevity. Cell Signal 2017; 40:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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93
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Diverse Changes of Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16482. [PMID: 29184085 PMCID: PMC5705770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a stress-induced hormone in the liver, has been shown the protective functions in pathological conditions. The study investigated the association of circulating FGF21 with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its related diseases. Serum FGF21 levels were measured in 33 acute hepatitis B (AHB), 75 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 66 CHB patients with advanced liver diseases including liver cirrhosis, acute-on-chronic liver failure (ALCF) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) together with 200 age- and BMI-matched healthy controls. FGF21 levels were significantly increased in AHB patients and rapidly returned to normal levels after treatment. FGF21 levels reflected the degree of liver injury caused by AHB. However, serum FGF21 levels were decreased in CHB patients especially in those who developed cirrhosis and were associated with hepatic protein synthesis capacity. Serum FGF21 in CHB patients were increased with the occurrence of ACLF. Notably, in CHB patients who developed HCC, serum FGF21 exhibited a dramatic increase, which may provide important information on monitoring tumorigenesis in CHB patients. In conclusion, we revealed the diverse changes of circulating FGF21 in HBV-related diseases. FGF21 may be a useful biomarker in monitoring the tumorigenesis in patients with CHB.
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94
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Olivares S, Henkel AS. Induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 does not require activation of the hepatic X-box binding protein 1 in mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1616-1624. [PMID: 29157602 PMCID: PMC5699917 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a key regulator of the metabolic response to fasting, is highly induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) is one of several ER stress proteins that has been shown to directly activate the FGF21 promoter. We aimed to determine whether hepatic Xbp1 is required for induction of hepatic FGF21 in vivo. Methods Mice bearing a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Xbp1 (Xbp1LKO) were subjected to fasting, pharmacologic ER stress, or a ketogenic diet, all potent stimuli of Fgf21 expression. Results Hepatocyte-specific Xbp1 knockout mice demonstrated normal induction of FGF21 in response to fasting or pharmacologic ER stress and enhanced induction of FGF21 in response to a ketogenic diet. Consistent with preserved induction of FGF21, Xbp1LKO mice exhibited normal induction of FGF21 target genes and normal ketogenesis in response to fasting or a ketogenic diet. Conclusion Hepatic Xbp1 is not required for induction of FGF21 under physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions in vivo. Deletion of hepatic Xbp1 in mice allows for normal induction of FGF21 upon fasting. ER stress induces FGF21 independently of hepatic Xbp1. Mice lacking hepatic Xbp1 show enhanced FGF21 induction when fed a ketogenic diet. Hepatic Xbp1 is not required for induction of FGF21 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantel Olivares
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne S Henkel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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95
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Xu JL, Li LY, Wang YQ, Li YQ, Shan M, Sun SZ, Yu Y, Wang B. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of BAP31 promotes SREBP1C activation, promotes hepatic lipid accumulation, and worsens IR in mice. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:35-47. [PMID: 29113994 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional knockout mice with targeted disruption of B-cell associated protein (BAP)31 in adult mouse liver were generated and challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 36 or 96 days and markers of obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis were determined. Mutant mice were indistinguishable from WT littermates, but exhibited increased HFD-induced obesity. BAP31-deletion in hepatocytes increased the expression of SREBP1C and the target genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and increased hepatic lipid accumulation and HFD-induced liver steatosis. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that BAP31 interacts with SREBP1C and insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), and BAP31-deletion reduces INSIG1 expression, suggesting that BAP31 may regulate SREBP1C activity by modulating INSIG1 protein levels. Additionally, BAP31-deletion induced glucose and insulin intolerance, decreased Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation, and enhanced hepatic glucose production in mice. Expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers was significantly induced in BAP31-mutant mice. HFD-induced inflammation was aggravated in mutant mice, along with increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation. These findings demonstrate that BAP31-deletion induces SREBP activation and promotes hepatic lipid accumulation, reduces insulin signaling, impairs glucose/insulin tolerance, and increases ER stress and hepatic inflammation, explaining the protective roles of BAP31 in the development of liver steatosis and insulin resistance in HFD-induced obesity in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Xu
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ya Li
- Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qi Li
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Shan
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhuo Sun
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
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96
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Burwick N, Aktas BH. The eIF2-alpha kinase HRI: a potential target beyond the red blood cell. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1171-1177. [PMID: 29063813 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The eIF2α kinase heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) is one of four well-described kinases that phosphorylate eIF2α in response to various cell stressors, resulting in reduced ternary complex formation and attenuation of mRNA translation. Although HRI is well known for its role as a heme sensor in erythroid progenitors, pharmacologic activation of HRI has been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity across a wide range of tumor sub-types. Here, the potential of HRI activators as novel cancer therapeutics is explored. Areas covered: We provide an introduction to eIF2 signaling pathways in general, and specifically review data on the eIF2α kinase HRI in erythroid and non-erythroid cells. We review aspects of targeting eIF2 signaling in cancer and highlight promising data using HRI activators against tumor cells. Expert opinion: Pharmacologic activation of HRI inhibits tumor growth as a single agent without appreciable toxicity in vivo. The ability of HRI activators to provide direct and sustained eIF2α phosphorylation without inducing oxidative stress or broad eIF2α kinase activation may be especially advantageous for tolerability. Combination therapy with established therapeutics may further augment anti-cancer activity to overcome disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burwick
- a Division of hematology , VA Puget Sound Health Care System , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Division of Hematology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle WA , USA
| | - Bertal H Aktas
- c Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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97
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Staiger H, Keuper M, Berti L, Hrabe de Angelis M, Häring HU. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:468-488. [PMID: 28938407 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very robust data documenting this factor's favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. For more than ten years now, intense in vivo and ex vivo experimentation addressed the physiological functions of FGF21 in humans as well as its pathophysiological role and pharmacological effects in human metabolic disease. This work produced a comprehensive collection of data revealing overlaps in FGF21 expression and function but also significant differences between mice and humans that have to be considered before translation from bench to bedside can be successful. This review summarizes what is known about FGF21 in mice and humans with a special focus on this factor's role in glucose and lipid metabolism and in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We highlight the discrepancies between mice and humans and try to decipher their underlying reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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98
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Yang Z, Kim H, Ali A, Zheng Z, Zhang K. Interaction between stress responses and circadian metabolism in metabolic disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:156-162. [PMID: 29430321 PMCID: PMC5805151 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms play crucial roles in orchestrating diverse physiological processes that are critical for health and disease. Dysregulated circadian rhythms are closely associated with various human metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Modern lifestyles are frequently associated with an irregular circadian rhythm, which poses a significant risk to public health. While the central clock has a set periodicity, circadian oscillators in peripheral organs, particularly in the liver, can be entrained by metabolic alterations or stress cues. At the molecular level, the signal transduction pathways that mediate stress responses interact with, and are often integrated with, the key determinants of circadian oscillation, to maintain metabolic homeostasis under physiological or pathological conditions. In the liver, a number of nuclear receptors or transcriptional regulators, which are regulated by metabolites, hormones, the circadian clock, or environmental stressors, serve as direct links between stress responses and circadian metabolism. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the interactions between stress responses (the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, the oxidative stress response, and the inflammatory response) and circadian metabolism, and the role of these interactions in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Arushana Ali
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, MI, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, MI, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Wayne State University, MI, USA,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA,Corresponding author. Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. (K. Zhang)
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99
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:79-93. [PMID: 28552719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.
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100
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von Loeffelholz C, Döcke S, Lock JF, Lieske S, Horn P, Kriebel J, Wahl S, Singmann P, de Las Heras Gala T, Grallert H, Raschzok N, Sauer IM, Heller R, Jahreis G, Claus RA, Bauer M, Stockmann M, Birkenfeld AL, Pfeiffer AFH. Increased lipogenesis in spite of upregulated hepatic 5'AMP-activated protein kinase in human non-alcoholic fatty liver. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:890-901. [PMID: 27689765 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Molecular adaptations in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are incompletely understood. This study investigated the main gene categories related to hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipid oxidation capacity. METHODS Liver specimens of 48 subjects were histologically classified according to steatosis severity. In-depth analyses were undertaken using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Lipid profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection, and effects of key fatty acids were studied in primary human hepatocytes. RESULTS Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry indicated 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to be increased with steatosis score ≥ 2 (all P < 0.05), including various markers of de novo lipogenesis and lipid degradation (all P < 0.05). Regarding endoplasmic reticulum stress, X-Box binding protein-1 (XBP1) was upregulated in steatosis score ≥ 2 (P = 0.029) and correlated with plasma palmitate (r = 0.34; P = 0.035). Palmitate incubation of primary human hepatocytes increased XBP1 and downstream stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 mRNA expression (both P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma and liver tissue exposed a NAFLD-related lipid profile with reduced polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, increased palmitate and palmitoleate, and elevated lipogenesis and desaturation indices with steatosis score ≥ 2 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In humans with advanced fatty liver disease, hepatic AMPK protein is upregulated, potentially in a compensatory manner. Moreover, pathways of lipid synthesis and degradation are co-activated in subjects with advanced steatosis. Palmitate may drive lipogenesis by activating XBP1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and represent a target for future dietary or pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Loeffelholz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Döcke
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Johan F Lock
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Horn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Wahl
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paula Singmann
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tonia de Las Heras Gala
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Group of Diabetes Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Raschzok
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Heller
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Germany, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jahreis
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, and Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Stockmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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